Agradecemos al Dr. Fred Rieke por su explicación del tipo de agar-integrado rebanada preparación retina cuando empezamos a usar el protocolo en nuestro laboratorio. También queremos agradecer a Lori Vaskalis de la ilustración esquemática de la visión y los Dres. Veeramuthu Balakrishnan y Cho Soyoun por sus valiosos comentarios sobre el texto y vídeo. Este trabajo fue apoyado por una beca de NEI-NIH RO1, y también fue parcialmente financiado por una beca de la Fundación de Investigación Corea financiado por el Gobierno de Corea [KRF-2008-357-E00032].

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L., Chaurand, P., Caprioli, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MALDI+imaging+mass+spectrometry:+molecular+snapshots+of+biochemical+systems.">MALDI imaging mass spectrometry: molecular snapshots of biochemical systems.</a> Nat. Methods. 4, 828-833 (2007).</li><li>Ljungdahl, . <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+Mass+Spectrometry+Reveals+Elevated+Nigral+Levels+of+Dynorphin+Neuropeptides+in+L-DOPA-Induced+Dyskinesia+in+Rat+Model+of+Parkinson's+Disease.">Imaging Mass Spectrometry Reveals Elevated Nigral Levels of Dynorphin Neuropeptides in L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia in Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease.</a> PLoS ONE. 6, e25653-e25653 (2011).</li><li>Groseclose, M. R., Andersson, M., Hardesty, W. M., Caprioli, R. 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U.S.A. 98, 5116-5121 (2001).</li><li>Bergstrom, L., Christensson, I., Folkesson, R., Stenstrom, B., Terenius, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+ion+exchange+chromatography+and+radioimmunoassay+procedure+for+measuring+opioid+peptides+and+substance+P.">An ion exchange chromatography and radioimmunoassay procedure for measuring opioid peptides and substance P.</a> Life. Sci. 33, 1613-1619 (1983).</li><li>Falth, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuropeptidomics+strategies+for+specific+and+sensitive+identification+of+endogenous+peptides.">Neuropeptidomics strategies for specific and sensitive identification of endogenous peptides.</a> Mol. Cell. 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Nosotros no tenemos intereses opuestos a revelar.

Un paso crítico y difícil en nuestro protocolo es la transferencia de la pieza de la retina en la solución de agar (protocolo 3.4). Es necesario retirar cuidadosamente el humor vítreo y la solución de parte residual de la pieza de la retina y la transferencia sin la distorsión o curvatura. Para lograr esto, utilizamos una pequeña espátula (21-401-25B, Fisherbrand) con una punta doblada para formar un ángulo de 90 °, junto con unas pinzas punta angulada (11251-35, Herramientas de Ciencias Artes...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nombre del reactivo </td><td> Empresa </td><td> Número de catálogo </td><td> Comentarios </td></tr><tr><td> Baja la temperatura de gelificación-agar </td><td> Sigma </td><td> A0701 </td><td> Agarosa Tipo VII-A </td></tr><tr><td> Parche pipeta </td><td> Mundial de Instrumentos de Precisión </td><td> 1B150F-4 </td><td> De paredes gruesas (1,5 mm de diámetro exterior) de vidrio de borosilicato </td></tr><tr><td> Extractor vertical </td><td> Narishige </td><td> PP830 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Para improntas dentales </td><td> Cavex </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Primavera tijeras </td><td> Herramientas de Bellas Ciencia </td><td> 15003-08 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Ángulo de 45 ° pinzas de punta fina </td><td> Herramientas de Bellas Ciencia </td><td> 11251-35 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Hoja de afeitar </td><td> Personna </td><td></td><td> De doble filo, se limpiaron con etanol al 70% y H 2 O </td></tr><tr><td> Tubo cilíndrico </td><td> Fisherbrand </td><td> 03-338-1B </td><td> Frascos de polietileno de 2,5 ml de muestra </td></tr><tr><td> Hialuronidasa </td><td> Sigma </td><td> H6254 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vibratome cortadora </td><td> Leica </td><td> VT1000S o VT1200S </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Microscopio vertical </td><td> Olimpo </td><td> BX51WI </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 60x de inmersión en agua objetiva </td><td> Olimpo </td><td> LUMPlanFl </td><td> NA 0.90 </td></tr><tr><td> CCD de la cámara </td><td> Sony </td><td> XC-75 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Cámara de control </td><td> Hamamatsu </td><td> C2400 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Monitor de &lt;/ Td&gt; <td> Sony </td><td></td><td> 13 &quot;monitor en blanco y negro </td></tr><tr><td> Filtro de jeringa </td><td> Nalgene </td><td></td><td> 0,2 m </td></tr><tr><td> Micromanipulador </td><td> Sutter instrumento </td><td> MPC-200 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Amplificador lock-in </td><td> HEKA </td><td></td><td> EPC-9/10 amplificadores disponen de emulación de software </td></tr><tr><td> Disco giratorio microscopio láser confocal </td><td> Yokogawa </td><td> CSU-X1 </td><td> Imágenes de células vivas después de la grabación de patch clamp de células enteras </td></tr><tr><td> Slidebook software </td><td> Inteligente de imágenes Instruments (3i) </td><td></td><td> Imágenes de adquisición de datos y análisis </td></tr><tr><td> Paraformaldehído </td><td> Sigma </td><td> P6148 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Solución tampón fosfato </td><td> GIBCO </td><td> 70013 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Superfrost diapositivas </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td></td><td> Portaobjetos de vidrio </td></tr><tr><td> Anti-fading agentes </td><td> Biomeda corp. </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Láser confocal de barrido microscopio </td><td> Carl Zeiss </td><td> LSM 710 </td><td> Imágenes de tejidos fijados </td></tr><tr><td> Espátula </td><td> Fisherbrand </td><td> 21-401-25B </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Manuel cortadora vertical, </td><td> Narishige </td><td> ST-20 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> O-6806 </td><td> Ca 2 + colorante fluorescente sensible </td></tr><tr><td> Alexa Fluor 555 Hydrazide </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> A 20501MP- </td><td> Colorante fluorescente </td></tr></tbody></table>

patch-clamp capacitance measurements and ca2+ imaging at single nerve terminals in retinal slices

Los estímulos visuales se detectan y se transmite en un amplio rango dinámico de la intensidad de la luz y los cambios de frecuencia por las neuronas especializadas en la retina de los vertebrados. Dos clases de neuronas de la retina, los fotorreceptores y las células bipolares, lograr esto mediante el uso de cinta de las zonas de tipo activo, que permiten la liberación de neurotransmisores sostenido y de alto rendimiento durante largos periodos de tiempo. ON-tipo mixto de células bipolares (Mb) terminales de la retina peces de colores, que despolarizar a los estímulos luminosos y recibir caña mezclado y la entrada del cono fotorreceptores, son adecuados para el estudio de la cinta de tipo sinapsis debido a su gran tamaño (~ 10-12 m de diámetro) y de sus numerosas conexiones sinápticas lateral y recíproca con las dendritas de células amacrinas. Acceso directo a las terminales Mb células bipolares en la retina rebanadas de peces de colores con la técnica de patch-clamp permite la medición de la presináptica Ca 2 + corrientes, cambios de membrana de la capacitancia, y la inhibición recíproca retroalimentación sináptica mediada por GABA &lt;sub&gt; A y los receptores GABA C, expresada en los terminales. Presináptica mediciones de la capacitancia de la membrana de la exocitosis permitir un estudio de la plasticidad a corto plazo de la liberación de neurotransmisores excitatorios 14,15. Además, la plasticidad a corto plazo y largo plazo de la liberación de neurotransmisores inhibitorios de las células amacrinas también pueden ser investigados por las grabaciones de la inhibición por retroalimentación recíproca de llegar a la terminal Mb 21. En períodos cortos de tiempo (por ejemplo, ~ 10 s), la inhibición GABAérgica retroalimentación recíproca de las células amacrinas se somete a dos a dos pulsos a través de la depresión el agotamiento del pool de vesículas del GABA 11. La dinámica sináptica de microcircuitos de la retina en la capa plexiforme interna de la retina por lo tanto puede ser estudiado directamente. La técnica de corte cerebral se introdujo más de 40 años, pero sigue siendo muy útil para la investigación de las propiedades eléctricas de las neuronas, tanto en el soma celular único, dendrita o axón único, y microcircuit sináptica nivel 19. Los tejidos que son demasiado pequeños para ser pegado directamente en la cámara de corte son a menudo primero incrustado en agar (o coloca en un papel de filtro) y luego en rodajas 20, 23, 18, ​​9. En este video, que emplean la técnica de agar antes de la incorporación de la retina con peces de colores. Algunos de los terminales de células gigantes bipolar en nuestra retina rebanadas de peces de colores son axotomized (axón de corte) durante el procedimiento de corte. Esto nos permite aislar una sola entrada presináptica terminales nerviosas, porque la grabación de las terminales axotomized excluye las señales del compartimiento de la soma-dendríticas. Por otra parte, también se puede grabar desde intacta Mb células bipolares, mediante el registro de los terminales conectados a los axones que no se han reducido durante el procedimiento de corte. En general, el uso de este protocolo experimental que ayuda en los estudios de la fisiología de la retina sináptica, el análisis de microcircuitos funcionales, y la transmisión sináptica en las sinapsis de la cinta.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Patch-clamp Capacitance Measurements and Ca2+ Imaging at Single Nerve Terminals in Retinal Slices at JoVE.com

Patch-clamp Capacitance Measurements and Ca2+ Imaging at Single Nerve Terminals in Retinal Slices

A continuación se describe un protocolo para la preparación de agar-incrustados trozos de retina que son adecuados para la electrofisiología y la Ca2 + imágenes. Este método permite estudiar la cinta del tipo de sinapsis en la retina utilizando microcircuitos directa patch-clamp grabaciones de una sola terminales nerviosas presinápticas.

Patch-clamp mediciones de capacitancia y Ca 2 + Imágenes en las terminaciones nerviosas individuales en rebanadas de retina

Visual stimuli are detected and conveyed over a wide dynamic range of light intensities and frequency changes by specialized neurons in the vertebrate ...

patch-clamp-capacitance-measurements-ca2-imaging-at-single-nerve

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Patch-clamp Capacitance Measurements and Ca2+ Imaging at Single Nerve Terminals in Retinal Slices

18.1K vistas.  Oregon Health and Science University. A continuación se describe un protocolo para la preparación de agar-incrustados trozos de retina que son adecuados para la electrofisiología y la Ca2 + imágenes. Este método permite estudiar la cinta del tipo de sinapsis en la retina utilizando microcircuitos directa patch-clamp grabaciones de una sola terminales nerviosas presinápticas.

Video: Patch-clamp Capacitance Measurements and Ca2+ Imaging at Single Nerve Terminals in Retinal Slices

Patch Clamp Recordings from Mouse Retinal Neurons in a Dark-adapted Slice Preparation

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of intracellular events that lead to closure of cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels in the cell membrane. The resulting change in membrane potential leads in turn to reductions in the amount of neurotransmitter release from both rod and cone synaptic terminals. To measure how the light-evoked change in photoreceptor membrane potential leads to downstream activity in the retina, scientists have made electrophysiological recordings from retinal slice preparations for decades1,2. In the past these slices have been cut manually with a razor blade on retinal tissue that is attached to filter paper; in recent years another method of slicing has been developed whereby retinal tissue is embedded in low gelling temperature agar and sliced in cool solution with a vibrating microtome3,4. This preparation produces retinal slices with less surface damage and very robust light-evoked responses. Here we document how this procedure can be done under infrared light to avoid bleaching the visual pigment.

Here we describe a procedure for generating dark-adapted slices of the mouse retina for electrophysiological recordings.

Grabaciones de patch clamp de neuronas de ratón de retina en una rebanada preparación adaptada a la oscuridad

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

Visualization of Endosome Dynamics in Living Nerve Terminals with Four-dimensional Fluorescence Imaging

Four-dimensional (4D) light imaging has been used to study behavior of small structures within motor nerve terminals of the thin transversus abdominis muscle of the garter snake. Raw data comprises time-lapse sequences of 3D z-stacks. Each stack contains 4-20 images acquired with epifluorescence optics at focal planes separated by 400-1,500 nm. Steps in the acquisition of image stacks, such as adjustment of focus, switching of excitation wavelengths, and operation of the digital camera, are automated as much as possible to maximize image rate and minimize tissue damage from light exposure. After acquisition, a set of image stacks is deconvolved to improve spatial resolution, converted to the desired 3D format, and used to create a 4D "movie" that is suitable for variety of computer-based analyses, depending upon the experimental data sought. One application is study of the dynamic behavior of two classes of endosomes found in nerve terminals-macroendosomes (MEs) and acidic endosomes (AEs)-whose sizes (200-800 nm for both types) are at or near the diffraction limit. Access to 3D information at each time point provides several advantages over conventional time-lapse imaging. In particular, size and velocity of movement of structures can be quantified over time without loss of sharp focus. Examples of data from 4D imaging reveal that MEs approach the plasma membrane and disappear, suggesting that they are exocytosed rather than simply moving vertically away from a single plane of focus. Also revealed is putative fusion of MEs and AEs, by visualization of overlap between the two dye-containing structures as viewed in each three orthogonal projections.

Four-dimensional (4D) imaging is utilized to study the behavior and interactions among two types of endosomes in living vertebrate nerve terminals. Movement of these small structures is characterized in three dimensions, permitting confirmation of events such as endosome fusion and exocytosis.

Visualización de la Dinámica en Endosoma Vivir terminaciones nerviosas con imágenes de fluorescencia en cuatro dimensiones

Four-dimensional (4D) light imaging has been used to study behavior of small structures within motor nerve terminals of the thin transversus abdominis ...

Methods for Cell-attached Capacitance Measurements in Mouse Adrenal Chromaffin Cell

Neuronal transmission is an integral part of cellular communication within the brain. Depolarization of the presynaptic membrane leads to vesicle fusion known as exocytosis that mediates synaptic transmission. Subsequent retrieval of synaptic vesicles is necessary to generate new neurotransmitter-filled vesicles in a process identified as endocytosis. During exocytosis, fusing vesicle membranes will result in an increase in surface area and subsequent endocytosis results in a decrease in the surface area. Here, our lab demonstrates a basic introduction to cell-attached capacitance recordings of single endocytic events in the mouse adrenal chromaffin cell. This type of electrical recording is useful for high-resolution recordings of exocytosis and endocytosis at the single vesicle level. While this technique can detect both vesicle exocytosis and endocytosis, the focus of our lab is vesicle endocytosis. Moreover, this technique allows us to analyze the kinetics of single endocytic events. Here the methods for mouse adrenal gland tissue dissection, chromaffin cell culture, basic cell-attached techniques, and subsequent examples of individual traces measuring singular endocytic event are described.

After exocytosis, fused plasma membrane is retrieved through a process known as endocytosis. This mechanism reforms new synaptic vesicles for the next round of release. Individual endocytic events are captured and analyzed through the use of the cell-attached capacitance recordings in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells.

Los métodos para mediciones de capacitancia celulares inscritos en ratón suprarrenal Cromafín Cell

Neuronal transmission is an integral part of cellular communication within the brain. Depolarization of the presynaptic membrane leads to vesicle fusion ...

Electrophysiological and Morphological Characterization of Neuronal Microcircuits in Acute Brain Slices Using Paired Patch-Clamp Recordings

The combination of patch clamp recordings from two (or more) synaptically coupled neurons (paired recordings) in acute brain slice preparations with simultaneous intracellular biocytin filling allows a correlated analysis of their structural and functional properties. With this method it is possible to identify and characterize both pre- and postsynaptic neurons by their morphology and electrophysiological response pattern. Paired recordings allow studying the connectivity patterns between these neurons as well as the properties of both chemical and electrical synaptic transmission. Here, we give a step-by-step description of the procedures required to obtain reliable paired recordings together with an optimal recovery of the neuron morphology. We will describe how pairs of neurons connected via chemical synapses or gap junctions are identified in brain slice preparations. We will outline how neurons are reconstructed to obtain their 3D morphology of the dendritic and axonal domain and how synaptic contacts are identified and localized. We will also discuss the caveats and limitations of the paired recording technique, in particular those associated with dendritic and axonal truncations during the preparation of brain slices because these strongly affect connectivity estimates. However, because of the versatility of the paired recording approach it will remain a valuable tool in characterizing different aspects of synaptic transmission at identified neuronal microcircuits in the brain.

Patch-clamp recordings and simultaneous intracellular biocytin filling of synaptically coupled neurons in acute brain slices allow a correlated analysis of their structural and functional properties. The aim of this protocol is to describe the essential technical steps of electrophysiological recording from neuronal microcircuits and their subsequent morphological analysis.

Electrofisiológico y Caracterización Morfológica de microcircuitos neuronales en el infarto agudo rodajas de cerebro Usando Emparejados patch-clamp grabaciones

The combination of patch clamp recordings from two (or more) synaptically coupled neurons (paired recordings) in acute brain slice preparations with ...

Recording Light-evoked Postsynaptic Responses in Neurons in Dark-adapted, Mouse Retinal Slice Preparations Using Patch Clamp Techniques

The retina is the gateway to the visual system. To understand visual signal processing mechanisms, we investigate retinal neural network functions. Retinal neurons in the network comprise of numerous subtypes. More than 10 subtypes of bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and amacrine cells have been identified by morphological studies. Multiple subtypes of retinal neurons are thought to encode distinct features of visual signaling, such as motion and color, and form multiple neural pathways. However, the functional roles of each neuron in visual signal processing are not fully understood. The patch clamp method is useful to address this fundamental question. Here, a protocol to record light-evoked synaptic responses in mouse retinal neurons using patch clamp recordings in dark-adapted conditions is provided. The mouse eyes are dark-adapted O/N, and retinal slice preparations are dissected in a dark room using infrared illumination and viewers. Infrared light does not activate mouse photoreceptors and thus preserves their light responsiveness. Patch clamp is used to record light-evoked responses in retinal neurons. A fluorescent dye is injected during recordings to characterize neuronal morphological subtypes. This procedure enables us to determine the physiological functions of each neuron in the mouse retina.

We will demonstrate how to prepare retinal slices from the mouse eye and record light responses in retinal neurons. The entire procedure is conducted in dark-adapted conditions.

Grabación Luz evocó-Respuestas postsinápticos en las neuronas en adaptadas oscuro, Preparaciones ratón retina Slice Uso de técnicas Patch Clamp

The retina is the gateway to the visual system. To understand visual signal processing mechanisms, we investigate retinal neural network functions. ...

Imaging Ca2+ Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina

Retinal cone photoreceptors (cones) serve daylight vision and are the basis of color discrimination. They are subject to degeneration, often leading to blindness in many retinal diseases. Calcium (Ca2+), a key second messenger in photoreceptor signaling and metabolism, has been proposed to be indirectly linked with photoreceptor degeneration in various animal models. Systematically studying these aspects of cone physiology and pathophysiology has been hampered by the difficulties of electrically recording from these small cells, in particular in the mouse where the retina is dominated by rod photoreceptors. To circumvent this issue, we established a two-photon Ca2+ imaging protocol using a transgenic mouse line that expresses the genetically encoded Ca2+ biosensor TN-XL exclusively in cones and can be crossbred with mouse models for photoreceptor degeneration. The protocol described here involves preparing vertical sections (&#8220;slices&#8221;) of retinas from mice and optical imaging of light stimulus-evoked changes in cone Ca2+ level. The protocol also allows &#8220;in-slice measurement&#8221; of absolute Ca2+ concentrations; as the recordings can be followed by calibration. This protocol enables studies into functional cone properties and is expected to contribute to the understanding of cone Ca2+ signaling as well as the potential involvement of Ca2+ in photoreceptor death and retinal degeneration.

Imaging Ca2+ Dynamics in Cone Photoreceptor Axon Terminals of the Mouse Retina

We describe a protocol to monitor Ca2+ dynamics in the axon terminals of cone photoreceptors using an ex-vivo&#160;slice preparation of the mouse retina. This protocol allows comprehensive studies of cone Ca2+ signaling in an important mammalian model system, the mouse.

Imagen Ca<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt; Dinámica de Terminales cono fotorreceptor axón de la retina del ratón

Retinal cone photoreceptors (cones) serve daylight vision and are the basis of color discrimination. They are subject to degeneration, often leading to ...

High-Resolution Quantitative Immunogold Analysis of Membrane Receptors at Retinal Ribbon Synapses

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) receive excitatory glutamatergic input from bipolar cells. Synaptic excitation of RGCs is mediated postsynaptically by NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and AMPA receptors (AMPARs). Physiological data have indicated that glutamate receptors at RGCs are expressed not only in postsynaptic but also in perisynaptic or extrasynaptic membrane compartments. However, precise anatomical locations for glutamate receptors at RGC synapses have not been determined. Although a high-resolution quantitative analysis of glutamate receptors at central synapses is widely employed, this approach has had only limited success in the retina. We developed a postembedding immunogold method for analysis of membrane receptors, making it possible to estimate the number, density and variability of these receptors at retinal ribbon synapses. Here we describe the tools, reagents, and the practical steps that are needed for: 1) successful preparation of retinal fixation, 2) freeze-substitution, 3) postembedding immunogold electron microscope (EM) immunocytochemistry and, 4) quantitative visualization of glutamate receptors at ribbon synapses.

The postembedding immunogold method is one of the most effective ways to provide high-resolution analyses of the subcellular localization of specific molecules. Here we describe a protocol to quantitatively analyze glutamate receptors at retinal ribbon synapses.

Resolución de alta Análisis Cuantitativo Inmunoelectrónica de Receptores de Membrana en la retina cinta sinapsis

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) receive excitatory glutamatergic input from bipolar cells. Synaptic excitation of RGCs is mediated postsynaptically by NMDA ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the neuron. In this configuration, the micropipette is in tight contact with the cell membrane, which prevents current leakage and thereby provides more accurate ionic current measurements than the previously used intracellular sharp electrode recording method. Classically, whole-cell recording can be performed on neurons in various types of preparations, including cell culture models, dissociated neurons, neurons in brain slices, and in intact anesthetized or awake animals. In summary, this technique has immensely contributed to the understanding of passive and active biophysical properties of excitable cells. A major advantage of this technique is that it provides information on how specific manipulations (e.g., pharmacological, experimenter-induced plasticity) may alter specific neuronal functions or channels in real-time. Additionally, significant opening of the plasma membrane allows the internal pipette solution to freely diffuse into the cytoplasm, providing means for introducing drugs, e.g., agonists or antagonists of specific intracellular proteins, and manipulating these targets without altering their functions in neighboring cells. This article will focus on whole-cell recording performed on neurons in brain slices,&#160;a preparation that has the advantage of recording neurons in relatively well preserved brain circuits, i.e., in a physiologically relevant context. In particular,&#160;when combined with appropriate pharmacology, this technique is a powerful tool allowing identification of specific neuroadaptations that occurred following any type of experiences, such as learning, exposure to drugs of abuse, and stress. In summary, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices provide means to measure in ex vivo preparation long-lasting changes in neuronal functions that have developed in intact awake animals.

This protocol describes basic procedural steps for performing whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. This technique allows the study of&#160;the electrical behavior of neurons, and when performed in brain slices, allows the assessment of various neuronal functions from neurons that are still integrated in relatively well preserved brain circuits.

Las grabaciones de células enteras Patch-clamp en rodajas de cerebro

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording is an electrophysiological technique that allows the study of the&#160;electrical properties of a substantial part of the ...

Slice Patch Clamp Technique for Analyzing Learning-Induced Plasticity

The slice patch clamp technique is a powerful tool for investigating learning-induced neural plasticity in specific brain regions. To analyze motor-learning induced plasticity, we trained rats using an accelerated rotor rod task. Rats performed the task 10 times at 30-s intervals for 1 or 2 days. Performance was significantly improved on the training days compared to the first trial. We then prepared acute brain slices of the primary motor cortex (M1) in untrained and trained rats. Current-clamp analysis showed dynamic changes in resting membrane potential, spike threshold, afterhyperpolarization, and membrane resistance in layer II/III pyramidal neurons. Current injection induced many more spikes in 2-day trained rats than in untrained controls.
To analyze contextual-learning induced plasticity, we trained rats using an inhibitory avoidance (IA) task. After experiencing foot-shock in the dark side of a box, the rats learned to avoid it, staying in the lighted side. We prepared acute hippocampal slices from untrained, IA-trained, unpaired, and walk-through rats. Voltage-clamp analysis was used to sequentially record miniature excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs and mIPSCs) from the same CA1 neuron. We found different mean mEPSC and mIPSC amplitudes in each CA1 neuron, suggesting that each neuron had different postsynaptic strengths at its excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Moreover, compared with untrained controls, IA-trained rats had higher mEPSC and mIPSC amplitudes, with broad diversity. These results suggested that contextual learning creates postsynaptic diversity in both excitatory and inhibitory synapses at each CA1 neuron.
AMPA or GABAA receptors seemed to mediate the postsynaptic currents, since bath treatment with CNQX or bicuculline blocked the mEPSC or mIPSC events, respectively. This technique can be used to study different types of learning in other regions, such as the sensory cortex and amygdala.

The slice patch clamp technique is an effective method for analyzing learning-induced changes in the intrinsic properties and plasticity of excitatory or inhibitory synapses.

Slice Patch Clamp técnica para analizar la plasticidad inducida por el aprendizaje

The slice patch clamp technique is a powerful tool for investigating learning-induced neural plasticity in specific brain regions. To analyze ...

Application of Automated Image-guided Patch Clamp for the Study of Neurons in Brain Slices

Whole-cell patch clamp is the gold-standard method to measure the electrical properties of single cells. However, the in vitro patch clamp remains a challenging and low-throughput technique due to its complexity and high reliance on user operation and control. This manuscript demonstrates an image-guided automatic patch clamp system for in vitro whole-cell patch clamp experiments in acute brain slices. Our system implements a computer vision-based algorithm to detect fluorescently labeled cells and to target them for fully automatic patching using a micromanipulator and internal pipette pressure control. The entire process is highly automated, with minimal requirements for human intervention. Real-time experimental information, including electrical resistance and internal pipette pressure, are documented electronically for future analysis and for optimization to different cell types. Although our system is described in the context of acute brain slice recordings, it can also be applied to the automated image-guided patch clamp of dissociated neurons, organotypic slice cultures, and other non-neuronal cell types.

This protocol describes how to conduct automatic image-guided patch-clamp experiments using a system recently developed for standard in vitro electrophysiology equipment.

Aplicación de la abrazadera de parche guiada por imágenes automatizada para el estudio de neuronas en cortes cerebrales

Whole-cell patch clamp is the gold-standard method to measure the electrical properties of single cells. However, the in vitro patch clamp remains a ...