Este trabajo fue apoyado por el CDMRP, USUHS Becas G188LE, G188MG y G188QC (para HL), y el Centro USUHS para el Estudio del Estrés Traumático.

<ol>
	<li>Adrien, J., Dugovic, C., Martin, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep-wakefulness+patterns+in+the+helpless+rat.">Sleep-wakefulness patterns in the helpless rat.</a> Physiol. Behav. 49, 257-262 (1991).</li><li>Bai, X., Wu, J., Zhang, Q., Alesci, S., Manoli, I., Blackman, M. R., Chrousos, G. P., Goldstein, A. L., Rennert, O. M., Su, Y. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Third-generation+human+mitochondria-focused+cDNA+microarray+and+its+bioinformatic+tools+for+analysis+of+gene+expression.">Third-generation human mitochondria-focused cDNA microarray and its bioinformatic tools for analysis of gene expression.</a> Biotechniques. 42, 365-375 (2007).</li><li>Blaszczyk, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Startle+response+to+short+acoustic+stimuli+in+rats.">Startle response to short acoustic stimuli in rats.</a> Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Wars.). 63, 25-30 (2003).</li><li>Braga, M. F., roniadou-Anderjaska, V., Manion, S. T., Hough, C. J., Li, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress+impairs+alpha(1A)+adrenoceptor-mediated+noradrenergic+facilitation+of+GABAergic+transmission+in+the+basolateral+amygdala.">Stress impairs alpha(1A) adrenoceptor-mediated noradrenergic facilitation of GABAergic transmission in the basolateral amygdala.</a> Neuropsychopharmacology. 29, 45-58 (2004).</li><li>Bremner, J. D., Vythilingam, M., Vermetten, E., Anderson, G., Newcomer, J. W., Charney, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+glucocorticoids+on+declarative+memory+function+in+major+depression.">Effects of glucocorticoids on declarative memory function in major depression.</a> Biol. Psychiatry. 55, 811-815 (2004).</li><li>Garrick, T., Morrow, N., Eth, S., Marciano, D., Shalev, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psychophysiologic+parameters+of+traumatic+stress+disorder+in+rats.">Psychophysiologic parameters of traumatic stress disorder in rats.</a> Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 821, 533-537 (1997).</li><li>Garrick, T., Morrow, N., Shalev, A. Y., Eth, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress-induced+enhancement+of+auditory+startle:+an+animal+model+of+posttraumatic+stress+disorder.">Stress-induced enhancement of auditory startle: an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder.</a> Psychiatry. 64, 346-354 (2001).</li><li>Hsiao, Y. H., Su, Y. A., Tsai, H. D., Mason, J. T., Chou, M. C., Man, Y. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+invasiveness+and+aggressiveness+in+breast+epithelia+with+cytoplasmic+p63+expression.">Increased invasiveness and aggressiveness in breast epithelia with cytoplasmic p63 expression.</a> Int. J. Biol. Sci. 6, 428-442 (2010).</li><li>Jiang, X., Xing, G., Yang, C., Verma, A., Zhang, L., Li, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress+Impairs+5-HT(2A)+Receptor-Mediated+Serotonergic+Facilitation+of+GABA+Release+in+Juvenile+Rat+Basolateral+Amygdala.">Stress Impairs 5-HT(2A) Receptor-Mediated Serotonergic Facilitation of GABA Release in Juvenile Rat Basolateral Amygdala.</a> Neuropsychopharmacology. , (2008).</li><li>Jiang, X., Zhang, Z. J., Zhang, S., Gamble, E. H., Jia, M., Ursano, R. J., Li, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=5-HT2A+receptor+antagonism+by+MDL+11,939+during+inescapable+stress+prevents+subsequent+exaggeration+of+acoustic+startle+response+and+reduced+body+weight+in+rats.">5-HT2A receptor antagonism by MDL 11,939 during inescapable stress prevents subsequent exaggeration of acoustic startle response and reduced body weight in rats.</a> J. Psychopharmacol. , (2009).</li><li>Maher, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+deprivation:+are+you+a+victim.">Sleep deprivation: are you a victim.</a> AAOHN. J. 54, 548 (2006).</li><li>Maier, S. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exposure+to+the+stressor+environment+prevents+the+temporal+dissipation+of+behavioral+depression/learned+helplessness.">Exposure to the stressor environment prevents the temporal dissipation of behavioral depression/learned helplessness.</a> Biol. Psychiatry. 49, 763-773 (2001).</li><li>North, C. S., Suris, A. M., Davis, M., Smith, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toward+validation+of+the+diagnosis+of+posttraumatic+stress+disorder.">Toward validation of the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder.</a> Am. J. Psychiatry. 166, 34-41 (2009).</li><li>Orr, S. P., Metzger, L. J., Pitman, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psychophysiology+of+post-traumatic+stress+disorder.">Psychophysiology of post-traumatic stress disorder.</a> Psychiatr. Clin. North Am. 25, 271-293 (2002).</li><li>Orr, S. P., Roth, W. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psychophysiological+assessment:+clinical+applications+for+PTSD.">Psychophysiological assessment: clinical applications for PTSD.</a> J. Affect. Disord. 61, 225-240 (2000).</li><li>Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., Shalev, A. Y., Metzger, L. J., Mellman, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psychophysiological+alterations+in+post-traumatic+stress+disorder.">Psychophysiological alterations in post-traumatic stress disorder.</a> Semin. Clin. Neuropsychiatry. 4, 234-241 (1999).</li><li>Servatius, R. J., Ottenweller, J. E., Natelson, B. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+startle+sensitization+distinguishes+rats+exposed+to+one+or+three+stress+sessions:+Further+evidence+toward+an+animal+model+of+PTSD.">Delayed startle sensitization distinguishes rats exposed to one or three stress sessions: Further evidence toward an animal model of PTSD.</a> Biological Psychiatry. 38, 539-546 (1995).</li><li>Su, Y. A., Zhang, Q., Su, D. M., Tang, M. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rat+Mitochondrion-Neuron+Focused+Microarray+(rMNChip)+and+Bioinformatics+Tools+for+Rapid+Identification+of+Differential+Pathways+in+Brain+Tissues.">Rat Mitochondrion-Neuron Focused Microarray (rMNChip) and Bioinformatics Tools for Rapid Identification of Differential Pathways in Brain Tissues.</a> Int. J. Biol. Sci. 7, 308-322 (2011).</li><li>Su, D. M., Zhang, Q., Wang, X., He, P., Zhu, Y. J., Zhao, J., Rennert, O. M., Su, Y. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+types+of+human+malignant+melanoma+cell+lines+revealed+by+expression+patterns+of+mitochondrial+and+survival-apoptosis+genes:+implications+for+malignant+melanoma+therapy.+Mol.">Two types of human malignant melanoma cell lines revealed by expression patterns of mitochondrial and survival-apoptosis genes: implications for malignant melanoma therapy. Mol.</a> Cancer Ther. , (2009).</li><li>Su, Y. A., Li, H., He, P., Webster, M. J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, L., Wang, X., Su, D. M., Ursano, R. J., Rennert, O. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+stress-responsive+genes,+canonical+pathways,+molecular+networks+and+drug+targets+in+brain+tissues+of+human+and+animals+for+systems-biology+study+of+post-traumatic+stress+disorder.">Identification of stress-responsive genes, canonical pathways, molecular networks and drug targets in brain tissues of human and animals for systems-biology study of post-traumatic stress disorder.</a> , (2009).</li><li>Su, Y. A., Wu, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Su, D. M., He, P., Wang, B. D., Li, H., Webster, M. J., Rennert, O. M., Ursano, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dysregulated+mitochondrial+genes+and+networks+with+drug+targets+in+postmortem+brain+of+patients+with+posttraumatic+stress+disorder+(PTSD)+revealed+by+human+mitochondria-focused+cDNA+microarrays.">Dysregulated mitochondrial genes and networks with drug targets in postmortem brain of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) revealed by human mitochondria-focused cDNA microarrays.</a> Int. J Biol. Sci. 4, 223-235 (2008).</li><li>Su, Y. A., Yang, J., Tao, L., Nguyen, H., He, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Undetectable+and+Decreased+Expression+of+KIAA1949+(Phostensin)+Encoded+on+Chromosome+6p21.33+in+Human+Breast+Cancers+Revealed+by+Transcriptome+Analysis.">Undetectable and Decreased Expression of KIAA1949 (Phostensin) Encoded on Chromosome 6p21.33 in Human Breast Cancers Revealed by Transcriptome Analysis.</a> J. Cancer. 1, 38-50 (2010).</li><li>Yehuda, R., Yang, R. K., Buchsbaum, M. S., Golier, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alterations+in+cortisol+negative+feedback+inhibition+as+examined+using+the+ACTH+response+to+cortisol+administration+in+PTSD.">Alterations in cortisol negative feedback inhibition as examined using the ACTH response to cortisol administration in PTSD.</a> Psychoneuroendocrinology. 31, 447-451 (2006).</li><li>Zhang, Q., Wu, J., Nguyen, A., Wang, B. D., He, P., Laurent, G. S., Rennert, O. M., Su, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanism+underlying+differential+apoptosis+between+human+melanoma+cell+lines+UACC903+and+UACC903(+6)+revealed+by+mitochondria-focused+cDNA+microarrays.">Molecular mechanism underlying differential apoptosis between human melanoma cell lines UACC903 and UACC903(+6) revealed by mitochondria-focused cDNA microarrays.</a> Apoptosis. 13, 993-1004 (2008).</li></ol>

No hay conflictos de interés declarado.

El diagnóstico de trastorno de estrés postraumático se basa en la libre informado de síntomas psiquiátricos (DSM IV) por los sujetos potenciales. No biomarcador bien definida está disponible actualmente para acceder al estado fisiopatológico de los pacientes con trastorno de estrés postraumático potencial. El TEPT es un trastorno provocado por eventos traumáticos en peligro la vida y los síntomas psiquiátricos principales siguen presentes en la vida del sobreviviente durante meses e incluso años después de los acontecimientos iniciales. Los síntomas más prominentes y persistentes revelados en los pacientes con trastorno de estrés postraumático son hipervigilancia, respuestas exageradas de sobresalto retardado 14, 15, 16 y un compromiso claro del eje HPA. En los seres humanos estos síntomas permanecen, o aparecen con un retraso de tres meses, después del cese de la estresante traumático 24. Nuestro actual modelo de estudios de biomarcadores de estrés postraumático emplea moderación y choques repetidos cola durante tres días consecutivos (2-hr sesiones de 40, 2 tailshocks MA) - la inevitable cola-shock modelo (ITS) en ratas un peso de 150 gramos. Este modelo cuenta con ITSha demostrado que imitan en una medida considerable la fisiopatología de TEPT 17, 7, 4, 10. Nuestro laboratorio y otros laboratorios han verificado que la de su modelo de estrés en ratas induce alteraciones conductuales y neurobiológicos que son similares a los encontrados en el TEPT temas 17, 7, 10, 9. Específicamente, estas ratas estresadas muestran (1) una respuesta de sobresalto retardada y exagerada aparecer varios días después de la cesación de estrés, que dada la escala de tiempo comprimido de la vida de la rata en comparación con un ser humano, corresponde al retardo de uno a tres meses de los síntomas en pacientes con TEPT (DSM-IV-TR TEPT Criterian D / E 13), (2) mejorar la corticosterona plasmática (CORT) para varios (10) días, lo que indica un compromiso del eje hypothalamopituitary (HPA), y (3) la ganancia de peso corporal retrasado después de estrés cese, correspondiente a la disfunción de la regulación metabólica de estrés postraumático. No hay evidencia en la literatura que el olor del zorro, la exposición depredador, o temen la respuesta de sobresalto potenciada, exhipoco estos fenotipos conductuales persistentes y neuroendocrinologic asociada con trastorno de estrés postraumático. Las ratas expuestas a una sola sesión de estrés (1DS) han mostrado transitoria, pero no las anormalidades persistentes mostrados por 3DS ratas 17 El presente experimento se comparó la respuesta de sobresalto de 3DS y 1DS ratas 4, 7, y 10 días después del cese estresante. De acuerdo con trabajos previos, hizo hincapié en ratas mostraron elevados niveles plasmáticos basales de CORT el estrés del día primer post 17. Estos niveles de CORT fueron sensibles a la cantidad de exposición a estresores con niveles de CORT mayor en las ratas que en 3DS 1Ds ratas. En cuanto a la respuesta de sobresalto, las ratas 1Ds exhiben una respuesta de sobresalto exagerada estresante 7 días después, mientras que la sensibilización de sobresalto sólo aparece 10 días después de la estresante en ratas 3DS. Así, la aparición de una respuesta exagerada de sobresalto después de la cesación factor estresante parece estar relacionada con el número de exposiciones sesión de estrés. El modelo 3DS estresado pareceser útil para profundizar en la expresión alterada de los biomarcadores asociados con los síntomas de trastorno de estrés postraumático y los principales fenotipos mensurables de comportamiento asociados con el calendario siguiente a la cesación de la tensión. Resultados genómicos presentados proporcionan la prueba de principio para la aplicación de herramientas rMNChip y bioinformática para identificar las vías diferenciales, y biomarcadores de genes y proteínas, lo que facilitaría en gran medida en sistemas biológicos estudio y la comprensión de los mecanismos moleculares que subyacen a los trastornos neurológicos complejos y multifactoriales, incluyendo trastorno de estrés postraumático. Mientras que nuestro paradigma no ahondar en los aspectos cognitivos y aspectos de comportamiento más complejas de TEPT, observamos que los patrones de sueño alterado en su modelo 1 corresponden a la dificultad para conciliar y mantener el sueño y las pesadillas de los pacientes con TEPT 11 (DSM-IV-TR trastorno de estrés postraumático Criterio D 13), y las deficiencias en el aprendizaje de escape / evitación y el aprendizaje de una tarea en la apetitiva su modelo <sup&gt; 12 corresponde a las concentraciones pobres y los déficit de memoria de TEPT 5 (DSM-IV-TR TEPT C 13). El modelo actual se correlaciona bien con los síntomas característicos del trastorno de estrés postraumático clave y proporciona un buen modelo para la correlación de biomarcadores periféricas del trastorno de estrés postraumático, que puede ser obtenida de los pacientes, con marcadores centrales, mecanicistas que no pueden, 6.

biomarkers in an animal model for revealing neural, hematologic, and behavioral correlates of ptsd

La identificación de biomarcadores que representan la evolución de la fisiopatología del trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) es de vital importancia, no sólo para el diagnóstico objetivo, sino también para la evaluación de la eficacia terapéutica y la resistencia al trauma. La investigación en curso está dirigido a la identificación de biomarcadores moleculares para el trastorno de estrés postraumático, incluyendo proteínas inducidas por estrés postraumático, transcriptomes, variaciones genómicas y moduladores genéticos, con muestras biológicas de sangre de los sujetos, la saliva, la orina y los tejidos post-mortem del cerebro. Sin embargo, la correlación de estas moléculas de biomarcadores en muestras postmortem o periféricas a las funciones del cerebro y se asocia con síntomas psiquiátricos en el TEPT sigue sin resolverse. Aquí, se presenta un modelo animal de trastorno de estrés postraumático en el que tanto en sangre periférica y los biomarcadores cerebrales centrales, así como fenotipo de comportamiento, puede ser recogido y medido, proporcionando así la necesaria correlación de los biomarcadores centrales del trastorno de estrés postraumático, que son mecánica y pathognomonic pero no se pueden recoger de las personas, con los biomarcadores periféricos y fenotipos de comportamiento, que puede. Nuestro modelo animal de trastorno de estrés postraumático emplea moderación y choques repetidos cola durante tres días seguidos - la inevitable cola-shock modelo (ITS) en ratas. Este modelo imita ITS la fisiopatología del TEPT 17, 7, 4, 10. Nosotros y otros han comprobado que el modelo SU induce alteraciones conductuales y neurobiológicos similares a los encontrados en el TEPT temas 17, 7, 10, 9. Específicamente, estas ratas estresadas muestran (1) una respuesta de sobresalto retardada y exagerada aparecer varios días después de la cesación de estrés, que dada la escala de tiempo comprimido de la vida de la rata en comparación con un ser humano, corresponde al retardo de uno a tres meses de los síntomas en pacientes con TEPT (DSM-IV-TR TEPT Criterian D / E 13), (2) mejorar la corticosterona plasmática (CORT) durante varios días, lo que indica un compromiso del eje hypothalamopituitary (HPA), y (3) retraso body el aumento de peso después de dejar estresante, lo que indica una disfunción de la regulación metabólica. Los paradigmas experimentales empleados para este modelo son: (1) un paradigma de desamparo aprendido en la rata ensayada por la medición de la respuesta de sobresalto acústico (ASR) y una cartografía de la masa corporal, (2) la microdisección del cerebro de rata en regiones y núcleos; ( 3) ligado a enzimas (ELISA) para los niveles sanguíneos de CORT, (4) un microarray de la expresión génica, más relacionada con herramientas de bioinformática 18. Este microarray, apodado rMNChip, se centra en los genes nucleares y mitocondriales mitocondrias vinculadas en la rata con el fin de abordar específicamente la bioenergética neuronales hipótesis de participar en el TEPT.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD at JoVE.com

Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

Se describe un modelo de rata de trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT), que revela las alteraciones persistentes en la función neuroendocrina y el retraso a largo plazo, la respuesta temor exagerado, característicos de pacientes con TEPT. El modelo animal y los métodos descritos aquí son útiles para la correlación de biomarcadores en núcleos cerebrales, que son mecanicista, pero no se puede medir en los pacientes, con biomarcadores en la sangre periférica de células blancas, que pueden.

Biomarcadores en un modelo animal para Revelar correlatos neurales, hematológicas y conductuales de estrés postraumático

Identification of biomarkers representing the evolution of the pathophysiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is vitally important, not only for ...

biomarkers-an-animal-model-for-revealing-neural-hematologic

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

15.9K vistas.  Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland. Se describe un modelo de rata de trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT), que revela las alteraciones persistentes en la función neuroendocrina y el retraso a largo plazo, la respuesta temor exagerado, característicos de pacientes con TEPT. El modelo animal y los métodos descritos aquí son útiles para la correlación de biomarcadores en núcleos cerebrales, que son mecanicista, pero no se puede medir en los pacientes, con biomarcadores en la sangre periférica de ...

Video: Biomarkers in an Animal Model for Revealing Neural, Hematologic, and Behavioral Correlates of PTSD

Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several techniques, including infusion of exogenous bacterial toxin (endotoxemia) or bacteria (bacteremia), as well as surgical perforation of the cecum by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)1-3. CLP allows bacteria spillage and fecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity, mimicking the human clinical disease of perforated appendicitis or diverticulitis. The severity of sepsis, as reflected by the eventual mortality rates, can be controlled surgically by varying the size of the needle used for cecal puncture2. In animals, CLP induces similar, biphasic hemodynamic cardiovascular, metabolic, and immunological responses as observed during the clinical course of human sepsis3. Thus, the CLP model is considered as one of the most clinically relevant models for experimental sepsis1-3.
Various animal models have been used to elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of experimental sepsis. The lethal consequence of sepsis is attributable partly to an excessive accumulation of early cytokines (such as TNF, IL-1 and IFN-&gamma;)4-6 and late proinflammatory mediators (e.g., HMGB1)7. Compared with early proinflammatory cytokines, late-acting mediators have a wider therapeutic window for clinical applications. For instance, delayed administration of HMGB1-neutralizing antibodies beginning 24 hours after CLP, still rescued mice from lethality8,9, establishing HMGB1 as a late mediator of lethal sepsis. The discovery of HMGB1 as a late-acting mediator has initiated a new field of investigation for the development of sepsis therapies using Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine. In this paper, we describe a procedure of CLP-induced sepsis, and its usage in screening herbal medicine for HMGB1-targeting therapies.

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection, and can be simulated by a surgical technique termed cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Here we describe a method to use CLP-induced animal model to screen medicinal herbs for therapeutic agents.

El uso de modelos animales de sepsis para evaluar nuevas terapias a base de plantas

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several ...

Investigación

Medicina

An Isolated Working Heart System for Large Animal Models

Since its introduction in the late 19th century, the Langendorff isolated heart perfusion apparatus, and the subsequent development of the working heart model, have been invaluable tools for studying cardiovascular function and disease1-15. Although the Langendorff heart preparation can be used for any mammalian heart, most studies involving this apparatus use small animal models (e.g., mouse, rat, and rabbit) due to the increased complexity of systems for larger mammals1,3,11. One major difficulty is ensuring a constant coronary perfusion pressure over a range of different heart sizes &#8211; a key component of any experiment utilizing this device1,11. By replacing the classic hydrostatic afterload column with a centrifugal pump, the Langendorff working heart apparatus described below allows for easy adjustment and tight regulation of perfusion pressures, meaning the same set-up can be used for various species or heart sizes. Furthermore, this configuration can also seamlessly switch between constant pressure or constant flow during reperfusion, depending on the user&#8217;s preferences. The open nature of this setup, despite making temperature regulation more difficult than other designs, allows for easy collection of effluent and ventricular pressure-volume data.

Most studies involving the Langendorff apparatus use small animal models due to the increased complexity of systems for larger mammals. We describe a Langendorff system for large animal models that allows for use across a range of species, including humans, and relatively easy data acquisition.

Un sistema de trabajo del corazón aislada por grandes modelos animales

Since its introduction in the late 19th century, the Langendorff isolated heart perfusion apparatus, and the subsequent development of the working heart ...

Bioluminescence Imaging of an Immunocompetent Animal Model for Glioblastoma

In contrast to commonly reported human glioma xenograft animal models, GL261 murine glioma xenografts recapitulate nearly all relevant clinical and histopathologic features of the human disease. When GL261 cells are implanted intracranially in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, the model has the added advantage of maintaining an intact immune microenvironment. Stable expression of luciferase in GL261 cells allows non-invasive cost effective bioluminescence monitoring of intracranial tumor growth. We have recently demonstrated that luciferase expression in GL261 cells does not affect the tumor growth properties, tumor cell immunomodulatory cytokine expression, infiltration of immune cells into the tumor, or overall survival of animals bearing the intracranial tumor. Therefore, it appears that the GL261 luciferase glioma model can be useful in the study of novel chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic modalities. Here we report the technique for generating stable luciferase expression in GL261 cells and how to study the in vitro and in vivo growth of the tumor cells by bioluminescence imaging.

GL261 glioma cells provide a useful immunocompetent animal model of glioblastoma. The goals of this protocol are to demonstrate proper techniques for monitoring intracranial tumor growth using in vivo bioluminescence imaging, and to verify the utility of luciferase-modified GL261 cells for studying tumor immunology and immunotherapeutic approaches for treating glioblastoma.

La bioluminiscencia de imágenes de un Modelo inmunocompetentes Animal para Glioblastoma

In contrast to commonly reported human glioma xenograft animal models, GL261 murine glioma xenografts recapitulate nearly all relevant clinical and ...

A Repetitive Concussive Head Injury Model in Mice

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of knowledge on the injury and its effects. To develop a better understanding of concussions, animals are often used because they provide a controlled, rigorous, and efficient model. Studies have adapted traditional animal models to perform mTBI to stimulate mild injury severity by changing the injury parameters. These models have been used because they can produce morphologically similar brain injuries to the clinical condition and provide a spectrum of injury severities. However, they are limited in their ability to present the identical features of injuries in patients. Using a traditional impact system, a repetitive concussive injury (rCHI) model can induce mild to moderate human-like concussion. The injury degree can be determined by measuring the period of loss of consciousness (LOC) with a sign of a transient termination of breathing. The rCHI model is beneficial to use for its accuracy and simplicity in determining mTBI effects and potential treatments.

Concussion presents the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Therefore, a repetitive concussive animal model, which replicates the important features of an injury in patients, may provide a means to study concussion in a rigorous, controlled, and efficient manner.

Un modelo de lesión en la cabeza repetidos de conmoción en ratones

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of ...

An Anesthesia, Surgery, and Harvest Method for the Evaluation of Transpedicular Screws Using an In Vivo Porcine Lumbar Spine Model

Pedicle screw fixation is the gold standard for the treatment of spinal diseases. However, many studies have reported the issue of loosening pedicle screws after spinal surgery, which is a serious concern. To address this problem, diverse types of pedicle screws have been examined to identify those with good fixation strength and osseointegration in spine bone. The porcine spine is a good alternative for the human spine in the evaluation of pedicle screws due to the anatomical size, mechanical characteristics, and cost. Although several studies have reported that pedicle screws are efficient in the porcine model, no study has described detailed protocols for the evaluation of a pedicle screw using the porcine model. Here, we describe a detailed method for evaluating transpedicular screws using an in vivo porcine lumbar spine model. The technical details for anesthesia, spine surgery, and harvest provided here will facilitate with the evaluation of the transpedicular screw fixation model.

An Anesthesia, Surgery, and Harvest Method for the Evaluation of Transpedicular Screws Using an In Vivo Porcine Lumbar Spine Model

Here, we introduce a method to evaluate transpedicular screws by using an in vivo porcine lumbar spine model.

Anestesia, Cirugía y Método de Cosecha para la Evaluación de Tornillos Transpediculares Usando un<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Modelo de columna lumbar porcina

Pedicle screw fixation is the gold standard for the treatment of spinal diseases. However, many studies have reported the issue of loosening pedicle ...

A Chronic Cardiac Ischemia Model in Swine Using an Ameroid Constrictor

Cardiovascular disease remains the number one cause of mortality in the United States. There are numerous approaches to treating these diseases, but regardless of the approach, an in vivo model is needed to test each treatment. The pig is one of the most used large animal models for cardiovascular disease. Its heart is very similar in anatomy and function to that of a human. The ameroid placement technique creates an ischemic area of the heart, which has many useful applications in studying myocardial infarction. This model has been used for surgical research, pharmaceutical studies, imaging techniques, and cell therapies.
There are several ways of inducing an ischemic area in the heart. Each has its advantages and disadvantages, but the placement of an ameroid constrictor remains the most widely used technique. The main advantages to using the ameroid are its prevalence in existing research, its availability in various sizes to accommodate the anatomy and size of the vessel to be constricted, the surgery is a relatively simple procedure, and the post-operative monitoring is minimal, since there are no external devices to maintain. This paper provides a detailed overview of the proper technique for the placement of the ameroid constrictor.

The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the placement of a delayed constricting device (an ameroid constrictor) around a coronary artery in a swine model. This device creates an ischemic area of the heart that is useful for studying new diagnostic imaging techniques and new methods of treatment.

Un modelo de isquemia cardíaca crónica en cerdos usando un Constrictor Ameroid

Cardiovascular disease remains the number one cause of mortality in the United States. There are numerous approaches to treating these diseases, but ...

Assessment of Plasma Coagulation on Liver Tissue in a Large Animal Model In Vivo

Plasma coagulation as a form of electrocautery is used in liver surgery for decades to seal the large liver cut surface after major hepatectomy to prevent hemorrhages at a later stage. The exact effects of plasma coagulation on liver tissue are only poorly examined. In our porcine model, the coagulation effects can be examined close to the clinical application. A combined laser Doppler flowmeter and spectrophotometer documents microcirculation changes during coagulation at 8 mm tissue depth noninvasively, providing quantifiable information about hemostasis beyond the subjective clinical impression. The temperature at coagulation site is assessed with an infrared thermometer prior and post coagulation and with a thermographic camera during coagulation, a measurement of the gas beam temperature is not possible due to the upper threshold of the devices. The depth of coagulation is measured microscopically on hematoxylin/eosin stained sections after calibration with an object micrometer and gives an exact information about the power setting-coagulation depth-relation. The sealing effect is examined on the bile ducts as it is not possible for a plasma coagulator to seal larger blood vessels. Burst pressure experiments are carried out on explanted organs to rule out blood pressure related effects.

Assessment of Plasma Coagulation on Liver Tissue in a Large Animal Model In Vivo

Here we present a protocol to experimentally assess plasma coagulation in liver tissue in vivo. In a porcine model, microcirculation is examined by laser Doppler, coagulation depth is measured histologically, temperature at coagulation site by infrared thermometer and thermographic camera, and duct sealing effect is documented by burst pressure experiments.

Evaluación de la coagulación con Plasma en tejido del hígado en un modelo Animal grande en Vivo

Plasma coagulation as a form of electrocautery is used in liver surgery for decades to seal the large liver cut surface after major hepatectomy to prevent ...

Intra-Operative Neural Monitoring of Thyroid Surgery in a Porcine Model

Intraoperative injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) can cause vocal cord paralysis, which interferes with speech and can potentially interfere with breathing. In recent years, intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) has been widely adapted as an adjunct technique to localize the RLN, detect RLN injury, and predict vocal cord function during the operations. Many studies have also used animal models to investigate new applications of IONM technology and to develop reliable strategies for preventing intraoperative RLN injury. The aim of this article is to introduce a standard protocol for using a porcine model in IONM research. The article demonstrates the procedures for inducing general anesthesia, performing tracheal intubation, and experimental design to investigate the electrophysiological characteristics of RLN injuries. Applications of this protocol can improve overall efficacy in implementing the 3R principle (replacement, reduction and refinement) in porcine IONM studies.

This study aims to develop a standard protocol of intra-operative neural monitoring of thyroid surgery in a porcine model. Here, we present a protocol to demonstrate general anesthesia, to compare different types of electrodes, and to investigate the electrophysiological characteristics of the normal and injured recurrent laryngeal nerves.

Control Neural intraoperatorio de cirugía de la tiroides en un modelo porcino

Intraoperative injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) can cause vocal cord paralysis, which interferes with speech and can potentially interfere ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Medición de la contractilidad isométrica de la arteria mesentérica de ratón con cable miografía

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Manufacture of a Multi-Purpose Low-Cost Animal Bench-Model for Teaching Tracheostomy

Tracheostomy is one of the most frequent procedures, performed through various techniques in the intensive care unit and emergency situations. Despite this, there is a lack of training on this procedure that affects its outcome, which is also dependent on operator's dexterity. Here, we take the specific training and simulation into consideration. This article aims to describe every step of the manufacture of a new multi-purpose low-cost animal bench-model, with the support of video and images, and to obtain an opinion about the quality of this model by administering a questionnaire to professionals with experience in the procedures. 
Ten experts in the technique were enrolled. The model scored an average of 3.45/5 for its anatomical realism; 4.75/5 for its usefulness as a training tool for simulation courses and assessments. The time necessary to build the model was 15 minutes, and the cost amounted to 10&#8364;. The animal bench-model was considered a very useful simulator for tracheostomy training and assessments. Therefore, it could be used as a tool for medical courses and residencies.

This article illustrates every step of the manufacture of a new multi-purpose low-cost animal bench-model for subglottic airway access management. All the procedures are shown in the video. The model's realism and its suitability for training the given clinical maneuvers were assessed by independent senior otolaryngologists and anesthesiologists.

Fabricación de un modelo de banco de animales de bajo costo multiuso para la enseñanza de la traqueotomía

Tracheostomy is one of the most frequent procedures, performed through various techniques in the intensive care unit and emergency situations. Despite ...