El desarrollo de este protocolo fue financiado por el Instituto de Medicina Regenerativa de California (CIRM, TR1-01246) y de Parkinson Alliance.

La biopsia de piel punzón obtuvo utilizando el procedimiento estándar de 3 (por ejemplo, obtenidas con 4 mm ronda instrumento Visipunch) debe mantenerse en DMEM completo 20% FBS en hielo. Una vez que la muestra ha llegado en el laboratorio, el proceso de la biopsia tan pronto como sea posible. 1. Preparación de la piel de biopsia en sacabocados PASOS 01.01 a 01.03 se van a realizar DENTRO DE UN CENTRO DE GABINETE <ol><li> Preparar de antemano: Añadir 1 ml de gelatina al 0,1% a cada pocillo de una placa de 6 pocillos. Ajuste el plato a un lado durante 30-60 min. Aspirar la solución de gelatina y añadir 800 l de completa DMEM/20% FBS a cada pocillo. Asegúrese de que toda la superficie del pozo está cubierto con los medios de comunicación. </li><li> Invertir la tapa de una placa de 10 cm de cultivo de tejido estéril y añadir 1,5 ml de DMEM / FBS 20% para el centro de la tapa y hacia fuera de la caída de los medios de comunicación con la punta de la pipeta serológica. </li><li> Usando unas pinzas esterilizadas, lugar tél biopsia de piel pieza en los medios de comunicación en el plato. </li></ol> 2. La disección de la piel biopsia en sacabocados PASOS 9 2.1 a 2.2 se han de realizar dentro de una campana de flujo laminar HORIZONTAL <ol><li> Coloque la parte inferior de la placa de 10 cm en la tapa invertida, y la transferencia de la biopsia de la piel para el microscopio de disección en la campana de flujo laminar. </li><li> Diseccionar una biopsia de piel redondo de 4 mm en 12-15 piezas de tamaño uniforme con bordes afilados por el corte de piezas en mitades iguales usando un bisturí para sostener la biopsia en el lugar y el segundo bisturí para cortar con un movimiento de balanceo en una dirección. Piezas con bordes irregulares contribuyen a la mala unión / célula consecuencia. </li></ol> 3. Transferencia de la piel disecado Biopsia Piezas en placas de cultivo de tejidos PASOS 3.1 a 3.6 se han de realizar DENTRO DE UN CENTRO DE GABINETE <ol><li> Coloque la parte inferior de la placa de cultivo de 10 cm de tejidoen la parte superior de la tapa invertida, y el plato de transferencia de nuevo en a la cabina de bioseguridad. </li><li> Usando unas pinzas puntiagudas, lugar de 2-3 piezas de biopsia en cada pocillo de la placa de 6 pocillos preparado que contiene 800 l, y no en los pozos secos. Utilice golpeando o deslizando el movimiento para conseguir las piezas para fijar al fondo del pozo. Un bisturí es útil para eliminar cualquier piezas de biopsia de los fórceps. </li><li> Coloque la placa de 6 pocillos en el 37 ° C incubadora. Controle diariamente para asegurarse de que no es una película de recubrimiento medios del fondo del pozo para la primera semana, añadir ~ 200 l cada 2 días para cambio del soporte se evaporó. </li><li> Después de una semana, aumentar la concentración de los medios de comunicación a 2 ml de FBS completa DMEM/20% y el cambio de medio cada 2-3 días. </li><li> Una vez que los fibroblastos son confluentes en cada pocillo para el punto en el que los fibroblastos están llegando a los bordes de la placa de 6 pocillos así, Trypsinize y el paso en 2X T75 frascos (paso 1). Los trozos de tejido se pueden transferir también. No van a poner y se lavan out durante el siguiente cambio de los medios de comunicación. </li><li> Una vez que los fibroblastos son confluentes, transferirlos a 3X frascos T175 (paso 2), congelación completa en medio DMEM más 10% DMSO a 1x10 6 células / ml por vial. </li></ol> 4. Caracterización de los fibroblastos a través Inmunotinción <ol><li> Fibroblastos Cultura en 8 así diapositiva cámara recubiertos con gelatina. </li><li> Cuando las células son a 80% de confluencia, se aspira el medio de cada pocillo. </li><li> Fijar las células en paraformaldehído al 4% durante diez minutos a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Lavar los pocillos 3 veces con PBS 1X. </li><li> Permeabilizar las células con 150 l de 0,3% de Triton X-100 (en PBS) durante 5 min a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Lavar los pocillos 3 veces con PBS 1X. </li><li> Añadir 200 l de solución de bloqueo (PBS + 5% de suero normal de cabra (Vector, S-1000)) durante 1 hora a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Preparar una dilución 1:250 de anti-Serphin-1 (anti-conejo, MAB, Sigma, S5950-200 l) en solución de bloqueo. </li><li> LaSpirate la solución de bloqueo y añadir 150 l de la dilución 1:250 de AntiSERPINH-1. Incubar a 1-2 horas a temperatura ambiente, o a 4 º C durante la noche. </li><li> Lavar los pocillos 3 veces con PBS 1X. </li><li> Preparar un anticuerpo monoclonal de cabra anti-conejo 1:200 (Alexa Fluor de cabra anti-conejo IgG (H + L), Invitrogen, A11008) en solución de bloqueo. </li><li> Añadir 150 l de 1:200 de anticuerpo monoclonal de cabra anti-conejo a cada pocillo. Incubar durante 1 h, en la oscuridad, a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Lave los pocillos una vez con 1xPBS. </li><li> Aspirar el PBS, y levantar con cuidado las cámaras para revelar sólo la diapositiva. </li><li> Montar la válvula con un 2-3 gotas de medio de montaje que contiene DAPI (Vector, H-1200). </li><li> Analizar la diapositiva bajo un microscopio de fluorescencia. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Nguyen, H. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LRRK2+mutant+iPSC-derived+DA+neurons+demonstrate+increased+susceptibility+to+oxidative+stress.">LRRK2 mutant iPSC-derived DA neurons demonstrate increased susceptibility to oxidative stress.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 8, 267-280 (2011).</li><li>Mak, S. K., Tewari, D., Tetrud, J. W., Langston, J. W., Schule, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+dysfunction+in+skin+fibroblasts+from+a+Parkinson's+disease+patient+with+an+alpha-synuclein+triplication.">Mitochondrial dysfunction in skin fibroblasts from a Parkinson's disease patient with an alpha-synuclein triplication.</a> Journal of Parkinson's Disease. 1, 175-183 (2011).</li><li>Punch Zuber, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=biopsy+of+the+skin.">biopsy of the skin.</a> Am. Fam. Physician. 65, 1155-1164 (2002).</li><li>Takashima, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+fibroblast+cultures.">Establishment of fibroblast cultures.</a> Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. Chapter 2, Unit 2, 1 (2001).</li><li>Kuroda, K., Tajima, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HSP47+is+a+useful+marker+for+skin+fibroblasts+in+formalin-fixed,+paraffin+embedded+tissue+specimens.">HSP47 is a useful marker for skin fibroblasts in formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue specimens.</a> J. Cutan. Pathol. , 241-246 (2004).</li></ol>

Los autores no tienen nada que revelar.

Con este protocolo, se pueden obtener las culturas relativamente puras de fibroblastos de la piel. Los fibroblastos tienen rasgos morfológicos característicos de cuerpos de células fusiformes alargadas, redondas para núcleos de las células ovales, y los fibroblastos crecen alineados y en haces cuando confluente. Los medios de comunicación favorece el crecimiento de los fibroblastos, mientras que otras poblaciones celulares por ejemplo, queratinocitos necesitan complementos adicionales y factores de crecim...

<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of Equipment</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue Number</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dissecting microscope</td>
 <td>Leica</td>
 <td>S6E</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>10 cm Tissue Culture Petri dish</td>
 <td>VWR</td>
 <td>25382-166</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>6-well Tissue Culture plate </td>
 <td>VWR</td>
 <td>73520-906</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Stainless steel disposable sterile scalpels (2), blade No#15, Miltex</td>
 <td>VWR</td>
 <td>21909-660</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sterile pointed-tip forceps</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>50 mL Conical tubes</td>
 <td>VWR</td>
 <td>21008-940</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>2 mL Serological Pipettes</td>
 <td>VWR</td>
 <td>89130-894</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>5 mL Serological Pipettes</td>
 <td>VWR</td>
 <td>89130-896</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>10 mL Serological Pipettes</td>
 <td>VWR</td>
 <td>89130-898</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Pasteur Pipettes</td>
 <td>VWR</td>
 <td>14672-380</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
Table A. Table of specific reagents and equipments.
 <table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of Reagent</td>
 <td>Company </td>
 <td>Catalogue Number</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1X DMEM: High Glucose</td>
 <td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
 <td>11960-069</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>20% Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
 <td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
 <td>26140-079</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1X L-Glutamine</td>
 <td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
 <td>25030-164</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1X MEM Non-essential Amino Acids </td>
 <td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
 <td>11140-076</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1X Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
 <td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
 <td>15140-163</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
Table B. Reagents.

skin punch biopsy explant culture for derivation of primary human fibroblasts

Los tejidos y líneas celulares derivadas de un individuo con la enfermedad son fuentes ideales para estudiar los fenotipos celulares relacionados con la enfermedad. Fibroblastos derivados de los pacientes en este protocolo se han utilizado con éxito en la obtención de células madre pluripotentes inducidas a la enfermedad modelo 1. Los primeros pasajes de estos fibroblastos también se pueden utilizar para los ensayos funcionales basados ​​en células para estudiar las vías específicas de la enfermedad, los mecanismos y 2 posteriores enfoques de detección de drogas. La ventaja de la presentada protocolo a través de procedimientos enzimáticos son 1) la reproducibilidad de la técnica a partir de pequeñas cantidades de tejido derivados de pacientes de más edad, por ejemplo, pacientes afectados con la enfermedad de Parkinson, 2) el enfoque técnicamente simple a través de metodologías más desafiantes utilizando tratamientos enzimáticos, y 3 ) la consideración de tiempo: este protocolo toma 15-20 minutos y se puede realizar inmediatamente después de la biopsia de llegada. Tratamientos enzimáticos pueden tardar hasta 4 horas y tienen los problemas deoverdigestion, la reducción de la viabilidad celular y la posterior unión de las células cuando no se manejan adecuadamente. Este protocolo describe la disección y preparación de una piel humana biopsia de 4 mm para la derivación de un cultivo de fibroblastos y tiene una muy alta tasa de éxito que es importante cuando se trata de muestras de tejidos derivados del paciente. En esta cultura, los queratinocitos migran fuera del tejido de la biopsia en la primera semana después de su preparación. Los fibroblastos aparecen 7-10 días después de la primera derivación de los queratinocitos. Medio DMEM rico en glucosa suplementado con 20% de FBS favorece el crecimiento de los fibroblastos sobre los queratinocitos y los fibroblastos se cubran los queratinocitos. Después de 2 pasajes queratinocitos se han diluido a lo que resulta en cultivos de fibroblastos relativamente homogéneos que expresa el marcador de fibroblastos SERPINH1 (HSP-47). Con este enfoque, 15-20000000 fibroblastos pueden derivar en 4-8 semanas para la banca móvil. La disección de la piel dura aproximadamente 15-20 minutos, las células se siguen de cerca una vez al díabajo el microscopio, y los medios de comunicación se cambió cada 2-3 días después de la unión y el crecimiento externo de las células.

Los queratinocitos que crecen fuera de las piezas de biopsia tan pronto como 48 horas después de la disección. Primero fibroblastos consecuencia se puede observar alrededor de una semana después de su transformación. Una vez que los pozos han alcanzado la confluencia, los fibroblastos se pasan por dos pasos más para llegar a tres frascos 150 cm (T150) y las células son criopreservados. Generamos con este método desde 15 hasta 20 millones células. Los fibroblastos son positivos para anti-SERPINH1 (también conoci...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Skin Punch Biopsy Explant Culture for Derivation of Primary Human Fibroblasts at JoVE.com

Skin Punch Biopsy Explant Culture for Derivation of Primary Human Fibroblasts

El explante protocolo de cultivo de fibroblastos humanos de biopsias punch de piel es una manera técnicamente robusta y sencilla de obtener células de la piel dentro de 4-8 semanas para la banca de unos 15-20 millones de células en un número bajo pasaje.

Piel biopsia en sacabocados explante cultura para Derivación de fibroblastos humanos primarios

Tissues and cell lines derived from an individual with disease are ideal sources to study disease-related cellular phenotypes. Patient-derived fibroblasts ...

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JoVE Journal

Medicine

41.1K vistas.  The Parkinson's Institute. El explante protocolo de cultivo de fibroblastos humanos de biopsias punch de piel es una manera técnicamente robusta y sencilla de obtener células de la piel dentro de 4-8 semanas para la banca de unos 15-20 millones de células en un número bajo pasaje.

Video: Skin Punch Biopsy Explant Culture for Derivation of Primary Human Fibroblasts

Experimental Generation of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) from Human Mammary Fibroblasts

Carcinomas are complex tissues comprised of neoplastic cells and a non-cancerous compartment referred to as the 'stroma'. The stroma consists of extracellular matrix (ECM) and a variety of mesenchymal cells, including fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, pericytes and leukocytes 1-3.
The tumour-associated stroma is responsive to substantial paracrine signals released by neighbouring carcinoma cells. During the disease process, the stroma often becomes populated by carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) including large numbers of myofibroblasts. These cells have previously been extracted from many different types of human carcinomas for their in vitro culture. A subpopulation of CAFs is distinguishable through their up-regulation of &alpha;-smooth muscle actin (&alpha;-SMA) expression4,5. These cells are a hallmark of 'activated fibroblasts' that share similar properties with myofibroblasts commonly observed in injured and fibrotic tissues 6. The presence of this myofibroblastic CAF subset is highly related to high-grade malignancies and associated with poor prognoses in patients.
Many laboratories, including our own, have shown that CAFs, when injected with carcinoma cells into immunodeficient mice, are capable of substantially promoting tumourigenesis 7-10. CAFs prepared from carcinoma patients, however, frequently undergo senescence during propagation in culture limiting the extensiveness of their use throughout ongoing experimentation. To overcome this difficulty, we developed a novel technique to experimentally generate immortalised human mammary CAF cell lines (exp-CAFs) from human mammary fibroblasts, using a coimplantation breast tumour xenograft model.
In order to generate exp-CAFs, parental human mammary fibroblasts, obtained from the reduction mammoplasty tissue, were first immortalised with hTERT, the catalytic subunit of the telomerase holoenzyme, and engineered to express GFP and a puromycin resistance gene. These cells were coimplanted with MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells expressing an activated ras oncogene (MCF-7-ras cells) into a mouse xenograft. After a period of incubation in vivo, the initially injected human mammary fibroblasts were extracted from the tumour xenografts on the basis of their puromycin resistance 11.
We observed that the resident human mammary fibroblasts have differentiated, adopting a myofibroblastic phenotype and acquired tumour-promoting properties during the course of tumour progression. Importantly, these cells, defined as exp-CAFs, closely mimic the tumour-promoting myofibroblastic phenotype of CAFs isolated from breast carcinomas dissected from patients. Our tumour xenograft-derived exp-CAFs therefore provide an effective model to study the biology of CAFs in human breast carcinomas. The described protocol may also be extended for generating and characterising various CAF populations derived from other types of human carcinomas.

Experimental Generation of Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts CAFs from Human Mammary Fibroblasts

Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) rich in myofibroblasts present within the tumour stroma, play a major role in driving tumour progression. We developed a coimplantation tumour xengraft model for experimentally generating CAFs from human mammary fibroblasts. The protocol describes how to establish CAF myofibroblasts that acquire an ability to promote tumourigenesis.

Generación experimental de carcinoma asociada a los fibroblastos (CAF) a partir de fibroblastos humanos mamarios

Carcinomas are complex tissues comprised of neoplastic cells and a non-cancerous compartment referred to as the 'stroma'. The stroma consists of ...

Investigación

Medicina

The Use of Primary Human Fibroblasts for Monitoring Mitochondrial Phenotypes in the Field of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is the most important risk factor, cases of PD will increase during the next decades 2. Next to pathological protein folding and impaired protein degradation pathways, alterations of mitochondrial function and morphology were pointed out as further hallmark of neurodegeneration in PD 3-11.
After years of research in murine and human cancer cells as in vitro models to dissect molecular pathways of Parkinsonism, the use of human fibroblasts from patients and appropriate controls as ex vivo models has become a valuable research tool, if potential caveats are considered. Other than immortalized, rather artificial cell models, primary fibroblasts from patients carrying disease-associated mutations apparently reflect important pathological features of the human disease.
Here we delineate the procedure of taking skin biopsies, culturing human fibroblasts and using detailed protocols for essential microscopic techniques to define mitochondrial phenotypes. These were used to investigate different features associated with PD that are relevant to mitochondrial function and dynamics. Ex vivo, mitochondria can be analyzed in terms of their function, morphology, colocalization with lysosomes (the organelles degrading dysfunctional mitochondria) and degradation via the lysosomal pathway. These phenotypes are highly relevant for the identification of early signs of PD and may precede clinical motor symptoms in human disease-gene carriers. Hence, the assays presented here can be utilized as valuable tools to identify pathological features of neurodegeneration and help to define new therapeutic strategies in PD.

Fibroblasts from patients carrying mutations in Parkinson's disease-causing genes represent an easily accessible ex vivo model to study disease-associated phenotypes. Live cell imaging gives the opportunity to study morphological and functional parameters in living cells. Here we describe the preparation of human fibroblasts and subsequent monitoring of mitochondrial phenotypes.

El uso de fibroblastos humanos primarios para la Supervisión de fenotipos mitocondriales en el campo de la enfermedad de Parkinson

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most  common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 1. Because ageing is  the most important ...

Processing of Human Reduction Mammoplasty and Mastectomy Tissues for Cell Culture

Experimental examination of normal human mammary epithelial cell (HMEC) behavior, and how normal cells acquire abnormal properties, can be facilitated by in vitro culture systems that more accurately model in vivo biology. The use of human derived material for studying cellular differentiation, aging, senescence, and immortalization is particularly advantageous given the many significant molecular differences in these properties between human and commonly utilized rodent cells1-2. Mammary cells present a convenient model system because large quantities of normal and abnormal tissues are available due to the frequency of reduction mammoplasty and mastectomy surgeries.
The mammary gland consists of a complex admixture of many distinct cell types, e.g., epithelial, adipose, mesenchymal, endothelial. The epithelial cells are responsible for the differentiated mammary function of lactation, and are also the origin of the vast majority of human breast cancers. We have developed methods to process mammary gland surgical discard tissues into pure epithelial components as well as mesenchymal cells3. The processed material can be stored frozen indefinitely, or initiated into primary culture. Surgical discard material is transported to the laboratory and manually dissected to enrich for epithelial containing tissue. Subsequent digestion of the dissected tissue using collagenase and hyaluronidase strips stromal material from the epithelia at the basement membrane. The resulting small pieces of the epithelial tree (organoids) can be separated from the digested stroma by sequential filtration on membranes of fixed pore size. Depending upon pore size, fractions can be obtained consisting of larger ductal/alveolar pieces, smaller alveolar clusters, or stromal cells. We have observed superior growth when cultures are initiated as organoids rather than as dissociated single cells. Placement of organoids in culture using low-stress inducing media supports long-term growth of normal HMEC with markers of multiple lineage types (myoepithelial, luminal, progenitor)4-5. Sufficient numbers of cells can be obtained from one individual's tissue to allow extensive experimental examination using standardized cell batches, as well as interrogation using high throughput modalities.
Cultured HMEC have been employed in a wide variety of studies examining the normal processes governing growth, differentiation, aging, and senescence, and how these normal processes are altered during immortal and malignant transformation4-15,16. The effects of growth in the presence of extracellular matrix material, other cell types, and/or 3D culture can be compared with growth on plastic5,15. Cultured HMEC, starting with normal cells, provide an experimentally tractable system to examine factors that may propel or prevent human aging and carcinogenesis.

A method to process human mammary surgical discard material is described. Processed tissue, in the form of organoids, can be stored frozen indefinitely or placed in culture for long-term growth. This method enables experimental examination of normal human epithelial cell biology, and the effects of exogenous perturbations.

Procesamiento de mamoplastia de reducción y tejidos humanos Mastectomía para el cultivo celular

Experimental  examination of normal human mammary epithelial cell (HMEC) behavior, and how  normal cells acquire abnormal properties, can be facilitated ...

In vitro Organoid Culture of Primary Mouse Colon Tumors

Several human and murine colon cancer cell lines have been established, physiologic integrity of colon tumors such as multiple cell layers, basal-apical polarity, ability to differentiate, and anoikis are not maintained in colon cancer derived cell lines. The present study demonstrates a method for culturing primary mouse colon tumor organoids adapted from Sato T et al. 1, which retains important physiologic features of colon tumors. This method consists of mouse colon tumor tissue collection, adjacent normal colon epithelium dissociation, colon tumor cells digestion into single cells, embedding colon tumor cells into matrigel, and selective culture based on the principle that tumor cells maintain growth on limiting nutrient conditions compared to normal epithelial cells.
The primary tumor organoids if isolated from genetically modified mice provide a very useful system to assess tumor autonomous function of specific genes. Moreover, the tumor organoids are amenable to genetic manipulation by virus meditated gene delivery; therefore signaling pathways involved in the colon tumorigenesis could also be extensively investigated by overexpression or knockdown. Primary tumor organoids culture provides a physiologic relevant and feasible means to study the mechanisms and therapeutic modalities for colon tumorigenesis.

In vitro Organoid Culture of Primary Mouse Colon Tumors

A simple method to establish primary murine colon tumor organoid is described. This method utilizes the feature that colon tumor cells survive and grow into organoids in media containing limited growth factors, whereas normal colon epithelial do not.

In vitro organoide Cultura de tumores de colon primarios Ratón

Several  human and murine colon cancer cell lines have been established, physiologic  integrity of colon tumors such as multiple cell layers, basal-apical ...

A Three-dimensional Tissue Culture Model to Study Primary Human Bone Marrow and its Malignancies

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods rely on the ability of cells either to attach to a solid substratum of a tissue culture dish or to grow in suspension in liquid medium. Multiple immortal cell lines have been created and grown using such approaches, however, these methods frequently fail when primary cells need to be grown ex vivo. Such failure has been attributed to the absence of the appropriate extracellular matrix components of the tissue microenvironment from the standard systems where tissue culture plastic is used as a surface for cell growth. Extracellular matrix is an integral component of the tissue microenvironment and its presence is crucial for the maintenance of physiological functions such as cell polarization, survival, and proliferation. Here we present a 3-dimensional tissue culture method where primary bone marrow cells are grown in extracellular matrix formulated to recapitulate the microenvironment of the human bone (rBM system). Embedded in the extracellular matrix, cells are supplied with nutrients through the medium supplemented with human plasma, thus providing a comprehensive system where cell survival and proliferation can be sustained for up to 30 days while maintaining the cellular composition of the primary tissue. Using the rBM system we have successfully grown primary bone marrow cells from normal donors and patients with amyloidosis, and various hematological malignancies. The rBM system allows for direct, in-matrix real time visualization of the cell behavior and evaluation of preclinical efficacy of novel therapeutics. Moreover, cells can be isolated from the rBM and subsequently used for in vivo transplantation, cell sorting, flow cytometry, and nucleic acid and protein analysis. Taken together, the rBM method provides a reliable system for the growth of primary bone marrow cells under physiological conditions.

In standard culture methods cells are taken out of their physiological environment and grown on the plastic surface of a dish. To study the behavior of primary human bone marrow cells we created a 3-D culture system where cells are grown under conditions recapitulating the native microenvironment of the tissue.

Un tejido tridimensional Cultura modelo para estudiar primaria médula ósea humana y sus malignidades

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods ...

Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas

Vestibular schwannomas (VSs) represent Schwann cell (SC) tumors of the vestibular nerve, compromising 10% of all intracranial neoplasms. VSs occur in either sporadic or familial (neurofibromatosis type 2, NF2) forms, both associated with inactivating defects in the NF2 tumor suppressor gene. Treatment for VSs is generally surgical resection or radiosurgery, however the morbidity of such procedures has driven investigations into less invasive treatments. Historically, lack of access to fresh tissue specimens and the fact that schwannoma cells are not immortalized have significantly hampered the use of primary cultures for investigation of schwannoma tumorigenesis. To overcome the limited supply of primary cultures, the immortalized HEI193 VS cell line was generated by transduction with HPV E6 and E7 oncogenes. This oncogenic transduction introduced significant molecular and phenotypic alterations to the cells, which limit their use as a model for human schwannoma tumors. We therefore illustrate a simplified, reproducible protocol for culture of primary human VS cells. This easily mastered technique allows for molecular and cellular investigations that more accurately recapitulate the complexity of VS disease.

Vestibular Schwannomas (VSs) are non-malignant tumors of Schwann cell (SC) origin, associated with mutations in the NF2 tumor suppressor gene. We report a reproducible, efficient protocol for primary human VS cell culture that allows for molecular and cellular experimental manipulation and analysis and recapitulates the heterogeneous nature of human disease.

Cultivo primario de Human vestibular schwannomas

Vestibular schwannomas (VSs) represent Schwann cell (SC) tumors of the vestibular nerve, compromising 10% of all intracranial neoplasms. VSs occur in ...

Human Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Procedures Using the Modified Bergstr&#246;m Technique

The percutaneous biopsy technique enables researchers and clinicians to collect skeletal muscle tissue samples. The technique is safe and highly effective. This video describes the percutaneous biopsy technique using a modified Bergstr&#246;m needle to obtain skeletal muscle tissue samples from the vastus lateralis of human subjects. The Bergstr&#246;m needle consists of an outer cannula with a small opening (&#8216;window&#8217;) at the side of the tip and an inner trocar with a cutting blade at the distal end. Under local anesthesia and aseptic conditions, the needle is advanced into the skeletal muscle through an incision in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and fascia. Next, suction is applied to the inner trocar, the outer trocar is pulled back, skeletal muscle tissue is drawn into the window of the outer cannula by the suction, and the inner trocar is rapidly closed, thus cutting or clipping the skeletal muscle tissue sample. The needle is rotated 90&#176;&#160;and another cut is made. This process may be repeated three more times. This multiple cutting technique typically produces a sample of 100-200 mg or more in healthy subjects and can be done immediately before, during, and after a bout of exercise or other intervention. Following post-biopsy dressing of the incision site, subjects typically resume their activities of daily living right away and can fully participate in vigorous physical activity within 48-72 hr. Subjects should avoid heavy resistance exercise for 48 hr to reduce the risk of herniation of the muscle through the incision in the fascia.

The purpose of this video is to present the modified Bergstr&#246;m skeletal muscle biopsy technique on human subjects.

Procedimientos de biopsia de músculo esquelético humano utilizando la técnica de Bergström Modificado

The percutaneous biopsy technique enables researchers and clinicians to collect skeletal muscle tissue samples. The technique is safe and highly ...

Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy

The epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is constantly renewed as it turns over. This process is triggered by the proliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and progeny that progressively migrate and differentiate toward the tip of the villi. These processes, essential for gastrointestinal homeostasis, have been extensively studied using multiple approaches. Ex vivo technologies, especially primary cell cultures have proven to be promising for understanding intestinal epithelial functions. A long-term primary culture system for mouse intestinal crypts has been established to generate 3-dimensional epithelial organoids. These epithelial structures contain crypt- and villus-like domains reminiscent of normal gut epithelium. Commonly, termed &#8220;enteroids&#8221; when derived from small intestine and &#8220;colonoids&#8221; when derived from colon, they are different from organoids that also contain mesenchyme tissue. Additionally, these enteroids/colonoids continuously produce all cell types found normally within the intestinal epithelium. This in vitro organ-like culture system is rapidly becoming the new gold standard for investigation of intestinal stem cell biology and epithelial cell physiology. This technology has been recently transferred to the study of human gut. The establishment of human derived epithelial enteroids and colonoids from small intestine and colon has been possible through the utilization of specific culture media that allow their growth and maintenance over time. Here, we describe a method to establish a small intestinal and colon crypt-derived system from human whole tissue or biopsies. We emphasize the culture modalities that are essential for the successful growth and maintenance of human enteroids and colonoids.

We describe a method to establish human enteroids from small intestinal crypts and colonoids from colon crypts collected from both surgical tissue and biopsies. In this methodological article, we present the culture modalities that are essential for the successful growth and maintenance of human enteroids and colonoids.

Establecimiento de Human epitelial Enteroids y Colonoids de Whole Tejidos y Biopsia

The epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is constantly renewed as it turns over. This process is triggered by the proliferation of intestinal stem ...

Human Vastus Lateralis Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Using the Weil-Blakesley Conchotome

Percutaneous muscle biopsy using the Weil-Blakesley conchotome is well established in both clinical and research practice. It is a safe, effective and well tolerated technique. The Weil-Blakesley conchotome has a sharp biting tip with a 4 - 6 mm wide hollow. It is inserted through a 5 - 10 mm skin incision and can be maneuvered for controlled tissue penetration. The tip is opened and closed within the tissue and then rotated through 90 -180&#176; to cut the muscle. The amount of muscle obtained following repeated sampling can vary from 20 mg to 290 mg which can be processed for both histology and molecular studies. The wound needs to be kept dry and vigorous physical activity kept to a minimum for approximately 72 hr although normal levels of activity can restart immediately following the procedure. This procedure is safe and effective when close attention is paid to the selection of subjects, full asepsis and post procedure care. &#160;Both right and left vastus lateralis are suitable for biopsy dependent on participant preference.

Human Vastus Lateralis Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Using the Weil-Blakesley Conchotome

This video demonstrates the technique of percutaneous muscle biopsy of the human vastus lateralis using the Weil-Blakesley conchotome.

Humano<em&gt; vasto externo</em&gt; Esquelético biopsia muscular utilizando el Weil-Blakesley Conchotome

Percutaneous muscle biopsy using the Weil-Blakesley conchotome is well established in both clinical and research practice. It is a safe, effective and ...

Tissue Characterization after a New Disaggregation Method for Skin Micro-Grafts Generation

Several new methods have been developed in the field of biotechnology to obtain autologous cellular suspensions during surgery, in order to provide one step treatments for acute and chronic skin lesions. Moreover, the management of chronic but also acute wounds resulting from trauma, diabetes, infections and other causes, remains challenging. In this study we describe a new method to create autologous micro-grafts from cutaneous tissue of a single patient and their clinical application. Moreover, in vitro biological characterization of cutaneous tissue derived from skin, de-epidermized dermis (Ded) and dermis of multi-organ and/or multi-tissue donors was also performed. All tissues were disaggregated by this new protocol, allowing us to obtain viable micro-grafts. In particular, we reported that this innovative protocol is able to create bio-complexes composed by autologous micro-grafts and collagen sponges ready to be applied on skin lesions. The clinical application of autologous bio-complexes on a leg lesion was also reported, showing an improvement of both re-epitalization process and softness of the lesion. Additionally, our in vitro model showed that cell viability after mechanical disaggregation with this system is maintained over time for up to seven (7) days of culture. We also observed, by flow cytometry analysis, that the pool of cells obtained from disaggregation is composed of several cell types, including mesenchymal stem cells, that exert a key role in the processes of tissue regeneration and repair, for their high regenerative potential. Finally, we demonstrated in vitro that this procedure maintains the sterility of micro-grafts when cultured in Agar dishes. In summary, we conclude that this new regenerative approach can be a promising tool for clinicians to obtain in one step viable, sterile and ready to use micro-grafts that can be applied alone or in combination with most common biological scaffolds.

The protocol describes a new method to disaggregate human tissues and to create autologous micro-grafts that, combined with collagen sponges, give rise to human bio-complexes ready to use in the treatment of skin lesions. Further, this system preserves cell viability of micro-grafts at different times after mechanical disaggregation.

Caracterización del tejido después de un nuevo método de desagregación para la piel micro-injertos Generación

Several new methods have been developed in the field of biotechnology to obtain autologous cellular suspensions during surgery, in order to provide one ...