Este trabajo fue apoyado por becas de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud (NIH) a SSH (R01-DK078640), del Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) a través del Programa de Certificación HHMI / Vanderbilt University de Medicina Molecular para TJW (GRDOT56006779), el Vanderbilt Diabetes Centro de Investigación y Capacitación (P30-DK020593) y la Digestive Disease Research Vanderbilt Center (P30-DK058404) la prestación de servicios básicos.

1. Preparar Cánula <ol><li> Calentar una larga sección de 1 pulgada de tubería PE10 con los dedos y estirar de manera que la tubería se adelgaza. Nota: el tamaño del vaso o conducto a ser canulado determinará el grado de estiramiento requerido. La cánula debe estar bien estirado por conducto biliar echa pero sólo puede ser requerido para ser moderadamente estirado para caber dentro de la vena portal mayor. </li><li> Cortar el tubo estirado en diagonal para generar una punta biselada. </li><li> Cortar el otro borde de la tubería para crear un segmento de 5-6 cm. </li><li> Inserte un calibre 32, una aguja hipodérmica ½ pulgada en el borde no biselado de la tubería. </li></ol> 2. Preparar Jeringuilla con PBS <ol><li> Llene una jeringa de 3 ml con PBS. </li><li> Enrosque la jeringa en la aguja hipodérmica con adjunto sacó PE10 tubo previamente preparado. </li><li> Flick jeringa y el émbolo de jeringa de empuje para asegurar que el PBS ha llenado la aguja y el tubo yque no haya burbujas de aire en la jeringa. </li><li> Coloque la jeringa preparada con PBS en una jeringa titular en forma de plastilina. Este soporte se mantenga la jeringa firme mientras el tubo se inserta en el conducto. </li></ol> 3. Otro Set-up <ol><li> Pesar 0,1 g de catalizador en un recipiente pequeño, por ejemplo, un pocillo de una placa de 24 pocillos. </li><li> Tire de 1 ml de resina en una jeringa de 3 ml. Nota: las cantidades relativas de catalizador y la resina puede ajustarse para alterar el tiempo de curado. La disminución de la cantidad de catalizador puede, sin embargo, aumentar la contracción y emitir conducir a un reparto menos deseable. Nota: al manipular resina, tome precauciones para evitar el contacto con la resina o la inhalación de los vapores de resina. Siempre use guantes y siga los pasos que involucran la resina en un lugar bien ventilado, como una campana química </li><li> Cortar una pieza de sutura de seda 5,0 de aproximadamente 5 pulgadas para ser utilizados como una ligadura. </li></ol> 4. Preparar Ratón <ol&gt; <li> Sacrificar el ratón adulto. Coloque el ratón sobre su espalda y abrir la cavidad abdominal. </li><li> Coloque el ratón sobre la disección de plataforma alcance. Coloque un tubo cónico de 15 ml perpendicularmente debajo del ratón para aumentar la visibilidad y la accesibilidad de hígado. </li><li> Humedezca un bastoncillo de algodón con PBS y lo utilizan para darle la vuelta al hígado hacia arriba y hacia afuera para exponer el punto de vista dorsal del hígado junto con la vena porta extrahepática o el conducto biliar común. </li><li> Para moldes vena porta, se puede evitar la coagulación de la sangre mediante el lavado de la vena con la temperatura ambiente PBS. Colocar una aguja a una jeringa de 3 ml llena con PBS e introduzca la aguja en la vena portal extrahepática tan lejos del hígado que pueda. Empuje suavemente PBS a través de la vena porta. Hacer una incisión en la vena cardinal común para drenar la sangre. Use un hisopo de algodón húmedo en el hígado masaje, mejorando el drenaje de sangre. Este paso no se recomienda para el conducto biliar y puede no ser necesaria para todos los sistemas vasculares. Nota: este paso también puede ser perforadarmó con 4% de paraformaldehído en lugar de PBS. El uso de paraformaldehído al 4% puede incrementar la integridad vascular y dar como resultado un reparto más preciso, específicamente de las pequeñas estructuras vasculares. </li></ol> 5. Canular la vena portal extrahepática o conducto biliar común <ol><li> Use pinzas curvas para pasar la ligadura de sutura quirúrgico debajo de la vena portal o conducto biliar, aproximadamente ¼ de pulgada desde el hígado. </li><li> Ate la sutura en un nudo flojo común. NO apretar el nudo. </li><li> Si está trabajando con un sistema abierto, puede ser útil para atar y apretar la ligadura en el otro extremo del sistema. Si ha abierto la vena cardinal común para drenar la sangre de la vena portal, atar una ligadura alrededor de ella para aumentar la presión dentro de la vena porta y prevenir fugas de resina en la vena hepática central. </li><li> Con unas tijeras de primavera para hacer un pequeño corte en la vena porta o conducto biliar, aproximadamente ¼ de pulgada por debajo del nudo de sutura. Este cut debe penetrar en no más de la mitad del diámetro de la vena porta o conducto biliar. </li><li> Utilizando # 5 fórceps, mantenga la vena porta o conducto biliar en el lugar del corte e insertar el extremo biselado de la tubería en el conducto biliar. </li><li> Empuje la punta de la tubería más allá de la ligadura pre-atado y hacia el hígado. </li><li> Prueba de exactitud para la canulación mediante la inyección de PBS a través de la cánula y observando para ver si entra en la vena portal o conducto biliar. </li><li> Apretar la ligadura para sujetar la cánula en su lugar. </li></ol> 6. Resina: Echad la vena porta o conducto biliar intrahepática <ol><li> Añadir predosificado 1 ml de resina a medida previamente 0,1 g de catalizador y mezclar bien. Evitar la generación de burbujas de aire. </li><li> Dibujar resina-catalizador mezcla de nuevo en la jeringa de 3 ml. Eliminar las burbujas de aire agitando suavemente la jeringa y la expulsión de burbujas. Nota: para la fundición de estructuras pequeñas, puede ser útil usar una cámara de vacío para eliminar las burbujas de aire muy pequeñas de the resina y mejorar la calidad del elenco. Para permitir el tiempo para realizar este paso, será necesario disminuir la relación catalizador / resina de la que se sugiere más arriba con el fin de retardar el curado de resina. </li><li> Vuelva a colocar cuidadosamente PBS que contiene jeringa con resina que contiene la jeringa, dejando la aguja de calibre 32 unida a la cánula. </li><li> Lentamente y suavemente empuje de resina en la vena portal o conducto biliar hasta que la resistencia aumenta y el hígado se llena. </li><li> Utilice hisopo de algodón húmedo para masajear suavemente el hígado y promover un relleno uniforme. </li><li> Retire la cánula de la estructura y rápidamente volver a apretar la abrazadera para evitar fugas de resina. </li><li> Permitir ratón para poner completamente a temperatura ambiente durante 20 min mientras se cura la resina, a continuación, quitar el hígado. </li><li> Proceder a la limpieza ya sea o macerar el hígado. </li></ol> 7. Hígado transparente para la visualización in situ <ol><li> Fijar el hígado en 4% de paraformaldehído durante la noche a 4 ° C, balanceo. </li><li> Lavar el hígadoen PBS durante al menos cuatro horas, balanceo. En este punto, es posible separar los lóbulos hepáticos si se desea. </li><li> Deshidratar en 50% de metanol y después en 100% de metanol durante al menos cuatro horas cada uno, balanceo a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Borrar el hígado en una solución 1:2 de alcohol bencílico y benzoato de bencilo (BABB) durante al menos 24 h, de balanceo. Tiempos de lavado más prolongado puede ser necesaria. Si el hígado no desaparece por completo después de 2-3 días, se mueven de nuevo al 100% de metanol durante 24 horas y repita BABB claro. </li><li> Sumergir hígado en BABB en un plato de Petri de vidrio para formación de imágenes in situ. </li></ol> 8. Macerar tejido hepático <ol><li> Retire hígado de ratón y poner en un tubo cónico de 50 ml con agua. Espere 1 hora para el curado de resina completa. Lóbulos separados hígado si se desea. </li><li> Vierta el agua y mover el hígado a una botella de vidrio. Sumerja en el 15% de KOH. Dejar toda la noche a temperatura ambiente. No balancee. </li><li> Con cuidado, vierta KOH y lavar yeso en agua destilada. Nota: el elenco es very frágiles y deben manejarse con sumo cuidado. Evite interrumpir el elenco al añadir o eliminar líquido del tubo. </li><li> Cuando resina fundida es limpio, suavemente yacía en un Kimwipe se seque, luego transferir a un contenedor para ser almacenado. </li></ol> 9. Los resultados representativos Un molde de éxito de la vena portal o conducto biliar mostrará una red continua de ramas progresivamente más pequeños que se extienden desde el hilio a la periferia del hígado. La figura 1 muestra una vena portal emitir tal como se visualiza en situ después de BABB claro. Figura 1A muestra el reparto del lóbulo hepático izquierdo entero y la forma y el tamaño del molde. Figura 1B muestra una vista en primer plano de la misma colada, lo que demuestra la la penetración de la resina dentro de las ramas más pequeñas vena porta en la periferia del hígado. La Figura 2 muestra un molde de la vena porta que ha sido objeto de KOH maceration. Figura 2A muestra el lóbulo izquierdo del hígado y la Figura 2B es un primer plano de las ramas periféricas pequeñas. Esta técnica también se ha aplicado con éxito para el conducto biliar intrahepático y publicado utilizando tanto la compensación BABB y técnicas de KOH maceración 1,2,7. Los problemas comunes incluyen incompleta llena, las burbujas en la resina, y el desbordamiento en los sistemas circundantes o tejidos. Figura 3 se muestra cómo reconocer un llenado incompleto (Figura 3A), burbujas (Figura 3A), y un exceso de resina de la vena porta a la vena central (Figura 3B). Todas las imágenes son tomadas con una Leica MZ 16 estereoscopio FA y QImaging Retiga cámara 4000R. <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/4272/4272fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. BABB con despacho de fundición de resina de lóbulo hepático izquierdo vena portal. Reparto A. Resina muestra una estructura jerárquica de ramificación se extiende desde el hilio a la periferia del hígado. Fundido Resina aparece en color amarillo en lóbulo hepático azulado. B. Un primer plano muestra que la resina de relleno se extiende a las ramas pequeñas en la periferia del hígado. La resina es blanquecino a través del hígado despejado. Barra de escala = 1 mm. <img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/4272/4272fig2.jpg" /> Figura 2. Tissue-macerada en resina de lóbulo hepático izquierdo vena portal. Resina A. echado de lóbulo hepático entero muestra muchas ramas de diferentes tamaños. B. Primer plano muestra las ramas pequeñas en la periferia del hígado. Fundido de aparición de pequeñas ramas representa llenado de resina de espacios sinusoidales y puede o no puede ser visible en resina arroja y aumentará la densidad aparente rama si está presente. La resina es de color blanco. Barra de escala = 1 mm. Figura 3. Problemas comunes con los moldes de resina. A. Un llenado incompleto de la vena portal lóbulo izquierdo es evidente por algunas o todas las ramas del elenco no extender a la periferia del hígado. Este reparto también muestra burbujas, visibles como grietas en la colada continua (flecha). Debido a la proximidad de la vena porta y de la vena central de ramas en algunos lugares B., la resina de la vena porta a menudo entrar y llenar la vena central. Esto se puede reconocer cuando hay dos ramas distintas del hilio (flechas) y dos estructuras ramificadas que tienen patrones diferentes y superpuestas. Discriminar entre los errores técnicos y verdaderas alteraciones morfológicas se puede hacer de dos maneras. En primer lugar, la estructura de fundición debe ser comparado con la estructura esperada sobre la base de 2-dimensional análisis u otros métodos. En segundo lugar, es importante llevar a cabo varias repeticiones, y cuando sea posible, cuantificar la structUre y el análisis estadístico para determinar la reproducibilidad y si hay una alteración morfológica estadísticamente significativa entre y dentro experimental diferente y los brazos de control.

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No hay conflictos de interés declarado.

Hemos descrito ejemplos específicos de cómo la vena porta y sistemas de conductos intrahepáticos biliares del hígado se puede convertir, pero esta técnica se puede aplicar a prácticamente cualquier otro sistema ductal o vascular con ligeras adaptaciones. Trabajos anteriores han demostrado la viabilidad de esta técnica en varias especies, incluyendo ratón 1,2,7-9, Patito, conejo 10,11 12,13, 14 perro y el cerdo 15, y en muchos órganos, incluyendo la glándula nasal 14,...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nombre de reactivo </td><td> Empresa </td><td> El número de catálogo </td><td> Comentarios </td></tr><tr><td> PE10 tubo de polietileno </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> 1417012P </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 5-0 quirúrgico seda trenzado negro </td><td> Roboz quirúrgica </td><td> SUT-15-1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Steriject 32 x 13 mm aguja G </td><td> Air-Tite </td><td> TSK3213 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tijeras de primavera </td><td> Herramientas Artes Ciencias </td><td> 15000-08 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Número 5 fórceps </td><td> Herramientas Artes Ciencias </td><td> 91150-20 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Mercox II kit </td><td> Ladd Investigación </td><td> 21247 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Alcohol bencílico </td><td> Fisher Scientific </td><td> 1816-04 </td><td> Oólo necesario para BABB de equilibrio </td></tr><tr><td> Benzoato de bencilo </td><td> MP Biomedicals, LLC </td><td> 154839 </td><td> Sólo se requiere para BABB de equilibrio </td></tr><tr><td> Salina tamponada con fosfato (PBS) </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Modelado de la arcilla </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Escala </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Laboratorio de tijeras </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 15 ml tubos de tapón de polipropileno </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 4% paraformaldahyde </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 15% de hidróxido de potasio (KOH) </td><td></td><td></td><td> Sólo es necesario para la maceración </td></tr><tr><td> Hoja de afeitar </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 100% de metanol </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 3 ml jeringa luer lock </td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

3-dimensional resin casting and imaging of mouse portal vein or intrahepatic bile duct system

En los órganos, la arquitectura correcta de las estructuras vasculares y ductal es indispensable para la función fisiológica adecuada, y la formación y el mantenimiento de estas estructuras es un proceso altamente regulado. El análisis de estos complejos, 3-dimensional estructuras ha dependido en gran medida en cualquiera de examen 2-dimensional en la sección o en estudios de inyección de tinte. Estas técnicas, sin embargo, no son capaces de proporcionar una representación completa y cuantificable de las estructuras ductales o vascular que están destinados a elucidar. Alternativamente, la naturaleza de la 3-dimensional moldes de resina de plástico genera una instantánea permanente del sistema y es una técnica novedosa y muy útil para visualizar y cuantificar 3-dimensional estructuras y redes. Una ventaja fundamental del sistema de colada de resina es la capacidad de determinar la intactos y conectados, o comunicando, la estructura de un vaso sanguíneo o conducto. La estructura de vascular y ducredes ambientales son cruciales para la función del órgano, y esta técnica tiene el potencial de contribuir a al estudio de las redes vasculares y ductal de varias maneras. La resina de moldeo se puede utilizar para analizar la morfología normal y la arquitectura funcional de una estructura luminal, identificar cambios en el desarrollo morfogenéticas, y descubrir diferencias morfológicas en la arquitectura del tejido entre los estados normales y de enfermedad. El trabajo previo ha utilizado resina de colada para estudiar, por ejemplo, defectos arquitectónicos y funcionales en el sistema de ratón conducto biliar intrahepático que no se reflejaron en 2-dimensional análisis de la estructura 1,2, alteraciones en la vasculatura del cerebro de un modelo de ratón de la enfermedad de Alzheimer 3 , anomalías de la vena porta en el portal de ratones hipertensos y cirróticos 4, etapas de desarrollo en la maduración de los pulmones de ratas linfático entre inmaduros y adultos 5 e inmediatos cambios microvasculares en el hígado de la rata, el páncreas y el riñón en respuesta a una lesión en la química6. Aquí presentamos un método para generar un molde de resina 3-dimensional de una red vascular o ductal ratón, se centra específicamente en la vena porta y el conducto biliar intrahepático. Estos moldes se pueden visualizar en la limpieza o la maceración del tejido y luego se puede analizar. Esta técnica se puede aplicar prácticamente a cualquier sistema vascular o ductal y sería directamente aplicable a cualquier estudio investigando el desarrollo, función, mantenimiento, o lesión de una estructura 3-dimensional ductal o vascular.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 3-Dimensional Resin Casting and Imaging of Mouse Portal Vein or Intrahepatic Bile Duct System at JoVE.com

3-Dimensional Resin Casting and Imaging of Mouse Portal Vein or Intrahepatic Bile Duct System

Un método para visualizar y cuantificar la estructura 3-dimensional de la vena portal hepática del ratón o del conducto biliar intrahepático se describe. Esta técnica de colada de resina también se puede aplicar a otros sistemas de conductos o vascular y permite<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Visualización o cuantificación de arquitectura intacta la comunicación de un sistema.

3-Dimensional resina de moldeo e Imagen de la vena portal del ratón o Sistema vías biliares intrahepáticas

In  organs, the correct architecture of vascular and ductal structures is  indispensable for proper physiological function, and the formation and  ...

3-dimensional-resin-casting-imaging-mouse-portal-vein-or-intrahepatic

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

17.1K vistas.  Vanderbilt University. Un método para visualizar y cuantificar la estructura 3-dimensional de la vena portal hepática del ratón o del conducto biliar intrahepático se describe. Esta técnica de colada de resina también se puede aplicar a otros sistemas de conductos o vascular y permite In situ Visualización o cuantificación de arquitectura intacta la comunicación de un sistema.

Video: 3-Dimensional Resin Casting and Imaging of Mouse Portal Vein or Intrahepatic Bile Duct System

Modeling and Imaging 3-Dimensional Collective Cell Invasion

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy tissue is the root cause of disease and death. For other cancers (e.g. breast, lung, etc.), it is the process of metastasis, in which tumor cells move from a primary tumor mass, colonize distal sites and ultimately contribute to organ failure, that eventually leads to morbidity and mortality 3. It has been estimated that invasion and metastasis are responsible for 90&#37; of cancer deaths 4. As a result, there has been intense interest in identifying the molecular processes and critical protein mediators of invasion and metastasis for the purposes of improving diagnosis and treatment 5.
A challenge for cancer scientists is to develop invasion assays that sufficiently resemble the in vivo situation to enable accurate disease modeling 6. Two-dimensional cell motility assays are only informative about one aspect of invasion and do not take into account extracellular matrix (ECM) protein remodeling which is also a critical element. Recently, research has refined our understanding of tumor cell invasion and revealed that individual cells may move by elongated or rounded modes 7. In addition, there has been greater appreciation of the contribution of collective invasion, in which cells invade in strands, sheets and clusters, particularly in highly differentiated tumors that maintain epithelial characteristics, to the spread of cancer 8.
We present a refined method 9 for examining the contributions of candidate proteins to collective invasion 10. In particular, by engineering separate pools of cells to express different fluorescent proteins, it is possible to molecularly dissect the activities and proteins required in leading cells versus those required in following cells. The use of RNAi provides the molecular tool to experimentally disassemble the processes involved in individual cell invasion as well as in different positions of collective invasion. In this procedure, mixtures of fluorescently-labeled cells are plated on the bottom of a Transwell insert previously filled with Matrigel ECM protein, then allowed to invade "upwards" through the filter and into the Matrigel. Reconstruction of z-series image stacks, obtained by confocal imaging, into three-dimensional representations allows for visualization of collectively invading strands and analysis of the representation of fluorescently-labeled cells in leading versus following positions.

Models of tumor cell invasion into three-dimensional extracellular matrix better reflect the in vivo situation than two-dimensional motility assays. Using matrix invasion assays combined with confocal imaging of fluorescently-labeled cells, detailed information on invasion modes and the distinct contributions of leading versus following cells can be obtained.

Modelado y de imagen de 3 dimensiones invasión celular colectiva

A defining characteristic of cancer malignancy is invasion and metastasis 1. In some cancers (e.g. glioma 2), local invasion into surrounding healthy ...

Investigación

Medicina

Bile Duct Ligation in Mice: Induction of Inflammatory Liver Injury and Fibrosis by Obstructive Cholestasis

In most vertebrates, the liver produces bile that is necessary to emulsify absorbed fats and enable the digestion of lipids in the small intestine as well as to excrete bilirubin and other metabolic products. In the liver, the experimental obstruction of the extrahepatic biliary system initiates a complex cascade of pathological events that leads to cholestasis and inflammation resulting in a strong fibrotic reaction originating from the periportal fields. Therefore, surgical ligation of the common bile duct has become the most commonly used model to induce obstructive cholestatic injury in rodents and to study the molecular and cellular events that underlie these pathophysiological mechanisms induced by inappropriate bile flow. In recent years, different surgical techniques have been described that either allow reconnection or reanastomosis after bile duct ligation (BDL), e.g., partial BDL, or other microsurgical methods for specific research questions. However, the most frequently used model is the complete obstruction of the common bile duct that induces a strong fibrotic response after 21 to 28 days. The mortality rate can be high due to infectious complications or technical inaccuracies. Here we provide a detailed surgical procedure for the BDL model in mice that induce a highly reproducible fibrotic response in accordance to the 3R rule for animal welfare postulated by Russel and Burch in 1959.

Disruption of bile flow results in severe inflammatory cholestatic liver injury with a characteristic time-dependent sequence of morphological alterations. Here we present a protocol for the surgical ligation of the common bile duct in mice that allows to induce a strong fibrotic response after 21 to 28 days.

Ligadura del conducto biliar en los ratones: Inducción de la injuria hepática inflamatoria y fibrosis por colestasis obstructiva

In most vertebrates, the liver produces bile that is necessary to emulsify absorbed fats and enable the digestion of lipids in the small intestine as well ...

Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport

Along with their traditional role as detergents that facilitate fat absorption, emerging literature indicates that bile acids are potent signaling molecules that affect multiple organs; they modulate gut motility and hormone production, and alter vascular tone, glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and energy utilization. Changes in fecal bile acids may alter the gut microbiome and promote colon pathology including cholerrheic diarrhea and colon cancer. Key regulators of fecal bile acid composition are the small intestinal Apical Sodium-dependent Bile Acid Transporter (ASBT) and fibroblast growth factor-19 (FGF19). Reduced expression and function of ASBT decreases intestinal bile acid up-take. Moreover, in vitro data suggest that some FDA-approved drugs inhibit ASBT function. Deficient FGF19 release increases hepatic bile acid synthesis and release into the intestines to levels that overwhelm ASBT. Either ASBT dysfunction or FGF19 deficiency increases fecal bile acids and may cause chronic diarrhea and promote colon neoplasia. Regrettably, tools to measure bile acid malabsorption and the actions of drugs on bile acid transport in vivo are limited. To understand the complex actions of bile acids, techniques are required that permit simultaneous monitoring of bile acids in the gut and metabolic tissues. This led us to conceive an innovative method to measure bile acid transport in live animals using a combination of proton (1H) and fluorine (19F) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Novel tracers for fluorine (19F)-based live animal MRI were created and tested, both in vitro and in vivo. Strengths of this approach include the lack of exposure to ionizing radiation and translational potential for clinical research and practice.

Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport

Tools to diagnose bile acid malabsorption and measure bile acid transport in vivo are limited. An innovative approach in live animals is described that utilizes combined proton (1H) plus fluorine (19F) magnetic resonance imaging; this novel methodology has translational potential to screen for bile acid malabsorption in clinical practice.

El uso de ácidos biliares y Multi-fluorados<em&gt; En Vivo</em&gt; Imagen de Resonancia Magnética para medir el transporte de ácidos biliares

Along with their traditional role as detergents that facilitate fat absorption, emerging literature indicates that bile acids are potent signaling ...

Ileectomy-induced Bile Overaccumulation in Mouse Intestine

Intestinal resection is a common therapeutic approach for human diseases such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, and colon cancer that often results in severe short bowel syndrome-like adverse effects including bile acid diarrhea, dehydration, electrolyte disturbances, and nutrient malabsorption. Here we introduce a murine ileal resection model, termed ileectomy, to evaluate tissue communication and the maintenance of systemic homeostasis. After ileal resection, circulating blood is permanently devoid of the ileum-specific endocrine hormone fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15), which releases its endocrinal inhibition of bile acid synthesis in the liver. In combination with the increased production and abolished reabsorption of bile acids after removing the ileum, mice that underwent surgery suffer from bile salt overaccumulation in the intestine and associated diarrhea, morbidity, and mortality. Novel usage of the surgery model introduced in this study may provide mechanistic and functional insights into ileal control of systemic metabolic regulation in physiology and disease.

Small intestine-dependent bile acid reabsorption and feedback inhibition of hepatic bile acid synthesis is important for systemic homeostasis and health. In this study, we describe a mouse model for ileal resection to evaluate ileectomy-induced bile malabsorption, overaccumulation, and toxicity in mouse intestine.

Sobreacumulación de Ileectomy inducida por bilis en intestino de ratón

Intestinal resection is a common therapeutic approach for human diseases such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, and colon cancer ...

Rat Model of the Associating Liver Partition and Portal Vein Ligation for Staged Hepatectomy (ALPPS) Procedure

Recent clinical data support an aggressive surgical approach to both primary and metastatic liver tumors. For some indications, like colorectal liver metastases, the amount of liver tissue left behind after liver resection has become the main limiting factor of resectability of large or multiple liver tumors. A minimal amount of functional tissue is required to avoid the severe complication of post-hepatectomy liver failure, which has high morbidity and mortality. Inducing liver growth of the prospective remnant prior to resection has become more established in liver surgery, either in the form of portal vein embolization by interventional radiologists or in the form of portal vein ligation several weeks prior to resection. Recently, it was shown that liver regeneration is more extensive and rapid, when the parenchymal transection is added to portal vein ligation in a first stage and then, after only one week of waiting, resection performed in a second stage (Associating Liver Partition and Portal vein ligation for Staged hepatectomy = ALPPS). ALPPS has rapidly become popular across the world, but has been criticized for its high perioperative mortality. The mechanism of accelerated and extensive growth induced by this procedure has not been well understood. Animal models have been developed to explore both the physiological and molecular mechanisms of accelerated liver regeneration in ALPPS. This protocol presents a rat model that allows mechanistic exploration of accelerated regeneration.

Rat Model of the Associating Liver Partition and Portal Vein Ligation for Staged Hepatectomy ALPPS Procedure

Inducing rapid liver hypertrophy using Associating Liver Partition and Portal vein ligation for a Staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) has been proposed for resection of borderline resectable liver tumors. This model may elucidate mechanisms involved in rapid hypertrophy and allows testing of drugs that promote or block the acceleration of regeneration.

Modelo de la rata de la Asociación de partición hepática y ligadura de la vena porta para procedimiento efectuado hepatectomía (ALPPS)

Recent clinical data support an aggressive surgical approach to both primary and metastatic liver tumors. For some indications, like colorectal liver ...

Laser Doppler Perfusion Imaging in the Mouse Hindlimb

Blood flow recovery is a critical outcome measure after experimental hindlimb ischemia or ischemia-reperfusion. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) is a common, noninvasive, repeatable method for assessing blood flow recovery. The technique calculates overall blood flow in the sampled tissue from the Doppler shift in frequency caused when a laser hits moving red blood cells. Measurements are expressed in arbitrary perfusion units, so the contralateral non-intervened upon leg is usually used to help control measurements. Measurement depth is in the range of 0.3-1 mm; for hindlimb ischemia, this means that dermal perfusion is assessed. Dermal perfusion is dependent on several factors&#8212;most importantly skin temperature and anesthetic agent, which must be carefully controlled to result in reliable readings. Furthermore, hair and skin pigmentation can alter the ability of the laser to either reach or penetrate to the dermis. This article demonstrates the technique of LDPI in the mouse hindlimb.

Here, we present a protocol that demonstrates the technique and necessary controls for Laser Doppler perfusion imaging to measure blood flow in the mouse hindlimb.

Imágenes de perfusión doppler láser en el hindlimb del ratón

Blood flow recovery is a critical outcome measure after experimental hindlimb ischemia or ischemia-reperfusion. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) is ...

A Mouse Model for Chronic Pancreatitis via Bile Duct TNBS Infusion

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a complex disease involving pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis, glandular atrophy, abdominal pain and other symptoms. Several rodent models have been developed to study CP, of which the bile duct 2,4,6 -trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) infusion model replicates the features of neuropathic pain seen in CP. However, bile duct drug infusion in mice is technically challenging. This protocol demonstrates the procedure of bile duct TNBS infusion for generation of a CP mouse model. TNBS was infused into the pancreas through the ampulla of Vater in the duodenum. This protocol optimized drug volume, surgical techniques, and drug handling during the procedure. TNBS-treated mice showed features of CP as reflected by bodyweight and pancreas weight reductions, changes in pain-associated behaviors, and abnormal pancreatic morphology. With these improvements, mortality associated with TNBS injection was minimal. This procedure is not only critical in generating pancreatic disease models but is also useful in local pancreatic drug delivery.

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a disease characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of the pancreas, often associated with intractable abdominal pain. This article focuses on refining the technique to generate a mouse model of CP via bile duct infusion with 2,4,6 -trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS).

Un modelo de ratón para la pancreatitis crónica a través de la infusión de TNBS del conducto biliar

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a complex disease involving pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis, glandular atrophy, abdominal pain and other symptoms. ...

Minimizing Post-Infusion Portal Vein Bleeding during Intrahepatic Islet Transplantation in Mice

Although the liver is currently accepted as the primary transplantation site for human islets in clinical settings, islets are transplanted under the kidney capsule in most rodent preclinical islet transplantation studies. This model is commonly used because murine intrahepatic islet transplantation is technically challenging, and a high percentage of mice could die from surgical complications, especially bleeding from the injection site post-transplantation. In this study, two procedures that can minimize the incidence of post-infusion portal vein bleeding are demonstrated. The first method applies an absorbable hemostatic gelatin sponge to the injection site, and the second method involves penetrating the islet injection needle through the fat tissue first and then into the portal vein by using the fat tissue as a physical barrier to stop bleeding. Both methods could effectively prevent bleeding-induced mouse death. The whole liver section showing islet distribution and evidence of islet thrombosis post-transplantation, a typical feature for intrahepatic islet transplantation, were presented. These improved protocols refine the intrahepatic islet transplantation procedures and may help laboratories set up the procedure to study islet survival and function in pre-clinical settings.

Here we present refined surgical procedures on successfully performing intraportal islet transplantation, a clinically relevant but technically challenging surgical procedure, in mice.

Minimizar el sangrado de la vena porta posterior a la infusión durante el trasplante intrahepático de islotes en ratones

Although the liver is currently accepted as the primary transplantation site for human islets in clinical settings, islets are transplanted under the ...

DUCT: Double Resin Casting followed by Micro-Computed Tomography for 3D Liver Analysis

The liver is the biggest internal organ in humans and mice, and high auto-fluorescence presents a significant challenge for assessing the three-dimensional (3D) architecture of the organ at the whole-organ level. Liver architecture is characterized by multiple branching lumenized structures, which can be filled with resin, including vascular and biliary trees, establishing a highly stereotyped pattern in the otherwise hepatocyte-rich parenchyma. This protocol describes the pipeline for performing double resin casting micro-computed tomography, or &#34;DUCT&#34;. DUCT entails injecting the portal vein and common bile duct with two different radiopaque synthetic resins, followed by tissue fixation. Quality control by clearing one lobe, or the entire liver, with an optical clearing agent, allows for pre-screening of suitably injected samples. In the second part of the DUCT pipeline, a lobe or the whole liver can be used for micro-computed tomography (microCT) scanning, (semi-)automated segmentation, and 3D rendering of the portal venous and biliary networks. MicroCT results in 3D coordinate data for the two resins allowing for qualitative as well as quantitative analysis of the two systems and their spatial relationship. DUCT can be applied to postnatal and adult mouse liver and can be further extended to other tubular networks, for example, vascular networks and airways in the lungs.

Double resin casting micro-computed tomography, or DUCT, enables visualization, digitalization, and segmentation of two tubular systems simultaneously to facilitate 3D analysis of organ architecture. DUCT combines ex vivo injection of two radiopaque resins followed by micro-computed tomography scanning and segmentation of the tomographic data.

DUCT: Fundición de doble resina seguida de tomografía microcomputarizada para análisis hepático 3D

The liver is the biggest internal organ in humans and mice, and high auto-fluorescence presents a significant challenge for assessing the ...

Extrahepatic Bile Duct and Gall Bladder Dissection in Nine-Day-Old Mouse Neonates

The dissection of murine neonatal bile ducts has been described as difficult. The main aim of the described standard operating procedure is the isolation of the extrahepatic bile duct (EBD) in mouse neonates without damaging the bile duct during preparation. Because of its exceptionally close preparation compared to the cholangiocytes cell line and harvesting of the entire extrahepatic bile duct system (EBDS), the described approach is extremely useful in researching animal models of newborn bile duct disorders, such as biliary atresia. After euthanasia, the peritoneal cavity was accessed, and the bile duct system, duodenum, and liver were extracted with the unique En-bloc-Resection (EbR). The extracted sample is placed on a foam mat, and the EBD is dissected from contaminating cells atraumatically without necessary touch. The dissection of the entire EBDS is a significant advantage of this method. Caution must be taken due to the small size and amount of bile duct tissue. Using the described technique, there is no damage to the cholangiocytes. Further, the purity of the technique is reproducible (n = 10). Therefore, optimally comparable samples can be harvested. Furthermore, no bile duct tissue is harmed, because any contact with the bile duct system can be avoided during preparation, leaving the bile fluid inside the gall bladder. Most importantly, while performing the final gall bladder and bile duct dissection, atraumatic microinstruments were used only slightly lateral of the bile duct without squeezing it. This is the key to a clean and intact sample, and essential for further histological investigation or the isolation of cholangiocytes. To summarize, the described innovative dissection technique enables especially inexperienced operators with the necessary equipment to isolate the EBDS as cleanly as possible.

For the observation of murine neonatal bile duct disorders, an intact bile duct and efficient preparation are required. Therefore, a new approach for isolating the entire extrahepatic bile duct system in murine neonates was successfully developed while maintaining the integrity of the bile duct.

Disección extrahepática de las vías biliares y la vesícula biliar en neonatos de ratón de nueve días de edad

The dissection of murine neonatal bile ducts has been described as difficult. The main aim of the described standard operating procedure is the isolation ...