Este estudio fue apoyado por la Cooperativa Premio Acuerdo AI075565 (al DAH) del Instituto Nacional de Alergias y Enfermedades Infecciosas y el Wendy y Ken Fondo Rubí a la Excelencia en Investigación Pediátrica Urología. BMC es la Judith y Robert Winston Cátedra de Urología Pediátrica.

1. Funcionalización de sensores electroquímicos <ol><li> Prepare la sonda de captura tiolada a una concentración de 0,05 mM en 300 mM de 1,6-hexanoditiol (HDT), 10 mM de Tris-HCl, pH 8,0, 0,3 M de NaCl, 1 mM de EDTA y se incuba en la oscuridad a temperatura ambiente durante 10 min . La incubación de la sonda de captura tiolado con HDT asegura que se reduce el grupo tiol de la sonda de captura, lo que resulta en resultados más consistentes. </li><li> Aplicar una corriente de nitrógeno a 16 de oro desnudo chip de matriz de sensores (s) durante 5 segundos para eliminar la humedad y / o partículas. </li><li> Aplicar 6 l de la mezcla de sonda de captura HDT-tiolada al electrodo de trabajo de los 16 sensores de la serie de sensores y almacenar el chip del sensor (s) en un plato cubierto Petri a 4 ° C durante la noche. Sondas de captura tiolado se unen directamente al electrodo de oro desnudo y la HDT actúa para prevenir embalaje excesivo de las sondas de captura y mantenerlos en una conformación extendida que promueve la hibridación con el objetivo. </li><li> Latras día, lavar el chip sensor con H2O desionizada durante 2-3 seg y seco bajo una corriente de nitrógeno durante 5 seg. </li><li> Aplicar 6 l de 10 mM de Tris-HCl, pH 8,0, 0,3 M de NaCl, 1 mM de EDTA, 1 mM de 6-mercapto-1-hexanol (MCH) para el electrodo de trabajo de todos los sensores 16 y se incuba durante 50 min. Esta y todas las incubaciones posteriores chip sensor se llevan a cabo en una placa de Petri cubierta a temperatura ambiente. MCH actúa como un agente de bloqueo, debería llenar los vacíos en donde la sonda de captura tiolado o HDT no está presente en la superficie del electrodo. </li></ol> 2. Preparación de la muestra <ol><li> Se transfiere 1 ml de cultivo bacteriano en la fase logarítmica de crecimiento (OD 600 ≈ 0,1) a un tubo de microcentrífuga y se centrifuga a 16.000 xg durante 5 min. Eliminar el sobrenadante del cultivo. El sedimento bacteriano se puede procesar inmediatamente o se almacenó a -80 ° C para su uso posterior. </li><li> Completamente resuspender el pellet bacteriano en 10 l de NaOH 1 M aplicando la punta de la pipeta en el bottom del tubo de microcentrífuga y pipeta hacia arriba y abajo varias veces. Se incuba la suspensión a temperatura ambiente durante 5 min. </li><li> Neutralizar el lisado bacteriano mediante la adición de 50 l de tampón fosfato 1 M, pH 7,2, que contiene 2,5% de albúmina sérica bovina (BSA) y 0,25 mM de una sonda de detector de fluoresceína-modificado. Se incuba el lisado neutralizado durante 10 min a temperatura ambiente. Fluoresceína modificados con sondas detectoras se hibridan con moléculas diana de rRNA bacterianas. </li></ol> 3. Sensor electroquímico Ensayo <ol><li> Lavar la MCH desde el chip sensor con H2O desionizada durante 2-3 seg y seco bajo una corriente de nitrógeno durante 5 seg. </li><li> Aplicar 4 l de lisado bacteriano neutralizado al electrodo de trabajo de cada uno de los sensores 14 y se incuba durante 15 min. Complejos de sonda para la diana-detector se hibridan con sondas de captura inmovilizadas tiolados. </li><li> Aplicar 4 l de 1 nM puente oligonucleótido en tampón fosfato 1 M, pH 7,2, que contiene 2,5% de BSA y 0,25 ymu, M sonda detector de fluoresceína-modificado a 2 sensores de control positivo (utilizados para la normalización de la señal) y se incuba durante 15 min. </li><li> Lavar el chip sensor con H2O desionizada durante 2-3 seg y seco bajo una corriente de nitrógeno durante 5 seg. </li><li> Aplicar 4 l de 0,5 U / ml de anti-fluoresceína-HRP en tampón fosfato 1 M, pH 7,2, que contiene 0,5% de caseína al electrodo de trabajo de todos los sensores 16 y se incuba durante 15 min. El anti-fluoresceína-HRP se une a las sondas detectoras fluoresceína-modificados inmovilizados. </li><li> Lavar el chip sensor con H2O desionizada durante 2-3 seg y seco bajo una corriente de nitrógeno durante 5 seg. </li><li> Aplicar una película así adhesivo a la superficie del chip sensor y la carga en el chip de montaje del sensor. Añadir 50 l de sustrato TMB a los 16 sensores y cerrar el montaje chip sensor. </li><li> Obtener amperometría y las medidas de voltametría cíclica de los 16 sensores utilizando el Helios Lector Chip. Amperométrico actual es proporcional a la tasa de TMB reducción en la superficie del sensor (véase la Figura 1). </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Wu, J., Campuzano, S., Halford, C., Haake, D. A., Wang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ternary+Surface+Monolayers+for+Ultrasensitive+(Zeptomole)+Amperometric+Detection+of+Nucleic+Acid+Hybridization+without+Signal+Amplification.">Ternary Surface Monolayers for Ultrasensitive (Zeptomole) Amperometric Detection of Nucleic Acid Hybridization without Signal Amplification.</a> Anal. Chem. 82, 8830-8837 (2010).</li><li>Halford, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+Antimicrobial+Susceptibility+Testing+by+Sensitive+Detection+of+Precursor+Ribosomal+RNA+Using+a+Novel+Electrochemical+Biosensing+Platform.">Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing by Sensitive Detection of Precursor Ribosomal RNA Using a Novel Electrochemical Biosensing Platform.</a> Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56, (2012).</li><li>Campuzano, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ternary+monolayers+as+DNA+recognition+interfaces+for+direct+and+sensitive+electrochemical+detection+in+untreated+clinical+samples.">Ternary monolayers as DNA recognition interfaces for direct and sensitive electrochemical detection in untreated clinical samples.</a> Biosens. Bioelectron. 26, 3577-3584 (2011).</li><li>Gau, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrochemical+molecular+analysis+without+nucleic+acid+amplification.">Electrochemical molecular analysis without nucleic acid amplification.</a> Methods. 37, 73-83 (2005).</li><li>Patel, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Target+Specific+Capture+Enhances+Sensitivity+of+Electrochemical+Detection+of+Bacterial+Pathogens.">Target Specific Capture Enhances Sensitivity of Electrochemical Detection of Bacterial Pathogens.</a> J. Clin. Microbiol. 49, 4293-4296 (2011).</li><li>Mastali, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimal+probe+length+and+target+location+for+electrochemical+detection+of+selected+uropathogens+at+ambient+temperature.">Optimal probe length and target location for electrochemical detection of selected uropathogens at ambient temperature.</a> J. Clin. Microbiol. 46, 2707-2716 (2008).</li><li>Liao, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+electrochemical+DNA+biosensors+for+rapid+molecular+identification+of+uropathogens+in+clinical+urine+specimens.">Use of electrochemical DNA biosensors for rapid molecular identification of uropathogens in clinical urine specimens.</a> J. Clin. Microbiol. 44, 561-570 (2006).</li><li>Liao, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+an+advanced+electrochemical+DNA+biosensor+for+bacterial+pathogen+detection.">Development of an advanced electrochemical DNA biosensor for bacterial pathogen detection.</a> J. Mol. Diagn. 9, 158-168 (2007).</li><li>Pedrero, M., Campuzano, S., Pingarron, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electroanalytical+sensors+and+devices+for+multiplexed+detection+of+foodborne+pathogen+microorganisms.">Electroanalytical sensors and devices for multiplexed detection of foodborne pathogen microorganisms.</a> Sensors (Basel). 9, 5503-5520 (2009).</li><li>Kuralay, F., Campuzano, S., Haake, D. A., Wang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+sensitive+disposable+nucleic+acid+biosensors+for+direct+bioelectronic+detection+in+raw+biological+samples.">Highly sensitive disposable nucleic acid biosensors for direct bioelectronic detection in raw biological samples.</a> Talanta. 85, 1330-1337 (2011).</li><li>Ecker, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ibis+T5000:+a+universal+biosensor+approach+for+microbiology.">Ibis T5000: a universal biosensor approach for microbiology.</a> Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 6, 553-558 (2008).</li><li>Casalta, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+LightCycler+SeptiFast+test+in+the+rapid+etiologic+diagnostic+of+infectious+endocarditis.">Evaluation of the LightCycler SeptiFast test in the rapid etiologic diagnostic of infectious endocarditis.</a> Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 28, 569-573 (2009).</li></ol>

Todos los autores son los inventores de patentes relacionadas con los métodos descritos. Una de estas patentes se ha licenciado a Qvella Corporation. BMC y DAH tienen participación accionaria en Qvella Corporation. VG es el Presidente de GeneFluidics, que es el fabricante del chip de matriz de sensores electroquímicos, chip de montaje, y el lector de chip se describe en este documento.

El ensayo de sensor electroquímico descrito aquí permite la rápida detección de dianas de ácido nucleico. La sensibilidad y la especificidad dependen en parte de la energía libre de hibridación diana-sonda, que a su vez depende de la longitud y contenido de GC de la captura y sondas detectoras. Normalmente realizamos los pasos de hibridación a temperatura ambiente (~ 20 ° C) 5, 6. Sin embargo, las etapas de hibridación (3.2 y 3.3) también se puede realizar a temperaturas más elevadas en un horno d...

Uso de rRNA como una molécula diana para la detección e identificación bacteriana tiene una serie de ventajas. La abundancia de ARNr en las células bacterianas prevé un límite de sensibilidad tan bajo como 250 bacterias por mililitro y sin la necesidad de amplificación de la diana 1. RRNA bacteriano contiene secuencias únicas especies específicas que son accesibles a la hibridación con sondas de ADN. En consecuencia, una serie de sensores electroquímicos se puede utilizar para identificar las bacterias desconocidos, donde cada sensor está funcionalizado con una sonda de captura específica de la especie diferente. Sensores del control positivo deben ser incluidos para un objetivo oligonucleótido sintético que &quot;puentes&quot; de la captura y las sondas de detección para crear una señal de calibración interna. Los sensores electroquímicos tienen una amplia gama de aplicaciones de investigación básica y de la traducción. Por ejemplo, el ensayo descrito aquí se ha utilizado para medir con precisión el efecto de la E. coli en fase de crecimiento rrnA y el número de copias pre-rRNA, que es de gran interés para los investigadores interesados ​​en la fisiología bacteriana 2. La sensibilidad del ensayo sensor electroquímico se determina por la relación señal a ruido. Se han explorado una diversidad de amplificación de la señal y los métodos de reducción de ruido. Nosotros encontramos que la mejora de la química de la superficie del sensor es clave para reducir la unión no específica de la sonda detector y / o enzima HRP. En particular, se ha encontrado una monocapa mixta de alkanedithiols y mercaptohexanol para reducir fondo, cubriendo la superficie del electrodo de forma más completa al tiempo que conserva la accesibilidad de la sonda de captura para la hibridación de destino 3. Estos tratamientos química de la superficie son particularmente importantes para los ensayos que implican muestras biológicas complejas.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of the reagent</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comments (optional)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>6-mercapto-1-hexanol (MCH)</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>451088</td>
 <td>Store at room temperature</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1,6-hexanedithiol (HDT)</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>H-12005</td>
 <td>Store at room temperature</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Thiolated capture probes</td>
 <td>Operon</td>
 <td>N/A</td>
 <td>Store at 100 &mu;M in 0.1x TE at -20 &deg;C</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fluorescein-modified detector probes</td>
 <td>Operon</td>
 <td>N/A</td>
 <td>Store at 100 &mu;M in 0.1x TE at -20 &deg;C</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Bridging Oligonucleotide</td>
 <td>Operon</td>
 <td>N/A</td>
 <td>Store at 100 &mu;M in 0.1x TE at -20 &deg;C</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anti-Fluorescein-HRP, Fab fragments</td>
 <td>Roche</td>
 <td>11 426 346 910</td>
 <td>Store at 4 &deg;C</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Helios Chip Reader</td>
 <td>GeneFluidics</td>
 <td>GFR-2009</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sensor Chip Mount</td>
 <td>GeneFluidics</td>
 <td>GFR-003</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Film well sticker</td>
 <td>GeneFluidics</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Shipped with sensor chips</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Bare gold 16-sensor array chips </td>
 <td>GeneFluidics</td>
 <td>SC1000-16X-B </td>
 <td>Store in 100% N2 at room temperature</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Bovine Serum Albumin </td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>A7906 </td>
 <td>Store at 4 &deg;C</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1M Phosphate Buffer, pH 7.2 </td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>0.35M NaH2PO4, 0.65M K2HPO4, adjusted to pH 7.2</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Blocker Casein in PBS </td>
 <td>Pierce</td>
 <td>37528 </td>
 <td>Dilute with an equal volume of 1M Phosphate Buffer, pH 7.2, store at 4 &deg;C</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Table 1. Reagents and Equipment.</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

bacterial detection &amp; identification using electrochemical sensors

Los sensores electroquímicos se utilizan ampliamente para una rápida y precisa medición de la glucosa en la sangre y se pueden adaptar para la detección de una amplia variedad de analitos. Los sensores electroquímicos operan por transducción de un evento de reconocimiento biológico en una señal eléctrica útil. La transducción de señales se produce mediante el acoplamiento de la actividad de una enzima redox a un electrodo amperométrico. Especificidad del sensor es ya sea una característica inherente de la enzima, la glucosa oxidasa en el caso de un sensor de glucosa, o un producto de la vinculación entre la enzima y un anticuerpo o sonda. A continuación, describimos un método de ensayo sensor electroquímico para detectar e identificar bacterias directamente. En todos los casos, las sondas descritas aquí son oligonucleótidos de ADN. Este método se basa en sándwich de hibridación de sondas de captura y el detector con objetivo de ARN ribosómico (ARNr). La sonda de captura está anclado a la superficie del sensor, mientras que la sonda detectora está vinculada a horseradish peroxidasa (HRP). Cuando se añade un sustrato tal como 3,3 &#39;, 5,5&#39;-tetrametilbenzidina (TMB) a un electrodo con complejos de captura-meta-detector unidos a su superficie, el sustrato se oxida por el HRP y reduce en el electrodo de trabajo. Este ciclo redox resultados, en el transporte de electrones por el sustrato del electrodo con HRP, producir flujo de corriente en el electrodo.

Se describe un ensayo electroquímico que está estructurado de manera similar a un sándwich ELISA. Como se muestra en la Figura 1, diana ribosómica hibridación de ARN (ARNr) con sondas de captura y el detector es desarrollado por una reacción redox catalizada por HRP conjugado con fragmentos de anticuerpo anti-fluoresceína que se unen a la 3 &#39;vinculación fluoresceína en la sonda detectora. Un componente importante de la sensibilidad del ensayo es la química de la superficie del electrodo de...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bacterial Detection & Identification Using Electrochemical Sensors at JoVE.com

Bacterial Detection &amp; Identification Using Electrochemical Sensors

Se describe un método de ensayo sensor electroquímico para la detección e identificación bacteriana rápida. El ensayo implica una serie de sensores funcionalizado con sondas de captura de oligonucleótidos de ADN para ARN ribosomal (ARNr) secuencias específicas de la especie. Sandwich hibridación de ARNr objetivo con la sonda de captura y una sonda de oligonucleótido detector de ADN unido a peroxidasa de rábano picante produce una corriente amperométrica medible.

Bacterial Detección e Identificación Usando sensores electroquímicos

Electrochemical  sensors are widely used for rapid and accurate measurement of blood glucose and  can be adapted for detection of a wide variety of ...

bacterial-detection-identification-using-electrochemical-sensors

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

28.1K vistas.  Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System. Se describe un método de ensayo sensor electroquímico para la detección e identificación bacteriana rápida. El ensayo implica una serie de sensores funcionalizado con sondas de captura de oligonucleótidos de ADN para ARN ribosomal (ARNr) secuencias específicas de la especie. Sandwich hibridación de ARNr objetivo con la sonda de captura y una sonda de oligonucleótido detector de ADN unido a peroxidasa de rábano picante produce una corriente amperométrica medible...

Video: Bacterial Detection & Identification Using Electrochemical Sensors

Characterizing Bacterial Volatiles using Secondary Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (SESI-MS)

Secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) is a method developed for the rapid detection of volatile compounds, without the need for sample pretreatment. The method was first described by Fenn and colleagues1 and has been applied to the detection of illicit drugs2 and explosives3-4, the characterization of skin volatiles5, and the analysis of breath6-7.
SESI ionization occurs by proton transfer reactions between the electrospray solution and the volatile analyte, and is therefore suitable for the analysis of hetero-organic molecules, just as in traditional electrospray ionization (ESI). However, unlike standard ESI, the proton transfer process of SESI occurs in the vapor phase rather than in solution (Fig. 1), and therefore SESI is best suited for detecting organic volatiles and aerosols.
We are expanding the use of SESI-MS to the detection of bacterial volatiles as a method for bacterial identification and characterization8. We have demonstrated that SESI-MS volatile fingerprinting, combined with a statistical analysis method, can be used to differentiate bacterial genera, species, and mixed cultures in a variety of growth media.8 Here we provide the steps for obtaining bacterial volatile fingerprints using SESI-MS, including the instrumental parameters that should be optimized to ensure robust bacterial identification and characterization.

Characterizing Bacterial Volatiles using Secondary Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry SESI-MS

Secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) enables the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) without the need for any sample pretreatment. This protocol provides instructions for the rapid (within minutes) characterization of bacterial VOCs using SESI-MS.

La caracterización de compuestos volátiles bacteriana secundaria con ionización electrospray espectrometría de masas (SESI-MS)

Secondary electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (SESI-MS) is a method developed for the rapid detection of volatile compounds, without the need for ...

Investigación

Bioingeniería

Fabrication of Electrochemical-DNA Biosensors for the Reagentless Detection of Nucleic Acids, Proteins and Small Molecules

As medicine is currently practiced, doctors send specimens to a central laboratory for testing and thus must wait hours or days to 
receive the results. Many patients would be better served by rapid, bedside tests. To this end our laboratory and others have developed a versatile, reagentless 
biosensor platform that supports the quantitative, reagentless, electrochemical detection of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), proteins (including antibodies) and small 
molecules analytes directly in unprocessed clinical and environmental samples. In this video, we demonstrate the preparation and use of several biosensors in this 
"E-DNA" class. In particular, we fabricate and demonstrate sensors for the detection of a target DNA sequence in a polymerase chain reaction mixture, an HIV-specific antibody and the drug cocaine. The preparation procedure requires only three hours of hands-on effort followed by an overnight incubation, and their use requires only minutes.

"E-DNA" sensors, reagentless, electrochemical biosensors that perform well even when challenged directly in blood and other complex matrices, have been adapted to the detection of a wide range of nucleic acid, protein and small molecule analytes. Here we present a general procedure for the fabrication and use of such sensors.

Fabricación de ADN electroquímico biosensores para la detección Reagentless de ácidos nucleicos, proteínas y moléculas pequeñas

As medicine is currently practiced, doctors send specimens to a central laboratory for testing and thus must wait hours or days to 
receive the results. ...

Hollow Microneedle-based Sensor for Multiplexed Transdermal Electrochemical Sensing

The development of a minimally invasive multiplexed monitoring system for rapid analysis of biologically-relevant molecules could offer individuals suffering from chronic medical conditions facile assessment of their immediate physiological state. Furthermore, it could serve as a research tool for analysis of complex, multifactorial medical conditions. In order for such a multianalyte sensor to be realized, it must be minimally invasive, sampling of interstitial fluid must occur without pain or harm to the user, and analysis must be rapid as well as selective.
Initially developed for pain-free drug delivery, microneedles have been used to deliver vaccines and pharmacologic agents (e.g., insulin) through the skin.1-2 Since these devices access the interstitial space, microneedles that are integrated with microelectrodes can be used as transdermal electrochemical sensors. Selective detection of glucose, glutamate, lactate, hydrogen peroxide, and ascorbic acid has been demonstrated using integrated microneedle-electrode devices with carbon fibers, modified carbon pastes, and platinum-coated polymer microneedles serving as transducing elements.3-7,8
This microneedle sensor technology has enabled a novel and sophisticated analytical approach for in situ and simultaneous detection of multiple analytes. Multiplexing offers the possibility of monitoring complex microenvironments, which are otherwise difficult to characterize in a rapid and minimally invasive manner. For example, this technology could be utilized for simultaneous monitoring of extracellular levels of, glucose, lactate and pH,9 which are important metabolic indicators of disease states7,10-14 (e.g., cancer proliferation) and exercise-induced acidosis.15

This article details the construction of a multiplexed microneedle-based sensor. The device is being developed for in situ sampling and electrochemical analysis of multiple analytes in a rapid and selective manner. We envision clinical medicine and biomedical research uses for these microneedle-based sensors.

Hollow Microneedle basado en sensores para la detección electroquímica multiplexado transdérmica

The development of a minimally invasive multiplexed monitoring system for rapid analysis of biologically-relevant molecules could offer individuals ...

Sensing of Barrier Tissue Disruption with an Organic Electrochemical Transistor

The gastrointestinal tract is an example of barrier tissue that provides a physical barrier against entry of pathogens and toxins, while allowing the passage of necessary ions and molecules. A breach in this barrier can be caused by a reduction in the extracellular calcium concentration. This reduction in calcium concentration causes a conformational change in proteins involved in the sealing of the barrier, leading to an increase of the paracellular flux. To mimic this effect the calcium chelator ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N&#39;,N&#39;-tetra acetic acid (EGTA) was used on a monolayer of cells known to be representative of the gastrointestinal tract. Different methods to detect the disruption of the barrier tissue already exist, such as immunofluorescence and&#160;permeability assays. However, these methods are time-consuming and costly and not suited to dynamic or high-throughput measurements. Electronic methods for measuring barrier tissue integrity also exist for measurement of the transepithelial resistance (TER), however these are often costly and complex. The development of rapid, cheap, and sensitive methods is urgently needed as the integrity of barrier tissue is a key parameter in drug discovery and pathogen/toxin diagnostics. The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) integrated with barrier tissue forming cells has been shown as a new device capable of dynamically monitoring barrier tissue integrity. The device is able to measure minute variations in ionic flux with unprecedented temporal resolution and sensitivity, in real time, as an indicator of barrier tissue integrity. This new method is based on a simple device that can be compatible with high throughput screening applications and fabricated at low cost.

The Organic Electrochemical Transistor is integrated with live cells and used to monitor ion flux across the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier. In this study, an increase in ion flux, related to disruption of tight junctions, induced by the presence of the calcium chelator EGTA (ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetra acetic acid), is measured.

Detección de barrera interrupción del tejido con un transistor orgánico Electroquímica

The gastrointestinal tract is an example of barrier tissue that provides a physical barrier against entry of pathogens and toxins, while allowing the ...

Glutamine Flux Imaging Using Genetically Encoded Sensors

Genetically encoded sensors allow real-time monitoring of biological molecules at a subcellular resolution. A tremendous variety of such sensors for biological molecules became available in the past 15 years, some of which became indispensable tools that are used routinely in many laboratories.
One of the exciting applications of genetically encoded sensors is the use of these sensors in investigating cellular transport processes. Properties of transporters such as kinetics and substrate specificities can be investigated at a cellular level, providing possibilities for cell-type specific analyses of transport activities. In this article, we will demonstrate how transporter dynamics can be observed using genetically encoded glutamine sensor as an example. Experimental design, technical details of the experimental settings, and considerations for post-experimental analyses will be discussed.

This article will demonstrate how to monitor glutamine dynamics in live cells using FRET. Genetically encoded sensors allow real-time monitoring of biological molecules at a subcellular resolution. Experimental design, technical details of the experimental settings, and considerations for post-experimental analyses will be discussed for genetically encoded glutamine sensors.

Glutamina Flux Imaging utilizando sensores codificados genéticamente

Genetically encoded sensors allow real-time monitoring of biological molecules at a subcellular resolution. A tremendous variety of such sensors for ...

A Microfluidic-based Electrochemical Biochip for Label-free DNA Hybridization Analysis

Miniaturization of analytical benchtop procedures into the micro-scale provides significant advantages in regards to reaction time, cost, and integration of pre-processing steps. Utilizing these devices towards the analysis of DNA hybridization events is important because it offers a technology for real time assessment of biomarkers at the point-of-care for various diseases. However, when the device footprint decreases the dominance of various physical phenomena increases. These phenomena influence the fabrication precision and operation reliability of the device. Therefore, there is a great need to accurately fabricate and operate these devices in a reproducible manner in order to improve the overall performance. Here, we describe the protocols and the methods used for the fabrication and the operation of a microfluidic-based electrochemical biochip for accurate analysis of DNA hybridization events. The biochip is composed of two parts: a microfluidic chip with three parallel micro-channels made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and a 3 x 3 arrayed electrochemical micro-chip. The DNA hybridization events are detected using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. The EIS analysis enables monitoring variations of the properties of the electrochemical system that are dominant at these length scales. With the ability to monitor changes of both charge transfer and diffusional resistance with the biosensor, we demonstrate the selectivity to complementary ssDNA targets, a calculated detection limit of 3.8 nM, and a 13% cross-reactivity with other non-complementary ssDNA following 20 min&#160;of incubation. This methodology can improve the performance of miniaturized devices by elucidating on the behavior of diffusion at the micro-scale regime and by enabling the study of DNA hybridization events.

We present a microfluidic-based electrochemical biochip for DNA hybridization detection. Following ssDNA probe functionalization, the specificity, sensitivity, and detection limit are studied with complementary and non-complementary ssDNA targets. Results illustrate the influence of the DNA hybridization events on the electrochemical system, with a detection limit of 3.8 nM.

Un biochip electroquímico basado en microfluidos para el análisis de hibridación ADN-Label libre

Miniaturization of analytical benchtop procedures into the micro-scale provides significant advantages in regards to reaction time, cost, and integration ...

Flying Insect Detection and Classification with Inexpensive Sensors

An inexpensive, noninvasive system that could accurately classify flying insects would have important implications for entomological research, and allow for the development of many useful applications in vector and pest control for both medical and agricultural entomology. Given this, the last sixty years have seen many research efforts devoted to this task. To date, however, none of this research has had a lasting impact. In this work, we show that pseudo-acoustic optical sensors can produce superior data; that additional features, both intrinsic and extrinsic to the insect&#8217;s flight behavior, can be exploited to improve insect classification; that a Bayesian classification approach allows to efficiently learn classification models that are very robust to over-fitting, and a general classification framework allows to easily incorporate arbitrary number of features. We demonstrate the findings with large-scale experiments that dwarf all previous works combined, as measured by the number of insects and the number of species considered.

We proposed a system that uses inexpensive, noninvasive pseudo-acoustic optical sensors to automatically and accurately detect, count, and classify flying insects based on their flying sound.

Flying detección de insectos y Clasificación con Sensores Barato

An inexpensive, noninvasive system that could accurately classify flying insects would have important implications for entomological research, and allow ...

Label-free Single Molecule Detection Using Microtoroid Optical Resonators

Detecting small concentrations of molecules down to the single molecule limit has impact on areas such as early detection of disease, and fundamental studies on the behavior of molecules. Single molecule detection techniques commonly utilize labels such as fluorescent tags or quantum dots, however, labels are not always available, increase cost and complexity, and can perturb the events being studied. Optical resonators have emerged as a promising means to detect single molecules without the use of labels. Currently the smallest particle detected by a non-plasmonically-enhanced bare optical resonator system in solution is a 25 nm polystyrene sphere1. We have developed a technique known as Frequency Locking Optical Whispering Evanescent Resonator (FLOWER) that can surpass this limit and achieve label-free single molecule detection in aqueous solution2. As signal strength scales with particle volume, our work represents a &#62; 100x improvement in the signal to noise ratio (SNR) over the current state of the art. Here the procedures behind FLOWER are presented in an effort to increase its usage in the field.

We have developed a label-free biosensing system based on optical resonator technology known as Frequency Locking Optical Whispering Evanescent Resonator (FLOWER) that is capable of detecting single molecules in solution. Here the procedures behind this work are described and presented.

Individual Detección Molecule-Label gratis con Microtoroid ópticos Resonadores

Detecting small concentrations of molecules down to the single molecule limit has impact on areas such as early detection of disease, and fundamental ...

Multicolor Fluorescence Detection for Droplet Microfluidics Using Optical Fibers

Fluorescence assays are the most common readouts used in droplet microfluidics due to their bright signals and fast time response. Applications such as multiplex assays, enzyme evolution, and molecular biology enhanced cell sorting require the detection of two or more colors of fluorescence. Standard multicolor detection systems that couple free space lasers to epifluorescence microscopes are bulky, expensive, and difficult to maintain. In this paper, we describe a scheme to perform multicolor detection by exciting discrete regions of a microfluidic channel with lasers coupled to optical fibers. Emitted light is collected by an optical fiber coupled to a single photodetector. Because the excitation occurs at different spatial locations, the identity of emitted light can be encoded as a temporal shift, eliminating the need for more complicated light filtering schemes. The system has been used to detect droplet populations containing four unique combinations of dyes and to detect sub-nanomolar concentrations of fluorescein.

Multicolor fluorescence detection in droplet microfluidics typically involves bulky and complex epifluorescence microscope-based detection systems. Here we describe a compact and modular multicolor detection scheme that utilizes an array of optical fibers to temporally encode multicolor data collected by a single photodetector.

Multicolor detección por fluorescencia de la gotita de microfluídica el uso de fibras ópticas

Fluorescence assays are the most common readouts used in droplet microfluidics due to their bright signals and fast time response. Applications such as ...

Development of an Electrochemical DNA Biosensor to Detect a Foodborne Pathogen

Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is a common foodborne pathogen that contributes to a large proportion of public health problems globally, significantly affecting the rate of human mortality and morbidity. Conventional methods for the detection of V. parahaemolyticus such as culture-based methods, immunological assays, and molecular-based methods require complicated sample handling and are time-consuming, tedious, and costly. Recently, biosensors have proven to be a promising and comprehensive detection method with the advantages of fast detection, cost-effectiveness, and practicality. This research focuses on developing a rapid method of detecting V. parahaemolyticus with high selectivity and sensitivity using the principles of DNA hybridization. In the work, characterization of synthesized polylactic acid-stabilized gold nanoparticles (PLA-AuNPs) was achieved using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet-visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field-emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). We also carried out further testing of stability, sensitivity, and reproducibility of the PLA-AuNPs. We found that the PLA-AuNPs formed a sound structure of stabilized nanoparticles in aqueous solution. We also observed that the sensitivity improved as a result of the smaller charge transfer resistance (Rct) value and an increase of active surface area (0.41 cm2). The development of our DNA biosensor was based on modification of a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) with PLA-AuNPs and using methylene blue (MB) as the redox indicator. We assessed the immobilization and hybridization events by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). We found that complementary, non-complementary, and mismatched oligonucleotides were specifically distinguished by the fabricated biosensor. It also showed reliably sensitive detection in cross-reactivity studies against various food-borne pathogens and in the identification of V. parahaemolyticus in fresh cockles.

A protocol for the development of an electrochemical DNA biosensor comprising a polylactic acid-stabilized, gold nanoparticles-modified, screen-printed carbon electrode to detect Vibrio parahaemolyticus is presented.

Desarrollo de un Biosensor de ADN electroquímico para la detección de un patógeno de transmisión alimentaria

Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is a common foodborne pathogen that contributes to a large proportion of public health problems globally, ...