Agradecemos al Dr. Charles Greenberg para el uso de su máquina de PCR en tiempo real. Este trabajo es apoyado por MUSC Hollings Cancer Center de inicio del Fondo, Hollings Cancer Center ACS IRG, ASCO Conquer Cancer Carrera Premio de la Fundación para el Desarrollo, NIH 1K08HL 103780-01A1, y NIH 3P30CA138313-01S3. El contenido es de exclusiva responsabilidad de sus autores y no representa necesariamente las opiniones oficiales de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud u otros agentes de financiación.

1. Bone Marrow celda de aislamiento <ol><li> Eutanasiar donantes masculinos FVB / NJ ratones y hembra FVB / NJ ratones utilizando CO 2 método seguido por dislocación cervical. La hembra FVB / NJ células de médula ósea se utiliza como células competitivas. </li><li> Utilice pequeñas tijeras y pinzas, diseccionar el fémur y tibiaes de ratones y colocarlos en una placa de cultivo tisular de 60 mm que contiene 6 ml de helado de RPMI1640 con FBS inactivado por calor al 5%. Utilizar tejido Kimwipe para eliminar músculo y otros tejidos. Cortar ambos extremos de cada eje del hueso en el plato. </li><li> Conectar el extremo del hueso con aguja 23G en la jeringa de 3 cc, enjuagar la médula ósea con RPMI1640 con FBS al 5% inactivado por calor en el plato. Desagregar los tejidos de la médula ósea por aspiraciones repetidas utilizando la misma aguja. Transferir la suspensión celular a 15 ml tubo de centrífuga. </li><li> Centrifugue las células durante 5 min a 400 xg, eliminar el sobrenadante, resuspender las células en 1 ml de tampón a temperatura ambiente de color rojo sangre lisis celular (155 mM potassium bicarbonato, cloruro de amonio 10 mM, 0,1 mM de EDTA, 7,4 = PH) e incubar a temperatura ambiente durante 5 min y después se añade 5-10 ml de RPMI 1640 con FBS al 5% inactivado por calor. </li><li> Pasar las células a través de un filtro de células. Recoger el flujo a través de un tubo nuevo. Centrifugue durante 5 min a 400 x g. Eliminar el sobrenadante, el pellet de células no debe contener ningún color rojo. La ausencia de color rojo indica una eliminación completa de las células rojas de la sangre. Resuspender el sedimento celular en 10 ml de RPMI1640 con FBS al 5% inactivado por calor. Vórtice suavemente para asegurarse de que la suspensión de células es completamente uniforme. Tomar una parte alícuota y se cuentan las células en un hemocitómetro. Calcular la cantidad de volumen de células necesarias para el trasplante de médula ósea y células alícuotas suficientes y mezclar células masculinas donantes con células competidor femenino en una proporción de 5:2. Centrifugue durante 5 min a 400 xg, se lava con PBS, se resuspende en PBS con la concentración final de células del donante en 5 × 10 6 células / ml y competidor en 2 × 10 6 </sup&gt; / ml. </li></ol> 2. Trasplante de Médula Ósea Competitiva <ol><li> Irradiar ratones hembra receptora (8-12 semanas de edad) con gamma 137Cs radiador rayos en una sola dosis de 11Gy 4-6 h antes del trasplante de médula ósea. </li><li> Coloque los ratones irradiados femeninos en un mecanismo de contención del ratón. Se inyecta la mezcla de donante y las células de la competencia a través de la vena caudal en 0,1 ml de volumen total de tal manera que cada ratón recibe el 5 × 10 5 células del donante y 2 × 10 5 células de médula ósea de la competencia. </li></ol> 3. Recogida de muestras Semana pareja después del trasplante de médula ósea, recoger muestras de sangre periférica (~ 50 l) de ratón hembra receptora por sangrado retro-orbital bajo anestesia condición. Las muestras se recogen en tubos con EDTA recubiertos. BM muestras también pueden ser recogidos al final del experimento, usualmente al menos 4 meses después del trasplante, con los mismos procedimientos que se describen anterior (Paso 1); generalmente 20-40% deUna tibia BM células son suficientes para hacer la cantidad suficiente de ADN. La sangre o muestras de la misma edad BM ratones normales de ambos sexos también se recogen para preparar la curva estándar. 4. Aislamiento de ADN genómico <ol><li> Añadir 4 × volumen de habitación lisis temperatura del tampón RBC (~ 200 l) a cada muestra de sangre. Mezclar bien e incubar a temperatura ambiente durante 5 min. Añadir 1 ml de PBS, a continuación, girar hacia abajo para retirar la mayor parte de la RBC lisada. </li><li> Aislar ADN usando un kit de extracción de ADN de sangre (QIAmp DNA Blood Kit de extracción). Pre-caliente el tampón de elución (AE) a 37 º C para mejorar el rendimiento de ADN eluido. ADN masculino y femenino para la curva estándar se aíslan de manera similar. </li><li> (Opcional) El ADN genómico puede ser purificado adicionalmente o se concentró utilizando el método de precipitación con EtOH en presencia de acetato de sodio 3 M (pH = 5,5). Los sedimentos de ADN se resuspende en agua destilada 40-50 l para el análisis inmediatamente o almacenado a -20 ° C para su uso futuro. </li><li> Mida la concentr ADNción con fotómetro espectros Nanodrop ND-1000. Las muestras con OD 260/280 entre 1.8-2.0 se utilizan para el análisis adicional. </li><li> Diluir el ADN con ADNasa libre de H 2 O para 4ng/μl en un volumen total de 50 l. </li></ol> 5. Preparación Curva Estándar Diluir ADN masculino y femenino de ADN a una concentración de 4 ng / l, y hacer la mezcla de ADN según la Tabla 1 <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> % De ADN masculino en segundo plano Mujer </td><td> Volumen (l) de ADN masculino 4ng/μl </td><td> Volumen (l) de ADN femenino 4ng/μl </td><td> Volumen total (l) </td></tr><tr><td> 0,2 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 499 </td><td> 500 </td></tr><tr><td> 0,5 </td><td> 1 </td><td> 199 </td><td> 200 </td></tr><tr><td> 2,5 </td><td> 5 </td><td> 195 </td><td> 200 </td></tr><tr><td> 12,5 </td><td> 25 </td><td> 175 </td><td> 200 </td></tr><tr><td> 50 </td><td> 100 </td><td> 100 </td><td> 200 </td></tr><tr><td> 87,5 </td><td> 175 </td><td> 25 </td><td> 200 </td></tr><tr><td> 100 </td><td> 200 </td><td> 0 </td><td> 200 </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabla 1. Preparación de la muestra para la curva estándar. Normales macho y hembra FVB / NJ ratones a la edad de 8-12wks fueron sacrificados. Células de la sangre y el BM fueron recogidos. Los ADN de las células masculinas y femeninas células fueron aisladas y re-suspendido a una concentración de 4ng/μl. Los ADN masculino y femenino se mezclaron en diferentes proporciones para generar las mezclas de ADN de la muestra estándar. 6. PCR en tiempo real <ol><li> Configurar la placa de reacción de PCR mezclando SYBR Green Supermix reactivo con cebadores y ADN genómico. El volumen de reacción (20 l) contiene 400 nM de cada cebador y 5 l de ADN genómico de células sanguíneas (4ng/μl l x5 = 20 ng) en cada reacción. ADN samples y las normas se establecieron por triplicado. Las secuencias de cebadores se muestran en la Tabla 2. </li></ol><table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nombre del gen </td><td> Adelante </td><td> Marcha atrás </td></tr><tr><td> Bcl2 </td><td> 5&#39;-AAGCTGTCACAGAGGGGCTA </td><td> 5&#39;-CAGGCTGGAAGGAGAAGATG </td></tr><tr><td> Zfy1 </td><td> 5-TGGAGAGCCACAAGCTAACCA </td><td> 5&#39;-CCCAGCATGAGAAAGATTCTTC </td></tr></tbody></table> Tabla 2. RT-PCR cebador de secuencia de murino Bcl2 y Zfy1. <ol start="2"><li> Realizar reacción de PCR usando Biorad iQ5 máquina de PCR con las siguientes condiciones: 95 ° C 3 min, 42 ciclos de amplificación de 95 ° C durante 10 s, 58 ° C durante 25 seg y 72 ° C durante 15 segundos, seguido por una fusión de curva el paso. </li><li> Obtener ciclo umbral (Ct) valores por Bio-Rad iQ5 2,1 Edición del sistema óptico estándar. Calcular? Ct (Ct Zfy1 &lt;/ Sup&gt;-Ct Bcl2) valor, y Zfy1 nivel de expresión se calcula como el valor de 2-δ Ct. </li><li> Establecer las curvas de calibración para cada serie reacción utilizando 2-? Ct lectura de conocidos / as mezclas estándar. Las curvas de calibración se generan por el trazado de la media de 2-? Ct valor de triplicados en el ADN conocida macho% en la mezcla con ajuste de regresión lineal. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>McCulloch, E. A., Till, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+radiation+sensitivity+of+normal+mouse+bone+marrow+cells,+determined+by+quantitative+marrow+transplantation+into+irradiated+mice.">The radiation sensitivity of normal mouse bone marrow cells, determined by quantitative marrow transplantation into irradiated mice.</a> Radiat. Res. 13, 115-125 (1960).</li><li>Xiao, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hematopoietic+stem+cells+lacking+Ott1+display+aspects+associated+with+aging+and+are+unable+to+maintain+quiescence+during+proliferative+stress.">Hematopoietic stem cells lacking Ott1 display aspects associated with aging and are unable to maintain quiescence during proliferative stress.</a> Blood. 119, 4898-4907 (2012).</li><li>Kang, Y., Chen, B. J., Deoliveira, D., Mito, J., Chao, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+enhancement+of+donor+hematopoietic+cell+engraftment+by+the+CXCR4+antagonist+AMD3100+in+a+mouse+transplantation+model.">Selective enhancement of donor hematopoietic cell engraftment by the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 in a mouse transplantation model.</a> PLoS One. 5, e11316 (2010).</li><li>Sadeghi, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GVHD+after+chemotherapy+conditioning+in+allogeneic+transplanted+mice.">GVHD after chemotherapy conditioning in allogeneic transplanted mice.</a> Bone Marrow Transplant. 42, 807-818 (2008).</li><li>Taketo, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FVB/N:+an+inbred+mouse+strain+preferable+for+transgenic+analyses.">FVB/N: an inbred mouse strain preferable for transgenic analyses.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 2065-2069 (1991).</li><li>Morisaki, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genotypic+analysis+using+a+Y-chromosome-specific+probe+following+bone+marrow+transplantation.">Genotypic analysis using a Y-chromosome-specific probe following bone marrow transplantation.</a> Am. J. Hematol. 27, 30-33 (1988).</li><li>Lo, Y. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+analysis+of+fetal+DNA+in+maternal+plasma+and+serum:+implications+for+noninvasive+prenatal+diagnosis.">Quantitative analysis of fetal DNA in maternal plasma and serum: implications for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis.</a> Am. J. Hum. Genet. 62, 768-775 (1998).</li><li>Byrne, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chimerism+analysis+in+sex-mismatched+murine+transplantation+using+quantitative+real-time+PCR.">Chimerism analysis in sex-mismatched murine transplantation using quantitative real-time PCR.</a> Biotechniques. 32, 279-280 (2002).</li><li>Ma, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+recipient-derived+cells+in+allograft+neointima+formation+and+the+response+to+stent+implantation.">Contribution of recipient-derived cells in allograft neointima formation and the response to stent implantation.</a> PLoS One. 3, e1894 (2008).</li><li>Bosio, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+between+real-time+quantitative+PCR+and+DNA+hybridization+for+quantitation+of+male+DNA+following+myoblast+transplantation.">A comparison between real-time quantitative PCR and DNA hybridization for quantitation of male DNA following myoblast transplantation.</a> Cell Transplant. 13, 817-821 (2004).</li><li>Merchant, A., Joseph, G., Wang, Q., Brennan, S., Matsui, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gli1+regulates+the+proliferation+and+differentiation+of+HSCs+and+myeloid+progenitors.">Gli1 regulates the proliferation and differentiation of HSCs and myeloid progenitors.</a> Blood. 115, 2391-2396 (2010).</li><li>Nagamine, C. M., Chan, K., Hake, L. E., Lau, Y. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+two+candidate+testis-determining+Y+genes+(Zfy-1+and+Zfy-2)+are+differentially+expressed+in+fetal+and+adult+mouse+tissues.">The two candidate testis-determining Y genes (Zfy-1 and Zfy-2) are differentially expressed in fetal and adult mouse tissues.</a> Genes &amp; development. 4, 63-74 (1990).</li><li>Grundler, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissection+of+PIM+serine/threonine+kinases+in+FLT3-ITD-induced+leukemogenesis+reveals+PIM1+as+regulator+of+CXCL12-CXCR4-mediated+homing+and+migration.">Dissection of PIM serine/threonine kinases in FLT3-ITD-induced leukemogenesis reveals PIM1 as regulator of CXCL12-CXCR4-mediated homing and migration.</a> J. Exp. Med. 206, 1957-1970 (2009).</li></ol>

Nosotros no tenemos intereses financieros en competencia a revelar.

El objetivo de nuestro estudio es proporcionar a los espectadores una técnica basada en PCR para cuantificar quimerismo de células donantes en un modelo competitivo trasplante de médula ósea murina. Varios estudios han descrito el uso de RT-PCR para detectar células del donante en modelos de trasplante 9-10. El grupo del Dr. Schwarzenberger la primera desarrollado un trasplante de médula ósea murina modelo de trasplante usando PCR en tiempo real para amplificar y-cromosoma específico 8. Est...

Murino médula ósea (MO) trasplante modelo fue desarrollado por primera vez en 1960 1. Este modelo se ha usado ampliamente para el estudio de células madre de un donante hematopoyéticas (HSC) biología en un ratón receptor host. Médula ósea murina modelo de trasplante nos ha proporcionado valiosa información sobre las funciones de HSC y su regulación y es indispensable en la investigación HSC. Alogénico de médula ósea como modelo de transplante C57Bl/6J H2B-Balb / C H2d o modelo de trasplante congenic como C56Bl/6J CD45.2-B6.SJL CD45.1 se utilizan en muchos laboratorios para estudiar la función de genes en la actividad HSC 2, el efecto de fármaco de tratamiento de enfermedades de función HSC 3 o trasplante relacionados, tales como la enfermedad de injerto contra huésped (EICH) 4. Marcadores de superficie celular tales como haplotipo MHC o CD45.1 son comúnmente utilizados para distinguir las células derivadas del donante de células receptoras-originaron. C57Bl/6J H2b, CD45.2 </sup&gt;, Balb / C H2d y CD45.1 B6.SJL son las cepas de ratón más comúnmente usados ​​en el trasplante de médula ósea debido a que la contribución de donantes de células pueden ser fácilmente evaluada por citometría de flujo midiendo vs CD45.1 o CD45.2 H2b vs H2D. Sin embargo, muchas otras cepas como FVB / NJ 5 y C3H también se utiliza a menudo para generar transgénicos o genéticamente ratones knockout. Estos ratones pueden ser retrocruzaron a una línea consanguínea y mantenido en una genético mixto / MHC fondo. En estos casos, la determinación de quimerismo de células donantes y la función HSC podría ser difícil como donante específico de células marcadores de superficie puede no estar disponible. Utilizando Y-cromosoma sonda específica de ADN para detectar las células del donante masculino por Southern blot en el sexo no coincide el trasplante de médula ósea ha sido desarrollado por el grupo del Dr. Miwa 6. Entonces, una PCR en tiempo real para la región Y determinante del sexo se encontró que era un método preciso y altamente específico para cuantificar male células fetales en la sangre materna sistema 7. Este concepto fue adaptado por el grupo del Dr. Schwarzenberger para el desarrollo de una técnica de PCR en tiempo real en un modelo de trasplante de médula ósea murina para determinar quimerismo de células donantes 8. Hemos modificado adicionalmente este método para la medición de quimerismo de células donantes en FVB / NJ modelo de trasplante de médula ósea de ratón. Este método actualmente es ampliamente utilizado en nuestro grupo para estudiar el papel de Pim1 quinasa en biología HSC.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Nombre del reactivo </td><td> Empresa </td><td> Número de catálogo </td><td> Comentarios (opcional) </td></tr><tr><td> RPMI 1640 </td><td> Hyclone </td><td> SH30255.01 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> FBS </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 16140-017 </td><td> Inactivado por calor </td></tr><tr><td> Cloruro amónico </td><td> MP Biomedicaals </td><td> 194806 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Bicarbonato de Potasio </td><td> Pescador </td><td> P184-500 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> QIAamp DNA Blood minikit </td><td> Qiagen </td><td> 51106 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Celular filtro </td><td> BD biociencias </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> iQ SYBR Green Supermix </td><td> Biorad </td><td> 170-8882 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> iQ5 PCR en tiempo real de la máquina </td><td> Biorad </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Spectra fotómetro </td><td> Nanodrop ND-1000 </td><td> ND-1000 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

using quantitative real-time pcr to determine donor cell engraftment in a competitive murine bone marrow transplantation model

Murino de trasplante de médula ósea modelos constituyen una herramienta importante en la medición de células madre hematopoyéticas (HSC) y los genes que determinan las funciones / moléculas que regulan las CMH. En estos sistemas modelo de trasplante, la función de HSCs se determina por la capacidad de estas células a ratones injertan y reconstituir receptores irradiados letalmente. Comúnmente, la célula donante contribución / injerto se mide por los anticuerpos específicos de donante-proteínas de superficie celular por citometría de flujo. Sin embargo, este método depende en gran medida de la especificidad y la capacidad del marcador de superficie celular para diferenciar las células derivadas del donante de células receptoras originados, que pueden no estar disponibles para todas las cepas de ratón. Teniendo en cuenta los diversos antecedentes de cepas de ratón genéticamente modificados en el mercado, esta superficie de la célula / citometría de flujo basado en el método tiene limitaciones importantes, especialmente en las cepas de ratón que carecen bien definidos marcadores de superficie de células donantes separados de congenic destinatario cells. Aquí, se informó de una técnica basada en PCR para determinar quimerismo de células donantes / contribución en los ratones receptores de trasplante. Hemos trasplantado machos donantes de médula ósea a HSCs irradiados letalmente ratones hembra congénicos. Muestras de sangre periférica fueron recolectadas en diferentes tiempos después del trasplante puntos. Muestras de médula ósea se obtuvieron al final de los experimentos. ADN genómico se aisló y el gen específico de cromosoma Y, Zfy1, se amplificó utilizando PCR en tiempo real cuantitativa. El injerto de los machos células derivadas del donante en los ratones receptores hembra se calculó contra curva estándar con un porcentaje conocido de los ADN macho contra hembra. Bcl2 se utilizó como gen de referencia para normalizar la cantidad de ADN total. Nuestros datos sugiere que este enfoque fiable determina quimerismo de células donantes y proporciona un método útil, pero sencillo en la medición de la reconstitución de células hematopoyéticas en modelos murinos trasplante de médula ósea. Nuestro método puede ser realizada de forma rutinaria en la mayoría de los laboratorios porque noequipos costosos tales como la citometría de flujo se requiere.

La Figura 1 y 2 mostraron ejemplos de las curvas de calibración trazada con valores medios de 2-? Ct contra porcentajes de ADN masculino. Figura 1A muestra la temperatura de fusión específica para Bcl2 y Zfy1 amplicones localizados a 78,5 ° C y 88,5 ° C, respectivamente. Bcl2 se utiliza como un gen de referencia para normalizar la cantidad total de ADN cargado en cada reacción de PCR. Bcl2 curvas de amplificación (vista de registro) para cada muestra estándar fusionar...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Quantitative Real-time PCR to Determine Donor Cell Engraftment in a Competitive Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model at JoVE.com

Using Quantitative Real-time PCR to Determine Donor Cell Engraftment in a Competitive Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model

Determinación de quimerismo de células donantes presenta un reto en modelos de ratón trasplante de médula ósea que carecen bien definidos marcadores fenotípicos. Se presenta una metodología para cuantificar injerto macho donante de células en ratones hembras receptoras de trasplante. Este método se puede utilizar en todas las cepas de ratón para el estudio de funciones HSC.

Usando cuantitativa en tiempo real PCR para determinar quimerismo de células donantes en un modelo competitivo Trasplante de médula ósea murina

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules ...

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JoVE Journal

Medicine

15.3K vistas.  Medical University of South Carolina. Determinación de quimerismo de células donantes presenta un reto en modelos de ratón trasplante de médula ósea que carecen bien definidos marcadores fenotípicos. Se presenta una metodología para cuantificar injerto macho donante de células en ratones hembras receptoras de trasplante. Este método se puede utilizar en todas las cepas de ratón para el estudio de funciones HSC.

Video: Using Quantitative Real-time PCR to Determine Donor Cell Engraftment in a Competitive Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model

A Mouse Model of in Utero Transplantation

The transplantation of stem cells and viruses in utero has tremendous potential for treating congenital disorders in the human fetus. For example, in utero transplantation (IUT) of hematopoietic stem cells has been used to successfully treat patients with severe combined immunodeficiency.1,2 In several other conditions, however, IUT has been attempted without success.3 Given these mixed results, the availability of an efficient non-human model to study the biological sequelae of stem cell transplantation and gene therapy is critical to advance this field. We and others have used the mouse model of IUT to study factors affecting successful engraftment of in utero transplanted hematopoietic stem cells in both wild-type mice4-7 and those with genetic diseases.8,9 The fetal environment also offers considerable advantages for the success of in utero gene therapy. For example, the delivery of adenoviral10, adeno-associated viral10, retroviral11, and lentiviral vectors12,13 into the fetus has resulted in the transduction of multiple organs distant from the site of injection with long-term gene expression. in utero gene therapy may therefore be considered as a possible treatment strategy for single gene disorders such as muscular dystrophy or cystic fibrosis. Another potential advantage of IUT is the ability to induce immune tolerance to a specific antigen. As seen in mice with hemophilia, the introduction of Factor IX early in development results in tolerance to this protein.14 
In addition to its use in investigating potential human therapies, the mouse model of IUT can be a powerful tool to study basic questions in developmental and stem cell biology. For example, one can deliver various small molecules to induce or inhibit specific gene expression at defined gestational stages and manipulate developmental pathways. The impact of these alterations can be assessed at various timepoints after the initial transplantation. Furthermore, one can transplant pluripotent or lineage specific progenitor cells into the fetal environment to study stem cell differentiation in a non-irradiated and unperturbed host environment.
The mouse model of IUT has already provided numerous insights within the fields of immunology, and developmental and stem cell biology. In this video-based protocol, we describe a step-by-step approach to performing IUT in mouse fetuses and outline the critical steps and potential pitfalls of this technique.

A Mouse Model of in Utero Transplantation

The mouse model of in utero transplantation is a versatile tool that can be used to study the potential clinical applications of stem cell transplantation and gene therapy in the fetus. In this protocol, we present a general approach to performing this technique

Un modelo de ratón En el útero Trasplante

The transplantation of stem cells and viruses in utero has tremendous potential for treating congenital disorders in the human fetus.  For example, in ...

Investigación

Medicina

MicroRNA Detection in Prostate Tumors by Quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, 18&#x2013;24 nucleotide long, non-coding RNA molecules. They are involved in virtually every cellular process including development1, apoptosis2, and cell cycle regulation3. MiRNAs are estimated to regulate the expression of 30% to 90% of human genes4 by binding to their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs)5. Widespread dysregulation of miRNAs has been reported in various diseases and cancer subtypes6. Due to their prevalence and unique structure, these small molecules are likely to be the next generation of biomarkers, therapeutic agents and/or targets.
Methods used to investigate miRNA expression include SYBR green I dye- based as well as Taqman-probe based qPCR. If miRNAs are to be effectively used in the clinical setting, it is imperative that their detection in fresh and/or archived clinical samples be accurate, reproducible, and specific. qPCR has been widely used for validating expression of miRNAs in whole genome analyses such as microarray studies7. The samples used in this protocol were from patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer; however other tissues and cell lines can be substituted in. Prostate specimens were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen after resection. Clinical variables and follow-up information for each patient were collected for subsequent analysis8.
Quantification of miRNA levels in prostate tumor samples. The main steps in qPCR analysis of tumors are: Total RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, and detection of qPCR products using miRNA-specific primers. Total RNA, which includes mRNA, miRNA, and other small RNAs were extracted from specimens using TRIzol reagent. Qiagen's miScript System was used to synthesize cDNA and perform qPCR (Figure 1). Endogenous miRNAs are not polyadenylated, therefore during the reverse transcription process, a poly(A) polymerase polyadenylates the miRNA. The miRNA is used as a template to synthesize cDNA using oligo-dT and Reverse Transcriptase. A universal tag sequence on the 5' end of oligo-dT primers facilitates the amplification of cDNA in the PCR step. PCR product amplification is detected by the level of fluorescence emitted by SYBR Green, a dye which intercalates into double stranded DNA. Specific miRNA primers, along with a Universal Primer that binds to the universal tag sequence will amplify specific miRNA sequences. 
The miScript Primer Assays are available for over a thousand human-specific miRNAs, and hundreds of murine-specific miRNAs. Relative quantification method was used here to quantify the expression of miRNAs. To correct for variability amongst different samples, expression levels of a target miRNA is normalized to the expression levels of a reference gene. The choice of a gene on which to normalize the expression of targets is critical in relative quantification method of analysis. Examples of reference genes typically used in this capacity are the small RNAs RNU6B, RNU44, and RNU48 as they are considered to be stably expressed across most samples. In this protocol, RNU6B is used as the reference gene.

MicroRNA Detection in Prostate Tumors by Quantitative Real-time PCR qPCR

Quantitative Real Time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a rapid and sensitive method to investigate the expression levels of various microRNA (miRNA) molecules in tumor samples. Using this method expression of hundreds of different miRNA molecules can be amplified, quantified, and analyzed from the same cDNA template.

Detección de microARN en tumores de próstata por el cuantitativo PCR en tiempo real (qPCR)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, 18&#x2013;24 nucleotide long, non-coding RNA molecules. They are involved in virtually every cellular process ...

Pre-clinical Evaluation of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Treatment of Acute Leukemia

Receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the development and progression of many cancers, including both leukemia and solid tumors, and are attractive druggable therapeutic targets. Here we describe an efficient four-step strategy for pre-clinical evaluation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in the treatment of acute leukemia. Initially, western blot analysis is used to confirm target inhibition in cultured leukemia cells. Functional activity is then evaluated using clonogenic assays in methylcellulose or soft agar cultures. Experimental compounds that demonstrate activity in cell culture assays are evaluated in vivo using NOD-SCID-gamma (NSG) mice transplanted orthotopically with human leukemia cell lines. Initial in vivo pharmacodynamic studies evaluate target inhibition in leukemic blasts isolated from the bone marrow. This approach is used to determine the dose and schedule of administration required for effective target inhibition. Subsequent studies evaluate the efficacy of the TKIs in vivo using luciferase expressing leukemia cells, thereby allowing for non-invasive bioluminescent monitoring of leukemia burden and assessment of therapeutic response using an in vivo bioluminescence imaging system. This strategy has been effective for evaluation of TKIs in vitro and in vivo and can be applied for identification of molecularly-targeted agents with therapeutic potential or for direct comparison and prioritization of multiple compounds.

Receptor tyrosine kinases are ectopically expressed in many cancers and have been identified as therapeutic targets in acute leukemia. This manuscript describes an efficient strategy for pre-clinical evaluation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of acute leukemia.

Evaluación previa a la clínica de inhibidores de tirosina cinasa para el tratamiento de la leucemia aguda

Receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the development and progression of many cancers, including both leukemia and solid tumors, and are ...

Murine Cervical Heart Transplantation Model Using a Modified Cuff Technique

Mouse models are of special interest in research since a wide variety of monoclonal antibodies and commercially defined inbred and knockout strains are available to perform mechanistic in vivo studies. While heart transplantation models using a suture technique were first successfully developed in rats, the translation into an equally widespread used murine equivalent was never achieved due the technical complexity of the microsurgical procedure. In contrast, non-suture cuff techniques, also developed initially in rats, were successfully adapted for use in mice1-3. This technique for revascularization involves two major steps I) everting the recipient vessel over a polyethylene cuff; II) pulling the donor vessel over the formerly everted recipient vessel and holding it in place with a circumferential tie. This ensures a continuity of the endothelial layer, short operating time and very high patency rates4.
Using this technique for vascular anastomosis we performed more than 1,000 cervical heart transplants with an overall success rate of 95%. For arterial inflow the common carotid artery and the proximal aortic arch were anastomosed resulting in a retrograde perfusion of the transplanted heart. For venous drainage the pulmonary artery of the graft was anastomosed with the external jugular vein of the recipient5.
Herein, we provide additional details of this technique to supplement the video.

The murine cervical heart transplantation model is well suited for immunological as well as ischemia reperfusion injury studies. We modified the procedure using a non-suture cuff technique and performed more than 1,000 successful transplants with this approach.
Herein, we provide additional details of this technique to supplement the video.

Murino Cervical Trasplante Cardiaco Modelo Usando una técnica de Cuff Modificado

Mouse models are of special interest in research since a wide variety of monoclonal antibodies and commercially defined inbred and knockout strains are ...

A Three-dimensional Tissue Culture Model to Study Primary Human Bone Marrow and its Malignancies

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods rely on the ability of cells either to attach to a solid substratum of a tissue culture dish or to grow in suspension in liquid medium. Multiple immortal cell lines have been created and grown using such approaches, however, these methods frequently fail when primary cells need to be grown ex vivo. Such failure has been attributed to the absence of the appropriate extracellular matrix components of the tissue microenvironment from the standard systems where tissue culture plastic is used as a surface for cell growth. Extracellular matrix is an integral component of the tissue microenvironment and its presence is crucial for the maintenance of physiological functions such as cell polarization, survival, and proliferation. Here we present a 3-dimensional tissue culture method where primary bone marrow cells are grown in extracellular matrix formulated to recapitulate the microenvironment of the human bone (rBM system). Embedded in the extracellular matrix, cells are supplied with nutrients through the medium supplemented with human plasma, thus providing a comprehensive system where cell survival and proliferation can be sustained for up to 30 days while maintaining the cellular composition of the primary tissue. Using the rBM system we have successfully grown primary bone marrow cells from normal donors and patients with amyloidosis, and various hematological malignancies. The rBM system allows for direct, in-matrix real time visualization of the cell behavior and evaluation of preclinical efficacy of novel therapeutics. Moreover, cells can be isolated from the rBM and subsequently used for in vivo transplantation, cell sorting, flow cytometry, and nucleic acid and protein analysis. Taken together, the rBM method provides a reliable system for the growth of primary bone marrow cells under physiological conditions.

In standard culture methods cells are taken out of their physiological environment and grown on the plastic surface of a dish. To study the behavior of primary human bone marrow cells we created a 3-D culture system where cells are grown under conditions recapitulating the native microenvironment of the tissue.

Un tejido tridimensional Cultura modelo para estudiar primaria médula ósea humana y sus malignidades

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods ...

Cerebrospinal Fluid MicroRNA Profiling Using Quantitative Real Time PCR

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a potent layer of gene regulation by guiding RISC to target sites located on mRNAs and, consequently, by modulating their translational repression. Changes in miRNA expression have been shown to be involved in the development of all major complex diseases. Furthermore, recent findings showed that miRNAs can be secreted to the extracellular environment and enter the bloodstream and other body fluids where they can circulate with high stability. The function of such circulating miRNAs remains largely elusive, but systematic high throughput approaches, such as miRNA profiling arrays, have lead to the identification of miRNA signatures in several pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders and several types of cancers. In this context, the identification of miRNA expression profile in the cerebrospinal fluid, as reported in our recent study, makes miRNAs attractive candidates for biomarker analysis.
There are several tools available for profiling microRNAs, such as microarrays, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and deep sequencing. Here, we describe a sensitive method to profile microRNAs in cerebrospinal fluids by quantitative real-time PCR. We used the Exiqon microRNA ready-to-use PCR human panels I and II V2.R, which allows detection of 742 unique human microRNAs. We performed the arrays in triplicate runs and we processed and analyzed data using the GenEx Professional 5 software.
Using this protocol, we have successfully profiled microRNAs in various types of cell lines and primary cells, CSF, plasma, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues.

We describe a protocol of real time PCR to profile microRNAs in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). With the exception of RNA extraction protocols, the procedure can be extended to RNA extracted from other body fluids, cultured cells, or tissue specimens.

Líquido cefalorraquídeo MicroRNA perfiles utilizando cuantitativa en tiempo real PCR

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a potent layer of gene regulation by guiding RISC to target sites located on mRNAs and, consequently, by modulating their ...

Murine Corneal Transplantation: A Model to Study the Most Common Form of Solid Organ Transplantation

Corneal transplantation is the most common form of organ transplantation in the United States with between 45,000 and 55,000 procedures performed each year. While several animal models exist for this procedure and mice are the species that is most commonly used. The reasons for using mice are the relative cost of using this species, the existence of many genetically defined strains that allow for the study of immune responses, and the existence of an extensive array of reagents that can be used to further define responses in this species. This model has been used to define factors in the cornea that are responsible for the relative immune privilege status of this tissue that enables corneal allografts to survive acute rejection in the absence of immunosuppressive therapy. It has also been used to define those factors that are most important in rejection of such allografts. Consequently, much of what we know concerning mechanisms of both corneal allograft acceptance and rejection are due to studies using a murine model of corneal transplantation. In addition to describing a model for acute corneal allograft rejection, we also present for the first time a model of late-term corneal allograft rejection.

Mice have been used as a model for studying many forms of transplantation, including corneal transplantation. We describe in this report a murine model for both acute and late-term corneal transplantation.

Murino Trasplante corneal: un modelo para estudiar la forma más común de trasplante de órganos sólidos

Corneal transplantation is the most common form of organ transplantation in the United States with between 45,000 and 55,000 procedures performed each ...

Evaluation of Lung Metastasis in Mouse Mammary Tumor Models by Quantitative Real-time PCR

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated death 1. Common sites of metastatic spread include lung, lymph node, brain, and bone 2. Mechanisms that drive metastasis are intense areas of cancer research. Consequently, effective assays to measure metastatic burden in distant sites of metastasis are instrumental for cancer research. Evaluation of lung metastases in mammary tumor models is generally performed by gross qualitative observation of lung tissue following dissection. Quantitative methods of evaluating metastasis are currently limited to ex vivo and in vivo imaging based techniques that require user defined parameters. Many of these techniques are at the whole organism level rather than the cellular level 3-6. Although newer imaging methods utilizing multi-photon microscopy are able to evaluate metastasis at the cellular level 7, these highly elegant procedures are more suited to evaluating mechanisms of dissemination rather than quantitative assessment of metastatic burden. Here, a simple in vitro method to quantitatively assess metastasis is presented. Using quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR), tumor cell specific mRNA can be detected within the mouse lung tissue.

This protocol describes how to use quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) to detect tumor cell specific mRNA representing metastasis within the mouse lung tissue.

Evaluación de pulmón metástasis en el ratón mamarias modelos tumorales mediante PCR cuantitativa en tiempo real

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated ...

Murine Cervical Aortic Transplantation Model using a Modified Non-Suture Cuff Technique

With the introduction of powerful immunosuppressive protocols, distinct advances are possible in the prevention and therapy of acute rejection episodes. However, only minor improvement in the long-term results of transplanted solid organs could be observed over the past decades. In this context, chronic allograft vasculopathy (CAV) still represents the leading cause of late organ failure in cardiac, renal and pulmonary transplantation.
Thus far, the underlying pathogenesis of CAV development remains unclear, explaining why effective treatment strategies are presently missing and emphasizing a need for relevant experimental models in order to study the underlying pathophysiology leading to CAV formation. The following protocol describes a murine heterotopic cervical aortic transplantation model using a modified non-suture cuff technique. In this technique, a segment of the thoracic aorta is interpositioned in the right common carotid artery. With the use of the non-suture cuff technique, an easy to learn and reproducible model can be established, minimizing the possible heterogeneity of sutured vascular micro anastomoses.

Here, we present a protocol of heterotopic aortic transplantation in mice using the non-suture cuff technique in a cervical murine model. This model can be used to study the underlying pathology of chronic allograft vasculopathy (CAV) and can help evaluate new therapeutic agents in order to prevent its formation.

Modelo de trasplante de aórtica cervical murino utilizando una técnica de manguito no sutura modificada

With the introduction of powerful immunosuppressive protocols, distinct advances are possible in the prevention and therapy of acute rejection episodes. ...

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Immune Cell Subsets within the Murine Spleen, Bone Marrow, Lymph Nodes and Synovial Tissue in an Osteoarthritis Model

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal diseases, affecting patients suffering from pain and physical limitations. Recent evidence indicates a potential inflammatory component of the disease, with both T-cells and monocytes/macrophages potentially associated with the pathogenesis of OA. Further studies postulated an important role for subsets of both inflammatory cell lineages, such as Th1, Th2, Th17, and T-regulatory lymphocytes, and M1, M2, and synovium-tissue-resident macrophages. However, the interaction between the local synovial and systemic inflammatory cellular response and the structural changes in the joint is unknown. To fully understand how T-cells and monocytes/macrophages contribute towards OA, it is important to be able to quantitively identify these cells and their subsets simultaneously in synovial tissue, secondary lymphatic organs and systemically (the spleen and bone marrow). Nowadays, the different inflammatory cell subsets can be identified by a combination of cell-surface markers making multi-color flow cytometry a powerful technique in investigating these cellular processes. In this protocol, we describe detailed steps regarding the harvest of synovial tissue and secondary lymphatic organs as well as generation of single cell suspensions. Furthermore, we present both an extracellular staining assay to identify monocytes/macrophages and their subsets as well as an extra- and intra-cellular staining assay to identify T-cells and their subsets within the murine spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and synovial tissue. Each step of this protocol was optimized and tested, resulting in a highly reproducible assay that can be utilized for other surgical and non-surgical OA mouse models.

Here, we describe a detailed and reproducible flow cytometry protocol to identify monocyte/macrophage and T-cell subsets using both extra- and intracellular staining assays within the murine spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and synovial tissue, utilizing an established surgical model of murine osteoarthritis.

Análisis de citometría de flujo de subconjuntos de células inmunitarias dentro del bazo murino, médula ósea, ganglios linfáticos y tejido sinovial en un modelo de osteoartritis