Este trabajo fue apoyado por el innovador Biotechnologist Premio Joven BT/BI/12/040/2005 y concesión BT/PR13289/BRB/10/745/2009 del Departamento de Biotecnología del Gobierno de la India y los fondos centrales del Centro de impronta genética y Diagnóstico, Hyderabad. MNR y GB son los destinatarios de tercer y cuarto año de becas de investigación del Consejo de Investigación Científica e Industrial hacia la búsqueda de un título de doctorado de la Universidad Manipal. SB es el destinatario de Junior y Senior Research Fellowship del Departamento de Biotecnología hacia la búsqueda de un título de doctorado de la Universidad Manipal.

Se recomienda llevar a cabo C. glabrata infección experimentos en un laboratorio con nivel de contención de bioseguridad 2 (BSL-2). <ol><li> Preparación de células THP-1 macrófagos monocapa. </li><li> Preparación de C. suspensión de células glabrata. </li><li> La infección de las células THP-1 macrófagos con C. células glabrata. </li><li> Medición de la tasa de fagocitosis y la replicación intracelular a través de la formación de colonias de ensayo unidad. </li><li> Monitoreo de la replicación intracelular usando microscopía confocal de barrido láser. </li></ol> 1. Preparación de células THP-1 de macrófagos de la capa monomolecular <ol><li> THP-1 es una línea celular de monocitos humanos derivados de la sangre periférica de un hijo varón de 1 año de edad, que sufre de leucemia monocítica aguda 14. THP-1, una línea de células en suspensión, se mantiene habitualmente a 37 ° C en humidificado 5% de CO 2 en medio de cultivo RPMI-1640 suplementado con 10% de FBS (suero fetal bovino). El tratamiento con forbol 12-myristaTE 13-acetato (PMA, un éster de forbol) resulta en la diferenciación terminal de células THP-1 células monocíticas en macrófagos. Es importante destacar que, PMA tratamiento no afecta a la viabilidad celular y las células diferenciadas no se dividen. </li><li> Semilla de aproximadamente 1,5 x 10 6 monocitos THP-1 en placas de 100 mm de cultivo en medio RPMI-1640 medio completo (medio RPMI-1640 suplementado con 10% de suero, glutamina 2 mM y 1x antibióticos; 10 ml / placa) y dejar que las células crezcan a 37 ° C en 5% de CO 2 durante 2 días. </li><li> Una vez que las células THP-1 han alcanzado una densidad de 8 x 10 5 células / ml, transvasar la placa de cultivo a la campana de flujo laminar cultivo celular y mezcle suavemente para resuspender las células asentadas. </li><li> Pipetear la suspensión celular, coloque en un tubo estéril de 15 ml y centrifugar a 1000 rpm (130 xg) durante 4 min. Desechar el sobrenadante y suspender THP-1 pellet de células en 5 ml precalentado, medio completo fresco, RPMI-1640. </li><li> Enumerar las células con un hemocitómetro y se diluye la cell de suspensión a una densidad final de 10 6 células / ml con medio RPMI completo precalentado-1640 </li><li> Añadir 1 l de 160 mM de stock de PMA (forbol solución de 13-acetato de 12-miristato preparado en sulfóxido de dimetilo) a 10 ml de THP-1 suspensión de células (concentración final 16 nM) y mezclar bien. Dispensar 1 ml de suspensión celular en cada pocillo de una placa de cultivo tisular de 24 pocillos y se incuba la placa en la incubadora se mantiene a 37 ° C con 5% de CO 2 durante 12 horas. </li><li> Retire el medio viejo, añadir 1 ml precalentado RPMI-1640 completo y permiten que las células se recuperen durante 12 horas a 37 ° C en 5% de CO 2. </li><li> Observar las células bajo un microscopio invertido para asegurar que las células THP-1 monocitos de forma ovalada en suspensión se han diferenciado en aplanados, macrófagos en forma de huso y adherentes. Estas células diferenciadas están ahora listos para llevar a cabo C. estudios de infección glabrata. </li></ol> 2. Preparación de C. glabrata &amp; #Suspensión celular; 160 C. glabrata cepa de tipo salvaje Bg2 será utilizado para infectar macrófagos THP-1. C. glabrata células son cultivadas rutinariamente en líquido YPD (extracto de levadura (1%)-peptona (2%)-dextrosa (2%)) medio. Medio YPD sólido se prepara mediante la adición de 2% de agar antes de medio de tratamiento en autoclave. <ol><li> Para preparar un cultivo de C. glabrata, escoja una sola colonia a partir de la placa de agar con un asa estéril, desechable e inocular en medio líquido 10 ml de YPD e incubar durante 14-16 horas con agitación (200 rpm) a 30 ° C. </li><li> Centrífuga de esta cultura (1 ml) a 4000 rpm (1800 xg) durante 5 minutos en una microcentrífuga de mesa, lavar las células tres veces con PBS (solución salina tamponada con fosfato, pH 7.4) estéril y suspender sedimento celular en 1 ml de PBS. </li><li> Mida OD 600 de C. suspensión de células glabrata y diluir con un volumen apropiado de PBS estéril para obtener una densidad de 2 x 10 6 células / ml (OD 600= 0,1). Alternativamente, la densidad celular deseada se puede lograr mediante el recuento de células de levadura usando un hemocitómetro. </li></ol> 3. La infección de las células THP-1 macrófagos con C. Las células glabrata <ol><li> Añadir 50 l C. glabrata suspensión de células de macrófagos THP-1 (10 6 células sembradas por pocillo de una placa de cultivo de 24 pocillos) para obtener una MOI (multiplicidad de infección) de 0,1 y se incuba la placa a 37 ° C con 5% de CO 2. </li><li> Para determinar el recuento de levaduras viables, diluir 50 l C. glabrata de células en suspensión de 100 veces en PBS estéril y la placa 100 l en medio sólido YPD. Incubar las placas a 30 ° C y contar manualmente el número de colonias de levadura que aparecen después de 1-2 días. Estos números, en adelante, se denominarán como 0 hr C. glabrata UFC (unidades formadoras de colonia). </li><li> Después de 2 horas de cocultivo THP-1 células con C. células glabrata, medio de cultivo de los descartes mediante la inversión de 24 pocillos placa de cultivo de tejidos ina depósito y lavar suavemente tres veces con PBS estéril precalentada para eliminar nonphagocytosed extracelular C. células glabrata. Lavados suaves con PBS son absolutamente esenciales para lograr la eliminación completa de toda la levadura extracelular sin causar ningún daño a la THP-1 macrófagos monocapa. </li></ol> 4. Medición de la fagocitosis tarifas y replicación intracelular a través de formación de colonias de ensayo Unidad <ol><li> Lyse C. glabrata infecta macrófagos THP-1 en 1 ml de H 2 O estéril durante 2 minutos, raspar suavemente para eliminar los restos de los macrófagos del pozo y recoger lisado celular en un tubo de microcentrífuga. Verificación microscópica de la lisis de los macrófagos completa es fundamental para la recuperación de toda la levadura interiorizado. </li><li> Prepare una dilución de 100 veces de lisado en PBS estéril, placa 100 l en medio sólido YPD y se incuban las placas a 30 ° C. </li><li> Después de 1-2 días, contar manualmente el número de C. glabrata colonias que appeared en medio YPD, se multiplican con factor de dilución (2 hr UFC) y calcular la tasa de fagocitosis, que se refiere al porcentaje de C. células glabrata que son ingeridos por THP-1 macrófagos después de la coincubación 2 h utilizando la siguiente fórmula. % De fagocitosis = [(CFU a las 2 h) / (UFC en 0 h)] X 100 </li><li> Para medir la tasa de replicación intracelular de C. células glabrata en THP-1 macrófagos, recogen levaduras intracelulares en diferentes puntos de tiempo después de la infección, es decir. 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, y 24 horas, por pasos 3.3 a 4.3 repetir. </li><li> Calcular veces la supervivencia / replicación de C. células glabrata en THP-1 macrófagos dividiendo las UFC totales en cualquier punto de tiempo dado con los de 2 horas (levadura fagocitados). </li></ol> 5. Seguimiento de intracelular replicación mediante confocal LasER Scanning Microscopy <ol><li> Si sigue los pasos descritos en la sección 1, las semillas tratadas con PMA 5 x 10 5 células THP-1 en cada pocillo de dos portaobjetos de cámara de cuatro pocillos y se incuba a 37 ° C con 5% de CO 2 durante 12 horas. </li><li> Sustituya el medio viejo con RPMI-1640 completo precalentado y permiten que las células se recuperen de PMA tratamiento durante 12 horas. </li><li> Preparar GFP (proteína fluorescente verde)-etiquetados C. suspensión celular glabrata como se describe en la Sección 2 e infectar a los macrófagos THP-1 a una MOI de 1. Si C. glabrata cepas que expresan GFP no están disponibles, células de levadura etiquetadas con FITC (isotiocianato de fluoresceína) se pueden utilizar para supervisar los eventos tempranos después de la infección a saber. tasa de fagocitosis y la maduración fagolisosómico a las 2 horas. </li><li> Incubar los portaobjetos durante 2 horas a 37 ° C con 5% de CO 2, invierta cuidadosamente para descartar medio y lavar 3 veces con estéril precalentado PBS. </li><li> Añadir 500 l precalentado RPMI-1640 medi completaum a cada cámara de un porta y se incuba que a 37 º C con CO2 al 5% durante 22 horas. </li><li> Para solucionar 2 hr C. infectados por glabrata THP-1 macrófagos, añadir 500 l de 3,7% de formaldehído (preparado en PBS) a cada cámara del otro porta y se incuba a temperatura ambiente durante 20 minutos en la oscuridad. </li><li> Lave deslice tres veces con PBS, añadir 500 l de Triton-X (0,7%), y se incuba a temperatura ambiente durante 5 min en la oscuridad. </li><li> Lave 3x diapositivas con PBS, retire la cámara de diapositivas cultura y el aire seco durante 3-5 minutos en la oscuridad. </li><li> Monte cuidadosamente un cubreobjetos utilizando medio de montaje Vectashield que contiene DAPI (4 &#39;,6-diamino-2-fenilindol) en la diapositiva evitando la formación de burbujas. Retire suavemente el exceso de líquido con Kimwipe y sellar los bordes cubreobjetos con esmalte de uñas. Diapositiva tienda en la oscuridad a 4 ° C hasta su uso. </li><li> Repita los pasos 5.4 y 5.6 a 5.9 para procesar las células THP-1 24 horas después de la infección. </li><li> Células de imagen mediante una confo escaneo láserCal microscopio (60X objetivo de inmersión en aceite, excitación a 405 nm y 488 nm para DAPI y las manchas de GFP, respectivamente). </li></ol>

<ol>
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Los autores declaran que no tienen intereses financieros en competencia.

Sistema inmune innato desempeña un papel importante en el control de las infecciones fúngicas oportunistas. Los macrófagos contribuyen a antifúngica defensa por ingestión y destrucción del hongo patógeno. Por lo tanto, la elucidación de los factores que se requieren para la supervivencia y / o contrarrestar las funciones antimicrobianas de macrófagos avanzará nuestra comprensión de las estrategias de virulencia de hongos. En este contexto, hemos establecido un sistema in vitro modelo de cultivo celul...

Las especies de Candida son la causa principal de las infecciones fúngicas invasivas potencialmente mortales en pacientes inmunodeprimidos 1. Candida glabrata, un patógeno nosocomial emergente, es la segunda o tercera especie más frecuentemente aislada de Candida procedentes de pacientes de la Unidad de Cuidado Intensivo, dependiendo de la ubicación geográfica 1-3. Filogenéticamente, C. glabrata, una incipiente levadura haploides, está más estrechamente relacionado con los Saccharomyces no modelo de la levadura patógena cerevisiae que al patógeno Candida spp. incluyendo C. albicans 4. Consistente con esto, C. glabrata carece de algunos rasgos de virulencia fúngicas clave, incluyendo el apareamiento, la actividad proteolítica secretada y plasticidad morfológica 4-5. Aunque C. glabrata no forma hifas, puede sobrevivir y replicarse en macrófagos murinos y humanos 6-8 lo que sugiere que se ha desarrollado mecanismos de la patogénesis únicas. Hay poca información acerca de las estrategias que C. glabrata emplea para sobrevivir intracelular entorno macrófagos pobre en nutrientes y contrarrestar oxidativo y respuestas de acogida no oxidativos montados por las células inmunes del huésped 5. Un modelo de sistema de macrófagos pertinente es un requisito previo para delimitar la interacción de C. glabrata con células fagocíticas de acogida a través de enfoques de genómica y proteómica funcionales. Células mononucleares de sangre periférica (PBMCs) y los macrófagos derivados de médula ósea (BMDMs) de origen humano y murino, respectivamente, han sido utilizados anteriormente para estudiar la interacción de C. glabrata con las células inmunitarias del huésped 7,9. Sin embargo, la dificultad en la obtención de PBMC y BMDMs, su tiempo de vida limitado y la variación intrínseca entre las diferentes donantes de mamíferos restringen la utilización de estas células como sistemas de modelos versátiles. Aquí se describe un método para la creación de un sistema in vitro para estudiar el intracellulcomportamiento ar de C. células glabrata en los macrófagos derivados de monocitos humanos línea celular THP-1. El objetivo general de este protocolo fue promulgar un sistema modelo de cultivo celular simple, barata, rápida y reproducible que puede ser fácilmente manipulado para estudiar diferentes aspectos de la interacción patógeno-huésped fúngica. Las células THP-1 se han utilizado previamente para descifrar la respuesta inmune del huésped contra una amplia gama de patógenos, incluyendo bacterias, virus, y hongos 10-12. Células monocitos THP-1 son fáciles de mantener y pueden ser diferenciados, tratamiento previo de éster de forbol, a los macrófagos que imitan los macrófagos derivados de los monocitos de humano y expresan marcadores de macrófagos apropiados 13. Las principales ventajas de la THP-1 sistema de modelo de macrófagos son la facilidad de uso y la falta de equipo sofisticado requisito. El protocolo que se presenta aquí es fácilmente adaptable para estudiar la interacción de otros hongos patógenos humanos con hoscélulas T inmunes. El procedimiento actual también se puede emplear para identificar los factores de virulencia para el patógeno de interés utilizando pantallas de mutantes de alto rendimiento. Esta prueba de concepto fue ejemplificado por el uso exitoso de THP-1 sistema de modelo de cultivo para identificar un conjunto de 56 genes que son necesarios para la supervivencia de C. glabrata en los macrófagos humanos 8.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="596">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:40px;width:163px;">THP-1</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">TIB 202</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Human acute monocytic leukemia cell line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">RPMI-1640</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Hyclone</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">SH30096.01</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">For maintaining THP-1 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">P 8139</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Caution: Hazardous</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">YPD&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">BD-Difco</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">242710</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">For growing Candida glabrata cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">F8775</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">For fixation of C. glabrata-infected THP-1 macrophages</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:163px;">Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:105px;"></td>
			<td style="width:85px;"></td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Buffer (137 mM NaCl, 10 mM Phosphate, 2.7 mM KCl,&#160; pH 7.4) for washes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Saline-sodium citrate (SSC)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:105px;"></td>
			<td style="width:85px;"></td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Buffer (3 M NaCl, 0.3 M sodium citrate for 20x concentration) for washes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:163px;">Prehybridization buffer</td>
			<td style="width:105px;"></td>
			<td style="width:85px;"></td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Buffer (50% formamide, 5x Denhardt&#8217;s solution, 5x SSC, 1% SDS) for hybridization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">VECTASHIELD mounting medium</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Vector Labs</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">H-1200</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">For mounting slides for confocal microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">32P-labeled &#945;-dCTP</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">JONAKI-BARC</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">LCP-102</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">For radiolabeling of signature tags</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">100 mm tissue culture dishes</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">430167</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">To culture THP-1 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">24-well tissue culture plate</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">3527</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">To perform C. glabrata infection studies in THP-1 macrophages</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">4-chamber tissue culture-treated glass slide</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">REF354104</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">To image C. glabrata-infected THP-1 macrophages</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Rohem India</td>
			<td style="width:85px;"></td>
			<td style="width:243px;">For enumeration of cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Table top microcentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Microfuge 18</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">For spinning down cells in microtubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Table top centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Remi</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">R-8C</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">For spinning down cells in 15 ml tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Amersham Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Ultraspec 10</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">To monitor absorbance of yeast cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Plate incubator</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Labtech</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Refrigerated</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">To grow C. glabrata cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Shaker incubator</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">New Brunswick</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Innova 43</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">To grow C. glabrata cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:163px;">Water jacketed CO2&#160; incubator</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Thermo Electron Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Forma series 2</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">To culture THP-1 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Carl Ziess</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Ziess LSM 510 meta&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">To observe C. glabrata-infected THP-1 macrophages</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Compound microscope</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">CKX 41</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">To observe C. glabrata and THP-1 macrophages</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">PCR machine</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">BioRad&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">DNA Engine</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">To amplify unique tags from input and output genomic DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Hybridization oven</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Labnet</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Problot 12S</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">For hybridization&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">PhosphorImager</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Fujifilm</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">FLA-9000</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">For scanning hybridized membranes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Thermomixer</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Thermomixer Comfort</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">For denaturation of radiolabeled signature tags</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:163px;">Gel documentation unit</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Alphainnontech</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Alphaimager</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">To visualize ethidium bromide-stained DNA in agarose gels</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishment of an in vitro system to study intracellular behavior of candida glabrata in human thp-1 macrophages

Un sistema de modelo de cultivo celular, si un cierre sinóptico de las condiciones ambientales de acogida, puede servir como una alternativa económica, reproducible y fácilmente manipulable para sistemas de modelos animales para el estudio de un paso específico de la infección por patógenos microbianos. Una línea celular de monocitos humanos THP-1 que, tras el tratamiento del éster de forbol, se diferencia en macrófagos, que anteriormente se ha utilizado para estudiar las estrategias de virulencia de muchos patógenos intracelulares, incluyendo Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Caso, hablamos de un protocolo para promulgar un modelo in vitro de cultivo celular en sistema utilizando macrófagos THP-1 para delinear la interacción de un patógeno oportunista humano levadura Candida glabrata con células fagocíticas anfitrión. Este modelo de sistema es simple, rápido, susceptible de mutante pantallas de alto rendimiento, y no requiere de equipo sofisticado. Un típico THP-1 macrófagos infección experimento tarda aproximadamente 24 horas con un 24 a 48 horas más para permitir intracelular recuperadolevadura para crecer en medio rico para formación de colonias análisis de viabilidad basado en unidades. Al igual que otros sistemas de modelos in vitro en, una posible limitación de este enfoque es la dificultad en la extrapolación de los resultados obtenidos a un complejo altamente circuitos de célula inmune existente en el huésped humano. Sin embargo, a pesar de esto, el protocolo actual es muy útil para dilucidar las estrategias que un hongo patógeno puede emplear para evadir / anula la respuesta a los antimicrobianos y sobrevivir, adaptarse y proliferar en el ambiente pobre en nutrientes de las células inmunitarias del huésped.

Analiza Infección del PMA tratados THP-1 macrófagos con C. células de tipo salvaje glabrata (en peso) revelaron que las células wt fueron fagocitados por los macrófagos a una velocidad de 55-65% después de 2 horas coincubación. Además, C. células glabrata podían resistir a la destrucción por macrófagos THP-1 y se les realizó un moderado 5 - al aumento de 7 veces en el UFC después de 24 h de cocultivo con macrófagos THP-1 8. La replicación intracelul...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment of an In vitro System to Study Intracellular Behavior of Candida glabrata in Human THP-1 Macrophages at JoVE.com

Establishment of an In vitro System to Study Intracellular Behavior of Candida glabrata in Human THP-1 Macrophages

El presente artículo describe un protocolo para establecer un sistema modelo de cultivo celular in vitro para estudiar la interacción de un hongo patógeno intracelular facultativo humano Candida glabrata con macrófagos humanos que será una herramienta útil para avanzar en el conocimiento de los mecanismos de virulencia de hongos.

Establecimiento de un<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Sistema para estudiar el comportamiento intracelular de<em&gt; Candida glabrata</em&gt; En humanos THP-1 macrófagos

A cell culture model system, if a close mimic of host environmental conditions, can serve as an inexpensive, reproducible and easily manipulatable ...

establishment-an-vitro-system-to-study-intracellular-behavior-candida

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Establishment of an In vitro System to Study Intracellular Behavior of Candida glabrata in Human THP-1 Macrophages

11.5K vistas.  Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Andhra Pradesh, India.  El presente artículo describe un protocolo para establecer un sistema modelo de cultivo celular in vitro para estudiar la interacción de un hongo patógeno intracelular facultativo humano Candida glabrata con macrófagos humanos que será una herramienta útil para avanzar en el conocimiento de los mecanismos de virulencia de hongos. 

Video: Establishment of an In vitro System to Study Intracellular Behavior of Candida glabrata in Human THP-1 Macrophages

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

The piggyBac transposon system is naturally active, originally derived from the cabbage looper moth1,2. This non-viral system is plasmid based, most commonly utilizing two plasmids with one expressing the piggyBac transposase enzyme and a transposon plasmid harboring the gene(s) of interest between inverted repeat elements which are required for gene transfer activity. PiggyBac mediates gene transfer through a "cut and paste" mechanism whereby the transposase integrates the transposon segment into the genome of the target cell(s) of interest. PiggyBac has demonstrated efficient gene delivery activity in a wide variety of insect1,2, mammalian3-5, and human cells6 including primary human T cells7,8. Recently, a hyperactive piggyBac transposase was generated improving gene transfer efficiency9,10.
Human T lymphocytes are of clinical interest for adoptive immunotherapy of cancer11. Of note, the first clinical trial involving transposon modification of human T cells using the Sleeping beauty transposon system has been approved12. We have previously evaluated the utility of piggyBac as a non-viral methodology for genetic modification of human T cells. We found piggyBac to be efficient in genetic modification of human T cells with a reporter gene and a non-immunogenic inducible suicide gene7. Analysis of genomic integration sites revealed a lack of preference for integration into or near known proto-oncogenes13. We used piggyBac to gene-modify cytotoxic T lymphocytes to carry a chimeric antigen receptor directed against the tumor antigen HER2, and found that gene-modified T cells mediated targeted killing of HER2-positive tumor cells in vitro and in vivo in an orthotopic mouse model14. We have also used piggyBac to generate human T cells resistant to rapamycin, which should be useful in cancer therapies where rapamycin is utilized15.
Herein, we describe a method for using piggyBac to genetically modify primary human T cells. This includes isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from human blood followed by culture, gene modification, and activation of T cells. For the purpose of this report, T cells were modified with a reporter gene (eGFP) for analysis and quantification of gene expression by flow cytometry.
PiggyBac can be used to modify human T cells with a variety of genes of interest. Although we have used piggyBac to direct T cells to tumor antigens14, we have also used piggyBac to add an inducible safety switch in order to eliminate gene modified cells if needed7. The large cargo capacity of piggyBac has also enabled gene transfer of a large rapamycin resistant mTOR molecule (15 kb)15. Therefore, we present a non-viral methodology for stable gene-modification of primary human T cells for a wide variety of purposes.

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

We describe a method to genetically modify primary human T cells with a transgene using the non-viral piggyBac transposon system. T cells modified to using the piggyBac transposon system exhibit stable transgene expression.

piggyBac Transposón modificación del sistema de células T humanas primarias

The piggyBac transposon system is naturally active, originally derived from the cabbage looper moth1,2. This non-viral system is plasmid based, most ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

Monocyte-derived macrophages represent an important cell type of the innate immune system. Mouse models studying macrophage biology suffer from the phenotypic and functional differences between murine and human monocyte-derived macrophages. Therefore, we here describe an in vitro model to generate and study primary human macrophages. Briefly, after density gradient centrifugation of peripheral blood drawn from a forearm vein, monocytes are isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using negative magnetic bead isolation. These monocytes are then cultured for six days under specific conditions to induce different types of macrophage differentiation or polarization. The model is easy to use and circumvents the problems caused by species-specific differences between mouse and man. Furthermore, it is closer to the in vivo conditions than the use of immortalized cell lines. In conclusion, the model described here is suitable to study macrophage biology, identify disease mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. Even though not fully replacing experiments with animals or human tissues obtained post mortem, the model described here allows identification and validation of disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets that may be highly relevant to various human diseases.

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

Monocyte-derived macrophages are important cells of the innate immune system. Here, we describe an easy to use in vitro model to generate these cells. Using gradient centrifugation, negative bead isolation and specific cell culture conditions, monocyte-derived macrophages can be generated for phenotypic and functional studies.

Un<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Modelo para estudiar la heterogeneidad de diferenciación de los macrófagos humanos y polarización

Monocyte-derived macrophages represent an important cell type of the innate immune system. Mouse models studying macrophage biology suffer from the ...

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infections present a broad spectrum of disease severity, ranging from mild infections to life-threatening bronchiolitis. An important part of the pathogenesis of severe disease is an enhanced immune response leading to immunopathology.	Here, we describe a protocol used to investigate the immune response of human immune cells to an HRSV infection. First, we describe methods used for culturing, purification and quantification of HRSV. Subsequently, we describe a human in vitro model in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are stimulated with live HRSV. This model system can be used to study multiple parameters that may contribute to disease severity, including the innate and adaptive immune response. These responses can be measured at the transcriptional and translational level. Moreover, viral infection of cells can easily be measured using flow cytometry. Taken together, stimulation of PBMC with live HRSV provides a fast and reproducible model system to examine mechanisms involved in HRSV-induced disease.

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) can cause severe bronchiolitis in young infants. Part of the pathogenesis of severe HRSV disease is caused by the host immune response. Stimulation of primary human immune cells with HRSV provides a fast and reproducible model system to study activation of inflammatory pathways and infection.

Human respiratory syncytial  virus (HRSV) infections present a broad spectrum of disease severity, ranging  from mild infections to life-threatening ...

Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages

Phagocytic cells play a major role in the innate immune system by removing and eliminating invading microorganisms in their phagosomes. Phagosome maturation is the complex and tightly regulated process during which a nascent phagosome undergoes drastic transformation through well-orchestrated interactions with various cellular organelles and compartments in the cytoplasm. This process, which is essential for the physiological function of phagocytic cells by endowing phagosomes with their lytic and bactericidal properties, culminates in fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes and biogenesis of phagolysosomes which is considered to be the last and critical stage of maturation for phagosomes. In this report, we describe a live cell imaging based method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the dynamic process of lysosome to phagosome content delivery, which is a hallmark of phagolysosome biogenesis. This approach uses IgG-coated microbeads as a model for phagocytosis and fluorophore-conjugated dextran molecules as a luminal lysosomal cargo probe, in order to follow the dynamic delivery of lysosmal content to the phagosomes in real time in live macrophages using time-lapse imaging and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Here we describe in detail the background, the preparation steps and the step-by-step experimental setup to enable easy and precise deployment of this method in other labs. Our described method is simple, robust, and most importantly, can be easily adapted to study phagosomal interactions and maturation in different systems and under various experimental settings such as use of various phagocytic cells types, loss-of-function experiments, different probes, and phagocytic particles.

Estudio de fagolisosoma Biogénesis en macrófagos en directo

Phagocytic cells play a major role in the innate immune system by removing and eliminating invading microorganisms in their phagosomes. Phagosome ...

Highly Efficient Transfection of Human THP-1 Macrophages by Nucleofection

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. Transfection with siRNA and plasmid DNA is an efficient tool for studying their function, but transfection of macrophages is not a trivial matter. Although many different approaches for transfection of eukaryotic cells are available, only few allow reliable and efficient transfection of macrophages, but reduced cell vitality and severely altered cell behavior like diminished capability for differentiation or polarization are frequently observed. Therefore a transfection protocol is required that is capable of transferring siRNA and plasmid DNA into macrophages without causing serious side-effects thus allowing the investigation of the effect of the siRNA or plasmid in the context of normal cell behavior. The protocol presented here provides a method for reliably and efficiently transfecting human THP-1 macrophages and monocytes with high cell vitality, high transfection efficiency, and minimal effects on cell behavior. This approach is based on Nucleofection and the protocol has been optimized to maintain maximum capability for cell activation after transfection. The protocol is adequate for adherent cells after detachment as well as cells in suspension, and can be used for small to medium sample numbers. Thus, the method presented is useful for investigating gene regulatory effects during macrophage differentiation and polarization. Apart from presenting results characterizing macrophages transfected according to this protocol in comparison to an alternative chemical method, the impact of cell culture medium selection after transfection on cell behavior is also discussed. The presented data indicate the importance of validating the selection for different experimental settings.

This protocol presents an efficient and reliable method to transfect human THP-1 macrophages with siRNA or plasmid DNA by electroporation with high transfection efficiency while maintaining high cell vitality and full macrophage capacity for differentiation and polarization.

La transfección altamente eficiente de humanos THP-1 macrófagos por Nucleofection

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. ...

Application of Fluorescent Nanoparticles to Study Remodeling of the Endo-lysosomal System by Intracellular Bacteria

Fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) with desirable chemical, optical and mechanical properties are promising tools to label intracellular organelles. Here, we introduce a method using gold-BSA-rhodamine NPs to label the endo-lysosomal system of eukaryotic cells and monitor manipulations of host cellular pathways by the intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica. The NPs were readily internalized by HeLa cells and localized in late endosomes/lysosomes. Salmonella infection induced rearrangement of the vesicles and accumulation of NPs in Salmonella-induced membrane structures. We deployed the Imaris software package for quantitative analyses of confocal microscopy images. The number of objects and their size distribution in non-infected cells were distinct from the ones in Salmonella-infected cells, indicating extremely remodeling of the endo-lysosomal system by WT Salmonella.

This article describes methods for the synthesis and fluorescent labeling of nanoparticles (NPs). The NPs were applied in pulse-chase experiments to label the endo-lysosomal system of eukaryotic cells. Manipulation of the endo-lysosomal system by activities of the intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica were followed by live cell imaging and quantified.

Aplicación de nanopartículas fluorescentes para estudiar Remodelación del Sistema Endo-lisosomal por bacterias intracelulares

Fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) with desirable chemical, optical and mechanical properties are promising tools to label intracellular organelles. Here, we ...

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

The technique presented here allows one to analyze at which step a target protein, or alternatively a small molecule, interacts with the components of a signaling pathway. The method is based, on the one hand, on the inducible expression of a specific protein to initiate a signaling event at a defined and predetermined step in the selected signaling cascade. Concomitant expression, on the other hand, of the gene of interest then allows the investigator to evaluate if the activity of the expressed target protein is located upstream or downstream of the initiated signaling event, depending on the readout of the signaling pathway that is obtained. Here, the apoptotic cascade was selected as a defined signaling pathway to demonstrate protocol functionality. Pathogenic bacteria, such as Coxiella burnetii, translocate effector proteins that interfere with host cell death induction in the host cell to ensure bacterial survival in the cell and to promote their dissemination in the organism. The C. burnetii effector protein CaeB effectively inhibits host cell death after induction of apoptosis with UV-light or with staurosporine. To narrow down at which step CaeB interferes with the propagation of the apoptotic signal, selected proteins with well-characterized pro-apoptotic activity were expressed transiently in a doxycycline-inducible manner. If CaeB acts upstream of these proteins, apoptosis will proceed unhindered. If CaeB acts downstream, cell death will be inhibited. The test proteins selected were Bax, which acts at the level of the mitochondria, and caspase 3, which is the major executioner protease. CaeB interferes with cell death induced by Bax expression, but not by caspase 3 expression. CaeB, thus, interacts with the apoptotic cascade between these two proteins.

The method described here is used to induce the apoptotic signaling cascade at defined steps in order to dissect the activity of an anti-apoptotic bacterial effector protein. This method can also be used for inducible expression of pro-apoptotic or toxic proteins, or for dissecting interference with other signaling pathways.

La aplicación de un sistema de expresión inducible para el Estudio de la interferencia de los factores de virulencia bacteriana con Señalización Intracelular

The technique presented here allows one to analyze at which step a target protein, or alternatively a small molecule, interacts with the components of a ...

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. typhimurium bacteria are quickly detected and phagocytized by macrophages, and contained in vesicles known as phagosomes in order to be degraded. Isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes have been widely used to study how S. typhimurium infection alters the process of phagosome maturation to prevent bacterial degradation. Classically, the isolation of bacteria-containing phagosomes has been performed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. However, this process is time-consuming, and requires specialized equipment and a certain degree of dexterity. Described here is a simple and quick method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin-streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads. Phagosomes obtained by this method can be suspended in any buffer of choice, allowing the utilization of isolated phagosomes for a broad range of assays, such as protein, metabolite, and lipid analysis. In summary, this method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes is specific, efficient, rapid, requires minimum equipment, and is more versatile than the classical method of isolation by sucrose gradient-ultracentrifugation.

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

We describe here a simple and quick method for the isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin and streptavidin.

Aislamiento de Salmonella typhimurium-que contienen fagosomas de los macrófagos

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. ...

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and their important role in lung development and function, as well as their lung-localized responses to infection and inflammation. To date, no unified method for identification, isolation, and handling of alveolar macrophages from humans and mice exists. Such a method is needed for studies on these important innate immune cells in various experimental settings. The method described here, which can be easily adopted by any laboratory, is a simplified approach to harvesting alveolar macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or from lung tissue and maintaining them in vitro. Because alveolar macrophages primarily occur as adherent cells in the alveoli, the focus of this method is on dislodging them prior to harvest and identification. The lung is a highly vascularized organ, and various cell types of myeloid and lymphoid origin inhabit, interact, and are influenced by the lung microenvironment. By using the set of surface markers described here, researchers can easily and unambiguously distinguish alveolar macrophages from other leukocytes, and purify them for downstream applications. The culture method developed herein supports both human and mouse alveolar macrophages for in vitro growth, and is compatible with cellular and molecular studies.

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

This communication describes methodologies for isolation and culture of alveolar macrophages from humans and murine models for experimental purposes.

Aislamiento y cultivo In Vitro de los macrófagos alveolares murinos y humanos

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and ...

Highly Efficient Transfection of Primary Macrophages with In Vitro Transcribed mRNA

Macrophages are phagocytic cells specialized in detecting molecules of non-self origin. To this end, they are equipped with a large array of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Unfortunately, this also makes macrophages particularly challenging to transfect as the transfection reagent and the transfected nucleic acids are often recognized by the PRRs as non-self. Therefore, transfection often results in macrophage activation and degradation of the transfected nucleic acids or even in suicide of the macrophages. Here, we describe a protocol that allows highly efficient transfection of murine primary macrophages such as peritoneal macrophages (PM) and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) with mRNA in vitro transcribed from DNA templates such as plasmids. With this simple protocol, transfection rates of about 50-65% for PM and about 85% for BMDM are achieved without cytotoxicity or immunogenicity observed. We describe in detail the generation of mRNA for transfection from DNA constructs such as plasmids and the transfection procedure.

Macrophages, especially primary macrophages, are challenging to transfect as they specialize in detecting molecules of non-self origin. We describe a protocol that allows highly efficient transfection of primary macrophages with mRNA generated from DNA templates such as plasmids.

Transfección altamente eficiente de macrófagos primarios con ARNm transcrito in Vitro

Macrophages are phagocytic cells specialized in detecting molecules of non-self origin. To this end, they are equipped with a large array of pattern ...