Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto da Innovative Giovane Biotechnologist Award BT/BI/12/040/2005 e BT/PR13289/BRB/10/745/2009 concessione dal Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Governo dell&#39;India e dei fondi fondamentali del Centro per l&#39;impronta digitale del DNA e diagnostica, Hyderabad. MNR e GB sono i destinatari di Junior e Senior Research Fellowships del Consiglio di ricerca scientifica e industriale verso il perseguimento di un dottorato di ricerca dell&#39;Università Manipal. SB è il destinatario di Junior e Senior Research Fellowship del Dipartimento di Biotecnologie verso il perseguimento di un dottorato di ricerca dell&#39;Università Manipal.

Si consiglia di eseguire C. glabrata esperimenti di infezione in un laboratorio con livello di biosicurezza di contenimento 2 (BSL-2). <ol><li> Preparazione di THP-1 macrofago monostrato. </li><li> Preparazione di C. sospensione cellulare glabrata. </li><li> Infezione di cellule THP-1 macrofagi con C. cellule glabrata. </li><li> Misurazione della frequenza fagocitosi e replicazione intracellulare tramite unità formanti colonie saggio. </li><li> Monitoraggio della replica intracellulare mediante microscopio confocale a scansione laser. </li></ol> 1. Preparazione di THP-1 macrofagi Monolayer <ol><li> THP-1 è una linea cellulare monocitica umana derivata dal sangue periferico di un 1 anni figlio maschio affetto da leucemia monocitica 14. THP-1, una linea cellulare di sospensione, viene normalmente mantenuta a 37 ° C in umidificata al 5% di CO 2 nel terreno di coltura RPMI-1640 supplementato con 10% FBS (siero fetale bovino). Il trattamento con phorbol 12-myristaTE 13-acetato (PMA, un estere del forbolo) provoca differenziazione terminale di cellule THP-1 monociti in macrofagi. È importante sottolineare che il trattamento PMA non pregiudica la vitalità cellulare e le cellule differenziate non si dividono. </li><li> Seme circa 1,5 x 10 6 THP-1 monociti in 100 piatti mm cultura in RPMI-1640 completa (medio RPMI-1640 integrato con il 10% di siero, glutammina 2 mM e 1x antibiotici, 10 ml / piatto) e lasciare le cellule crescono a 37 ° C in 5% CO 2 per 2 giorni. </li><li> Una volta THP-1 le cellule hanno raggiunto una densità di 8 x 10 5 cellule / ml, trasferire il piatto cultura alla cappa di coltura cellulare a flusso laminare e agitare delicatamente per risospendere le cellule insediate. </li><li> Pipettare la sospensione cellulare, posizionate in una provetta sterile 15 ml e centrifugare a 1000 rpm (130 xg) per 4 min. Gettare il surnatante e sospendere THP-1 pellet di cellule in 5 ml fresco, preriscaldata, medie completo RPMI-1640. </li><li> Enumerare le celle con un emocitometro e diluire il celsospensione l per una densità finale di 10 6 cellule / ml con mezzo completo RPMI preriscaldata-1640 </li><li> Aggiungere 1 ml di 160 mM PMA magazzino (phorbol soluzione di 13-acetato 12-myristate preparato in dimetilsolfossido) a 10 ml THP-1 sospensione cellulare (concentrazione finale 16 nM) e mescolare bene. Pipettare 1 ml di sospensione cellulare in ciascun pozzetto di una piastra di coltura tissutale a 24 pozzetti ed incubare piastra in incubatore mantenuto a 37 ° C con 5% di CO 2 per 12 ore. </li><li> Rimuovere il vecchio mezzo, aggiungere 1 ml preriscaldata RPMI-1640 completa e consentono alle cellule di recuperare per 12 ore a 37 ° C in 5% di CO 2. </li><li> Osservare le cellule sotto un microscopio invertito per garantire che forma ovale cellule THP-1 monocitiche in sospensione sono stati differenziati in appiattite, macrofagi mandrino a forma e aderenti. Queste cellule differenziate sono ora pronti a condurre C. Gli studi di infezione glabrata. </li></ol> 2. Preparazione di C. glabrata &amp; #Sospensione cellulare; 160 C. glabrata ceppo selvatico Bg2 verrà utilizzato per infettare THP-1 macrofagi. C. cellule glabrata sono ordinariamente coltivate in YPD liquido (estratto di lievito (1%)-Peptone (2%)-destrosio (2%)) medio. Mezzo YPD solido viene preparata aggiungendo 2% agar prima media autoclave. <ol><li> Per preparare una coltura di C. glabrata, scegliere una singola colonia su dalla piastra di agar con una sterile, monouso ciclo e inoculare in 10 ml di mezzo YPD liquido e incubare per 14-16 ore con agitazione (200 rpm) a 30 ° C. </li><li> Centrifugare questa cultura (1 ml) a 4.000 giri (1.800 xg) per 5 minuti in una microcentrifuga da tavolo superiore, lavare le cellule tre volte con PBS sterile (PBS, pH 7,4) e sospendere pellet di cellule in 1 ml di PBS. </li><li> Misurare OD 600 di C. sospensione cellulare glabrata e diluire con un volume adeguato di PBS sterile per ottenere una densità di 2 x 10 6 cellule / ml (OD 600= 0.1). In alternativa, la densità cellulare desiderata può essere ottenuta contando le cellule di lievito con un emocitometro. </li></ol> 3. Infezione di cellule THP-1 Macrofagi con C. Celle glabrata <ol><li> Aggiungere 50 microlitri C. sospensione cellulare glabrata di THP-1 macrofagi (10 6 cellule seminate in ogni pozzetto di una piastra di coltura a 24 pozzetti) per ottenere un MOI (molteplicità di infezione) di 0,1 e Incubare la piastra a 37 ° C con 5% di CO 2. </li><li> Per determinare i conteggi vitali di lievito, diluire 50 ml C. glabrata cell sospensione 100 volte in PBS sterile e piatto 100 microlitri su terreno solido YPD. Incubare le piastre a 30 ° C e contare manualmente il numero di colonie di lievito che compaiono dopo 1-2 giorni. Questi numeri, d&#39;ora in poi, essere indicate come 0 hr C. glabrata CFU (unità formanti colonie). </li><li> Dopo 2 ore coculturing di cellule THP-1 con C. cellule glabrata, terreno di coltura di rigetto invertendo 24-pozzetti di coltura tissutale ina serbatoio e lavare delicatamente tre volte con PBS sterile preriscaldata per rimuovere nonphagocytosed extracellulare C. cellule glabrata. Lavaggi delicati con PBS sono assolutamente essenziali per realizzare la completa rimozione di tutti lievito extracellulare senza causare alcun danno al THP-1 macrofagi monostrato. </li></ol> 4. Misurazione della fagocitosi Rate e intracellulare replica tramite Colony Forming saggio Unità <ol><li> Lyse C. glabrata infettato THP-1 macrofagi in 1 ml sterile H 2 O per 2 min, raschiare delicatamente per rimuovere i detriti macrofago dal pozzo e raccogliere lisato cellulare in una provetta da microcentrifuga. Verifica microscopica di completa lisi dei macrofagi è fondamentale per il recupero di tutti lievito interiorizzato. </li><li> Preparare una diluizione 100 volte di lisato in PBS sterile, piatto 100 microlitri su terreno solido YPD e incubare le piastre a 30 ° C. </li><li> Dopo 1-2 giorni, contare manualmente il numero di C. glabrata colonie che appeared su terreno YPD, si moltiplicano con fattore di diluizione (2 ore CFU) e calcolare tasso di fagocitosi che si riferisce alla percentuale di C. cellule glabrata che vengono ingerite da THP-1 macrofagi dopo 2 ore coincubation utilizzando la seguente formula. % Fagocitosi = [(CFU a 2 h) / (CFU a 0 h)] X 100 </li><li> Per misurare la velocità di replicazione intracellulare di C. cellule glabrata in THP-1 macrofagi, raccolgono lievito intracellulare in tempi diversi punti dall&#39;infezione esempio. 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 e 24 ore, ripetendo i passaggi 3,3-4,3. </li><li> Calcola piega sopravvivenza / replica di C. cellule glabrata in THP-1 macrofagi dividendo CFU totali in qualsiasi punto del tempo con quelli di 2 ore (lievito fagocitati). </li></ol> 5. Monitoraggio della replica intracellulare Uso confocale Laser Microscopia a Scansione <ol><li> Seguendo i passi descritti nella Sezione 1, sementi PMA-trattati 5 x 10 5 cellule THP-1 in ciascun pozzetto di due diapositive da camera a quattro pozzetti e incubare a 37 ° C con 5% di CO 2 per 12 ore. </li><li> Sostituire il vecchio mezzo con preriscaldata RPMI-1640 completa e consentono alle cellule di recuperare dal trattamento PMA per 12 ore. </li><li> Preparare GFP (green fluorescent protein)-tagged C. sospensione cellulare glabrata come descritto nella Sezione 2 e infettare di THP-1 macrofagi ad una MOI di 1. Se C. glabrata ceppi che esprimono GFP non sono disponibili, le cellule di lievito marcate con FITC (fluoresceina isotiocianato) possono essere utilizzati per monitorare eventi precoci dall&#39;infezione vale a dire. tasso di fagocitosi e fagolisosomale maturazione a 2 ore. </li><li> Incubare i vetrini per 2 ore a 37 ° C con 5% di CO 2, capovolgere con attenzione a scartare medie e lavare 3x con sterile, preriscaldata PBS. </li><li> Aggiungere 500 ml preriscaldata RPMI-1640 medi completoum a ciascuna camera di uno scivolo e incubare a 37 ° C con 5% di CO 2 per 22 hr. </li><li> Per risolvere 2 hr C. glabrata-infettati THP-1 macrofagi, aggiungere 500 ml di 3,7% di formaldeide (preparato in PBS) per ciascuna camera dell&#39;altro vetrino ed incubare a temperatura ambiente per 20 minuti al buio. </li><li> Lavare il vetrino tre volte con PBS, aggiungere 500 microlitri Triton-X (0,7%), e incubare a temperatura ambiente per 5 min in scuro. </li><li> 3x diapositive Lavare con PBS, rimuovere camera dalla cultura vetrino e asciugare all&#39;aria per 3-5 minuti al buio. </li><li> Montare con cura un vetrino con mezzo Vectashield di montaggio contenente DAPI (4 &#39;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) sulla trasparenza evitando la formazione di bolle. Rimuovere delicatamente il liquido in eccesso con Kimwipe e sigillare i bordi coprioggetto con smalto per unghie. Conservare scivolo al buio a 4 ° C fino al momento dell&#39;uso. </li><li> Ripetere i punti 5.4 e 5,6-5,9 per elaborare cellule THP-1 24 ore dopo l&#39;infezione. </li><li> Celle di immagine utilizzando un confo scansione lasermicroscopio cal (60X obiettivo ad immersione in olio, eccitazione a 405 nm e 488 nm per DAPI e macchia GFP, rispettivamente). </li></ol>

<ol>
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Gli autori dichiarano di non avere interessi finanziari in competizione.

Sistema immune innato svolge un ruolo importante nel controllo delle infezioni fungine opportunistiche. I macrofagi contribuiscono alla difesa antimicotici per ingestione e la distruzione del patogeno fungino. Così, delucidazione di fattori che sono necessari per la sopravvivenza e / o contrastare le funzioni antimicrobiche di macrofagi avanzerà la nostra comprensione delle strategie di virulenza fungine. In questo contesto, abbiamo stabilito un sistema cellulare modello vitro in coltura utilizzando macrofagi...

Specie di Candida sono la principale causa di infezioni fungine invasive potenzialmente letali nei pazienti immunocompromessi 1. Candida glabrata, un patogeno nosocomiale emergente, è il secondo o il terzo più frequentemente isolati specie di Candida da pazienti nell&#39;unità di terapia intensiva a seconda della posizione geografica 1-3. Filogeneticamente, C. glabrata, un lievito in erba aploidi, è più strettamente legato alle Saccharomyces non lievito modello patogeno cerevisiae che a patogeni Candida spp. tra cui C. albicans 4. Coerentemente con questo, C. glabrata manca di alcune caratteristiche di virulenza fungine chiave, tra cui l&#39;accoppiamento, attività proteolitica secreto e la plasticità morfologica 4-5. Sebbene C. glabrata non forma ife, può sopravvivere e riprodursi nei macrofagi murini ed umani 6-8 suggerendo che essa ha sviluppato meccanismi di patogenesi unici. Sono disponibili informazioni limitate circa le strategie che C. glabrata impiega per sopravvivere nell&#39;ambiente intracellulare dei macrofagi poveri di nutrienti e contrastare ossidativo e risposte dell&#39;ospite nonoxidative montati da ospite cellule immunitarie 5. Un pertinente modello di sistema dei macrofagi è un prerequisito per delineare l&#39;interazione di C. glabrata con fagociti host tramite approcci di genomica e proteomica funzionale. Cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico (PBMC) e macrofagi derivate dal midollo osseo (BMDMs) di origine umana e murina, rispettivamente, sono prima stati utilizzati per studiare l&#39;interazione di C. glabrata con ospite cellule immunitarie 7,9. Tuttavia, la difficoltà nell&#39;ottenere PBMC e BMDMs, la loro durata di vita limitata e la variazione intrinseca tra i diversi donatori mammiferi limitano l&#39;utilizzo di queste cellule sistemi modello come versatili. Qui, descriviamo un metodo per la creazione di un sistema in vitro per studiare la intracellulcomportamento ar di C. cellule glabrata in macrofagi derivati ​​dalla linea cellulare monocitica umana THP-1. L&#39;obiettivo generale di questo protocollo è quello di stabilire un modello di sistema di coltura cellulare semplice, poco costoso, veloce e riproducibile che può essere facilmente manipolato per studiare diversi aspetti di interazione ospite-patogeno fungino. Cellule THP-1 sono stati precedentemente utilizzati per decifrare la risposta immunitaria contro una vasta gamma di agenti patogeni quali batteri, virus e funghi 10-12. Monocitaria THP-1 le cellule sono di facile manutenzione e possono essere differenziati, previo trattamento esteri phorbol, ai macrofagi che imitano i macrofagi derivate da monociti di risorse umane ed esprimono adeguatamente i marcatori macrofagi 13. I principali vantaggi di THP-1 sistema modello macrofagi sono la facilità d&#39;uso e la mancanza di sofisticate apparecchiature requisito. Il protocollo qui presentato è facilmente adattabile a studiare l&#39;interazione di altri patogeni fungini umani con host cellule immunitarie. L&#39;attuale procedura può anche essere impiegato per identificare i fattori di virulenza per l&#39;agente patogeno di interesse utilizzando schermi mutanti alto rendimento. Questa prova di concetto è stato esemplificato dal successo nell&#39;uso di THP-1 sistema modello di coltura per identificare un insieme di 56 geni che sono necessari per la sopravvivenza di C. glabrata in macrofagi umani 8.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="596">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:40px;width:163px;">THP-1</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">TIB 202</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Human acute monocytic leukemia cell line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">RPMI-1640</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Hyclone</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">SH30096.01</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">For maintaining THP-1 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">P 8139</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Caution: Hazardous</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">YPD&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">BD-Difco</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">242710</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">For growing Candida glabrata cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">F8775</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">For fixation of C. glabrata-infected THP-1 macrophages</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:163px;">Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:105px;"></td>
			<td style="width:85px;"></td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Buffer (137 mM NaCl, 10 mM Phosphate, 2.7 mM KCl,&#160; pH 7.4) for washes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Saline-sodium citrate (SSC)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:105px;"></td>
			<td style="width:85px;"></td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Buffer (3 M NaCl, 0.3 M sodium citrate for 20x concentration) for washes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:163px;">Prehybridization buffer</td>
			<td style="width:105px;"></td>
			<td style="width:85px;"></td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Buffer (50% formamide, 5x Denhardt&#8217;s solution, 5x SSC, 1% SDS) for hybridization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">VECTASHIELD mounting medium</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Vector Labs</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">H-1200</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">For mounting slides for confocal microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">32P-labeled &#945;-dCTP</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">JONAKI-BARC</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">LCP-102</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">For radiolabeling of signature tags</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">100 mm tissue culture dishes</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">430167</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">To culture THP-1 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">24-well tissue culture plate</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">3527</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">To perform C. glabrata infection studies in THP-1 macrophages</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">4-chamber tissue culture-treated glass slide</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">REF354104</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">To image C. glabrata-infected THP-1 macrophages</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Hemocytometer</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Rohem India</td>
			<td style="width:85px;"></td>
			<td style="width:243px;">For enumeration of cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Table top microcentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Microfuge 18</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">For spinning down cells in microtubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Table top centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Remi</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">R-8C</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">For spinning down cells in 15 ml tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Amersham Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Ultraspec 10</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">To monitor absorbance of yeast cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Plate incubator</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Labtech</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Refrigerated</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">To grow C. glabrata cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Shaker incubator</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">New Brunswick</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Innova 43</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">To grow C. glabrata cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:163px;">Water jacketed CO2&#160; incubator</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Thermo Electron Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Forma series 2</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">To culture THP-1 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Carl Ziess</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Ziess LSM 510 meta&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">To observe C. glabrata-infected THP-1 macrophages</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Compound microscope</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">CKX 41</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">To observe C. glabrata and THP-1 macrophages</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">PCR machine</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">BioRad&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">DNA Engine</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">To amplify unique tags from input and output genomic DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Hybridization oven</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Labnet</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Problot 12S</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">For hybridization&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">PhosphorImager</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Fujifilm</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">FLA-9000</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">For scanning hybridized membranes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Thermomixer</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Thermomixer Comfort</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">For denaturation of radiolabeled signature tags</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:163px;">Gel documentation unit</td>
			<td style="width:105px;">Alphainnontech</td>
			<td style="width:85px;">Alphaimager</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">To visualize ethidium bromide-stained DNA in agarose gels</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishment of an in vitro system to study intracellular behavior of candida glabrata in human thp-1 macrophages

Un sistema cellulare modello di coltura, se un vicino mimo di condizioni ambientali ospitanti, può servire come un&#39;alternativa economica, riproducibile e facilmente manipolabile per sistemi modello animale per lo studio di una fase specifica di infezione microbica patogeno. Una linea cellulare monocitica umana THP-1 che, al momento phorbol trattamento estere, è differenziato in macrofagi, è già stata utilizzata per studiare le strategie di virulenza di molti patogeni intracellulari, tra cui Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Qui, discutiamo un protocollo di emanare una cellula in vitro modello di cultura sistema che utilizza THP-1 macrofagi per delineare l&#39;interazione di un opportunista lievito Candida glabrata agente patogeno umano con fagociti host. Questo sistema modello è semplice, veloce, suscettibili di schermi mutanti high-throughput, e non richiede attrezzature sofisticate. Un tipico esperimento THP-1 infezione dei macrofagi richiede circa 24 ore con un ulteriore 24-48 ore per permettere intracellulare recuperatolievito di crescere su terreno ricco di formanti colonia analisi fattibilità basato su unità. Come altri sistemi modello in vitro, un possibile limite di questo approccio è la difficoltà di estrapolare i risultati ottenuti da una circuiteria cellule immunitarie altamente complesso esistente nell&#39;ospite umano. Tuttavia, nonostante questo, l&#39;attuale protocollo è molto utile per chiarire le strategie che un patogeno fungino può utilizzare per eludere / contrastare risposta antimicrobica e sopravvivere, adattarsi e proliferare in un ambiente povero di nutrienti delle cellule immunitarie dell&#39;ospite.

Infezione analisi di PMA trattati THP-1 macrofagi con C. tipo selvatico glabrata (wt), le cellule hanno rivelato che le cellule wt stati fagocitati dai macrofagi ad un tasso del 55-65% dopo 2 ore coincubation. Inoltre, C. glabrata cellule erano in grado di resistere uccisione da parte THP-1 macrofagi ed hanno subito un moderato 5 - a 7 volte maggiore CFU dopo 24 ore di coculturing con THP-1 macrofagi 8. Replica intracellulare di cellule di tipo selvatico, trasformate con GF...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishment of an In vitro System to Study Intracellular Behavior of Candida glabrata in Human THP-1 Macrophages at JoVE.com

Establishment of an In vitro System to Study Intracellular Behavior of Candida glabrata in Human THP-1 Macrophages

L&#39;attuale articolo descrive un protocollo per stabilire un sistema cellulare modello di coltura in vitro per studiare l&#39;interazione di una facoltativo intracellulare patogeno fungino umano Candida glabrata con i macrofagi umani che saranno un utile strumento per far progredire la nostra conoscenza dei meccanismi di virulenza fungine.

Istituzione di un<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Sistema per studiare intracellulare Comportamento<em&gt; Candida glabrata</em&gt; In umani THP-1 macrofagi

A cell culture model system, if a close mimic of host environmental conditions, can serve as an inexpensive, reproducible and easily manipulatable ...

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Establishment of an In vitro System to Study Intracellular Behavior of Candida glabrata in Human THP-1 Macrophages

11.5K Views.  Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Andhra Pradesh, India.  L'attuale articolo descrive un protocollo per stabilire un sistema cellulare modello di coltura in vitro per studiare l'interazione di una facoltativo intracellulare patogeno fungino umano Candida glabrata con i macrofagi umani che saranno un utile strumento per far progredire la nostra conoscenza dei meccanismi di virulenza fungine. 

Video: Establishment of an In vitro System to Study Intracellular Behavior of Candida glabrata in Human THP-1 Macrophages

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

Monocyte-derived macrophages represent an important cell type of the innate immune system. Mouse models studying macrophage biology suffer from the phenotypic and functional differences between murine and human monocyte-derived macrophages. Therefore, we here describe an in vitro model to generate and study primary human macrophages. Briefly, after density gradient centrifugation of peripheral blood drawn from a forearm vein, monocytes are isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using negative magnetic bead isolation. These monocytes are then cultured for six days under specific conditions to induce different types of macrophage differentiation or polarization. The model is easy to use and circumvents the problems caused by species-specific differences between mouse and man. Furthermore, it is closer to the in vivo conditions than the use of immortalized cell lines. In conclusion, the model described here is suitable to study macrophage biology, identify disease mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. Even though not fully replacing experiments with animals or human tissues obtained post mortem, the model described here allows identification and validation of disease mechanisms and therapeutic targets that may be highly relevant to various human diseases.

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

Monocyte-derived macrophages are important cells of the innate immune system. Here, we describe an easy to use in vitro model to generate these cells. Using gradient centrifugation, negative bead isolation and specific cell culture conditions, monocyte-derived macrophages can be generated for phenotypic and functional studies.

Un<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Modello per studiare eterogeneità di differenziazione dei macrofagi umani e polarizzazione

Monocyte-derived macrophages represent an important cell type of the innate immune system. Mouse models studying macrophage biology suffer from the ...

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Immunologia e infezioni

Quantitative In vitro Assay to Measure Neutrophil Adhesion to Activated Primary Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Static Conditions

The vascular endothelium plays an integral part in the inflammatory response. During the acute phase of inflammation, endothelial cells (ECs) are activated by host mediators or directly by conserved microbial components or host-derived danger molecules. Activated ECs express cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules that mobilize, activate and retain leukocytes at the site of infection or injury. Neutrophils are the first leukocytes to arrive, and adhere to the endothelium through a variety of adhesion molecules present on the surfaces of both cells. The main functions of neutrophils are to directly eliminate microbial threats, promote the recruitment of other leukocytes through the release of additional factors, and initiate wound repair. Therefore, their recruitment and attachment to the endothelium is a critical step in the initiation of the inflammatory response. In this report, we describe an in vitro neutrophil adhesion assay using calcein AM-labeled primary human neutrophils to quantitate the extent of microvascular endothelial cell activation under static conditions. This method has the additional advantage that the same samples quantitated by fluorescence spectrophotometry can also be visualized directly using fluorescence microscopy for a more qualitative assessment of neutrophil binding.

Quantitative In vitro Assay to Measure Neutrophil Adhesion to Activated Primary Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Static Conditions

Neutrophil adherence to the activated endothelium at sites of infection is an integral component of the host's inflammatory response. Described in this report is a neutrophil binding assay that allows for the in vitro quantitation of primary human neutrophil binding to endothelial cells activated by inflammatory mediators under static conditions.

Quantitative<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Assay misurare Adesione neutrofili attivati ​​per primarie umane endoteliali microvascolari in condizioni statiche

The vascular  endothelium plays an integral part in the inflammatory response. During the  acute phase of inflammation, endothelial cells (ECs) are ...

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infections present a broad spectrum of disease severity, ranging from mild infections to life-threatening bronchiolitis. An important part of the pathogenesis of severe disease is an enhanced immune response leading to immunopathology.	Here, we describe a protocol used to investigate the immune response of human immune cells to an HRSV infection. First, we describe methods used for culturing, purification and quantification of HRSV. Subsequently, we describe a human in vitro model in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are stimulated with live HRSV. This model system can be used to study multiple parameters that may contribute to disease severity, including the innate and adaptive immune response. These responses can be measured at the transcriptional and translational level. Moreover, viral infection of cells can easily be measured using flow cytometry. Taken together, stimulation of PBMC with live HRSV provides a fast and reproducible model system to examine mechanisms involved in HRSV-induced disease.

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) can cause severe bronchiolitis in young infants. Part of the pathogenesis of severe HRSV disease is caused by the host immune response. Stimulation of primary human immune cells with HRSV provides a fast and reproducible model system to study activation of inflammatory pathways and infection.

Human respiratory syncytial  virus (HRSV) infections present a broad spectrum of disease severity, ranging  from mild infections to life-threatening ...

Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages

Phagocytic cells play a major role in the innate immune system by removing and eliminating invading microorganisms in their phagosomes. Phagosome maturation is the complex and tightly regulated process during which a nascent phagosome undergoes drastic transformation through well-orchestrated interactions with various cellular organelles and compartments in the cytoplasm. This process, which is essential for the physiological function of phagocytic cells by endowing phagosomes with their lytic and bactericidal properties, culminates in fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes and biogenesis of phagolysosomes which is considered to be the last and critical stage of maturation for phagosomes. In this report, we describe a live cell imaging based method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the dynamic process of lysosome to phagosome content delivery, which is a hallmark of phagolysosome biogenesis. This approach uses IgG-coated microbeads as a model for phagocytosis and fluorophore-conjugated dextran molecules as a luminal lysosomal cargo probe, in order to follow the dynamic delivery of lysosmal content to the phagosomes in real time in live macrophages using time-lapse imaging and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Here we describe in detail the background, the preparation steps and the step-by-step experimental setup to enable easy and precise deployment of this method in other labs. Our described method is simple, robust, and most importantly, can be easily adapted to study phagosomal interactions and maturation in different systems and under various experimental settings such as use of various phagocytic cells types, loss-of-function experiments, different probes, and phagocytic particles.

Studio di fagolisosoma Biogenesis nei macrofagi in diretta

Phagocytic cells play a major role in the innate immune system by removing and eliminating invading microorganisms in their phagosomes. Phagosome ...

Highly Efficient Transfection of Human THP-1 Macrophages by Nucleofection

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. Transfection with siRNA and plasmid DNA is an efficient tool for studying their function, but transfection of macrophages is not a trivial matter. Although many different approaches for transfection of eukaryotic cells are available, only few allow reliable and efficient transfection of macrophages, but reduced cell vitality and severely altered cell behavior like diminished capability for differentiation or polarization are frequently observed. Therefore a transfection protocol is required that is capable of transferring siRNA and plasmid DNA into macrophages without causing serious side-effects thus allowing the investigation of the effect of the siRNA or plasmid in the context of normal cell behavior. The protocol presented here provides a method for reliably and efficiently transfecting human THP-1 macrophages and monocytes with high cell vitality, high transfection efficiency, and minimal effects on cell behavior. This approach is based on Nucleofection and the protocol has been optimized to maintain maximum capability for cell activation after transfection. The protocol is adequate for adherent cells after detachment as well as cells in suspension, and can be used for small to medium sample numbers. Thus, the method presented is useful for investigating gene regulatory effects during macrophage differentiation and polarization. Apart from presenting results characterizing macrophages transfected according to this protocol in comparison to an alternative chemical method, the impact of cell culture medium selection after transfection on cell behavior is also discussed. The presented data indicate the importance of validating the selection for different experimental settings.

This protocol presents an efficient and reliable method to transfect human THP-1 macrophages with siRNA or plasmid DNA by electroporation with high transfection efficiency while maintaining high cell vitality and full macrophage capacity for differentiation and polarization.

Trasfezione altamente efficiente di umani THP-1 da macrofagi Nucleofection

Macrophages, as key players of the innate immune response, are at the focus of research dealing with tissue homeostasis or various pathologies. ...

Application of Fluorescent Nanoparticles to Study Remodeling of the Endo-lysosomal System by Intracellular Bacteria

Fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) with desirable chemical, optical and mechanical properties are promising tools to label intracellular organelles. Here, we introduce a method using gold-BSA-rhodamine NPs to label the endo-lysosomal system of eukaryotic cells and monitor manipulations of host cellular pathways by the intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica. The NPs were readily internalized by HeLa cells and localized in late endosomes/lysosomes. Salmonella infection induced rearrangement of the vesicles and accumulation of NPs in Salmonella-induced membrane structures. We deployed the Imaris software package for quantitative analyses of confocal microscopy images. The number of objects and their size distribution in non-infected cells were distinct from the ones in Salmonella-infected cells, indicating extremely remodeling of the endo-lysosomal system by WT Salmonella.

This article describes methods for the synthesis and fluorescent labeling of nanoparticles (NPs). The NPs were applied in pulse-chase experiments to label the endo-lysosomal system of eukaryotic cells. Manipulation of the endo-lysosomal system by activities of the intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica were followed by live cell imaging and quantified.

Applicazione di nanoparticelle fluorescenti per studiare rimodellamento del sistema Endo-lisosomiale da batteri intracellulari

Fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) with desirable chemical, optical and mechanical properties are promising tools to label intracellular organelles. Here, we ...

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

The technique presented here allows one to analyze at which step a target protein, or alternatively a small molecule, interacts with the components of a signaling pathway. The method is based, on the one hand, on the inducible expression of a specific protein to initiate a signaling event at a defined and predetermined step in the selected signaling cascade. Concomitant expression, on the other hand, of the gene of interest then allows the investigator to evaluate if the activity of the expressed target protein is located upstream or downstream of the initiated signaling event, depending on the readout of the signaling pathway that is obtained. Here, the apoptotic cascade was selected as a defined signaling pathway to demonstrate protocol functionality. Pathogenic bacteria, such as Coxiella burnetii, translocate effector proteins that interfere with host cell death induction in the host cell to ensure bacterial survival in the cell and to promote their dissemination in the organism. The C. burnetii effector protein CaeB effectively inhibits host cell death after induction of apoptosis with UV-light or with staurosporine. To narrow down at which step CaeB interferes with the propagation of the apoptotic signal, selected proteins with well-characterized pro-apoptotic activity were expressed transiently in a doxycycline-inducible manner. If CaeB acts upstream of these proteins, apoptosis will proceed unhindered. If CaeB acts downstream, cell death will be inhibited. The test proteins selected were Bax, which acts at the level of the mitochondria, and caspase 3, which is the major executioner protease. CaeB interferes with cell death induced by Bax expression, but not by caspase 3 expression. CaeB, thus, interacts with the apoptotic cascade between these two proteins.

The method described here is used to induce the apoptotic signaling cascade at defined steps in order to dissect the activity of an anti-apoptotic bacterial effector protein. This method can also be used for inducible expression of pro-apoptotic or toxic proteins, or for dissecting interference with other signaling pathways.

L&#39;applicazione di un sistema di espressione inducibile per studiare interferenza di fattori batterici di virulenza con segnalazione intracellulare

The technique presented here allows one to analyze at which step a target protein, or alternatively a small molecule, interacts with the components of a ...

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. typhimurium bacteria are quickly detected and phagocytized by macrophages, and contained in vesicles known as phagosomes in order to be degraded. Isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes have been widely used to study how S. typhimurium infection alters the process of phagosome maturation to prevent bacterial degradation. Classically, the isolation of bacteria-containing phagosomes has been performed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. However, this process is time-consuming, and requires specialized equipment and a certain degree of dexterity. Described here is a simple and quick method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin-streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads. Phagosomes obtained by this method can be suspended in any buffer of choice, allowing the utilization of isolated phagosomes for a broad range of assays, such as protein, metabolite, and lipid analysis. In summary, this method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes is specific, efficient, rapid, requires minimum equipment, and is more versatile than the classical method of isolation by sucrose gradient-ultracentrifugation.

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

We describe here a simple and quick method for the isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin and streptavidin.

Isolamento di Salmonella typhimurium-contenente fagosomi dai macrofagi

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. ...

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and their important role in lung development and function, as well as their lung-localized responses to infection and inflammation. To date, no unified method for identification, isolation, and handling of alveolar macrophages from humans and mice exists. Such a method is needed for studies on these important innate immune cells in various experimental settings. The method described here, which can be easily adopted by any laboratory, is a simplified approach to harvesting alveolar macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or from lung tissue and maintaining them in vitro. Because alveolar macrophages primarily occur as adherent cells in the alveoli, the focus of this method is on dislodging them prior to harvest and identification. The lung is a highly vascularized organ, and various cell types of myeloid and lymphoid origin inhabit, interact, and are influenced by the lung microenvironment. By using the set of surface markers described here, researchers can easily and unambiguously distinguish alveolar macrophages from other leukocytes, and purify them for downstream applications. The culture method developed herein supports both human and mouse alveolar macrophages for in vitro growth, and is compatible with cellular and molecular studies.

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

This communication describes methodologies for isolation and culture of alveolar macrophages from humans and murine models for experimental purposes.

Isolamento e coltura In Vitro dei macrofagi alveolari murini ed umani

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and ...

Highly Efficient Transfection of Primary Macrophages with In Vitro Transcribed mRNA

Macrophages are phagocytic cells specialized in detecting molecules of non-self origin. To this end, they are equipped with a large array of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Unfortunately, this also makes macrophages particularly challenging to transfect as the transfection reagent and the transfected nucleic acids are often recognized by the PRRs as non-self. Therefore, transfection often results in macrophage activation and degradation of the transfected nucleic acids or even in suicide of the macrophages. Here, we describe a protocol that allows highly efficient transfection of murine primary macrophages such as peritoneal macrophages (PM) and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) with mRNA in vitro transcribed from DNA templates such as plasmids. With this simple protocol, transfection rates of about 50-65% for PM and about 85% for BMDM are achieved without cytotoxicity or immunogenicity observed. We describe in detail the generation of mRNA for transfection from DNA constructs such as plasmids and the transfection procedure.

Macrophages, especially primary macrophages, are challenging to transfect as they specialize in detecting molecules of non-self origin. We describe a protocol that allows highly efficient transfection of primary macrophages with mRNA generated from DNA templates such as plasmids.

Trasfezione altamente efficiente dei macrofagi primari con mRNA trascritto in vitro

Macrophages are phagocytic cells specialized in detecting molecules of non-self origin. To this end, they are equipped with a large array of pattern ...