JSO se apoya en un NIH Ruth L. Kirschstein NRSA (F32 DK091040), Alaska con el apoyo de una beca posdoctoral de la Asociación Americana de Diabetes (7-10-MI-05), y AHH se apoya en un American Heart Association Fundada Investigator Award (12EIA8270000). Experimentos de citometría de flujo se realizaron en el Flujo VMC Citometría de recursos compartidos. El VMC Citometría de flujo de recursos compartidos con el apoyo del Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Digestivas Vanderbilt (DK058404).

1. Reactivos y suministros Antes de iniciar este protocolo experimental, se preparan los siguientes reactivos: <ol><li> Etanol al 70% </li><li> 1X PBS </li><li> 1X DPBS (sin Ca y Mg) suplementado con 0,5% de BSA </li><li> Tampón FACS: 1X DPBS (sin Ca y Mg), 2 mM de EDTA, y 1% de FCS </li><li> Tampón ACK: 150 mM NH 4 Cl, 10 mM KHCO3, y 0,1 mM Na 2 EDTA en agua </li></ol> 2. Recolección y Preparación de tejido adiposo <ol><li> La eutanasia a los ratones de acuerdo con los procedimientos aprobados IACUC específicos de cada institución. </li><li> Mojar bien la piel con etanol al 70%. </li><li> Hacer una incisión a nivel de la apófisis xifoides (parte inferior del esternón) y abrir la cavidad torácica para exponer el corazón, con cuidado de no romper los vasos sanguíneos principales. </li></ol> Nota: En este punto, también es útil para salir de la membrana intacta tanto comoposible y para cortar una muesca de la parte derecha de la caja torácica para permitir que la sangre y el líquido de perfusión a fluir fuera de la cavidad torácica. <ol start="4"><li> Clip de la aurícula derecha para permitir que la sangre y el líquido de perfusión para escapar del sistema circulatorio. </li></ol> Nota: Cuando se trata de ratones obesos, el exceso de pericardio AT puede necesitar ser retirado para permitir el acceso al corazón. <ol start="5"><li> Sujete el corazón con pinzas e inserte suavemente una aguja en el ventrículo izquierdo a través del ápice. Lentamente perfundir el ratón con 15 ml de PBS estéril. </li></ol> Nota: Reducir la tasa de perfusión si los pulmones comienzan a llenarse y ampliar. <ol start="6"><li> Abra la cavidad peritoneal y eliminar las bolsas de grasa perigonadal con cuidado para evitar cualquier tejido gonadal. </li><li> Colocar almohadillas de grasa en un barco pesan en hielo que contiene 2 ml de 1X DPBS (sin Mg o Ca) suplementado con 0,5% de BSA, y pelos en el AT en trozos finos. </li></ol>Nota: Limite la cantidad de AT por barco pesa 1,2 g. Si la cantidad de AT supera 1,2 g, se divide en partes iguales entre dos barcos pesan. <ol start="8"><li> Mantenga AT muestras en hielo y preparar 3 ml de solución de digestión colagenasa por AT muestra formada por 1X DPBS complementado con 0,5% de BSA, 10 mM CaCl 2 y 4 mg / ml de colagenasa tipo II. </li></ol> 3. Digestión con colagenasa <ol><li> Transferencia de AT a tubos cónicos de 50 ml mediante el vertido de la homogeneizado y enjuagar el barco sopesar con 1 ml de DPBS (0,5% de BSA) y 3 ml de solución de digestión de colagenasa II. </li><li> Incubar a homogeneizado en un agitador rotatorio (200 rpm) a 37 ° C durante 20 min. </li><li> Añadir 10 ml de DPBS (0,5% BSA) para tubos cónicos y colocar en hielo. </li><li> Se tritura homogeneizado numerosas veces usando una pipeta de 10 ml serológica, y pasar las suspensiones celulares a través de filtro de 100 micras para un nuevo tubo cónico de 50 ml. </li><li> Centrifugar la suspensión de células a 500 xg durante 10 min a 4 y dpor ejemplo, C. </li><li> Decantar el sobrenadante y resuspender el sedimento de células SVF en 3 ml de tampón de lisis ACK de eritrocitos contaminantes. </li><li> Añadir 12 ml de tampón FACS y la suspensión de células se centrifuga a 500 xg durante 10 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Decantar el sobrenadante y resuspender el sedimento de células SVF en tampón FACS. </li></ol> Nota: Utilice el tamaño del sedimento celular como una guía para la cantidad de tampón FACS para volver a suspender pulg Si el sedimento celular cubre la parte inferior del tubo de 50 ml cónico, utilizar 0,5-1 ml de tampón FACS, de lo contrario, volver a suspender en 0.25-0.5 ml. <ol start="9"><li> Colocar las muestras en hielo y se preparan partes alícuotas de la dilución 1:10 de cada muestra para recuento de células mediante la mezcla de 40 l de tampón FACS, 50 l solución de azul de tripano (0,2%), y 10 l de suspensión celular. </li><li> Contar las células viables basándose en la exclusión de azul de tripano y se diluye suspensiones de células a una concentración final de 5-10 x 10 6 células / ml. </li></ol> 4. La tinción de antígenos de superficie celular <ol&gt; <li> Añadir anti-ratón CD16/CD32 anticuerpo (Fc bloque) a una concentración final de 0,5-1 μg/10 6 células, y se incuba en hielo durante 10 min. </li><li> Muestras de Transferencia (≥ 10 6 células) a 12 tubos de fondo redondo de 75 mm de poliestireno. Preparar tubos separados que si el análisis de las células T y cajeros automáticos, y combinar células adicionales para preparar un número suficiente de tubos para acomodar la compensación requerida y la fluorescencia modificado menos uno (FMO) controles. </li></ol> Nota: Como un ejemplo, cuando la cuantificación de la proporción de cajeros automáticos basado en F4/80 y CD11b, la siguiente compensación y controles FMO tendrá que ser preparado: - Unstained (células) - DAPI o yoduro de propidio (PI) de manchas individuales (células; no agregan tintes viabilidad hasta el paso 5.1) - F4/80 APC (células o perlas de compensación) individuales mancha - FITC células individuales o mancha (CD11bcuentas de compensación) - FMO 1 (células): rata IgG2a κ isotipo de control APC + CD11b FITC + tinte viabilidad (añadido en el paso 5.1) - FMO 2 (células): F4/80 APC + rata IgG2b κ isotipo de control FITC + tinte de viabilidad (añadido en el paso 5.1) <ol start="3"><li> Añadir anticuerpos primarios conjugados con fluoróforo y / o controles de isotipo a la concentración apropiada (véase la Tabla de reactivos y materiales). </li><li> Proteger muestras de la luz y se incuba a 4 ° C durante 30 min. </li><li> Añadir 2 ml de tampón FACS y la suspensión de células se centrifuga a 500 xg durante 5 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Se decanta el sobrenadante y resuspender el pellet de células SVF en 2 ml de tampón FACS. </li><li> Centrifugar la suspensión celular 500 xg durante 5 min a 4 ° C, y resuspender el sedimento celular en SVF ≥ 400 l de tampón FACS. </li><li> Transferir las muestras a 12 mm de poliestireno x 75 tubos de fondo redondo equipado con un 35 blusas de tubo colador de células m.</li><li> Proteger de la luz, y las muestras se almacenan a 4 ° C hasta el análisis FACS. </li></ol> Nota: Para obtener resultados óptimos, las células deben ser analizados Golden Retriever, sin embargo, el análisis FACS con este protocolo se ha realizado con éxito en células marcadas almacenadas en tampón FACS durante 1-2 horas a 4 ° C. Si las células necesitan para ser fijado a aumentar el tiempo de almacenamiento, las células marcadas pueden ser fijadas con paraformaldehído al 2% a 4 ° C durante 24 horas antes del análisis FACS. Empresas anticuerpos sugieren que las células marcadas se pueden almacenar durante hasta una semana, sin embargo, esto no ha sido probado en el marco de este procedimiento. 5. Análisis FACS <ol><li> Antes del análisis FACS, añadir colorante viabilidad de las muestras y los controles adecuados para permitir la discriminación de células vivas / muertas. </li></ol> Nota: Numerosos colorantes de viabilidad están disponibles comercialmente, pero DAPI y PI se recomiendan en función de la prof excitación / emisiónIles de los anticuerpos conjugados con fluoróforo se utilizan. DAPI y yoduro de propidio se añadieron a cada muestra a una concentración final de 0,2 mg / ml. <ol start="2"><li> Utilice una muestra de control negativo sin teñir, preferiblemente células aisladas a partir del mismo tejido que las muestras experimentales, para ajustar la dispersión lateral (SSC) y la dispersión hacia adelante (FSC) de modo que la población de células (s) de interés están en escala. </li></ol> Nota: Para el análisis de AT células SVF, se recomienda que la CSS se muestra en una escala logarítmica frente a FSC en una escala lineal. El uso de una escala logarítmica para SSC es especialmente importante en el análisis de los cajeros automáticos, que a menudo son muy grandes y granulares. <ol start="3"><li> Dibuja una puerta de dispersión de la luz inicial basada en el tipo de célula (s) que se analiza, y ajustar el tubo fotomultiplicador (PMT) de ganancia para que las células no teñidas se encuentran en el extremo izquierdo de un histograma de un solo parámetro (aproximadamente centrado en 10 2) por los cauces adecuados. &lt;/ Li&gt; </ol> Nota: Se recomienda que los linfocitos y los macrófagos (u otras células mieloides) se analizaron por separado debido a las diferencias en la autofluorescencia. <ol start="4"><li> Utilice los controles de manchas individuales o anticuerpos cuentas de compensación de captura para realizar la compensación de varios colores. </li></ol> Nota: Se recomienda el uso de cuentas de compensación, sin embargo, se debe garantizar la compatibilidad de cada anticuerpo. Por ejemplo, los granos de compensación pueden no reaccionar de forma cruzada con anticuerpos de conejo, en cuyo caso se requieren células aisladas para obtener un control de mancha única apropiada. <ol start="5"><li> Establezca puertas experimentales basados ​​en controles FMO modificados. </li><li> Ajuste el citómetro de flujo para recoger la cantidad apropiada de eventos en función de la prevalencia de la población de interés y registrar los datos experimentales. </li><li> Exportar archivos de datos FCS para el análisis fuera de línea. Existen numerosos programas disponibles para cytometr flujoy análisis de datos. Recomendamos Cytobank, una plataforma basada en la web que permite a los investigatores para almacenar y analizar datos y generar datos desde cualquier computadora con acceso a Internet 18. Además, Cytobank ofrece la posibilidad de poner a disposición pública los datos o restringir el acceso a los colaboradores. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Rodbell, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolism+of+Isolated+Fat+Cells.+I.+Effects+of+Hormones+on+Glucose+Metabolism+and+Lipolysis.">Metabolism of Isolated Fat Cells. I. Effects of Hormones on Glucose Metabolism and Lipolysis.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 239, 375-380 (1964).</li><li>Danse, L. H., Verschuren, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fish+oil-induced+yellow+fat+disease+in+rats.+III.+Lipolysis+in+affected+adipose+tissue.">Fish oil-induced yellow fat disease in rats. III. Lipolysis in affected adipose tissue.</a> Veterinary Pathology. 15, 544-548 (1978).</li><li>Weisberg, S. 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No tenemos nada que revelar.

El creciente interés en el papel del sistema inmune en las consecuencias metabólicas de la obesidad ha llevado al uso generalizado de citometría de flujo para caracterizar las células inmunes de la AT. Aunque el protocolo exacto varía entre los laboratorios en base a su propia experiencia y los equipos disponibles, los pasos críticos incluyen la digestión colagenasa, centrifugación diferencial, y la superficie de la célula etiquetado antígeno. El objetivo del presente artículo es proporcionar un protocolo det...

Históricamente, el tejido adiposo (AT) ha sido considerada como un órgano inerte de almacenamiento de lípidos, que se expande y contrae en respuesta al balance energético. Ahora entendemos que AT representa un órgano endocrino que segrega dinámica activamente una serie de hormonas, que influyen directamente en el comportamiento de alimentación y sistémicos homeostasis de la glucosa. Además, durante la última década ha habido un reconocimiento creciente de los numerosos poblaciones de células inmunes residentes en el AT fracción del estroma vascular (SVF), así como su contribución a la homeostasis de AT. La capacidad de separar la AT adipocitos y SVF usando una colagenasa digestión seguido de centrifugación diferencial fue descrito por primera vez por Rodbell en 1964 1. Colagenasa II es la más utilizada para la separación de los adipocitos y SVF debido al mantenimiento de los receptores de insulina adipocitos 1. Desde el principio, el fraccionamiento enzimático de AT fue empleado principalmente para estudiar AdipoCYTE metabolismo y aislar preadipocitos. Más recientemente, esta técnica, combinada con la disponibilidad generalizada de citómetros de flujo y el cada vez mayor número de anticuerpos conjugados con fluoróforo disponibles comercialmente, ha facilitado la caracterización de AT células inmunes. Aunque la presencia de células inmunes en inflamado AT había sido descrito previamente 2, los papeles seminales por Weisberg et al. y Xu et al. publicado en 2003 fueron los primeros en documentar la acumulación de macrófagos AT (cajeros automáticos) de la obesidad, que secretan citoquinas inflamatorias y se correlaciona con AT-específica y la resistencia a la insulina sistémica 3,4. Estas observaciones sirven como la base de un nuevo campo de investigación acuñado recientemente, &quot;immunometabolism,&quot; 5 y han sido objeto de seguimiento por estudios que implican diversas poblaciones de células inmunes, incluyendo células dendríticas 6, mastocitos, células T 7 8 -10, 11 las células B, células NKT 12, 13, eosinófilos y neutrófilos 14,15 en el desarrollo de la obesidad resistencia a la insulina asociada. El objetivo de este artículo es proporcionar una descripción detallada de la técnica de digestión de colagenasa utilizado para aislar las células de la AT SVF y para caracterizar los cajeros automáticos y AT células T a través de citometría de flujo. Este protocolo ha sido optimizado para ratón AT, sin embargo, los espectadores pueden beneficiarse de la lectura de un artículo excelente que proporciona una descripción más detallada en la optimización de esta técnica para el consumo humano a los 16 años. El público objetivo de este artículo incluye investigadores con poca experiencia de trabajo con el ratón AT y la realización de citometría de flujo. Varias consideraciones prácticas para equilibrar el rendimiento y la viabilidad celular con el tiempo y los recursos se presentan, así como controles de citometría de flujo óptimas para la caracterización de las poblaciones de células inmunes. Además de nuestro protocolo, los lectores son referred a un reciente artículo de Jove por Basu et al. para una excelente discusión sobre algunos de los aspectos técnicos de la citometría de flujo para incluir controles adecuados y compensaciones 17.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog #</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DPBS (no Ca or Mg) 10 x 500 ml</td>
 <td>Life Technologies</td>
 <td>14190-250</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DAPI</td>
 <td>Life Technologies</td>
 <td>D3571</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>BSA</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>A2153-100G</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>collagenase</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>C6885-5G</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>propidium iodide solution</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>P4864-10 ml</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>stable stack 20 microliter</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>SS-L10</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>20 microliter filter tips</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>SRL10F</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>stable stack 250 microliter tips</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>SS-L250</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1000 microliter tips</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>GPS-L1000</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1000 microliter filter tips</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>GP-L1000F</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>250 microliter Filter Tips</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>SR-L200F</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>FC Block</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>553142</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>fisher 100mn strainers</td>
 <td>Fisherbrand</td>
 <td>22-363-549</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>medium weigh dish</td>
 <td>Fisherbrand</td>
 <td>02-202B</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>aluminum foil</td>
 <td>Fisherbrand</td>
 <td>1213100</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>mincing scissors</td>
 <td>Fisherbrand</td>
 <td>089531B</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Vortex</td>
 <td>Fisherbrand</td>
 <td>2215365</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>50 ml conical tubes</td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>14-959-49A</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>filter top FACS tubes</td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>352235</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>10 ml pipette case 200</td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>1367520</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>round bottom tubes</td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>352058</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>5 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>309646</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>V Bottom Plates</td>
 <td>Costar</td>
 <td>07-200-107</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>transfer bulb pipette</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>13-711-22</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Shaker</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>11 676 071</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Adhesive mat</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>1368750</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Cell Culture Centrifuge</td>
 <td>Sorvall</td>
 <td>75253839</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Adapters</td>
 <td>Sorvall</td>
 <td>75003723</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse CD16/CD32</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>553142</td>
 <td>Concentration: 0.5 - 1 &mu;g/ 106 cells</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse F4/80</td>
 <td>eBioscience</td>
 <td>17-4801</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: APC 
 Concentration: 0.2 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: 17-4321</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse CD11b</td>
 <td>eBioscience</td>
 <td>11-0112</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: FITC 
 Concentration: 0.5 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: 11/1/4031</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Armenian Hamster anti-mouse CD11c</td>
 <td>eBioscience</td>
 <td>12-0114</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: PE 
 Concentration: 0.8 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: Dec-88</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Goat anti-mouse MGL1/2</td>
 <td>R&amp;D Systems</td>
 <td>FAB4297P</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: PE 
 Concentration: 0.1 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: IC108P</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Goat anti-mouse CD206</td>
 <td>R&amp;D Systems</td>
 <td>FAB2535P</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: PE 
 Concentration: 0.1 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: IC108P</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse CCR2</td>
 <td>R&amp;D Systems</td>
 <td>FAB5538P</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: PE 
 Concentration: 0.1 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: IC013P</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Armenian Hamster anti-mouse TCR&beta;</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>553174</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: APC 
 Concentration: 0.2 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: 553956</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse CD8a</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>552877</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: PE-Cy7 
 Concentration: 0.8 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: 552784</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse CD4</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>557956</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: Alexa Fluor 700 
 Concentration: 0.2 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: 557963</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
Table 1. List of Materials and Reagents.

isolation of adipose tissue immune cells

El descubrimiento de aumento de la infiltración de macrófagos en el tejido adiposo (AT) de los roedores y los seres humanos obesos ha dado lugar a una intensificación de interés en la contribución de células inmunes a la resistencia a la insulina local y sistémica. Aislamiento y cuantificación de diferentes poblaciones de células inmunes en magra y obesos AT es ahora una técnica comúnmente utilizada en los laboratorios immunometabolism; todavía extrema se debe tener cuidado tanto en el aislamiento de células del estroma vascular y en el análisis de citometría de flujo, de modo que los datos obtenidos es fiable e interpretables . En este video se demuestra cómo pica, digerir, y aislar la fracción vascular estromal enriquecida con células inmunes. A continuación, mostramos cómo los macrófagos etiqueta de anticuerpos y los linfocitos T y la forma de la puerta correctamente en los experimentos de citometría de flujo. Se proporcionan flujo representativos parcelas citometría de bajos magras y grasa de alto ratones obesos alimentados con grasa alimentados. Un elemento crítico de este análisis es el uso de anticuerpos que hacenno fluorescencia en los canales donde AT macrófagos son naturalmente autofluorescente, así como el uso de los controles de compensación adecuados.

Digestión con colagenasa de AT seguido de centrifugación diferencial se utilizó para aislar el SVF de almohadillas de grasa del epidídimo de ratones macho C57BL/6J alimentados con una baja en grasas (10% kcal de la grasa) o alta en grasas (60% kcal de la grasa) dieta (LFD y HFD , respectivamente) durante 16 semanas. Las células de la SVF fueron etiquetados con anticuerpos primarios conjugados con fluoróforo para cuantificar la proporción de cajeros automáticos viables (Figura 1) y AT células T ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells at JoVE.com

Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells

El tejido adiposo (AT) es un sitio de activación de células inmunes y la interacción intensa. Casi todas las células del sistema inmune están presentes en AT y sus proporciones se alteran por la obesidad. Aislamiento adecuado, cuantificación y caracterización de las poblaciones de células inmunes son fundamentales para la comprensión de su papel en la enfermedad immunometabolic.

Aislamiento de tejido adiposo células inmunes

The discovery of increased macrophage infiltration in  the adipose tissue (AT) of obese rodents and humans has led to an  intensification of interest in ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

36.0K vistas.  Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. El tejido adiposo (AT) es un sitio de activación de células inmunes y la interacción intensa. Casi todas las células del sistema inmune están presentes en AT y sus proporciones se alteran por la obesidad. Aislamiento adecuado, cuantificación y caracterización de las poblaciones de células inmunes son fundamentales para la comprensión de su papel en la enfermedad immunometabolic.

Video: Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells

Measuring Calpain Activity in Fixed and Living Cells by Flow Cytometry

Calpains are ubiquitous intracellular, calcium-sensitive, neutral cysteine proteases 1. Calpains play crucial roles in many physiological processes, including signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling, regulation of gene expression, apoptosis and cell cycle progression 1. Calpains have been implicated in many pathologies including muscular dystrophies, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis 1. Calpain regulation is complex and incompletely understood. mRNA and protein levels correlate poorly with activity, limiting the use of gene or protein expression techniques to measure calpain activity. This video protocol details a flow cytometric assay developed in our laboratory for measuring calpain activity in fixed and living cells. This method uses the fluorescent substrate BOC-LM-CMAC, which is cleaved specifically by calpain, to measure calpain activity. 2 In this video, calpain activity in fixed and living murine 32Dkit leukemia cells, alone or as part of a splenocyte population is measured using an LSRII (BD Bioscience). 32Dkit cells are shown to have elevated activity compared to normal splenocytes.

This article will detail the protocol for measuring calpain activity in fixed and living cells using flow cytometry.

Medición de la actividad calpaína en células fijadas y vivir por citometría de flujo

Calpains are ubiquitous intracellular, calcium-sensitive, neutral cysteine proteases 1. Calpains play crucial roles in many physiological processes, ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

Seven Steps to Stellate Cells

Hepatic stellate cells are liver-resident cells of star-like morphology and are located in the space of Disse between liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes1,2. Stellate cells are derived from bone marrow precursors and store up to 80% of the total body vitamin A1, 2. Upon activation, stellate cells differentiate into myofibroblasts to produce extracellular matrix, thus contributing to liver fibrosis3. Based on their ability to contract, myofibroblastic stellate cells can regulate the vascular tone associated with portal hypertension4. Recently, we demonstrated that hepatic stellate cells are potent antigen presenting cells and can activate NKT cells as well as conventional T lymphocytes5. 

 Here we present a method for the efficient preparation of hepatic stellate cells from mouse liver. Due to their perisinusoidal localization, the isolation of hepatic stellate cells is a multi-step process. In order to render stellate cells accessible to isolation from the space of Disse, mouse livers are perfused in situ with the digestive enzymes Pronase E and Collagenase P. Following perfusion, the liver tissue is subjected to additional enzymatic treatment with Pronase E and Collagenase P in vitro. Subsequently, the method takes advantage of the massive amount of vitamin A-storing lipid droplets in hepatic stellate cells. This feature allows the separation of stellate cells from other hepatic cell types by centrifugation on an 8% Nycodenz gradient. The protocol described here yields a highly pure and homogenous population of stellate cells. Purity of preparations can be assessed by staining for the marker molecule glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), prior to analysis by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. Further, light microscopy reveals the unique appearance of star-shaped hepatic stellate cells that harbor high amounts of lipid droplets. 


 Taken together, we present a detailed protocol for the efficient isolation of hepatic stellate cells, including representative images of their morphological appearance and GFAP expression that help to define the stellate cell entity.

Here we describe a method for the isolation of hepatic stellate cells from mouse liver. For stellate cell purification, mouse livers are digested in situ and in vitro by pronase-collagenase treatment prior to density gradient centrifugation. This technique yields highly pure hepatic stellate cells.

Siete pasos para células estrelladas

Hepatic stellate cells are liver-resident  cells of star-like morphology and are located in the space of Disse between  liver sinusoidal endothelial cells ...

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Immune Cells Within Murine Aortas

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process of medium and large size vessels that is characterized by the formation of plaques consisting of foam cells, immune cells, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, platelets, extracellular matrix, and a lipid-rich core with extensive necrosis and fibrosis of surrounding tissues.1 The innate and adaptive arms of the immune response are involved in the initiation, development and persistence of atherosclerosis.2, 3 There is a significant body of evidence that different subsets of the immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, are present within the aortas of healthy and atherosclerosis-prone mice4. Additionally, immune cells are found in the surrounding aortic adventitia which suggests an important role of this tissue in atherogenesis.2
For some time, the quantitative detection of different types of immune cells, their activation status, and the cellular composition within the aortic wall was limited by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical methods for the study of atherosclerosis. Few attempts were made to perform flow cytometry using human aortas, and a number of problems, such as a high autofluorescence, have been reported5,6. Human atherosclerotic plaques were digested with collagenase 1, and free cells were collected and stained for CD14+/CD11c+ to highlight macrophage-derived foam cells. In this study, a "mock" channel was used to avoid false-positive staining.6 Necrotic materials accumulating during the digestion process give rise in a large amount of debris that generates a high autofluorescence in aortic samples. To resolve this problem, a panel of negative and positive controls has been proposed, but only double staining could be applied in these samples. We have developed a new flow cytometry-based method7 to analyze the immune cell composition and characterize the activation, proliferation, differentiation of immune cells in healthy and atherosclerosis-prone aorta. This method allows the investigation of the immune cell composition of the aortic wall and opens possibilities to use a broad spectrum of immunological methods for investigations of immune aspects of this disease.

This paper presents a flow cytometry-based method to investigate the immune composition of aortas. The paper also illustrates an additional technique that allows examining surrounding adventitia and vessel wall separately. This method opens possibilities to perform phenotypical analyses of aortic leukocytes and apply several immunological assays for atherosclerosis studies.

Análisis por citometría de flujo de células inmunes dentro de aortas murino

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process of medium and large size vessels that is characterized by the formation of plaques consisting of foam ...

Isolation of Functional Cardiac Immune Cells

Cardiac immune cells are gaining interest for the roles they play in the pathological remodeling in many cardiac diseases.1-5 These immune cells, which include mast cells, T-cells and macrophages; store and release a variety of biologically active mediators including cytokines and proteases such as tryptase.6-8 These mediators have been shown to be key players in extracellular matrix metabolism by activating matrix metalloproteinases or causing collagen accumulation by modulating the cardiac fibroblasts' function.9-11 However, available techniques for isolating cardiac immune cells have been problematic because they use bacterial collagenase to digest the myocardial tissue. This technique causes activation of the immune cells and thus a loss of function. For example, cardiac mast cells become significantly less responsive to compounds that cause degranulation.12 Therefore, we developed a technique that allows for the isolation of functional cardiac immune cells which would lead to a better understanding of the role of these cells in cardiac disease.13, 14
This method requires a familiarity with the anatomical location of the rat's xiphoid process, axilla and falciform ligament, and pericardium of the heart. These landmarks are important to increase success of the procedure and to ensure a higher yield of cardiac immune cells. These isolated cardiac immune cells can then be used for characterization of functionality, phenotype, maturity, and co-culture experiments with other cardiac cells to gain a better understanding of their interactions.

This method for isolating functional immune cells from the heart provides an alternative to the conventional methods of collagenase digestion, which causes unwanted immune cell activation, resulting in a decreased responsiveness of these cells. Our method of isolation yields functional cardiac immune cells by avoiding problems associated with enzymatic digestion.

Aislamiento de células inmunes funcionales cardíacos

Cardiac immune cells are gaining interest for the roles they play in the pathological remodeling in many cardiac diseases.1-5  These immune cells, which ...

Intravital Imaging of the Mouse Thymus using 2-Photon Microscopy

Two-photon Microscopy (TPM) provides image acquisition in deep areas inside tissues and organs. In combination with the development of new stereotactic tools and surgical procedures, TPM becomes a powerful technique to identify "niches" inside organs and to document cellular "behaviors" in live animals. While intravital imaging provides information that best resembles the real cellular behavior inside the organ, it is both more laborious and technically demanding in terms of required equipment/procedures than alternative ex vivo imaging acquisition. Thus, we describe a surgical procedure and novel "stereotactic" organ holder that allows us to follow the movements of Foxp3+ cells within the thymus.
Foxp3 is the master regulator for the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Moreover, these cells can be classified according to their origin: ie. thymus-differentiated Tregs are called "naturally-occurring Tregs" (nTregs), as opposed to peripherally-converted Tregs (pTregs). Although significant amount of research has been reported in the literature concerning the phenotype and physiology of these T cells, very little is known about their in vivo interactions with other cells. This deficiency may be due to the absence of techniques that would permit such observations. The protocol described in this paper provides a remedy for this situation.
Our protocol consists of using nude mice that lack an endogenous thymus since they have a punctual mutation in the DNA sequence that compromises the differentiation of some epithelial cells, including thymic epithelial cells. Nude mice were gamma-irradiated and reconstituted with bone marrows (BM) from Foxp3-KIgfp/gfp mice. After BM recovery (6 weeks), each animal received embryonic thymus transplantation inside the kidney capsule. After thymus acceptance (6 weeks), the animals were anesthetized; the kidney containing the transplanted thymus was exposed, fixed in our organ holder, and kept under physiological conditions for in vivo imaging by TPM. We have been using this approach to study the influence of drugs in the generation of regulatory T cells.

We have developed novel laboratory tools and protocols for intravital imaging acquisition of the thymus. Our technique should help in the identification of &#x201C;niches&#x201D; within the thymus where T cell development occurs.

Imagen intravital del timo de ratón utilizando 2-Photon Microscopy

Two-photon Microscopy (TPM) provides image acquisition in deep areas inside tissues and organs. In combination with the development of new stereotactic ...

Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies

Throughout the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII) to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been increasingly recognized. AECII have been shown to participate in cytokine production in inflamed airways and to even act as antigen-presenting cells in both infection and T-cell mediated autoimmunity 1-8. Therefore, they are especially interesting also in clinical contexts such as airway hyper-reactivity to foreign and self-antigens as well as infections that directly or indirectly target AECII. However, our understanding of the detailed immunologic functions served by alveolar type II epithelial cells in the healthy lung as well as in inflammation remains fragmentary. Many studies regarding AECII function are performed using mouse or human alveolar epithelial cell lines 9-12. Working with cell lines certainly offers a range of benefits, such as the availability of large numbers of cells for extensive analyses. However, we believe the use of primary murine AECII allows a better understanding of the role of this cell type in complex processes like infection or autoimmune inflammation. Primary murine AECII can be isolated directly from animals suffering from such respiratory conditions, meaning they have been subject to all additional extrinsic factors playing a role in the analyzed setting. As an example, viable AECII can be isolated from mice intranasally infected with influenza A virus, which primarily targets these cells for replication 13. Importantly, through ex vivo infection of AECII isolated from healthy mice, studies of the cellular responses mounted upon infection can be further extended.
Our protocol for the isolation of primary murine AECII is based on enzymatic digestion of the mouse lung followed by labeling of the resulting cell suspension with antibodies specific for CD11c, CD11b, F4/80, CD19, CD45 and CD16/CD32. Granular AECII are then identified as the unlabeled and sideward scatter high (SSChigh) cell population and are separated by fluorescence activated cell sorting 3.
In comparison to alternative methods of isolating primary epithelial cells from mouse lungs, our protocol for flow cytometric isolation of AECII by negative selection yields untouched, highly viable and pure AECII in relatively short time. Additionally, and in contrast to conventional methods of isolation by panning and depletion of lymphocytes via binding of antibody-coupled magnetic beads 14, 15, flow cytometric cell-sorting allows discrimination by means of cell size and granularity. Given that instrumentation for flow cytometric cell sorting is available, the described procedure can be applied at relatively low costs. Next to standard antibodies and enzymes for lung disintegration, no additional reagents such as magnetic beads are required. The isolated cells are suitable for a wide range of functional and molecular studies, which include in vitro culture and T-cell stimulation assays as well as transcriptome, proteome or secretome analyses 3, 4.

We describe the rapid isolation of primary murine type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECII) by flow cytometric negative selection. These AECII show high viability and purity and are suitable for a wide range of functional and molecular studies regarding their role in respiratory conditions such as autoimmune or infectious diseases.

Citometría de flujo El aislamiento de células primarias murino tipo II alveolares epiteliales de Estudios funcionales y moleculares

Throughout  the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII)  to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Immune Cells from the Ischemic Mouse Brain

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident cells. A key mechanism of this inflammatory response is the migration of circulating immune cells to the ischemic brain facilitated by chemokine release and increased endothelial adhesion molecule expression. Brain-invading leukocytes are well-known contributing to early-stage secondary ischemic injury, but their significance for the termination of inflammation and later brain repair has only recently been noticed.
Here, a simple protocol for the efficient isolation of immune cells from the ischemic mouse brain is provided. After transcardial perfusion, brain hemispheres are dissected and mechanically dissociated. Enzymatic digestion with Liberase&#160;is followed by density gradient (such as Percoll) centrifugation to remove myelin and cell debris. One major advantage of this protocol is the single-layer density gradient procedure which does not require time-consuming preparation of gradients and can be reliably performed. The approach yields highly reproducible cell counts per brain hemisphere and allows for measuring several flow cytometry panels in one biological replicate. Phenotypic characterization and quantification of brain-invading leukocytes after experimental stroke may contribute to a better understanding of their multifaceted roles in ischemic injury and repair.

Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Increasing evidence suggests that it acts as a double-edged sword which exacerbates early brain injury, but also contributes to later repair. This protocol describes the isolation of immune cells from the ischemic brain and their subsequent flow cytometric phenotyping.

Aislamiento y análisis de citometría de flujo de células inmunes del cerebro isquémico Ratón

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident ...

Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident immune cell populations in the oral mucosa and gingiva. We have established a technique for the isolation and study of immune cells from murine gingival tissues, an area of constant microbial exposure and a vulnerable site to a common inflammatory disease, periodontitis. Our protocol allows for a detailed phenotypic characterization of the immune cell populations resident in the gingiva, even at steady state. Our procedure also yields sufficient cells with high viability for use in functional studies, such as the assessment of cytokine secretion ex vivo. This combination of phenotypic and functional characterization of the gingival immune cell network should aid towards investigating the mechanisms involved in oral immunity and periodontal homeostasis, but will also advance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in local immunopathology.

We have established a technique for the isolation, phenotypic characterization and functional analysis of immune cells from murine gingiva.

El aislamiento, caracterización y examen funcional de la red celular gingival Inmune

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident ...

Reliable and High Efficiency Extraction of Kidney Immune Cells

Immune system activation occurs in multiple kidney diseases and pathophysiological processes. The immune system consists of both adaptive and innate components and multiple cell types. Sometimes, the cell type of interest is present in very low numbers among the large numbers of total cells isolated from the kidney. Hence, reliable and efficient isolation of kidney mononuclear cell populations is important in order to study the immunological problems associated with kidney diseases. Traditionally, tissue isolation of kidney mononuclear cells have been performed via enzymatic digestions using different varieties and strengths of collagenases/DNAses yielding varying numbers of viable immune cells. Recently, with the development of the mechanical tissue disruptors for single cell isolation, the collagenase digestion step is avoided and replaced by a simple mechanical disruption of the kidneys after extraction from the mouse. Herein, we demonstrate a simple yet efficient method for the isolation of kidney mononuclear cells for every day immune cell extractions. We further demonstrate an example of subset analysis of immune cells in the kidney. Importantly, this technique can be adapted to other soft and non-fibrous tissues such as the liver and brain.

Techniques that are reliable and efficient for the isolation of kidney immune cells are needed for downstream applications. This requires surface antibody labeling of a small number of kidney immune cells. Herein, we describe a concise method for isolation of kidney immune cells that seemingly achieves this goal.

Fiable y de alta eficiencia de extracción de riñón de células inmunes

Immune system activation occurs in multiple kidney diseases and pathophysiological processes.  The immune system consists of both adaptive and innate ...

Isolation, Expansion, and Adipogenic Induction of CD34+CD31+ Endothelial Cells from Human Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue

Obesity is accompanied by an extensive remodeling of adipose tissue primarily via adipocyte hypertrophy. Extreme adipocyte growth results in a poor response to insulin, local hypoxia, and inflammation. By stimulating the differentiation of functional white adipocytes from progenitors, radical hypertrophy of the adipocyte population can be prevented and, consequently, the metabolic health of adipose tissue can be improved along with a reduction of inflammation. Also, by stimulating a differentiation of beige/brown adipocytes, the total body energy expenditure can be increased, resulting in weight loss. This approach could prevent the development of obesity co-morbidities such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
This paper describes the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of white and beige adipocytes from a subset of human adipose tissue endothelial cells that co-express the CD31 and CD34 markers. The method is relatively cheap and is not labor-intensive. It requires access to human adipose tissue and the subcutaneous depot is suitable for sampling. For this protocol, fresh adipose tissue samples from morbidly obese subjects [body mass index (BMI) &#62;35] are collected during bariatric surgery procedures. Using a sequential immunoseparation from the stromal vascular fraction, enough cells are produced from as little as 2&#8211;3 g of fat. These cells can be expanded in culture over 10&#8211;14 days, can be cryopreserved, and retain their adipogenic properties with passaging up to passage 5&#8211;6. The cells are treated for 14 days with an adipogenic cocktail using a combination of human insulin and the PPAR&#947; agonist-rosiglitazone.
This methodology can be used for obtaining proof of concept experiments on molecular mechanisms that drive adipogenic responses in adipose endothelial cells, or for screening new drugs that can enhance the adipogenic response directed either towards white or beige/brown adipocyte differentiation. Using small subcutaneous biopsies, this methodology can be used to screen out non-responder subjects for clinical trials aimed to stimulate beige/brown and white adipocytes for the treatment of obesity and co-morbidities.

The differentiation of white and beige adipocytes from adipose tissue vascular progenitors bears potential for metabolic improvement in obesity. We describe protocols for a CD34+CD31+ endothelial cell isolation from human fat and for a subsequent in vitro expansion and differentiation into white and beige adipocytes. Several downstream applications are discussed.

Aislamiento, expansión y Adipogenic inducción de CD31 + CD34 + células endoteliales del humano omentales y subcutáneos de tejido adiposo

Obesity is accompanied by an extensive remodeling of adipose tissue primarily via adipocyte hypertrophy. Extreme adipocyte growth results in a poor ...