JSO est soutenu par une NIH Ruth L. Kirschstein NRSA (F32 DK091040), AK est soutenu par une bourse de recherche postdoctorale de l&#39;American Diabetes Association (7-10-MI-05), et AHH est soutenu par une bourse de chercheur de l&#39;American Heart Association Établi (12EIA8270000). expériences de cytométrie de flux ont été réalisées dans le MVC cytométrie en flux ressource partagée. Le MVC cytométrie en flux ressource partagée est soutenue par la Digestive Disease Research Center Vanderbilt (DK058404).

1. Réactifs et Consommables Avant de lancer ce protocole expérimental, préparer les réactifs suivants: <ol><li> Éthanol à 70% </li><li> PBS 1X </li><li> 1X DPBS (sans Ca et Mg) supplémenté avec 0,5% de BSA </li><li> FACS tampon: 1X DPBS (sans Ca et Mg), EDTA 2 mM, et 1% de SVF </li><li> Tampon ACK: 150 mM NH 4 Cl, 10 mM KHCO 3 et 0,1 mM Na 2 EDTA dans l&#39;eau </li></ol> 2. La récolte et la préparation du tissu adipeux <ol><li> Euthanasier les souris selon des procédures IACUC approuvées propres à chaque institution. </li><li> Bien mouiller le pelage avec de l&#39;éthanol à 70%. </li><li> Faire une incision au niveau de l&#39;appendice xiphoïde (partie inférieure du sternum) et ouvrir la cage thoracique pour exposer le cœur, en prenant soin de ne pas couper tous les principaux vaisseaux sanguins. </li></ol> Remarque: À ce stade, il est également utile de laisser le diaphragme intact autant quepossible et à faire une entaille sur le côté droit de la cage thoracique pour permettre au sang et perfusat de s&#39;écouler hors de la cavité thoracique. <ol start="4"><li> Coupez l&#39;oreillette droite pour permettre au sang et perfusat d&#39;échapper au système circulatoire. </li></ol> Remarque: Lorsque vous traitez avec des souris obèses, l&#39;excès de péricardiques AT devra peut-être être enlevé pour permettre l&#39;accès au cœur. <ol start="5"><li> Saisir le cœur avec une pince et insérer doucement une aiguille dans le ventricule gauche par le sommet. Perfuser lentement la souris avec 15 ml de PBS stérile. </li></ol> Note: réduire le taux de perfusion si les poumons commencent à se remplir et se développer. <ol start="6"><li> Ouvrez la cavité péritonéale et retirer les coussinets adipeux perigonadal utilisant soin d&#39;éviter les tissus gonadiques. </li><li> Placez coussinets adipeux dans un bateau pèse sur la glace contenant 2 ml 1X DPBS (sans Mg, Ca) complémenté avec 0,5% de BSA, et émincez l&#39;AT en petits morceaux. </li></ol>Note: Limitez la quantité d&#39;AT par bateau pèse 1,2 g. Si le montant de AT dépasse 1,2 g, diviser uniformément entre deux pesées bateaux. <ol start="8"><li> Conserver à des échantillons sur la glace et préparer la solution 3 ml de collagénase digest par AT échantillon constitué de 1X DPBS complété avec 0,5% de BSA, 10 mM CaCl 2 et 4 mg / ml de collagénase de type II. </li></ol> 3. digestion à la collagénase <ol><li> Transfert AT à 50 ml tubes coniques en versant le broyat et le rinçage du bateau peser avec 1 ml de DPBS (BSA à 0,5%) et la solution 3 ml de collagénase II digest. </li><li> Incuber à broyat dans un shaker rotatif (200 rpm) à 37 ° C pendant 20 min. </li><li> Ajouter 10 ml (DPBS 0,5% BSA) à tubes coniques et les placer sur la glace. </li><li> Triturer homogénat de nombreuses fois à l&#39;aide d&#39;une pipette sérologique 10 ml, et de passer des suspensions cellulaires à travers le filtre 100 um dans un nouveau tube conique de 50 ml. </li><li> Centrifuger la suspension cellulaire à 500 g pendant 10 min à 4 &amp; Dpar exemple; C. </li><li> Décanter le surnageant et remettre en suspension SVF culot cellulaire dans 3 ml de tampon ACK lyse contaminer les érythrocytes. </li><li> Ajouter 12 ml de tampon FACS et la suspension cellulaire par centrifugation à 500 g pendant 10 min à 4 ° C. </li><li> Décanter le surnageant et remettre en suspension SVF culot cellulaire dans un tampon FACS. </li></ol> Remarque: Utilisez la taille du culot cellulaire comme un guide pour combien de tampon FACS pour remettre po Si le culot cellulaire recouvre le fond du tube conique de 50 ml, utiliser un tampon FACS 0,5-1 ml, sinon, remettre en suspension dans 0,25-0,5 ml. <ol start="9"><li> Placer les échantillons sur la glace et préparer les portions de dilution 1:10 de chaque échantillon pour le comptage des cellules en mélangeant 40 pi de tampon FACS, solution de bleu trypan 50 pi (0,2%), et 10 suspension cellulaire ul. </li><li> Compter les cellules viables sur la base exclusion du bleu trypan et diluer les suspensions cellulaires à une concentration finale de 5-10 x 10 6 cellules / ml. </li></ol> 4. La coloration des antigènes de surface cellulaire <ol&gt; <li> Ajouter anti-souris CD16/CD32 anticorps (bloc Fc) à une concentration finale de 0,5-1 μg/10 6 cellules et incuber sur de la glace pendant 10 min. </li><li> échantillons de transfert (≥ 10 6 cellules) à 12 x tubes à fond rond de polystyrène de 75 mm. Préparer des tubes séparés si l&#39;analyse des cellules T et DAB, et de combiner des cellules supplémentaires pour préparer un nombre suffisant de tubes pour accueillir la compensation requise et la fluorescence modifié Minus One (FMO) contrôles. </li></ol> Note: Par exemple, lors de la quantification de la proportion de guichets automatiques basé sur F4/80 et CD11b, la rémunération suivante et contrôles FMO devra être préparé: - Non marqué (cellules) - DAPI ou l&#39;iodure de propidium (PI) taches simples (cellules; n&#39;ajoutent pas de colorant de viabilité jusqu&#39;à l&#39;étape 5.1) - F4/80 APC (cellules ou des perles de compensation) simples tache - CD11b FITC cellules ou simples tache (perles de compensation) - FMO 1 (cellules): Rat IgG2a κ isotype contrôle APC + CD11b FITC + colorant de viabilité (ajouté à l&#39;étape 5.1) - FMO 2 (cellules): F4/80 APC + Rat IgG2b κ isotype contrôle FITC + colorant de viabilité (ajouté à l&#39;étape 5.1) <ol start="3"><li> Ajouter anticorps primaires fluorophores conjugués et / ou contrôles isotypiques à la concentration appropriée (voir le tableau des réactifs et du matériel). </li><li> Protéger les échantillons de la lumière et incuber à 4 ° C pendant 30 min. </li><li> Ajouter 2 ml de tampon FACS et la suspension cellulaire par centrifugation à 500 g pendant 5 min à 4 ° C. </li><li> Décanter le surnageant et remettre en suspension SVF culot cellulaire dans un tampon FACS 2 ml. </li><li> Centrifugeuse cellule suspension 500 g pendant 5 min à 4 ° C et remettre en suspension SVF culot cellulaire chez ≥ 400 pi de tampon FACS. </li><li> Transférer des échantillons de 12 x 75 tubes à fond rond de polystyrène mm équipé d&#39;un 35 um cellule passoire bustiers tubulaires.</li><li> Protéger de conserver les échantillons lumière, et à 4 ° C jusqu&#39;à l&#39;analyse FACS. </li></ol> Note: Pour des résultats optimaux cellules doivent être analysées immeadiately; toutefois, l&#39;analyse FACS avec ce protocole a été menée avec succès sur des cellules marquées stockées dans un tampon FACS pendant 1-2 heures à 4 ° C. Si les cellules doivent être fixés pour augmenter le temps de stockage, les cellules marquées peuvent être fixés à 2% de paraformaldéhyde à 4 ° C pendant 24 heures avant l&#39;analyse FACS. sociétés d&#39;anticorps suggèrent que les cellules marquées peuvent être stockées pendant une semaine, mais cela n&#39;a pas été testé dans le cadre de cette procédure. 5. Analyse FACS <ol><li> Avant l&#39;analyse FACS, ajouter colorant de viabilité des échantillons et des contrôles appropriés pour permettre la discrimination de cellules vivantes / mortes. </li></ol> Note: De nombreux colorants de viabilité sont disponibles dans le commerce, mais DAPI et PI sont recommandées en fonction de l&#39;excitation / émission profiles de l&#39;anticorps conjugué à un fluorophore étant utilisés. DAPI et iodure de propidium sont ajoutés à chaque échantillon à une concentration finale de 0,2 mg / ml. <ol start="2"><li> Utilisez un échantillon de contrôle négatif sans tache, de préférence des cellules isolées à partir du même tissu que les échantillons expérimentaux, pour ajuster la diffusion latérale (SSC) et diffusion vers l&#39;avant (FSC) de sorte que la population cellulaire (s) d&#39;intérêt sont sur la balance. </li></ol> Note: Pour l&#39;analyse des AT cellules de la FSV, il est recommandé de SSC être affiché dans une échelle logarithmique en fonction de FSC dans une échelle linéaire. L&#39;utilisation d&#39;une échelle logarithmique pour SSC est particulièrement important lorsque l&#39;on analyse les guichets automatiques, qui sont souvent très importantes et granulaire. <ol start="3"><li> Dessiner une grille de diffusion de la lumière initiale basée sur le type de cellule (s) en cours d&#39;analyse, et d&#39;ajuster le tube photomultiplicateur (PMT) gain de sorte que les cellules non colorées sont à l&#39;extrême gauche d&#39;un histogramme à un seul paramètre (environ centrée sur 10 2) pour les voies appropriées. &lt;/ Li&gt; </ol> Note: Il est recommandé que les lymphocytes et les macrophages (ou d&#39;autres cellules myéloïdes) être analysés séparément en raison de différences dans les auto-fluorescence. <ol start="4"><li> Utilisez des commandes simples ou colorés capture anticorps perles de compensation pour effectuer une compensation multi-couleur. </li></ol> Note: L&#39;utilisation de billes d&#39;indemnisation est recommandée; toutefois, la compatibilité de chaque anticorps doit être assurée. Par exemple, des perles de compensation peuvent pas de réaction croisée avec des anticorps de lapin, dans ce cas, les cellules isolées sont nécessaires pour obtenir un contrôle tache unique approprié. <ol start="5"><li> Réglez portes expérimentales basées sur les contrôles FMO modifiés. </li><li> Réglez le cytomètre de flux pour recueillir le nombre approprié d&#39;événements basés sur la prévalence de la population d&#39;intérêt et enregistrer des données expérimentales. </li><li> Les fichiers de données exportation FCS pour l&#39;analyse hors ligne. Il existe de nombreux programmes disponibles pour cytometr de débitl&#39;analyse des données y. Nous recommandons Cytobank, une plate-forme basée sur le Web qui permet aux investigatores pour stocker et analyser les données et de générer des chiffres depuis n&#39;importe quel ordinateur avec accès internet 18. En outre, Cytobank offre la possibilité de rendre accessible données publiques ou restreindre l&#39;accès à des collaborateurs. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Rodbell, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolism+of+Isolated+Fat+Cells.+I.+Effects+of+Hormones+on+Glucose+Metabolism+and+Lipolysis.">Metabolism of Isolated Fat Cells. I. Effects of Hormones on Glucose Metabolism and Lipolysis.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 239, 375-380 (1964).</li><li>Danse, L. H., Verschuren, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fish+oil-induced+yellow+fat+disease+in+rats.+III.+Lipolysis+in+affected+adipose+tissue.">Fish oil-induced yellow fat disease in rats. III. Lipolysis in affected adipose tissue.</a> Veterinary Pathology. 15, 544-548 (1978).</li><li>Weisberg, S. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Obesity+is+associated+with+macrophage+accumulation+in+adipose+tissue.">Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue.</a> The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 112, 1796-1808 (2003).</li><li>Xu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+inflammation+in+fat+plays+a+crucial+role+in+the+development+of+obesity-related+insulin+resistance.">Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance.</a> The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 112, 1821-1830 (2003).</li><li>Mathis, D., Shoelson, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunometabolism:+an+emerging+frontier.">Immunometabolism: an emerging frontier.</a> Nature Reviews. Immunology. 11, 81 (2011).</li><li>Stefanovic-Racic, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+cells+promote+macrophage+infiltration+and+comprise+a+substantial+proportion+of+obesity-associated+increases+in+CD11c++cells+in+adipose+tissue+and+liver.">Dendritic cells promote macrophage infiltration and comprise a substantial proportion of obesity-associated increases in CD11c+ cells in adipose tissue and liver.</a> Diabetes. 61, 2330-2339 (2012).</li><li>Liu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+deficiency+and+pharmacological+stabilization+of+mast+cells+reduce+diet-induced+obesity+and+diabetes+in+mice.">Genetic deficiency and pharmacological stabilization of mast cells reduce diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice.</a> Nature Medicine. 15, 940-945 (2009).</li><li>Feuerer, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lean,+but+not+obese,+fat+is+enriched+for+a+unique+population+of+regulatory+T+cells+that+affect+metabolic+parameters.">Lean, but not obese, fat is enriched for a unique population of regulatory T cells that affect metabolic parameters.</a> Nature Medicine. 15, 930-939 (2009).</li><li>Nishimura, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD8++effector+T+cells+contribute+to+macrophage+recruitment+and+adipose+tissue+inflammation+in+obesity.">CD8+ effector T cells contribute to macrophage recruitment and adipose tissue inflammation in obesity.</a> Nature Medicine. 15, 914-920 (2009).</li><li>Winer, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Normalization+of+obesity-associated+insulin+resistance+through+immunotherapy.">Normalization of obesity-associated insulin resistance through immunotherapy.</a> Nature Medicine. 15, 921-929 (2009).</li><li>Winer, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=B+cells+promote+insulin+resistance+through+modulation+of+T+cells+and+production+of+pathogenic+IgG+antibodies.">B cells promote insulin resistance through modulation of T cells and production of pathogenic IgG antibodies.</a> Nature Medicine. 17, 610-617 (2011).</li><li>Wu, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+invariant+natural+killer+T+cells+by+lipid+excess+promotes+tissue+inflammation,+insulin+resistance,+and+hepatic+steatosis+in+obese+mice.">Activation of invariant natural killer T cells by lipid excess promotes tissue inflammation, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in obese mice.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109. , 1143-1152 (2012).</li><li>Wu, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eosinophils+sustain+adipose+alternatively+activated+macrophages+associated+with+glucose+homeostasis.">Eosinophils sustain adipose alternatively activated macrophages associated with glucose homeostasis.</a> Science. 332, 243-247 (2011).</li><li>Elgazar-Carmon, V., Rudich, A., Hadad, N., Levy, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophils+transiently+infiltrate+intra-abdominal+fat+early+in+the+course+of+high-fat+feeding.">Neutrophils transiently infiltrate intra-abdominal fat early in the course of high-fat feeding.</a> Journal of Lipid Research. 49, 1894-1903 (2008).</li><li>Talukdar, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutrophils+mediate+insulin+resistance+in+mice+fed+a+high-fat+diet+through+secreted+elastase.">Neutrophils mediate insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet through secreted elastase.</a> Nature Medicine. 18, 1407-1412 (2012).</li><li>Hagman, D. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterizing+and+quantifying+leukocyte+populations+in+human+adipose+tissue:+impact+of+enzymatic+tissue+processing.">Characterizing and quantifying leukocyte populations in human adipose tissue: impact of enzymatic tissue processing.</a> Journal of Immunological Methods. 386, 50-59 (2012).</li><li>Basu, S., Campbell, H. M., Dittel, B. N., Ray, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+specific+cell+population+by+fluorescence+activated+cell+sorting+(FACS).">Purification of specific cell population by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS).</a> J. Vis. Exp. (41), e1546 (2010).</li><li>Kotecha, N., Krutzik, P. O., Irish, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Web-based+analysis+and+publication+of+flow+cytometry+experiments.">Web-based analysis and publication of flow cytometry experiments.</a> Current Protocols in Cytometry. Chapter 10, Unit 10 (2010).</li><li>Cho, C. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiogenic+role+of+LYVE-1-positive+macrophages+in+adipose+tissue.">Angiogenic role of LYVE-1-positive macrophages in adipose tissue.</a> Circulation Research. 100, e47-e57 (2007).</li><li>Roederer, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectral+compensation+for+flow+cytometry:+visualization+artifacts,+limitations,+and+caveats.">Spectral compensation for flow cytometry: visualization artifacts, limitations, and caveats.</a> Cytometry. 45, 194-205 (2001).</li></ol>

Nous n&#39;avons rien à révéler.

L&#39;intérêt croissant pour le rôle du système immunitaire dans les conséquences métaboliques de l&#39;obésité a conduit à l&#39;utilisation généralisée de la cytométrie en flux pour caractériser les cellules immunitaires de l&#39;AT. Bien que le protocole exact variera entre laboratoires basés sur leur propre expérience et de l&#39;équipement disponible, les étapes essentielles comprennent digestion à la collagénase, centrifugation différentielle, et la surface des cellules antigène étiquetage. ...

Historiquement, le tissu adipeux (AT) a été considéré comme un organe inerte de stockage des lipides, qui se dilate et se contracte en réaction à l&#39;équilibre énergétique. Nous comprenons maintenant que AT représente un organe endocrine qui sécrète dynamique activement un certain nombre d&#39;hormones, qui influent directement sur le comportement alimentaire et l&#39;homéostasie du glucose systémique. En outre, au cours de la dernière décennie, il ya eu une appréciation croissante pour les nombreuses populations de cellules immunitaires résidant dans l&#39;AT fraction stroma vasculaire (SVF), ainsi que leur contribution à AT homéostasie. La capacité de séparer le AT adipocyte et SVF en utilisant une collagénase digest suivie par centrifugation différentielle a d&#39;abord été décrit par Rodbell en 1964 1. Collagénase II est le plus souvent utilisé pour la séparation des adipocytes et SVF pour cause de maintenance de récepteurs de l&#39;insuline des adipocytes 1. Dès le début, le fractionnement enzymatique de AT a été principalement utilisé pour étudier adipoCyte métabolisme et d&#39;isoler les pré-adipocytes. Plus récemment, cette technique, combinée avec la large disponibilité des cytomètres et le nombre sans cesse croissant d&#39;anticorps conjugué à un fluorophore disponibles dans le commerce, a facilité la caractérisation des cellules immunitaires AT. Bien que la présence de cellules immunitaires dans enflammée AT avait été décrit précédemment 2, les articles fondateurs de Weisberg et al. et Xu et al. publié en 2003 furent les premiers à documenter l&#39;accumulation de macrophages AT (GAB) dans l&#39;obésité, qui sécrètent des cytokines inflammatoires et en corrélation avec la résistance à l&#39;insuline AT-spécifique et systémique 3,4. Ces observations ont servi de base d&#39;un nouveau champ d&#39;investigation récemment inventé, &quot;immunometabolism,&quot; 5 et ont été suivies par des études impliquant différentes populations de cellules immunitaires, dont les cellules dendritiques, les mastocytes 6 7, 8 cellules T -10, les cellules B, les cellules NKT 11 12 13, les éosinophiles, les neutrophiles et 14,15 dans le développement de l&#39;obésité associée à une résistance à l&#39;insuline. Le but de cet article est de fournir une description détaillée de la technique digest collagénase utilisée pour isoler les cellules de la SVF AT et de caractériser les guichets automatiques et AT cellules T via la cytométrie de flux. Ce protocole a été optimisé pour les souris AT; toutefois, les téléspectateurs peuvent bénéficier de la lecture d&#39;un excellent article fournissant de nombreux détails sur l&#39;optimisation de cette technique pour l&#39;homme à 16 ans. Le public cible de cet article comprend des enquêteurs ayant une expérience limitée de travail avec la souris à effectuer et cytométrie de flux. Plusieurs considérations pratiques pour équilibrer le rendement et la viabilité cellulaire avec le temps et les ressources sont présentées ainsi que des contrôles de cytométrie de flux optimales pour caractériser les populations de cellules immunitaires. En plus de notre protocole, les lecteurs sont referred à un article de JoVE récente par Basu et al. pour une excellente discussion de quelques-uns des aspects techniques de cytométrie en flux pour inclure des contrôles et des compensations adéquates 17.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog #</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DPBS (no Ca or Mg) 10 x 500 ml</td>
 <td>Life Technologies</td>
 <td>14190-250</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DAPI</td>
 <td>Life Technologies</td>
 <td>D3571</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>BSA</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>A2153-100G</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>collagenase</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>C6885-5G</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>propidium iodide solution</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>P4864-10 ml</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>stable stack 20 microliter</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>SS-L10</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>20 microliter filter tips</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>SRL10F</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>stable stack 250 microliter tips</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>SS-L250</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1000 microliter tips</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>GPS-L1000</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1000 microliter filter tips</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>GP-L1000F</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>250 microliter Filter Tips</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>SR-L200F</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>FC Block</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>553142</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>fisher 100mn strainers</td>
 <td>Fisherbrand</td>
 <td>22-363-549</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>medium weigh dish</td>
 <td>Fisherbrand</td>
 <td>02-202B</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>aluminum foil</td>
 <td>Fisherbrand</td>
 <td>1213100</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>mincing scissors</td>
 <td>Fisherbrand</td>
 <td>089531B</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Vortex</td>
 <td>Fisherbrand</td>
 <td>2215365</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>50 ml conical tubes</td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>14-959-49A</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>filter top FACS tubes</td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>352235</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>10 ml pipette case 200</td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>1367520</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>round bottom tubes</td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>352058</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>5 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>309646</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>V Bottom Plates</td>
 <td>Costar</td>
 <td>07-200-107</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>transfer bulb pipette</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>13-711-22</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Shaker</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>11 676 071</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Adhesive mat</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>1368750</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Cell Culture Centrifuge</td>
 <td>Sorvall</td>
 <td>75253839</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Adapters</td>
 <td>Sorvall</td>
 <td>75003723</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse CD16/CD32</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>553142</td>
 <td>Concentration: 0.5 - 1 &mu;g/ 106 cells</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse F4/80</td>
 <td>eBioscience</td>
 <td>17-4801</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: APC 
 Concentration: 0.2 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: 17-4321</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse CD11b</td>
 <td>eBioscience</td>
 <td>11-0112</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: FITC 
 Concentration: 0.5 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: 11/1/4031</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Armenian Hamster anti-mouse CD11c</td>
 <td>eBioscience</td>
 <td>12-0114</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: PE 
 Concentration: 0.8 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: Dec-88</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Goat anti-mouse MGL1/2</td>
 <td>R&amp;D Systems</td>
 <td>FAB4297P</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: PE 
 Concentration: 0.1 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: IC108P</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Goat anti-mouse CD206</td>
 <td>R&amp;D Systems</td>
 <td>FAB2535P</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: PE 
 Concentration: 0.1 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: IC108P</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse CCR2</td>
 <td>R&amp;D Systems</td>
 <td>FAB5538P</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: PE 
 Concentration: 0.1 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: IC013P</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Armenian Hamster anti-mouse TCR&beta;</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>553174</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: APC 
 Concentration: 0.2 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: 553956</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse CD8a</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>552877</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: PE-Cy7 
 Concentration: 0.8 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: 552784</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse CD4</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>557956</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: Alexa Fluor 700 
 Concentration: 0.2 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: 557963</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
Table 1. List of Materials and Reagents.

isolation of adipose tissue immune cells

La découverte de l&#39;augmentation de l&#39;infiltration des macrophages dans le tissu adipeux (AT) de rongeurs obèses et les humains a conduit à une intensification de l&#39;intérêt de la contribution des cellules immunitaires à l&#39;insulino-résistance locale et systémique. L&#39;isolement et la quantification des différentes populations de cellules immunitaires dans minces et obèses AT est maintenant une technique couramment utilisée dans les laboratoires de immunometabolism; soins encore extrême doit être pris à la fois dans l&#39;isolement des cellules vasculaires stromales et dans l&#39;analyse de cytométrie en flux de sorte que les données obtenues sont fiables et interprétables . Dans cette vidéo, nous démontrons comment mâche, digérer, et d&#39;isoler la fraction vasculaire enrichie en cellules stromales immunitaire. Par la suite, nous montrons comment les macrophages de l&#39;étiquette d&#39;anticorps et des lymphocytes T et la manière de porte correctement sur eux des expériences de cytométrie en flux. Représentant parcelles de cytométrie de flux de matières grasses nourris gras nourris obèses souris maigres et élevé sont fournis. Un élément essentiel de cette analyse est l&#39;utilisation d&#39;anticorps qui nepas de fluorescence dans les canaux où AT macrophages sont naturellement autofluorescente, ainsi que l&#39;utilisation des contrôles de compensation appropriées.

Collagénase digestion d&#39;AT suivie par centrifugation différentielle a été utilisée pour isoler le SVF de coussinets adipeux épididymaires de souris C57BL/6J mâles nourris avec une faible teneur en gras (10% kcal provenant du gras) ou riche en graisses (60% kcal provenant du gras) régime (LFD et HFD , respectivement) pendant 16 semaines. Les cellules de la FSV ont ensuite été marquées avec des anticorps primaires fluorophore conjugué à quantifier la proportion de guichets automatiques viable (fig...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells at JoVE.com

Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells

Le tissu adipeux (AT) est un site d&#39;activation intense des cellules immunitaires et de l&#39;interaction. Presque toutes les cellules du système immunitaire sont présents dans A et leurs rapports sont modifiés par l&#39;obésité. Une bonne isolation, la quantification et la caractérisation des AT populations de cellules immunitaires sont essentielles pour la compréhension de leur rôle dans la maladie immunometabolic.

Isolement de tissu adipeux cellules immunitaires

The discovery of increased macrophage infiltration in  the adipose tissue (AT) of obese rodents and humans has led to an  intensification of interest in ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

35.9K vues.  Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. Le tissu adipeux (AT) est un site d'activation intense des cellules immunitaires et de l'interaction. Presque toutes les cellules du système immunitaire sont présents dans A et leurs rapports sont modifiés par l'obésité. Une bonne isolation, la quantification et la caractérisation des AT populations de cellules immunitaires sont essentielles pour la compréhension de leur rôle dans la maladie immunometabolic.

Vidéo: Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells

Measuring Calpain Activity in Fixed and Living Cells by Flow Cytometry

Calpains are ubiquitous intracellular, calcium-sensitive, neutral cysteine proteases 1. Calpains play crucial roles in many physiological processes, including signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling, regulation of gene expression, apoptosis and cell cycle progression 1. Calpains have been implicated in many pathologies including muscular dystrophies, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis 1. Calpain regulation is complex and incompletely understood. mRNA and protein levels correlate poorly with activity, limiting the use of gene or protein expression techniques to measure calpain activity. This video protocol details a flow cytometric assay developed in our laboratory for measuring calpain activity in fixed and living cells. This method uses the fluorescent substrate BOC-LM-CMAC, which is cleaved specifically by calpain, to measure calpain activity. 2 In this video, calpain activity in fixed and living murine 32Dkit leukemia cells, alone or as part of a splenocyte population is measured using an LSRII (BD Bioscience). 32Dkit cells are shown to have elevated activity compared to normal splenocytes.

This article will detail the protocol for measuring calpain activity in fixed and living cells using flow cytometry.

Mesure de l&#39;activité calpaïne dans des cellules fixées et de la Vie par cytométrie en flux

Calpains are ubiquitous intracellular, calcium-sensitive, neutral cysteine proteases 1. Calpains play crucial roles in many physiological processes, ...

Recherche

Immunologie et infection

Quantitative Assessment of Immune Cells in the Injured Spinal Cord Tissue by Flow Cytometry:  a Novel Use for a Cell Purification Method

Detection of immune cells in the injured central nervous system (CNS) using morphological or histological techniques has not always provided true quantitative analysis of cellular inflammation. Flow cytometry is a quick alternative method to quantify immune cells in the injured brain or spinal cord tissue. Historically, flow cytometry has been used to quantify immune cells collected from blood or dissociated spleen or thymus, and only a few studies have attempted to quantify immune cells in the injured spinal cord by flow cytometry using fresh dissociated cord tissue. However, the dissociated spinal cord tissue is concentrated with myelin debris that can be mistaken for cells and reduce cell count reliability obtained by the flow cytometer. We have advanced a cell preparation method using the OptiPrep gradient system to effectively separate lipid/myelin debris from cells, providing sensitive and reliable quantifications of cellular inflammation in the injured spinal cord by flow cytometry. As described in our recent study (Beck &amp; Nguyen et al., Brain. 2010 Feb; 133 (Pt 2): 433-47), the OptiPrep cell preparation had increased sensitivity to detect cellular inflammation in the injured spinal cord, with counts of specific cell types correlating with injury severity. Critically, novel usage of this method provided the first characterization of acute and chronic cellular inflammation after SCI to include a complete time course for polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs, neutrophils), macrophages/microglia, and T-cells over a period ranging from 2 hours to 180 days post-injury (dpi), identifying a surprising novel second phase of cellular inflammation. Thorough characterization of cellular inflammation using this method may provide a better understanding of neuroinflammation in the injured CNS, and reveal an important multiphasic component of neuroinflammation that may be critical for the design and implementation of rational therapeutic treatment strategies, including both cell-based and pharmacological interventions for SCI.

Quantification of cellular inflammation in the injured/pathological CNS by flow cytometry is complicated by lipid/myelin debris that can have similar size and granulation to cells, decreasing sensitivity/accuracy. We have advanced a cell preparation method to remove myelin debris and improve cell detection by flow cytometry in the injured spinal cord.

Évaluation quantitative des cellules immunitaires dans le tissu blessés médullaires par cytométrie en flux: une nouvelle utilisation pour un procédé de purification cellulaire

Detection of immune cells in the injured central nervous system (CNS) using morphological or histological techniques has not always provided true ...

Seven Steps to Stellate Cells

Hepatic stellate cells are liver-resident cells of star-like morphology and are located in the space of Disse between liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes1,2. Stellate cells are derived from bone marrow precursors and store up to 80% of the total body vitamin A1, 2. Upon activation, stellate cells differentiate into myofibroblasts to produce extracellular matrix, thus contributing to liver fibrosis3. Based on their ability to contract, myofibroblastic stellate cells can regulate the vascular tone associated with portal hypertension4. Recently, we demonstrated that hepatic stellate cells are potent antigen presenting cells and can activate NKT cells as well as conventional T lymphocytes5. 

 Here we present a method for the efficient preparation of hepatic stellate cells from mouse liver. Due to their perisinusoidal localization, the isolation of hepatic stellate cells is a multi-step process. In order to render stellate cells accessible to isolation from the space of Disse, mouse livers are perfused in situ with the digestive enzymes Pronase E and Collagenase P. Following perfusion, the liver tissue is subjected to additional enzymatic treatment with Pronase E and Collagenase P in vitro. Subsequently, the method takes advantage of the massive amount of vitamin A-storing lipid droplets in hepatic stellate cells. This feature allows the separation of stellate cells from other hepatic cell types by centrifugation on an 8% Nycodenz gradient. The protocol described here yields a highly pure and homogenous population of stellate cells. Purity of preparations can be assessed by staining for the marker molecule glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), prior to analysis by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. Further, light microscopy reveals the unique appearance of star-shaped hepatic stellate cells that harbor high amounts of lipid droplets. 


 Taken together, we present a detailed protocol for the efficient isolation of hepatic stellate cells, including representative images of their morphological appearance and GFAP expression that help to define the stellate cell entity.

Here we describe a method for the isolation of hepatic stellate cells from mouse liver. For stellate cell purification, mouse livers are digested in situ and in vitro by pronase-collagenase treatment prior to density gradient centrifugation. This technique yields highly pure hepatic stellate cells.

Sept étapes pour Stellate Cellules

Hepatic stellate cells are liver-resident  cells of star-like morphology and are located in the space of Disse between  liver sinusoidal endothelial cells ...

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Immune Cells Within Murine Aortas

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process of medium and large size vessels that is characterized by the formation of plaques consisting of foam cells, immune cells, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, platelets, extracellular matrix, and a lipid-rich core with extensive necrosis and fibrosis of surrounding tissues.1 The innate and adaptive arms of the immune response are involved in the initiation, development and persistence of atherosclerosis.2, 3 There is a significant body of evidence that different subsets of the immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, are present within the aortas of healthy and atherosclerosis-prone mice4. Additionally, immune cells are found in the surrounding aortic adventitia which suggests an important role of this tissue in atherogenesis.2
For some time, the quantitative detection of different types of immune cells, their activation status, and the cellular composition within the aortic wall was limited by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical methods for the study of atherosclerosis. Few attempts were made to perform flow cytometry using human aortas, and a number of problems, such as a high autofluorescence, have been reported5,6. Human atherosclerotic plaques were digested with collagenase 1, and free cells were collected and stained for CD14+/CD11c+ to highlight macrophage-derived foam cells. In this study, a "mock" channel was used to avoid false-positive staining.6 Necrotic materials accumulating during the digestion process give rise in a large amount of debris that generates a high autofluorescence in aortic samples. To resolve this problem, a panel of negative and positive controls has been proposed, but only double staining could be applied in these samples. We have developed a new flow cytometry-based method7 to analyze the immune cell composition and characterize the activation, proliferation, differentiation of immune cells in healthy and atherosclerosis-prone aorta. This method allows the investigation of the immune cell composition of the aortic wall and opens possibilities to use a broad spectrum of immunological methods for investigations of immune aspects of this disease.

This paper presents a flow cytometry-based method to investigate the immune composition of aortas. The paper also illustrates an additional technique that allows examining surrounding adventitia and vessel wall separately. This method opens possibilities to perform phenotypical analyses of aortic leukocytes and apply several immunological assays for atherosclerosis studies.

Débit analyse par cytométrie de cellules immunitaires dans aortes murin

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process of medium and large size vessels that is characterized by the formation of plaques consisting of foam ...

Isolation of Functional Cardiac Immune Cells

Cardiac immune cells are gaining interest for the roles they play in the pathological remodeling in many cardiac diseases.1-5 These immune cells, which include mast cells, T-cells and macrophages; store and release a variety of biologically active mediators including cytokines and proteases such as tryptase.6-8 These mediators have been shown to be key players in extracellular matrix metabolism by activating matrix metalloproteinases or causing collagen accumulation by modulating the cardiac fibroblasts' function.9-11 However, available techniques for isolating cardiac immune cells have been problematic because they use bacterial collagenase to digest the myocardial tissue. This technique causes activation of the immune cells and thus a loss of function. For example, cardiac mast cells become significantly less responsive to compounds that cause degranulation.12 Therefore, we developed a technique that allows for the isolation of functional cardiac immune cells which would lead to a better understanding of the role of these cells in cardiac disease.13, 14
This method requires a familiarity with the anatomical location of the rat's xiphoid process, axilla and falciform ligament, and pericardium of the heart. These landmarks are important to increase success of the procedure and to ensure a higher yield of cardiac immune cells. These isolated cardiac immune cells can then be used for characterization of functionality, phenotype, maturity, and co-culture experiments with other cardiac cells to gain a better understanding of their interactions.

This method for isolating functional immune cells from the heart provides an alternative to the conventional methods of collagenase digestion, which causes unwanted immune cell activation, resulting in a decreased responsiveness of these cells. Our method of isolation yields functional cardiac immune cells by avoiding problems associated with enzymatic digestion.

Isolement des cellules immunitaires fonctionnelles cardiaques

Cardiac immune cells are gaining interest for the roles they play in the pathological remodeling in many cardiac diseases.1-5  These immune cells, which ...

Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies

Throughout the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII) to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been increasingly recognized. AECII have been shown to participate in cytokine production in inflamed airways and to even act as antigen-presenting cells in both infection and T-cell mediated autoimmunity 1-8. Therefore, they are especially interesting also in clinical contexts such as airway hyper-reactivity to foreign and self-antigens as well as infections that directly or indirectly target AECII. However, our understanding of the detailed immunologic functions served by alveolar type II epithelial cells in the healthy lung as well as in inflammation remains fragmentary. Many studies regarding AECII function are performed using mouse or human alveolar epithelial cell lines 9-12. Working with cell lines certainly offers a range of benefits, such as the availability of large numbers of cells for extensive analyses. However, we believe the use of primary murine AECII allows a better understanding of the role of this cell type in complex processes like infection or autoimmune inflammation. Primary murine AECII can be isolated directly from animals suffering from such respiratory conditions, meaning they have been subject to all additional extrinsic factors playing a role in the analyzed setting. As an example, viable AECII can be isolated from mice intranasally infected with influenza A virus, which primarily targets these cells for replication 13. Importantly, through ex vivo infection of AECII isolated from healthy mice, studies of the cellular responses mounted upon infection can be further extended.
Our protocol for the isolation of primary murine AECII is based on enzymatic digestion of the mouse lung followed by labeling of the resulting cell suspension with antibodies specific for CD11c, CD11b, F4/80, CD19, CD45 and CD16/CD32. Granular AECII are then identified as the unlabeled and sideward scatter high (SSChigh) cell population and are separated by fluorescence activated cell sorting 3.
In comparison to alternative methods of isolating primary epithelial cells from mouse lungs, our protocol for flow cytometric isolation of AECII by negative selection yields untouched, highly viable and pure AECII in relatively short time. Additionally, and in contrast to conventional methods of isolation by panning and depletion of lymphocytes via binding of antibody-coupled magnetic beads 14, 15, flow cytometric cell-sorting allows discrimination by means of cell size and granularity. Given that instrumentation for flow cytometric cell sorting is available, the described procedure can be applied at relatively low costs. Next to standard antibodies and enzymes for lung disintegration, no additional reagents such as magnetic beads are required. The isolated cells are suitable for a wide range of functional and molecular studies, which include in vitro culture and T-cell stimulation assays as well as transcriptome, proteome or secretome analyses 3, 4.

We describe the rapid isolation of primary murine type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECII) by flow cytometric negative selection. These AECII show high viability and purity and are suitable for a wide range of functional and molecular studies regarding their role in respiratory conditions such as autoimmune or infectious diseases.

Isolation par cytométrie en flux des cellules primaires murins épithéliales alvéolaires de type II pour les études fonctionnelles et moléculaires

Throughout  the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII)  to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Immune Cells from the Ischemic Mouse Brain

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident cells. A key mechanism of this inflammatory response is the migration of circulating immune cells to the ischemic brain facilitated by chemokine release and increased endothelial adhesion molecule expression. Brain-invading leukocytes are well-known contributing to early-stage secondary ischemic injury, but their significance for the termination of inflammation and later brain repair has only recently been noticed.
Here, a simple protocol for the efficient isolation of immune cells from the ischemic mouse brain is provided. After transcardial perfusion, brain hemispheres are dissected and mechanically dissociated. Enzymatic digestion with Liberase&#160;is followed by density gradient (such as Percoll) centrifugation to remove myelin and cell debris. One major advantage of this protocol is the single-layer density gradient procedure which does not require time-consuming preparation of gradients and can be reliably performed. The approach yields highly reproducible cell counts per brain hemisphere and allows for measuring several flow cytometry panels in one biological replicate. Phenotypic characterization and quantification of brain-invading leukocytes after experimental stroke may contribute to a better understanding of their multifaceted roles in ischemic injury and repair.

Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Increasing evidence suggests that it acts as a double-edged sword which exacerbates early brain injury, but also contributes to later repair. This protocol describes the isolation of immune cells from the ischemic brain and their subsequent flow cytometric phenotyping.

Isolement et analyse par cytométrie en flux des cellules immunitaires du cerveau ischémique souris

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident ...

Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident immune cell populations in the oral mucosa and gingiva. We have established a technique for the isolation and study of immune cells from murine gingival tissues, an area of constant microbial exposure and a vulnerable site to a common inflammatory disease, periodontitis. Our protocol allows for a detailed phenotypic characterization of the immune cell populations resident in the gingiva, even at steady state. Our procedure also yields sufficient cells with high viability for use in functional studies, such as the assessment of cytokine secretion ex vivo. This combination of phenotypic and functional characterization of the gingival immune cell network should aid towards investigating the mechanisms involved in oral immunity and periodontal homeostasis, but will also advance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in local immunopathology.

We have established a technique for the isolation, phenotypic characterization and functional analysis of immune cells from murine gingiva.

L&#39;isolement, la caractérisation et de l&#39;examen fonctionnel du Réseau de cellules gingivale immunitaire

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident ...

Reliable and High Efficiency Extraction of Kidney Immune Cells

Immune system activation occurs in multiple kidney diseases and pathophysiological processes. The immune system consists of both adaptive and innate components and multiple cell types. Sometimes, the cell type of interest is present in very low numbers among the large numbers of total cells isolated from the kidney. Hence, reliable and efficient isolation of kidney mononuclear cell populations is important in order to study the immunological problems associated with kidney diseases. Traditionally, tissue isolation of kidney mononuclear cells have been performed via enzymatic digestions using different varieties and strengths of collagenases/DNAses yielding varying numbers of viable immune cells. Recently, with the development of the mechanical tissue disruptors for single cell isolation, the collagenase digestion step is avoided and replaced by a simple mechanical disruption of the kidneys after extraction from the mouse. Herein, we demonstrate a simple yet efficient method for the isolation of kidney mononuclear cells for every day immune cell extractions. We further demonstrate an example of subset analysis of immune cells in the kidney. Importantly, this technique can be adapted to other soft and non-fibrous tissues such as the liver and brain.

Techniques that are reliable and efficient for the isolation of kidney immune cells are needed for downstream applications. This requires surface antibody labeling of a small number of kidney immune cells. Herein, we describe a concise method for isolation of kidney immune cells that seemingly achieves this goal.

Extraction d&#39;efficacité fiable et haute du rein cellules immunitaires

Immune system activation occurs in multiple kidney diseases and pathophysiological processes.  The immune system consists of both adaptive and innate ...

Isolation, Expansion, and Adipogenic Induction of CD34+CD31+ Endothelial Cells from Human Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue

Obesity is accompanied by an extensive remodeling of adipose tissue primarily via adipocyte hypertrophy. Extreme adipocyte growth results in a poor response to insulin, local hypoxia, and inflammation. By stimulating the differentiation of functional white adipocytes from progenitors, radical hypertrophy of the adipocyte population can be prevented and, consequently, the metabolic health of adipose tissue can be improved along with a reduction of inflammation. Also, by stimulating a differentiation of beige/brown adipocytes, the total body energy expenditure can be increased, resulting in weight loss. This approach could prevent the development of obesity co-morbidities such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
This paper describes the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of white and beige adipocytes from a subset of human adipose tissue endothelial cells that co-express the CD31 and CD34 markers. The method is relatively cheap and is not labor-intensive. It requires access to human adipose tissue and the subcutaneous depot is suitable for sampling. For this protocol, fresh adipose tissue samples from morbidly obese subjects [body mass index (BMI) &#62;35] are collected during bariatric surgery procedures. Using a sequential immunoseparation from the stromal vascular fraction, enough cells are produced from as little as 2&#8211;3 g of fat. These cells can be expanded in culture over 10&#8211;14 days, can be cryopreserved, and retain their adipogenic properties with passaging up to passage 5&#8211;6. The cells are treated for 14 days with an adipogenic cocktail using a combination of human insulin and the PPAR&#947; agonist-rosiglitazone.
This methodology can be used for obtaining proof of concept experiments on molecular mechanisms that drive adipogenic responses in adipose endothelial cells, or for screening new drugs that can enhance the adipogenic response directed either towards white or beige/brown adipocyte differentiation. Using small subcutaneous biopsies, this methodology can be used to screen out non-responder subjects for clinical trials aimed to stimulate beige/brown and white adipocytes for the treatment of obesity and co-morbidities.

The differentiation of white and beige adipocytes from adipose tissue vascular progenitors bears potential for metabolic improvement in obesity. We describe protocols for a CD34+CD31+ endothelial cell isolation from human fat and for a subsequent in vitro expansion and differentiation into white and beige adipocytes. Several downstream applications are discussed.

Isolement, Expansion et adipocytaire Induction de CD34 + CD31 + des cellules endothéliales du tissu adipeux humain épiploïques et sous-cutanée

Obesity is accompanied by an extensive remodeling of adipose tissue primarily via adipocyte hypertrophy. Extreme adipocyte growth results in a poor ...