JSO é apoiado por um NIH Ruth L. Kirschstein NRSA (F32 DK091040), AK é apoiado por uma bolsa de pós-doutorado da American Diabetes Association (7-10-MI-05), e AHH é apoiado por um Heart Association Award americano Investigator Fundada (12EIA8270000). Experimentos de citometria de fluxo foram realizadas no VMC Citometria de Fluxo de Recursos Compartilhados. O VMC Citometria de Fluxo de recursos partilhada é apoiado pelo Digestive Disease Research Center Vanderbilt (DK058404).

1. Reagentes e Suprimentos Antes de se iniciar este protocolo experimental, preparar os seguintes reagentes: <ol><li> 70% de etanol </li><li> PBS 1X </li><li> 1X DPBS (sem Ca e Mg), suplementado com 0,5% de BSA </li><li> FACS buffer: 1X DPBS (sem Ca e Mg), EDTA 2 mM, e 1% de FCS </li><li> ACK tampão: 150 mM de NH4Cl, 10 mM KHCO 3, e 0,1 mM Na 2 EDTA em água </li></ol> 2. A colheita e preparação do tecido adiposo <ol><li> Eutanásia camundongos de acordo com os procedimentos aprovados pela IACUC específicos de cada instituição. </li><li> Molhe cuidadosamente a pele com álcool 70%. </li><li> Faça uma incisão no nível do processo xifóide (parte inferior do esterno) e abrir a cavidade torácica para expor o coração, tomando cuidado para não cortar os vasos sanguíneos principais. </li></ol> Nota: Neste ponto, é também útil a deixar intacto o diafragma tanto quantoe possível cortar um entalhe para fora do lado direito da caixa torácica para permitir que o sangue e perfusato a fluir para fora da cavidade torácica. <ol start="4"><li> Prenda o átrio direito para permitir que o sangue e perfusato para escapar do sistema circulatório. </li></ol> Nota: Quando se trata de ratos obesos, o excesso de pericárdio EM podem precisar de ser removidas para permitir o acesso ao coração. <ol start="5"><li> Segure o coração com uma pinça e coloque delicadamente uma agulha no ventrículo esquerdo através do ápice. Lentamente perfundir o mouse com 15 ml estéril PBS. </li></ol> Nota: reduzir a taxa de perfusão se os pulmões começam a encher e expandir. <ol start="6"><li> Abra a cavidade peritoneal e remover as bolsas de gordura perigonadal usando o cuidado de evitar qualquer tecido gonadal. </li><li> Coloque bolsas de gordura em um barco pesar no gelo contendo 2 ml de 1X DPBS (sem Mg ou Ca), suplementado com 0,5% BSA, e picar a AT em pedaços finos. </li></ol>Nota: Limite a quantidade de AT por pesar barco a 1,2 g. Se a quantidade de AT superior a 1,2 g, dividi-lo uniformemente entre dois pesam barcos. <ol start="8"><li> Manter as amostras em gelo e preparar 3 ml de solução de colagenase por digest EM amostra consistindo de 1X DPBS, suplementado com 0,5% de BSA, 10 mM de CaCl2, e 4 mg / mL de colagenase tipo II. </li></ol> 3. A digestão de colagenase <ol><li> Transferir AT a 50 ml por tubos cónicos vertendo o homogeneizado e enxaguar o barco pesar com 1 ml de DPBS (0,5% de BSA) e 3 ml de solução de digestão de colagenase II. </li><li> Incubar a homogeneizado num agitador rotativo (200 rpm) a 37 ° C durante 20 min. </li><li> Adicionar 10 ml DPBS (0,5% BSA) para tubos cônicos e colocar no gelo. </li><li> Tritura-se homogeneizado de numerosas vezes usando uma pipeta de 10 ml serológica, as suspensões de células e passar através de um filtro de 100 um para um novo tubo de 50 ml. </li><li> Centrifugar a suspensão de células a 500 xg durante 10 min a 4 &amp; dpor exemplo; C. </li><li> Decantar o sobrenadante e ressuspender o sedimento de células SVF em 3 ml de tampão de lise ACK para eritrócitos contaminantes. </li><li> Adicionar 12 ml de tampão de FACS e suspensão de células de centrifugação a 500 xg durante 10 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Decantar o sobrenadante e ressuspender o sedimento de células SVF em tampão de FACS. </li></ol> Nota: É o tamanho do agregado de células como um guia de quanto tampão FACS para ressuspender pol Se o pellet celular cobre a parte inferior do tubo de 50 mL cónico, utilize 0,5-1 mL de tampão de FACS, caso contrário, ressuspender em 0,25-0,5 ml. <ol start="9"><li> Coloque as amostras em gelo e preparar a aliquotas de diluição de 1:10 de cada amostra para a contagem de células por mistura de 40 ul de tampão de FACS, solução de azul de tripano ul 50 (0,2%), e 10 ul de suspensão de células. </li><li> Contagem de células viáveis ​​com base na exclusão de azul de tripano e dilui-se suspensões de células a uma concentração final de 5-10 x 10 6 células / ml. </li></ol> 4. A coloração de antígenos de superfície celular <ol&gt; <li> Adicionar CD16/CD32 anti-murganho de anticorpos (bloco de Fc) para uma concentração final de 0,5-1 μg/10 6 células, e incubar em gelo durante 10 min. </li><li> Amostras de transferência (≥ 10 6 células) para 12 x mm de poliestireno tubos de fundo redondo 75. Prepare tubos separados se analisar caixas eletrônicos e células T, e combinar células extra para preparar um número suficiente de tubos para acomodar a compensação necessária e fluorescência modificada menos um (FMO) controles. </li></ol> Observação: Como um exemplo, quando a quantificação da proporção das ATMs baseado em F4/80 e CD11b, a seguinte compensação e controlos FMO terá de ser preparado - Não corado (células) - DAPI ou iodeto de propídio (PI), mancha única (células; não adicionar corante de viabilidade até que o passo 5.1) - F4/80 APC (células ou contas de compensação) única mancha - CD11b FITC células individuais da mancha (oucontas de compensação) - FMO 1 (células): + CD11b FITC corante de viabilidade de IgG2a de rato de controlo de isotipo κ APC + (adicionado no passo 5.1) - FMO 2 (células): F4/80 APC + κ IgG2b de rato de controlo de isotipo FITC corante de viabilidade + (adicionado no passo 5.1) <ol start="3"><li> Adicionar anticorpos primários fluoróforos e / ou controlos de isotipo para a concentração apropriada (ver Tabela de reagentes e materiais). </li><li> Proteger as amostras da luz e incubar a 4 ° C durante 30 min. </li><li> Adicionar 2 ml de tampão de FACS e suspensão de células de centrifugação a 500 xg durante 5 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Decantar o sobrenadante e ressuspender o sedimento de células SVF em 2 mL de tampão de FACS. </li><li> Centrifugar a suspensão de células a 500 xg por 5 min a 4 ° C, e ressuspender o sedimento de células em SVF ≥ 400 ul de tampão de FACS. </li><li> Transferir amostras de 12 x mm de poliestireno tubos de fundo redondo de 75 equipado com um filtro de células 35 mM tubo tops.</li><li> Ao abrigo da luz, e as amostras de armazenar a 4 ° C até à análise por FACS. </li></ol> Nota: Para resultados óptimos as células devem ser analisados ​​immeadiately, no entanto, a análise de FACS com este protocolo foi realizado com sucesso em células marcadas armazenados em tampão de FACS durante 1-2 horas a 4 ° C. Se as células devem ser fixados para aumentar o tempo de armazenamento, as células marcadas podem ser fixadas com paraformaldeído a 2% a 4 ° C durante 24 horas antes da análise de FACS. Anticorpo empresas sugerem que as células marcadas podem ser armazenados durante até uma semana, no entanto, isto não foi testado no contexto do presente processo. 5. Análise FACS <ol><li> Antes da análise por FACS, adicionar corante de viabilidade para as amostras e controlos apropriados para permitir a discriminação de células vivas / mortas. </li></ol> Observação: Vários corantes de viabilidade estão disponíveis comercialmente, mas DAPI e PI são recomendados, dependendo da excitação / emissão profiles dos anticorpos conjugados com fluoróforo utilizado. DAPI e iodeto de propídio são adicionados a cada amostra a uma concentração final de 0,2 mg / ml. <ol start="2"><li> Usar uma amostra de controlo negativo não corado, de preferência, células isoladas a partir do mesmo tecido, como as amostras experimentais, para ajustar de dispersão lateral (SSC) e de dispersão frontal (FSC), de modo a que a população de células (s) de interesse são em escala. </li></ol> Nota: Para a análise de EM células SVF, recomenda-se que SSC ser apresentado numa escala logarítmica vs FSC em uma escala linear. A utilização de uma escala logarítmica para SSC é especialmente importante para a análise dos ATM, que são frequentemente muito grandes e granulares. <ol start="3"><li> Desenhar um portão de dispersão de luz inicial com base no tipo de célula (s) a ser analisado, e ajustar o tubo fotomultiplicador (PMT), o ganho de modo que as células não coradas estão na extrema esquerda de um histograma de parâmetro único (aproximadamente centrada em 10 de 2) para os canais apropriados. &lt;/ Li&gt; </ol> Nota: É recomendado que os linfócitos e macrófagos (ou outras células mielóides) ser analisada separadamente, devido a diferenças na autofluorescência. <ol start="4"><li> Use os controles manchadas individuais ou anticorpo de captura contas de compensação para realizar a compensação multi-color. </li></ol> Nota: Recomenda-se a utilização de contas de compensação, no entanto, a compatibilidade de cada anticorpo deve ser assegurada. Por exemplo, contas de compensação não pode reação cruzada com anticorpos de coelho, caso em que células isoladas são necessários para obter um controle da mancha único apropriado. <ol start="5"><li> Definir portões experimentais baseados em controles FMO modificados. </li><li> Definir o citómetro de fluxo para recolher o número apropriado de acontecimentos com base na prevalência da população de interesse e gravar dados experimentais. </li><li> Arquivos de dados de exportação FCS para análise offline. Existem vários programas disponíveis para cytometr fluxoanálise de dados y. Recomendamos Cytobank, uma plataforma baseada na web que permite investigatores para armazenar e analisar os dados e gerar dados a partir de qualquer computador com acesso à internet 18. Além disso, Cytobank oferece a capacidade de tornar acessíveis dados públicos ou restringir o acesso aos colaboradores. </li></ol>

<ol>
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O interesse crescente no papel do sistema imunológico nas consequências metabólicas da obesidade levou à utilização generalizada de citometria de fluxo para caracterizar as células imunes do TA. Embora o protocolo exacto irá variar entre laboratórios com base na sua experiência e equipamentos disponíveis, os passos críticos incluem digestão com colagenase, a centrifugação diferencial, e o antigénio da superfície da célula de rotulagem. O objetivo do presente artigo é fornecer um protocolo detalhado e ...

Historicamente, o tecido adiposo (TA) tem sido visto como um órgão inerte de armazenamento de lípidos, a qual expande e contrai em resposta ao equilíbrio de energia. Agora entendemos que a AT representa um órgão endócrino dinâmico que secreta ativamente uma série de hormônios que influenciam diretamente no comportamento alimentar e homeostase da glicose sistêmica. Além disso, durante a última década tem havido uma apreciação crescente para as numerosas populações de células do sistema imunológico que residem na fracção vascular do estroma EM (SVF), bem como a sua contribuição para a AT homeostase. A capacidade para separar o EM adipócito e SVF utilizando uma digest de colagenase seguido de centrifugação diferencial foi descrita pela primeira vez em 1964 por Rodbell 1. Colagenase II é mais frequentemente usado para a separação dos adipócitos e SVF devido à manutenção de receptores de insulina adipócitos 1. Logo no início, fracionamento enzimática da AT foi utilizada principalmente para estudar Adipocyte metabolismo e para isolar pré-adipócitos. Mais recentemente, essa técnica, combinada com a ampla disponibilidade de cytometers fluxo eo número cada vez maior de anticorpos a fluoróforos, disponíveis comercialmente, tem facilitado a caracterização da AT células do sistema imunológico. Embora a presença de células imunes em inflamada no tinha sido descrita anteriormente 2, os papéis seminais de Weisberg et al. e Xu et al. publicado em 2003, foram os primeiros a documentar o acúmulo de AT macrófagos (ATMs) em obesidade, que secretam citocinas inflamatórias e correlacionar com a resistência à insulina AT específica e sistêmica 3,4. Estas observações serviu como a base de um novo campo de investigação recentemente inventado, &quot;immunometabolism&quot; 5, e foram acompanhados por estudos que implicam diferentes populações de células imunitárias, incluindo as células dendríticas, 6 7, mastócitos, células T 8 -10, as células B, células NK 11 12 13, eosinófilos e neutrófilos 14,15 no desenvolvimento da resistência à insulina associada a obesidade. O objetivo deste artigo é a de proporcionar uma descrição pormenorizada da técnica de digestão de colagenase usada para isolar células da EM SVF e caracterizar ATMs e AT células T através de citometria de fluxo. Este protocolo foi otimizado para mouse AT, no entanto, os telespectadores podem se beneficiar da leitura de um excelente artigo que fornece muitos detalhes sobre a otimização da técnica para o ser humano aos 16 anos. O público-alvo deste artigo inclui investigadores com pouca experiência de trabalho com o mouse AT e realizando citometria de fluxo. Várias considerações práticas para equilibrar o rendimento ea viabilidade celular com o tempo e os recursos são apresentados, bem como os controles de citometria de fluxo ideais para a caracterização de populações de células imunes. Além do nosso protocolo, os leitores são remetidoed com um artigo recente da Jove Basu et al. uma excelente discussão de alguns dos aspectos técnicos da citometria de fluxo para incluir controles e compensações 17 adequadas.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog #</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DPBS (no Ca or Mg) 10 x 500 ml</td>
 <td>Life Technologies</td>
 <td>14190-250</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DAPI</td>
 <td>Life Technologies</td>
 <td>D3571</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>BSA</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>A2153-100G</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>collagenase</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>C6885-5G</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>propidium iodide solution</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>P4864-10 ml</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>stable stack 20 microliter</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>SS-L10</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>20 microliter filter tips</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>SRL10F</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>stable stack 250 microliter tips</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>SS-L250</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1000 microliter tips</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>GPS-L1000</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1000 microliter filter tips</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>GP-L1000F</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>250 microliter Filter Tips</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>SR-L200F</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>FC Block</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>553142</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>fisher 100mn strainers</td>
 <td>Fisherbrand</td>
 <td>22-363-549</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>medium weigh dish</td>
 <td>Fisherbrand</td>
 <td>02-202B</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>aluminum foil</td>
 <td>Fisherbrand</td>
 <td>1213100</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>mincing scissors</td>
 <td>Fisherbrand</td>
 <td>089531B</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Vortex</td>
 <td>Fisherbrand</td>
 <td>2215365</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>50 ml conical tubes</td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>14-959-49A</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>filter top FACS tubes</td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>352235</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>10 ml pipette case 200</td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>1367520</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>round bottom tubes</td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>352058</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>5 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>309646</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>V Bottom Plates</td>
 <td>Costar</td>
 <td>07-200-107</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>transfer bulb pipette</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>13-711-22</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Shaker</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>11 676 071</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Adhesive mat</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>1368750</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Cell Culture Centrifuge</td>
 <td>Sorvall</td>
 <td>75253839</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Adapters</td>
 <td>Sorvall</td>
 <td>75003723</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse CD16/CD32</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>553142</td>
 <td>Concentration: 0.5 - 1 &mu;g/ 106 cells</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse F4/80</td>
 <td>eBioscience</td>
 <td>17-4801</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: APC 
 Concentration: 0.2 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: 17-4321</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse CD11b</td>
 <td>eBioscience</td>
 <td>11-0112</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: FITC 
 Concentration: 0.5 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: 11/1/4031</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Armenian Hamster anti-mouse CD11c</td>
 <td>eBioscience</td>
 <td>12-0114</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: PE 
 Concentration: 0.8 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: Dec-88</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Goat anti-mouse MGL1/2</td>
 <td>R&amp;D Systems</td>
 <td>FAB4297P</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: PE 
 Concentration: 0.1 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: IC108P</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Goat anti-mouse CD206</td>
 <td>R&amp;D Systems</td>
 <td>FAB2535P</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: PE 
 Concentration: 0.1 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: IC108P</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse CCR2</td>
 <td>R&amp;D Systems</td>
 <td>FAB5538P</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: PE 
 Concentration: 0.1 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: IC013P</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Armenian Hamster anti-mouse TCR&beta;</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>553174</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: APC 
 Concentration: 0.2 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: 553956</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse CD8a</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>552877</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: PE-Cy7 
 Concentration: 0.8 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: 552784</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse CD4</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>557956</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: Alexa Fluor 700 
 Concentration: 0.2 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: 557963</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
Table 1. List of Materials and Reagents.

isolation of adipose tissue immune cells

A descoberta de aumento de infiltração de macrófagos no tecido adiposo (TA) de roedores obesos e humanos conduziu a um interesse em intensificação da contribuição de células imunes à resistência à insulina local e sistémica. O isolamento e quantificação de populações de células imunitárias diferentes nos magros e obesos AT é agora uma técnica vulgarmente utilizada em laboratórios immunometabolism; Ainda extremo cuidado deve ser feita tanto no isolamento das células vasculares do estroma e na análise de citometria de fluxo, de modo que os dados obtidos são fiáveis ​​e podem ser interpretados . Neste vídeo demonstramos como picar, digerir, e isolar a fração de células enriquecido estroma vascular imunológico. Posteriormente, vamos mostrar como anticorpos rótulo macrófagos e linfócitos T e como fazer corretamente portão los em experimentos de citometria de fluxo. Representante de citometria de fluxo de parcelas provenientes de gordura alimentados com ratos obesos alimentados com gordura de baixa magra e alta são fornecidos. Um elemento crítico da presente análise é o uso de anticorpos que fazemnão fluorescência nos canais onde a AT macrófagos são naturalmente autofluorescent, bem como o uso de controles de compensação adequados.

A colagenase seguido de digestão de EM por centrifugação diferencial foi usado para isolar o SVF de almofadas de gordura epididimal de ratos C57BL/6J machos alimentados com baixo teor de gordura (10% kcal de gordura) ou rica em gorduras (60% kcal de gordura), dieta (LFD e HFD , respectivamente) durante 16 semanas. Células do SVF foram então marcadas com anticorpos primários fluoróforos para quantificar a percentagem de ATMs viável (Figura 1) e AT células T (Figura 2) através d...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells at JoVE.com

Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells

O tecido adiposo (TA) é um site de ativação imune celular intensa e interação. Quase todas as células do sistema imune estão presentes em AT e as suas proporções são alteradas pela obesidade. Isolamento adequado, quantificação e caracterização de populações de células imunes são fundamentais para a compreensão do seu papel na doença immunometabolic.

Isolamento de tecido adiposo de células imunes

The discovery of increased macrophage infiltration in  the adipose tissue (AT) of obese rodents and humans has led to an  intensification of interest in ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

35.9K visualizações.  Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. O tecido adiposo (TA) é um site de ativação imune celular intensa e interação. Quase todas as células do sistema imune estão presentes em AT e as suas proporções são alteradas pela obesidade. Isolamento adequado, quantificação e caracterização de populações de células imunes são fundamentais para a compreensão do seu papel na doença immunometabolic.

Vídeo: Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells

Measuring Calpain Activity in Fixed and Living Cells by Flow Cytometry

Calpains are ubiquitous intracellular, calcium-sensitive, neutral cysteine proteases 1. Calpains play crucial roles in many physiological processes, including signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling, regulation of gene expression, apoptosis and cell cycle progression 1. Calpains have been implicated in many pathologies including muscular dystrophies, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis 1. Calpain regulation is complex and incompletely understood. mRNA and protein levels correlate poorly with activity, limiting the use of gene or protein expression techniques to measure calpain activity. This video protocol details a flow cytometric assay developed in our laboratory for measuring calpain activity in fixed and living cells. This method uses the fluorescent substrate BOC-LM-CMAC, which is cleaved specifically by calpain, to measure calpain activity. 2 In this video, calpain activity in fixed and living murine 32Dkit leukemia cells, alone or as part of a splenocyte population is measured using an LSRII (BD Bioscience). 32Dkit cells are shown to have elevated activity compared to normal splenocytes.

This article will detail the protocol for measuring calpain activity in fixed and living cells using flow cytometry.

Medir a atividade das calpaínas em células fixas e Vivendo por citometria de fluxo

Calpains are ubiquitous intracellular, calcium-sensitive, neutral cysteine proteases 1. Calpains play crucial roles in many physiological processes, ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Quantitative Assessment of Immune Cells in the Injured Spinal Cord Tissue by Flow Cytometry:  a Novel Use for a Cell Purification Method

Detection of immune cells in the injured central nervous system (CNS) using morphological or histological techniques has not always provided true quantitative analysis of cellular inflammation. Flow cytometry is a quick alternative method to quantify immune cells in the injured brain or spinal cord tissue. Historically, flow cytometry has been used to quantify immune cells collected from blood or dissociated spleen or thymus, and only a few studies have attempted to quantify immune cells in the injured spinal cord by flow cytometry using fresh dissociated cord tissue. However, the dissociated spinal cord tissue is concentrated with myelin debris that can be mistaken for cells and reduce cell count reliability obtained by the flow cytometer. We have advanced a cell preparation method using the OptiPrep gradient system to effectively separate lipid/myelin debris from cells, providing sensitive and reliable quantifications of cellular inflammation in the injured spinal cord by flow cytometry. As described in our recent study (Beck &amp; Nguyen et al., Brain. 2010 Feb; 133 (Pt 2): 433-47), the OptiPrep cell preparation had increased sensitivity to detect cellular inflammation in the injured spinal cord, with counts of specific cell types correlating with injury severity. Critically, novel usage of this method provided the first characterization of acute and chronic cellular inflammation after SCI to include a complete time course for polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs, neutrophils), macrophages/microglia, and T-cells over a period ranging from 2 hours to 180 days post-injury (dpi), identifying a surprising novel second phase of cellular inflammation. Thorough characterization of cellular inflammation using this method may provide a better understanding of neuroinflammation in the injured CNS, and reveal an important multiphasic component of neuroinflammation that may be critical for the design and implementation of rational therapeutic treatment strategies, including both cell-based and pharmacological interventions for SCI.

Quantification of cellular inflammation in the injured/pathological CNS by flow cytometry is complicated by lipid/myelin debris that can have similar size and granulation to cells, decreasing sensitivity/accuracy. We have advanced a cell preparation method to remove myelin debris and improve cell detection by flow cytometry in the injured spinal cord.

Avaliação quantitativa das células imunes no tecido medula lesionada por Citometria de Fluxo: um novo uso para um método de purificação celular

Detection of immune cells in the injured central nervous system (CNS) using morphological or histological techniques has not always provided true ...

Seven Steps to Stellate Cells

Hepatic stellate cells are liver-resident cells of star-like morphology and are located in the space of Disse between liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes1,2. Stellate cells are derived from bone marrow precursors and store up to 80% of the total body vitamin A1, 2. Upon activation, stellate cells differentiate into myofibroblasts to produce extracellular matrix, thus contributing to liver fibrosis3. Based on their ability to contract, myofibroblastic stellate cells can regulate the vascular tone associated with portal hypertension4. Recently, we demonstrated that hepatic stellate cells are potent antigen presenting cells and can activate NKT cells as well as conventional T lymphocytes5. 

 Here we present a method for the efficient preparation of hepatic stellate cells from mouse liver. Due to their perisinusoidal localization, the isolation of hepatic stellate cells is a multi-step process. In order to render stellate cells accessible to isolation from the space of Disse, mouse livers are perfused in situ with the digestive enzymes Pronase E and Collagenase P. Following perfusion, the liver tissue is subjected to additional enzymatic treatment with Pronase E and Collagenase P in vitro. Subsequently, the method takes advantage of the massive amount of vitamin A-storing lipid droplets in hepatic stellate cells. This feature allows the separation of stellate cells from other hepatic cell types by centrifugation on an 8% Nycodenz gradient. The protocol described here yields a highly pure and homogenous population of stellate cells. Purity of preparations can be assessed by staining for the marker molecule glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), prior to analysis by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. Further, light microscopy reveals the unique appearance of star-shaped hepatic stellate cells that harbor high amounts of lipid droplets. 


 Taken together, we present a detailed protocol for the efficient isolation of hepatic stellate cells, including representative images of their morphological appearance and GFAP expression that help to define the stellate cell entity.

Here we describe a method for the isolation of hepatic stellate cells from mouse liver. For stellate cell purification, mouse livers are digested in situ and in vitro by pronase-collagenase treatment prior to density gradient centrifugation. This technique yields highly pure hepatic stellate cells.

Sete Passos para Stellate Células

Hepatic stellate cells are liver-resident  cells of star-like morphology and are located in the space of Disse between  liver sinusoidal endothelial cells ...

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Immune Cells Within Murine Aortas

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process of medium and large size vessels that is characterized by the formation of plaques consisting of foam cells, immune cells, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, platelets, extracellular matrix, and a lipid-rich core with extensive necrosis and fibrosis of surrounding tissues.1 The innate and adaptive arms of the immune response are involved in the initiation, development and persistence of atherosclerosis.2, 3 There is a significant body of evidence that different subsets of the immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, are present within the aortas of healthy and atherosclerosis-prone mice4. Additionally, immune cells are found in the surrounding aortic adventitia which suggests an important role of this tissue in atherogenesis.2
For some time, the quantitative detection of different types of immune cells, their activation status, and the cellular composition within the aortic wall was limited by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical methods for the study of atherosclerosis. Few attempts were made to perform flow cytometry using human aortas, and a number of problems, such as a high autofluorescence, have been reported5,6. Human atherosclerotic plaques were digested with collagenase 1, and free cells were collected and stained for CD14+/CD11c+ to highlight macrophage-derived foam cells. In this study, a "mock" channel was used to avoid false-positive staining.6 Necrotic materials accumulating during the digestion process give rise in a large amount of debris that generates a high autofluorescence in aortic samples. To resolve this problem, a panel of negative and positive controls has been proposed, but only double staining could be applied in these samples. We have developed a new flow cytometry-based method7 to analyze the immune cell composition and characterize the activation, proliferation, differentiation of immune cells in healthy and atherosclerosis-prone aorta. This method allows the investigation of the immune cell composition of the aortic wall and opens possibilities to use a broad spectrum of immunological methods for investigations of immune aspects of this disease.

This paper presents a flow cytometry-based method to investigate the immune composition of aortas. The paper also illustrates an additional technique that allows examining surrounding adventitia and vessel wall separately. This method opens possibilities to perform phenotypical analyses of aortic leukocytes and apply several immunological assays for atherosclerosis studies.

Análise por Citometria de fluxo das células imunológicas Dentro aortas murino

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process of medium and large size vessels that is characterized by the formation of plaques consisting of foam ...

Isolation of Functional Cardiac Immune Cells

Cardiac immune cells are gaining interest for the roles they play in the pathological remodeling in many cardiac diseases.1-5 These immune cells, which include mast cells, T-cells and macrophages; store and release a variety of biologically active mediators including cytokines and proteases such as tryptase.6-8 These mediators have been shown to be key players in extracellular matrix metabolism by activating matrix metalloproteinases or causing collagen accumulation by modulating the cardiac fibroblasts' function.9-11 However, available techniques for isolating cardiac immune cells have been problematic because they use bacterial collagenase to digest the myocardial tissue. This technique causes activation of the immune cells and thus a loss of function. For example, cardiac mast cells become significantly less responsive to compounds that cause degranulation.12 Therefore, we developed a technique that allows for the isolation of functional cardiac immune cells which would lead to a better understanding of the role of these cells in cardiac disease.13, 14
This method requires a familiarity with the anatomical location of the rat's xiphoid process, axilla and falciform ligament, and pericardium of the heart. These landmarks are important to increase success of the procedure and to ensure a higher yield of cardiac immune cells. These isolated cardiac immune cells can then be used for characterization of functionality, phenotype, maturity, and co-culture experiments with other cardiac cells to gain a better understanding of their interactions.

This method for isolating functional immune cells from the heart provides an alternative to the conventional methods of collagenase digestion, which causes unwanted immune cell activation, resulting in a decreased responsiveness of these cells. Our method of isolation yields functional cardiac immune cells by avoiding problems associated with enzymatic digestion.

Isolamento de células do sistema imunológico funcional cardíaca

Cardiac immune cells are gaining interest for the roles they play in the pathological remodeling in many cardiac diseases.1-5  These immune cells, which ...

Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies

Throughout the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII) to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been increasingly recognized. AECII have been shown to participate in cytokine production in inflamed airways and to even act as antigen-presenting cells in both infection and T-cell mediated autoimmunity 1-8. Therefore, they are especially interesting also in clinical contexts such as airway hyper-reactivity to foreign and self-antigens as well as infections that directly or indirectly target AECII. However, our understanding of the detailed immunologic functions served by alveolar type II epithelial cells in the healthy lung as well as in inflammation remains fragmentary. Many studies regarding AECII function are performed using mouse or human alveolar epithelial cell lines 9-12. Working with cell lines certainly offers a range of benefits, such as the availability of large numbers of cells for extensive analyses. However, we believe the use of primary murine AECII allows a better understanding of the role of this cell type in complex processes like infection or autoimmune inflammation. Primary murine AECII can be isolated directly from animals suffering from such respiratory conditions, meaning they have been subject to all additional extrinsic factors playing a role in the analyzed setting. As an example, viable AECII can be isolated from mice intranasally infected with influenza A virus, which primarily targets these cells for replication 13. Importantly, through ex vivo infection of AECII isolated from healthy mice, studies of the cellular responses mounted upon infection can be further extended.
Our protocol for the isolation of primary murine AECII is based on enzymatic digestion of the mouse lung followed by labeling of the resulting cell suspension with antibodies specific for CD11c, CD11b, F4/80, CD19, CD45 and CD16/CD32. Granular AECII are then identified as the unlabeled and sideward scatter high (SSChigh) cell population and are separated by fluorescence activated cell sorting 3.
In comparison to alternative methods of isolating primary epithelial cells from mouse lungs, our protocol for flow cytometric isolation of AECII by negative selection yields untouched, highly viable and pure AECII in relatively short time. Additionally, and in contrast to conventional methods of isolation by panning and depletion of lymphocytes via binding of antibody-coupled magnetic beads 14, 15, flow cytometric cell-sorting allows discrimination by means of cell size and granularity. Given that instrumentation for flow cytometric cell sorting is available, the described procedure can be applied at relatively low costs. Next to standard antibodies and enzymes for lung disintegration, no additional reagents such as magnetic beads are required. The isolated cells are suitable for a wide range of functional and molecular studies, which include in vitro culture and T-cell stimulation assays as well as transcriptome, proteome or secretome analyses 3, 4.

We describe the rapid isolation of primary murine type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECII) by flow cytometric negative selection. These AECII show high viability and purity and are suitable for a wide range of functional and molecular studies regarding their role in respiratory conditions such as autoimmune or infectious diseases.

Isolamento de citometria de fluxo de células primárias Murino Tipo II epiteliais alveolares de Estudos funcionais e Molecular

Throughout  the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII)  to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Immune Cells from the Ischemic Mouse Brain

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident cells. A key mechanism of this inflammatory response is the migration of circulating immune cells to the ischemic brain facilitated by chemokine release and increased endothelial adhesion molecule expression. Brain-invading leukocytes are well-known contributing to early-stage secondary ischemic injury, but their significance for the termination of inflammation and later brain repair has only recently been noticed.
Here, a simple protocol for the efficient isolation of immune cells from the ischemic mouse brain is provided. After transcardial perfusion, brain hemispheres are dissected and mechanically dissociated. Enzymatic digestion with Liberase&#160;is followed by density gradient (such as Percoll) centrifugation to remove myelin and cell debris. One major advantage of this protocol is the single-layer density gradient procedure which does not require time-consuming preparation of gradients and can be reliably performed. The approach yields highly reproducible cell counts per brain hemisphere and allows for measuring several flow cytometry panels in one biological replicate. Phenotypic characterization and quantification of brain-invading leukocytes after experimental stroke may contribute to a better understanding of their multifaceted roles in ischemic injury and repair.

Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Increasing evidence suggests that it acts as a double-edged sword which exacerbates early brain injury, but also contributes to later repair. This protocol describes the isolation of immune cells from the ischemic brain and their subsequent flow cytometric phenotyping.

Isolamento e análise de citometria de fluxo de células imunes do cérebro isquêmico Rato

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident ...

Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident immune cell populations in the oral mucosa and gingiva. We have established a technique for the isolation and study of immune cells from murine gingival tissues, an area of constant microbial exposure and a vulnerable site to a common inflammatory disease, periodontitis. Our protocol allows for a detailed phenotypic characterization of the immune cell populations resident in the gingiva, even at steady state. Our procedure also yields sufficient cells with high viability for use in functional studies, such as the assessment of cytokine secretion ex vivo. This combination of phenotypic and functional characterization of the gingival immune cell network should aid towards investigating the mechanisms involved in oral immunity and periodontal homeostasis, but will also advance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in local immunopathology.

We have established a technique for the isolation, phenotypic characterization and functional analysis of immune cells from murine gingiva.

Isolamento, caracterização e exploração funcional da célula de rede gengival Imune

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident ...

Reliable and High Efficiency Extraction of Kidney Immune Cells

Immune system activation occurs in multiple kidney diseases and pathophysiological processes. The immune system consists of both adaptive and innate components and multiple cell types. Sometimes, the cell type of interest is present in very low numbers among the large numbers of total cells isolated from the kidney. Hence, reliable and efficient isolation of kidney mononuclear cell populations is important in order to study the immunological problems associated with kidney diseases. Traditionally, tissue isolation of kidney mononuclear cells have been performed via enzymatic digestions using different varieties and strengths of collagenases/DNAses yielding varying numbers of viable immune cells. Recently, with the development of the mechanical tissue disruptors for single cell isolation, the collagenase digestion step is avoided and replaced by a simple mechanical disruption of the kidneys after extraction from the mouse. Herein, we demonstrate a simple yet efficient method for the isolation of kidney mononuclear cells for every day immune cell extractions. We further demonstrate an example of subset analysis of immune cells in the kidney. Importantly, this technique can be adapted to other soft and non-fibrous tissues such as the liver and brain.

Techniques that are reliable and efficient for the isolation of kidney immune cells are needed for downstream applications. This requires surface antibody labeling of a small number of kidney immune cells. Herein, we describe a concise method for isolation of kidney immune cells that seemingly achieves this goal.

Extração Eficiência confiável e alta de rim células imunes

Immune system activation occurs in multiple kidney diseases and pathophysiological processes.  The immune system consists of both adaptive and innate ...

Isolation, Expansion, and Adipogenic Induction of CD34+CD31+ Endothelial Cells from Human Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue

Obesity is accompanied by an extensive remodeling of adipose tissue primarily via adipocyte hypertrophy. Extreme adipocyte growth results in a poor response to insulin, local hypoxia, and inflammation. By stimulating the differentiation of functional white adipocytes from progenitors, radical hypertrophy of the adipocyte population can be prevented and, consequently, the metabolic health of adipose tissue can be improved along with a reduction of inflammation. Also, by stimulating a differentiation of beige/brown adipocytes, the total body energy expenditure can be increased, resulting in weight loss. This approach could prevent the development of obesity co-morbidities such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
This paper describes the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of white and beige adipocytes from a subset of human adipose tissue endothelial cells that co-express the CD31 and CD34 markers. The method is relatively cheap and is not labor-intensive. It requires access to human adipose tissue and the subcutaneous depot is suitable for sampling. For this protocol, fresh adipose tissue samples from morbidly obese subjects [body mass index (BMI) &#62;35] are collected during bariatric surgery procedures. Using a sequential immunoseparation from the stromal vascular fraction, enough cells are produced from as little as 2&#8211;3 g of fat. These cells can be expanded in culture over 10&#8211;14 days, can be cryopreserved, and retain their adipogenic properties with passaging up to passage 5&#8211;6. The cells are treated for 14 days with an adipogenic cocktail using a combination of human insulin and the PPAR&#947; agonist-rosiglitazone.
This methodology can be used for obtaining proof of concept experiments on molecular mechanisms that drive adipogenic responses in adipose endothelial cells, or for screening new drugs that can enhance the adipogenic response directed either towards white or beige/brown adipocyte differentiation. Using small subcutaneous biopsies, this methodology can be used to screen out non-responder subjects for clinical trials aimed to stimulate beige/brown and white adipocytes for the treatment of obesity and co-morbidities.

The differentiation of white and beige adipocytes from adipose tissue vascular progenitors bears potential for metabolic improvement in obesity. We describe protocols for a CD34+CD31+ endothelial cell isolation from human fat and for a subsequent in vitro expansion and differentiation into white and beige adipocytes. Several downstream applications are discussed.

Isolamento, expansão e indução de Adipogenic de CD34 + CD31 + células endoteliais de tecido adiposo humano de Omental e subcutâneo

Obesity is accompanied by an extensive remodeling of adipose tissue primarily via adipocyte hypertrophy. Extreme adipocyte growth results in a poor ...