JSO bir NIH Ruth L. Kirschstein NRSA (F32 DK091040) tarafından desteklenen, AK Amerikan Diyabet Derneği (7-10-MI-05) bir Doktora Sonrası Araştırma Bursu tarafından desteklenen ve AHH bir Amerikan Kalp Derneği Kurulmuş Araştırmacı Ödülü tarafından desteklenmektedir (12EIA8270000). Akış sistometri deneyleri VMC Sitometrisi paylaşılan kaynak yapılmıştır. VMC Sitometrisi Paylaşılan Kaynak Vanderbilt Sindirim Hastalıkları Araştırma Merkezi (DK058404) tarafından desteklenmektedir.

1. Reaktifler ve Malzemeleri Bundan önce deneysel protokol başlamadan, aşağıdaki reaktifler hazırlamak: <ol><li> % 70 etanol </li><li> 1X PBS </li><li> 1X DPBS (Ca ve Mg olmadan),% 0.5 BSA ile takviye edilmiş </li><li> FACS tamponu: 1X DPBS (Ca ve Mg), 2 mM EDTA,% 1 FCS </li><li> ACK tamponu: 150 mM NH4CI, 10 mM KHCO 3 ve su içinde 0.1 mM EDTA Na2 </li></ol> 2. Yağ Doku Hasat ve Hazırlık <ol><li> Her kurumun özel IACUC onaylı prosedürlere göre fareler Euthanize. </li><li> Iyice% 70 etanol ile kürk ıslak. </li><li> Kılıç şeklinde sürecinin seviyesinde (sternum alt kısmında) bir kesi yapmak ve herhangi bir büyük kan damarları sever özen, kalp ortaya çıkarmak için göğüs boşluğu açın. </li></ol> Not: Bu noktada, kadar diyafram olduğu gibi bırakmak da yararlı olurmümkün ve kan izin ve göğüs boşluğu dışına akmasına perfüzat için göğüs kafesinin sağ tarafında bir çentik kesmek için. <ol start="4"><li> Kan izin ve dolaşım sistemi kaçmak için perfüzat için sağ atrium klibi. </li></ol> Not: AT obez fareler, aşırı perikard ile uğraşırken kalbe erişime izin vermek için kaldırılması gerekebilir. <ol start="5"><li> Forseps ile kalp tutun ve yavaşça apeks ile sol ventrikül içine bir iğne takın. Yavaş yavaş 15 ml steril PBS ile perfüze fare. </li></ol> Not: akciğer doldurmak ve genişletmek başlar eğer perfüzyon oranını azaltın. <ol start="6"><li> Periton boşluğuna açın ve gonadal dokular önlemek için dikkatli kullanarak perigonadal yağ yastıkları kaldırın. </li><li> Bir yağ pedler,% 0.5 BSA ile takviye edilmiş 2 mi 1X DPBS (Mg veya Ca) olmadan içeren buz üzerinde tekne ağırlığında ve ince parçalar halinde AT kıyma. </li></ol>Not: başına AT miktarını sınırlandırın 1.2 g tekne tartın. AT miktarı 1.2 g aşarsa, iki tartmak tekne arasında eşit olarak bölmek. <ol start="8"><li> Buz üzerinde muhafaza edin örnekleri ve% 0.5 BSA, 10 mM CaCl2, ve 4 mg / ml kollajenaz, tip II ile desteklenmiş 1X DPBS içeren örnek hızında başına 3 ml kollajenaz sindirimi solüsyon hazırlanır. </li></ol> 3. Kollajenaz Sindirim <ol><li> Homojenat dökme edilir ve 1 ml DPBS (% 0.5 BSA) ve 3 ml kollajenaz sindirimi II çözeltisi ile tekne ağırlığında durulanarak 50 ml konik tüp aktarın. </li><li> 20 dakika boyunca 37 ° C&#39;de döner bir çalkalayıcı (200 devir) ° C Homojenat inkübe edin. </li><li> Buz üzerinde konik tüpler ve yere 10 ml DPBS (% 0.5 BSA) ekleyin. </li><li> 10 ml&#39;lik bir pipet kullanılarak serolojik defalarca homojenatı Karışım, ve yeni bir 50 ml&#39;lik konik bir tüp içinde 100 mikron filtre hücre süspansiyonları geçmektedir. </li><li> 4 ve D &#39;de 10 dakika boyunca 500 xg&#39;de hücre süspansiyonu santrifüjörneğin; C. </li><li> Durusu süpernatant ve tekrar süspansiyon SVF hücre pelet 3 ml ACK tampon eritrositlerin kirletici lyse. </li><li> 4, 10 dakika boyunca 500 xg&#39;de 12 ml FACS tamponu ve santrifüj hücre süspansiyonu ekleyin ° C </li><li> FACS tampon Durusu süpernatant ve tekrar süspansiyon SVF hücre pelet. </li></ol> Not: hücre pelet 50 ml konik tüp alt kapsıyorsa, 0.5-1 ml FACS tampon kullanmak içeri tekrar süspansiyon ne kadar FACS tampon için bir kılavuz olarak hücre pelet boyutu kullanın, aksi halde, 0,25-0,5 tekrar süspansiyon haline getirin ml. <ol start="9"><li> Yer buz üzerinde örnekleri ve karışım 40 ul FACS tampon maddesi, 50 ul tripan mavisi çözeltisi (% 0.2) ve 10 ul hücre süspansiyonu ile hücre sayımı için her bir numunenin 1:10 seyreltme alikotları hazırlamak. </li><li> Tripan mavi dışlama göre canlı hücre sayımı ve 5-10 x 10 6 hücre / ml &#39;lik nihai bir konsantrasyona kadar hücre süspansiyonları seyreltin. </li></ol> 4. Hücre Yüzey Antijen boyanması <ol&gt; <li> 0.5-1 μg/10 6 hücre nihai bir konsantrasyona kadar anti-fare CD16/CD32 antikoru (Fc Bloku) ekleyin ve 10 dakika boyunca buz üzerinde inkübe edilir. </li><li> Transferi örnekleri (≥ 10 6 hücre) için 12 x 75 mm polistiren yuvarlak alt tüpler. ATM ve T hücreleri analiz ise ayrı tüpleri hazırlayın ve gerekli tazminat ve modifiye floresan eksi bir (FMO) kontrol karşılamak için tüpler yeterli sayıda hazırlamak için ekstra hücreleri birleştirir. </li></ol> Not: Örnek olarak, F4/80 ve CD11b, aşağıdaki tazminat ve FMO kontroller dayalı ATM oranı miktarının zaman hazırlıklı olmak gerekir: - Boyanmamış (hücreler) - DAPI veya propidium iyodür (PI) tek leke (hücre; adım 5.1 kadar canlılığı boya eklemeyin) - F4/80 APC leke tek (hücre veya tazminat boncuk) - CD11b FITC (tek hücreler veya leketazminat boncuk) - FMO 1 (hücre): Rat IgG2a κ izotip kontrol APC + CD11b FITC + canlılığı boya (adım 5.1 eklenir) - FMO 2 (hücre): F4/80 APC + Rat IgG2b κ izotip kontrol FITC + canlılığı boya (adım 5.1 eklenir) <ol start="3"><li> (Reajanlar ve malzemeler, Tablo bakınız) uygun konsantrasyonda fluorofor konjuge birincil antikor ve / veya izotip kontrolleri ekleyin. </li><li> 30 dakika 4 ° C&#39;de ışık ve inkübe örnekler koruyun. </li><li> 4, 5 dakika boyunca 500 x g&#39;de 2 ml FACS tamponu ve santrifüj hücre süspansiyonu ekleyin ° C </li><li> 2 ml FACS tamponu içinde tekrar süspansiyon ve süzün süpernatant SVF hücre pelletini. </li><li> ≥ 400 ul FACS tamponunda 5 4 ° C de dakika ve tekrar süspansiyon SVF hücre pelletini için hücre süspansiyonu 500 x g&#39;de santrifüjleyin. </li><li> 35 mikron hücre süzgecinden tüp üstleri ile donatılmış 12 x 75 mm polistiren yuvarlak alt tüplere örnekleri aktarın.</li><li> 4 ışık, ve mağaza örneklerinden koruyun ° C FACS analizi kadar. </li></ol> Not: En iyi sonuçlar için hücreler immeadiately analiz edilmelidir, ancak, bu protokol ile FACS analizi başarılı bir şekilde 4 ° C de 1-2 saat FACS tampon saklanan etiketli hücreleri üzerinde yapılmıştır Hücreler depolama süresi artırmak için sabit olması gerekiyorsa, etiketli hücreleri FACS analizden önce 24 saat 4 de 2% paraformaldehid ° C ile tespit edilebilir. Antikor şirketleri etiketli hücreleri bir haftaya kadar saklanabilir öneririz, ancak bu işlem kapsamında test edilmemiştir. 5. FACS Analizi <ol><li> Önce FACS analizi, ölü / canlı hücre ayrımı sağlamak için örnekleri ve uygun kontrollerin için canlılığı boya ekleyin. </li></ol> Not: Çok sayıda canlılığı boyalar ticari olarak mevcuttur, ancak DAPI ve PI uyarma / emisyon prof bağlı olarak tavsiye edilirfluorofor-konjuge antikor iles kullanılmaktadır. DAPI ve propidyum iyodür 0.2 mg / ml &#39;lik bir son konsantrasyonda her numuneye eklenir. <ol start="2"><li> İlgi hücre popülasyonu (ler) ölçeği üzerinde, böylece yan dağılım (SSC) ve öne dağılım (FSC) ayarlamak için, deney örnekleri, aynı doku izole boyanmamış bir negatif kontrol örneği, tercihen de hücreleri kullanır. </li></ol> Not: SVF hücrelerin AT analizi için, SSC doğrusal bir ölçekte FSC karşı bir günlük ölçekte görüntülenir önerilir. Genellikle çok büyük ve taneli olan ATM&#39;ler, analiz ederken SSC için bir günlük ölçek kullanımı özellikle önemlidir. <ol start="3"><li> Analiz edilen hücre (ler) türüne göre bir ilk ışık yayılımı kapısı çekmek ve lekesiz hücreler kadar (yaklaşık 10 2 merkezli) bir tek parametre histogram sol üzerinde olacak şekilde photomultiplier tüp (PMT) kazancı ayarlayın uygun kanallar için. &lt;/ Li&gt; </ol> Not: Bu lenfositler ve makrofajlar (veya diğer miyeloid hücreleri) nedeniyle otofloresans farklılıkları ayrı ayrı analiz edilmesi tavsiye edilir. <ol start="4"><li> Çok renkli tazminat gerçekleştirmek için tek lekeli denetimleri veya antikor yakalama tazminat boncuk kullanın. </li></ol> Not: tazminat boncuk kullanılması tavsiye edilir, ancak, her antikor uyumluluğu sağlanmalıdır. Örneğin, kompanzasyon boncuk izole edilmiş hücreler, uygun bir tek leke kontrol elde etmek için gerekli olduğu durumda, tavşan antikorları ile çapraz reaksiyona olmayabilir. <ol start="5"><li> Modifiye FMO kontroller dayalı deneysel kapıları ayarlayın. </li><li> Ilgi nüfusunun yaygınlığı dayalı olayların uygun sayıda toplamak ve deneysel veri kaydetmek için akış sitometresi ayarlayın. </li><li> İhracat FCS veri çevrimdışı analiz için dosyaları. Akış cytometr için çok sayıda program vardıry veri analizi. Biz Cytobank, investigatores internet erişimi 18 olan herhangi bir bilgisayardan rakamlar saklamak ve analiz veri ve oluşturmak sağlayan bir web-tabanlı bir platform tavsiye ederiz. Ayrıca, Cytobank veri kamu erişilebilir yapmak veya ortak erişimi kısıtlamak için olanağı sunar. </li></ol>

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Biz ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Obezite metabolik sonuçlara bağışıklık sisteminin rolü artan ilgi AT bağışıklık hücreleri karakterize etmek için flow sitometri yaygın kullanımı yol açmıştır. Tam protokolü kendi deneyim ve ekipmanları mevcut dayalı laboratuarlar arasında farklılık olsa da, kritik adımlar kollajenaz sindirim, diferansiyel santrifüj, ve hücre yüzey antijeni etiketleme içerir. Bu makalenin amacı AT ve / veya akım sitometri performans ile çalışan sınırlı deneyimi ile araştırmacılara SVF AT ve izol...

Tarihsel olarak, yağ dokusu (AT) enerji dengesi yanıt olarak genişler ve sözleşmeleri lipid depo, bir asal organı olarak incelendi. Şimdi AT aktif doğrudan beslenme davranışları ve sistemik glikoz dengesini etkileyen hormonlar, bir dizi salgılar dinamik bir endokrin organı temsil anlıyorum. Buna ek olarak, son on yıl içinde stromal vasküler fraksiyonu (SVF) yanı sıra, homeostasis katkıları için AT ikamet eden bağışıklık hücrelerinin çok sayıda nüfus için artan bir takdir olmuştur. Ilk olarak 1964 1&#39;de Rodbell tarafından tanımlanmıştır adiposit ve SVF bir kollajenaz sindirimi kullanma yeteneği ayrı ve ardından diferansiyel santri. Kollajenaz II genellikle adiposit insülin reseptörlerinin 1 bakım nedeniyle adiposit ve SVF ayrılması için kullanılır. AT erken, enzimatik fraksiyon öncelikle adipo çalışma istihdam edildimetabolizması Eritrosit ve preadipositlerden izole etmek. Daha yakın zamanlarda, akış sitometrelerinde yaygın olarak kullanılması ve ticari fluorofor-konjuge antikor giderek artan sayıda ile birlikte bu teknik, bağışıklık hücrelerinin AT karakterizasyonu kolaylaştırmıştır. AT iltihaplı bağışıklık hücrelerinin varlığı daha önce 2 tarif edilmiş olmasına rağmen, Weisberg ve arkadaşlarının seminal kağıtları. Xu ve ark. yayınlanan 2003 yılında inflamatuvar sitokinler salgılarlar ve AT-özel ve sistemik insülin direnci 3,4 ile ilişkili obezitede makrofajlar AT birikimi (ATM), belgelemek için ilk idi. Bu gözlemler soruşturma yeni bir alan temelinde son zamanlarda, &quot;immunometabolism,&quot; 5 icat olarak görev yaptı ve dendritik hücreler 6, mast hücreleri 7, T hücreleri 8 dahil olmak üzere çeşitli bağışıklık hücre popülasyonlarının, karıştığı çalışmalarla takip edilmiştir -10, 11 B hücreleri, NKT hücreleri, 12, 13 eozinofiller ve nötrofiller obezite ilişkili insülin direncinin geliştirilmesinde 14,15. Bu makalenin amacı SVF AT hücreleri izole etmek ve ATM karakterize ve akış sitometri ile T hücreleri AT için kullanılan kollajenaz özeti tekniğin ayrıntılı bir açıklama sunmaktır. Bu protokol AT fare için optimize edilmiştir, ancak, izleyiciler 16 AT insan için bu tekniğin optimizasyonu hakkında geniş detay veren mükemmel bir makale okuyarak yararlanabilir. Bu makalenin hedef kitlesi sınırlı deneyimi AT fare ile çalışan ve akım sitometri performans ile araştırmacılar içerir. Zaman ve kaynak ile hücresel verim ve canlılığı dengelemek için birkaç pratik hususlar bağışıklık hücre popülasyonlarının AT tanımlamak için de en uygun akım sitometri kontrol grubu olarak sunulmaktadır. Protokolde ek olarak, okuyucu referr vardıruygun kontrolleri ve tazminatlar 17 dahil etmek akım sitometri teknik yönlerini bazı mükemmel bir tartışma için Basu ve ark. tarafından yapılan son vallahi makaleye ed.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog #</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DPBS (no Ca or Mg) 10 x 500 ml</td>
 <td>Life Technologies</td>
 <td>14190-250</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DAPI</td>
 <td>Life Technologies</td>
 <td>D3571</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>BSA</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>A2153-100G</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>collagenase</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>C6885-5G</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>propidium iodide solution</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>P4864-10 ml</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>stable stack 20 microliter</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>SS-L10</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>20 microliter filter tips</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>SRL10F</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>stable stack 250 microliter tips</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>SS-L250</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1000 microliter tips</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>GPS-L1000</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>1000 microliter filter tips</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>GP-L1000F</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>250 microliter Filter Tips</td>
 <td>Rainin</td>
 <td>SR-L200F</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>FC Block</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>553142</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>fisher 100mn strainers</td>
 <td>Fisherbrand</td>
 <td>22-363-549</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>medium weigh dish</td>
 <td>Fisherbrand</td>
 <td>02-202B</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>aluminum foil</td>
 <td>Fisherbrand</td>
 <td>1213100</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>mincing scissors</td>
 <td>Fisherbrand</td>
 <td>089531B</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Vortex</td>
 <td>Fisherbrand</td>
 <td>2215365</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>50 ml conical tubes</td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>14-959-49A</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>filter top FACS tubes</td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>352235</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>10 ml pipette case 200</td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>1367520</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>round bottom tubes</td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>352058</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>5 ml syringe</td>
 <td>BD Falcon</td>
 <td>309646</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>V Bottom Plates</td>
 <td>Costar</td>
 <td>07-200-107</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>transfer bulb pipette</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>13-711-22</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Shaker</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>11 676 071</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Adhesive mat</td>
 <td>Thermo Scientific</td>
 <td>1368750</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Cell Culture Centrifuge</td>
 <td>Sorvall</td>
 <td>75253839</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Adapters</td>
 <td>Sorvall</td>
 <td>75003723</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse CD16/CD32</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>553142</td>
 <td>Concentration: 0.5 - 1 &mu;g/ 106 cells</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse F4/80</td>
 <td>eBioscience</td>
 <td>17-4801</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: APC 
 Concentration: 0.2 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: 17-4321</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse CD11b</td>
 <td>eBioscience</td>
 <td>11-0112</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: FITC 
 Concentration: 0.5 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: 11/1/4031</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Armenian Hamster anti-mouse CD11c</td>
 <td>eBioscience</td>
 <td>12-0114</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: PE 
 Concentration: 0.8 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: Dec-88</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Goat anti-mouse MGL1/2</td>
 <td>R&amp;D Systems</td>
 <td>FAB4297P</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: PE 
 Concentration: 0.1 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: IC108P</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Goat anti-mouse CD206</td>
 <td>R&amp;D Systems</td>
 <td>FAB2535P</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: PE 
 Concentration: 0.1 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: IC108P</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse CCR2</td>
 <td>R&amp;D Systems</td>
 <td>FAB5538P</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: PE 
 Concentration: 0.1 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: IC013P</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Armenian Hamster anti-mouse TCR&beta;</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>553174</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: APC 
 Concentration: 0.2 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: 553956</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse CD8a</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>552877</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: PE-Cy7 
 Concentration: 0.8 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: 552784</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Rat anti-mouse CD4</td>
 <td>BD Biosciences</td>
 <td>557956</td>
 <td>Fluorophore conjugate: Alexa Fluor 700 
 Concentration: 0.2 &mu;g/ 106 cells 
 Isotype control catalog number: 557963</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
Table 1. List of Materials and Reagents.

isolation of adipose tissue immune cells

Obez kemirgenler ve insanların yağ dokusunda artış makrofaj infiltrasyonu (AT) keşfinden lokal ve sistemik insülin direnci ile bağışıklık hücre katkı ilgi yoğunlaşmasına yol açmıştır. Yalın ve obez AT farklı bağışıklık hücre popülasyonlarının izolasyonu ve miktar şimdi immunometabolism laboratuvarlarda yaygın olarak kullanılan bir tekniktir; henüz çok dikkatli elde edilen verilerin güvenilir ve yorumlanabilir bir şekilde stromal vasküler hücre izolasyonu ve akım sitometri analizi hem alınmalıdır . Bu videoda, kıyma sindirmek ve bağışıklık hücre ile zenginleştirilmiş stromal vasküler kısmını izole nasıl gösterilmektedir. Daha sonra, biz antikor etiket makrofajlar ve T lenfositler ve nasıl akım sitometri deneylerde onlara doğru kapı için nasıl gösterir. Az yağlı beslenen yalın ve yüksek yağ ile beslenen obez fareler Temsilcisi akım sitometri araziler sağlanmaktadır. Bu analizin önemli bir unsuru, mutlaka antikorların kullanımımakrofajlar AT doğal autofluorescent kanallar, hem de uygun tazminat kontrollerin kullanımı floresan değil.

Diferansiyel santrifüj takip AT kollajenaz sindirim az yağlı (yağ% 10 kcal) veya yüksek yağ (yağ% 60 kcal) diyet (LFD ve YYD beslenen erkek C57BL/6J farelerin epididim yağ yastıkları gelen SVF izole etmek için kullanıldı sırasıyla) 16 hafta boyunca. SVF hücreleri, daha sonra FACS analizi ile uygun bir ATM (Şekil 1) ve T-hücreleri (Şekil 2) oranını ölçmek için bir fluorofor konjuge primer antikorlar ile işaretlenmiştir. Işık yayılımı, çift ayrımcılık ve...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells at JoVE.com

Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells

Yağ dokusu (AT) yoğun bağışıklık hücre aktivasyonu ve etkileşim bir sitedir. Bağışıklık sisteminin hemen hemen tüm hücreleri AT mevcut olan oranını obezite etkilenir. Bağışıklık hücre popülasyonlarının AT uygun izolasyon, miktar ve karakterizasyonu immunometabolic hastalık rolleri anlamak için önemlidir.

Yağ Doku Bağışıklık Hücre İzolasyonu

The discovery of increased macrophage infiltration in  the adipose tissue (AT) of obese rodents and humans has led to an  intensification of interest in ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

36.0K Görüntüleme.  Vanderbilt University School of Medicine. Yağ dokusu (AT) yoğun bağışıklık hücre aktivasyonu ve etkileşim bir sitedir. Bağışıklık sisteminin hemen hemen tüm hücreleri AT mevcut olan oranını obezite etkilenir. Bağışıklık hücre popülasyonlarının AT uygun izolasyon, miktar ve karakterizasyonu immunometabolic hastalık rolleri anlamak için önemlidir.

Video: Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells

Measuring Calpain Activity in Fixed and Living Cells by Flow Cytometry

Calpains are ubiquitous intracellular, calcium-sensitive, neutral cysteine proteases 1. Calpains play crucial roles in many physiological processes, including signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling, regulation of gene expression, apoptosis and cell cycle progression 1. Calpains have been implicated in many pathologies including muscular dystrophies, cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis 1. Calpain regulation is complex and incompletely understood. mRNA and protein levels correlate poorly with activity, limiting the use of gene or protein expression techniques to measure calpain activity. This video protocol details a flow cytometric assay developed in our laboratory for measuring calpain activity in fixed and living cells. This method uses the fluorescent substrate BOC-LM-CMAC, which is cleaved specifically by calpain, to measure calpain activity. 2 In this video, calpain activity in fixed and living murine 32Dkit leukemia cells, alone or as part of a splenocyte population is measured using an LSRII (BD Bioscience). 32Dkit cells are shown to have elevated activity compared to normal splenocytes.

This article will detail the protocol for measuring calpain activity in fixed and living cells using flow cytometry.

Sabit ve Yaşam Hücreler Sitometrisi ile Calpain Aktivitesi Ölçme

Calpains are ubiquitous intracellular, calcium-sensitive, neutral cysteine proteases 1. Calpains play crucial roles in many physiological processes, ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Seven Steps to Stellate Cells

Hepatic stellate cells are liver-resident cells of star-like morphology and are located in the space of Disse between liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and hepatocytes1,2. Stellate cells are derived from bone marrow precursors and store up to 80% of the total body vitamin A1, 2. Upon activation, stellate cells differentiate into myofibroblasts to produce extracellular matrix, thus contributing to liver fibrosis3. Based on their ability to contract, myofibroblastic stellate cells can regulate the vascular tone associated with portal hypertension4. Recently, we demonstrated that hepatic stellate cells are potent antigen presenting cells and can activate NKT cells as well as conventional T lymphocytes5. 

 Here we present a method for the efficient preparation of hepatic stellate cells from mouse liver. Due to their perisinusoidal localization, the isolation of hepatic stellate cells is a multi-step process. In order to render stellate cells accessible to isolation from the space of Disse, mouse livers are perfused in situ with the digestive enzymes Pronase E and Collagenase P. Following perfusion, the liver tissue is subjected to additional enzymatic treatment with Pronase E and Collagenase P in vitro. Subsequently, the method takes advantage of the massive amount of vitamin A-storing lipid droplets in hepatic stellate cells. This feature allows the separation of stellate cells from other hepatic cell types by centrifugation on an 8% Nycodenz gradient. The protocol described here yields a highly pure and homogenous population of stellate cells. Purity of preparations can be assessed by staining for the marker molecule glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), prior to analysis by fluorescence microscopy or flow cytometry. Further, light microscopy reveals the unique appearance of star-shaped hepatic stellate cells that harbor high amounts of lipid droplets. 


 Taken together, we present a detailed protocol for the efficient isolation of hepatic stellate cells, including representative images of their morphological appearance and GFAP expression that help to define the stellate cell entity.

Here we describe a method for the isolation of hepatic stellate cells from mouse liver. For stellate cell purification, mouse livers are digested in situ and in vitro by pronase-collagenase treatment prior to density gradient centrifugation. This technique yields highly pure hepatic stellate cells.

Hücreler stellat Yedi Adımda

Hepatic stellate cells are liver-resident  cells of star-like morphology and are located in the space of Disse between  liver sinusoidal endothelial cells ...

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Immune Cells Within Murine Aortas

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process of medium and large size vessels that is characterized by the formation of plaques consisting of foam cells, immune cells, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, platelets, extracellular matrix, and a lipid-rich core with extensive necrosis and fibrosis of surrounding tissues.1 The innate and adaptive arms of the immune response are involved in the initiation, development and persistence of atherosclerosis.2, 3 There is a significant body of evidence that different subsets of the immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B lymphocytes, are present within the aortas of healthy and atherosclerosis-prone mice4. Additionally, immune cells are found in the surrounding aortic adventitia which suggests an important role of this tissue in atherogenesis.2
For some time, the quantitative detection of different types of immune cells, their activation status, and the cellular composition within the aortic wall was limited by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical methods for the study of atherosclerosis. Few attempts were made to perform flow cytometry using human aortas, and a number of problems, such as a high autofluorescence, have been reported5,6. Human atherosclerotic plaques were digested with collagenase 1, and free cells were collected and stained for CD14+/CD11c+ to highlight macrophage-derived foam cells. In this study, a "mock" channel was used to avoid false-positive staining.6 Necrotic materials accumulating during the digestion process give rise in a large amount of debris that generates a high autofluorescence in aortic samples. To resolve this problem, a panel of negative and positive controls has been proposed, but only double staining could be applied in these samples. We have developed a new flow cytometry-based method7 to analyze the immune cell composition and characterize the activation, proliferation, differentiation of immune cells in healthy and atherosclerosis-prone aorta. This method allows the investigation of the immune cell composition of the aortic wall and opens possibilities to use a broad spectrum of immunological methods for investigations of immune aspects of this disease.

This paper presents a flow cytometry-based method to investigate the immune composition of aortas. The paper also illustrates an additional technique that allows examining surrounding adventitia and vessel wall separately. This method opens possibilities to perform phenotypical analyses of aortic leukocytes and apply several immunological assays for atherosclerosis studies.

Bağışıklık Hücreleri murin aorta içinde Sitometrisi Analizi

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process of medium and large size vessels that is characterized by the formation of plaques consisting of foam ...

Isolation of Functional Cardiac Immune Cells

Cardiac immune cells are gaining interest for the roles they play in the pathological remodeling in many cardiac diseases.1-5 These immune cells, which include mast cells, T-cells and macrophages; store and release a variety of biologically active mediators including cytokines and proteases such as tryptase.6-8 These mediators have been shown to be key players in extracellular matrix metabolism by activating matrix metalloproteinases or causing collagen accumulation by modulating the cardiac fibroblasts' function.9-11 However, available techniques for isolating cardiac immune cells have been problematic because they use bacterial collagenase to digest the myocardial tissue. This technique causes activation of the immune cells and thus a loss of function. For example, cardiac mast cells become significantly less responsive to compounds that cause degranulation.12 Therefore, we developed a technique that allows for the isolation of functional cardiac immune cells which would lead to a better understanding of the role of these cells in cardiac disease.13, 14
This method requires a familiarity with the anatomical location of the rat's xiphoid process, axilla and falciform ligament, and pericardium of the heart. These landmarks are important to increase success of the procedure and to ensure a higher yield of cardiac immune cells. These isolated cardiac immune cells can then be used for characterization of functionality, phenotype, maturity, and co-culture experiments with other cardiac cells to gain a better understanding of their interactions.

This method for isolating functional immune cells from the heart provides an alternative to the conventional methods of collagenase digestion, which causes unwanted immune cell activation, resulting in a decreased responsiveness of these cells. Our method of isolation yields functional cardiac immune cells by avoiding problems associated with enzymatic digestion.

Fonksiyonel Kardiyak Bağışıklık Hücreleri İzolasyon

Cardiac immune cells are gaining interest for the roles they play in the pathological remodeling in many cardiac diseases.1-5  These immune cells, which ...

Intravital Imaging of the Mouse Thymus using 2-Photon Microscopy

Two-photon Microscopy (TPM) provides image acquisition in deep areas inside tissues and organs. In combination with the development of new stereotactic tools and surgical procedures, TPM becomes a powerful technique to identify "niches" inside organs and to document cellular "behaviors" in live animals. While intravital imaging provides information that best resembles the real cellular behavior inside the organ, it is both more laborious and technically demanding in terms of required equipment/procedures than alternative ex vivo imaging acquisition. Thus, we describe a surgical procedure and novel "stereotactic" organ holder that allows us to follow the movements of Foxp3+ cells within the thymus.
Foxp3 is the master regulator for the generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Moreover, these cells can be classified according to their origin: ie. thymus-differentiated Tregs are called "naturally-occurring Tregs" (nTregs), as opposed to peripherally-converted Tregs (pTregs). Although significant amount of research has been reported in the literature concerning the phenotype and physiology of these T cells, very little is known about their in vivo interactions with other cells. This deficiency may be due to the absence of techniques that would permit such observations. The protocol described in this paper provides a remedy for this situation.
Our protocol consists of using nude mice that lack an endogenous thymus since they have a punctual mutation in the DNA sequence that compromises the differentiation of some epithelial cells, including thymic epithelial cells. Nude mice were gamma-irradiated and reconstituted with bone marrows (BM) from Foxp3-KIgfp/gfp mice. After BM recovery (6 weeks), each animal received embryonic thymus transplantation inside the kidney capsule. After thymus acceptance (6 weeks), the animals were anesthetized; the kidney containing the transplanted thymus was exposed, fixed in our organ holder, and kept under physiological conditions for in vivo imaging by TPM. We have been using this approach to study the influence of drugs in the generation of regulatory T cells.

We have developed novel laboratory tools and protocols for intravital imaging acquisition of the thymus. Our technique should help in the identification of &#x201C;niches&#x201D; within the thymus where T cell development occurs.

2-Foton Mikroskopi kullanarak Fare Thymus intravital Görüntüleme

Two-photon Microscopy (TPM) provides image acquisition in deep areas inside tissues and organs. In combination with the development of new stereotactic ...

Flow Cytometric Isolation of Primary Murine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells for Functional and Molecular Studies

Throughout the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII) to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been increasingly recognized. AECII have been shown to participate in cytokine production in inflamed airways and to even act as antigen-presenting cells in both infection and T-cell mediated autoimmunity 1-8. Therefore, they are especially interesting also in clinical contexts such as airway hyper-reactivity to foreign and self-antigens as well as infections that directly or indirectly target AECII. However, our understanding of the detailed immunologic functions served by alveolar type II epithelial cells in the healthy lung as well as in inflammation remains fragmentary. Many studies regarding AECII function are performed using mouse or human alveolar epithelial cell lines 9-12. Working with cell lines certainly offers a range of benefits, such as the availability of large numbers of cells for extensive analyses. However, we believe the use of primary murine AECII allows a better understanding of the role of this cell type in complex processes like infection or autoimmune inflammation. Primary murine AECII can be isolated directly from animals suffering from such respiratory conditions, meaning they have been subject to all additional extrinsic factors playing a role in the analyzed setting. As an example, viable AECII can be isolated from mice intranasally infected with influenza A virus, which primarily targets these cells for replication 13. Importantly, through ex vivo infection of AECII isolated from healthy mice, studies of the cellular responses mounted upon infection can be further extended.
Our protocol for the isolation of primary murine AECII is based on enzymatic digestion of the mouse lung followed by labeling of the resulting cell suspension with antibodies specific for CD11c, CD11b, F4/80, CD19, CD45 and CD16/CD32. Granular AECII are then identified as the unlabeled and sideward scatter high (SSChigh) cell population and are separated by fluorescence activated cell sorting 3.
In comparison to alternative methods of isolating primary epithelial cells from mouse lungs, our protocol for flow cytometric isolation of AECII by negative selection yields untouched, highly viable and pure AECII in relatively short time. Additionally, and in contrast to conventional methods of isolation by panning and depletion of lymphocytes via binding of antibody-coupled magnetic beads 14, 15, flow cytometric cell-sorting allows discrimination by means of cell size and granularity. Given that instrumentation for flow cytometric cell sorting is available, the described procedure can be applied at relatively low costs. Next to standard antibodies and enzymes for lung disintegration, no additional reagents such as magnetic beads are required. The isolated cells are suitable for a wide range of functional and molecular studies, which include in vitro culture and T-cell stimulation assays as well as transcriptome, proteome or secretome analyses 3, 4.

We describe the rapid isolation of primary murine type II alveolar epithelial cells (AECII) by flow cytometric negative selection. These AECII show high viability and purity and are suitable for a wide range of functional and molecular studies regarding their role in respiratory conditions such as autoimmune or infectious diseases.

Fonksiyonel ve Moleküler Çalışmalar Birincil murin Tip II alveol epitel hücrelerinde akım sitometri İzolasyonu

Throughout  the last years, the contribution of alveolar type II epithelial cells (AECII)  to various aspects of immune regulation in the lung has been ...

Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Immune Cells from the Ischemic Mouse Brain

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident cells. A key mechanism of this inflammatory response is the migration of circulating immune cells to the ischemic brain facilitated by chemokine release and increased endothelial adhesion molecule expression. Brain-invading leukocytes are well-known contributing to early-stage secondary ischemic injury, but their significance for the termination of inflammation and later brain repair has only recently been noticed.
Here, a simple protocol for the efficient isolation of immune cells from the ischemic mouse brain is provided. After transcardial perfusion, brain hemispheres are dissected and mechanically dissociated. Enzymatic digestion with Liberase&#160;is followed by density gradient (such as Percoll) centrifugation to remove myelin and cell debris. One major advantage of this protocol is the single-layer density gradient procedure which does not require time-consuming preparation of gradients and can be reliably performed. The approach yields highly reproducible cell counts per brain hemisphere and allows for measuring several flow cytometry panels in one biological replicate. Phenotypic characterization and quantification of brain-invading leukocytes after experimental stroke may contribute to a better understanding of their multifaceted roles in ischemic injury and repair.

Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Increasing evidence suggests that it acts as a double-edged sword which exacerbates early brain injury, but also contributes to later repair. This protocol describes the isolation of immune cells from the ischemic brain and their subsequent flow cytometric phenotyping.

İskemik Fare Beyin gelen Bağışıklık Hücreleri İzolasyon ve Akım Sitometrisi Analizi

Ischemic stroke initiates a robust inflammatory response that starts in the intravascular compartment and involves rapid activation of brain resident ...

Isolation, Characterization and Functional Examination of the Gingival Immune Cell Network

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident immune cell populations in the oral mucosa and gingiva. We have established a technique for the isolation and study of immune cells from murine gingival tissues, an area of constant microbial exposure and a vulnerable site to a common inflammatory disease, periodontitis. Our protocol allows for a detailed phenotypic characterization of the immune cell populations resident in the gingiva, even at steady state. Our procedure also yields sufficient cells with high viability for use in functional studies, such as the assessment of cytokine secretion ex vivo. This combination of phenotypic and functional characterization of the gingival immune cell network should aid towards investigating the mechanisms involved in oral immunity and periodontal homeostasis, but will also advance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in local immunopathology.

We have established a technique for the isolation, phenotypic characterization and functional analysis of immune cells from murine gingiva.

İzolasyon, Karakterizasyonu ve Dişeti Bağışıklık Hücre Ağı Fonksiyonel Sınav

Immune cell networks in tissues play a vital role in mediating local immunity and maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet little is known of the resident ...

Reliable and High Efficiency Extraction of Kidney Immune Cells

Immune system activation occurs in multiple kidney diseases and pathophysiological processes. The immune system consists of both adaptive and innate components and multiple cell types. Sometimes, the cell type of interest is present in very low numbers among the large numbers of total cells isolated from the kidney. Hence, reliable and efficient isolation of kidney mononuclear cell populations is important in order to study the immunological problems associated with kidney diseases. Traditionally, tissue isolation of kidney mononuclear cells have been performed via enzymatic digestions using different varieties and strengths of collagenases/DNAses yielding varying numbers of viable immune cells. Recently, with the development of the mechanical tissue disruptors for single cell isolation, the collagenase digestion step is avoided and replaced by a simple mechanical disruption of the kidneys after extraction from the mouse. Herein, we demonstrate a simple yet efficient method for the isolation of kidney mononuclear cells for every day immune cell extractions. We further demonstrate an example of subset analysis of immune cells in the kidney. Importantly, this technique can be adapted to other soft and non-fibrous tissues such as the liver and brain.

Techniques that are reliable and efficient for the isolation of kidney immune cells are needed for downstream applications. This requires surface antibody labeling of a small number of kidney immune cells. Herein, we describe a concise method for isolation of kidney immune cells that seemingly achieves this goal.

Böbrek Bağışıklık Hücreleri Güvenilir ve Yüksek Verimlilik Ekstraksiyon

Immune system activation occurs in multiple kidney diseases and pathophysiological processes.  The immune system consists of both adaptive and innate ...

Isolation, Expansion, and Adipogenic Induction of CD34+CD31+ Endothelial Cells from Human Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue

Obesity is accompanied by an extensive remodeling of adipose tissue primarily via adipocyte hypertrophy. Extreme adipocyte growth results in a poor response to insulin, local hypoxia, and inflammation. By stimulating the differentiation of functional white adipocytes from progenitors, radical hypertrophy of the adipocyte population can be prevented and, consequently, the metabolic health of adipose tissue can be improved along with a reduction of inflammation. Also, by stimulating a differentiation of beige/brown adipocytes, the total body energy expenditure can be increased, resulting in weight loss. This approach could prevent the development of obesity co-morbidities such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
This paper describes the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of white and beige adipocytes from a subset of human adipose tissue endothelial cells that co-express the CD31 and CD34 markers. The method is relatively cheap and is not labor-intensive. It requires access to human adipose tissue and the subcutaneous depot is suitable for sampling. For this protocol, fresh adipose tissue samples from morbidly obese subjects [body mass index (BMI) &#62;35] are collected during bariatric surgery procedures. Using a sequential immunoseparation from the stromal vascular fraction, enough cells are produced from as little as 2&#8211;3 g of fat. These cells can be expanded in culture over 10&#8211;14 days, can be cryopreserved, and retain their adipogenic properties with passaging up to passage 5&#8211;6. The cells are treated for 14 days with an adipogenic cocktail using a combination of human insulin and the PPAR&#947; agonist-rosiglitazone.
This methodology can be used for obtaining proof of concept experiments on molecular mechanisms that drive adipogenic responses in adipose endothelial cells, or for screening new drugs that can enhance the adipogenic response directed either towards white or beige/brown adipocyte differentiation. Using small subcutaneous biopsies, this methodology can be used to screen out non-responder subjects for clinical trials aimed to stimulate beige/brown and white adipocytes for the treatment of obesity and co-morbidities.

The differentiation of white and beige adipocytes from adipose tissue vascular progenitors bears potential for metabolic improvement in obesity. We describe protocols for a CD34+CD31+ endothelial cell isolation from human fat and for a subsequent in vitro expansion and differentiation into white and beige adipocytes. Several downstream applications are discussed.

Yalıtım, genişleme ve Adipojenik indüksiyon CD34 + CD31 + insan Omental ve deri altı yağ dokusu endotel hücrelerden

Obesity is accompanied by an extensive remodeling of adipose tissue primarily via adipocyte hypertrophy. Extreme adipocyte growth results in a poor ...