Agradecemos a Gijs wuite, Erwin JG Peterman, y Peter Gross para obtener ayuda con la microfluídica y Alessia Tempestini para obtener ayuda con la preparación de muestras. Esta investigación fue financiada por la Unión Europea del Séptimo Programa Marco (7PM / 2007-2013) en virtud de acuerdo de subvención n ° 284464 y del Ministerio de Educación, Universidad e Investigación FIRB 2011 RBAP11X42L006, Futuro italiano Ricerca 2013 RBFR13V4M2, y en el marco de la NANOMAX proyecto emblemático.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

En la última década, las técnicas de manipulación y de imágenes de moléculas individuales se han visto grandes avances en términos de resolución espacial y temporal. La combinación de técnicas de manipulación y de imagen está en la base de instrumentos de gran alcance que ahora permiten el control de las condiciones mecánicas de un solo polímero biológico, tales como ADN, ARN o filamentos del citoesqueleto, y la localización simultánea de proteínas individuales interactuar con el mismo polímero . El c...

Molécula individual (SM) técnicas han evolucionado mucho en los últimos treinta años para responder a la necesidad de superar algunas de las limitaciones de las mediciones de soluciones tradicionales, a granel 1.3. La manipulación de las moléculas biológicas individuales ha creado la oportunidad para medir las propiedades mecánicas de los biopolímeros 4 y controlar los parámetros mecánicos de proteína-proteína 5 y proteína-DNA 6,7. Detección de fluorescencia SM, por otro lado, representa una herramienta muy versátil para el estudio de actividad de la proteína in vitro e in vivo, dando lugar a la posibilidad de localizar y rastrear moléculas individuales con precisión nanométrica. A través del punto de ajuste de amplio función del instrumento a la imagen SM, de hecho, se puede lograr la localización con una precisión dependiendo principalmente de la relación señal a ruido (SNR) y alcanzando un límite de alrededor de un nanómetro 8,9. Estas metodologías se encuentran potenteaplicaciones en el estudio de la dinámica de las proteínas motoras, así como de los procesos de difusión subyacentes búsqueda de objetivos en las proteínas de unión al ADN. La capacidad de determinar constantes de difusión como una función de la secuencia de ADN, tiempo de residencia en el objetivo y con precisión la medición de la longitud del ADN explorado durante los eventos de difusión unidimensionales, representa una poderosa herramienta para el estudio de la dinámica de interacción de proteínas de ADN y para la investigación de los mecanismos de búsqueda de objetivo específico. Recientemente, la combinación de estas dos técnicas se ha producido una nueva generación de montajes experimentales 10-14 que permitan la manipulación simultánea de un sustrato biológico (por ejemplo, un filamento de actina o una molécula de ADN) y la detección / localización de una enzima interacción socio (por ejemplo, miosina o una proteína de unión al ADN). Las ventajas de estas técnicas se basan principalmente en la posibilidad de ejercer el control mecánico sobre el polímero atrapado, por lo tanto enabling el estudio de la dinámica de interacción frente a fuerzas o pares. Además, la metodología permite la medición de las reacciones bioquímicas lejos de la superficie, evitando una de las principales limitaciones de los métodos clásicos SM, es decir, la necesidad de inmovilización de las moléculas en estudio sobre una superficie (portaobjetos de vidrio o microesferas). La combinación de dos técnicas de moléculas individuales es necesario superar varias dificultades técnicas, fundamentalmente como consecuencia de las exigencias de estabilidad mecánica y SNR adecuado (sobre todo cuando se requiere la localización con precisión nm) 15. En particular, si se acoplan detección por fluorescencia SM con pinzas ópticas, la reducción de ruido y photobleaching de los láseres infrarrojos captura 16 y el control de los buffers bioquímicos para el ensamblaje de los complejos biológicos y el rendimiento de las mediciones experimentales 11 son de suma importancia. A continuación, describimos los métodos para realizar con éxitomediciones en una configuración de localización de captura / SM fluorescencia dual. La metodología se ilustra con el ejemplo de la proteína represora lactosa (LacI) marcado con fluorescencia (con Atto532) y se detectó ya que se une a una molécula de ADN (atrapado entre dos pinzas ópticas) que contiene secuencias específicas LacI de unión (es decir, operadores). Se demuestra la eficacia del método en la detección de la unión de LacI al ADN y la difusión a lo largo de su contorno en el proceso de búsqueda de destino. El método es aplicable a cualquier combinación de secuencia de ADN y proteína de unión a ADN, así como a otros sistemas (microtúbulos o filamentos de actina y las proteínas motoras que interactúan con ellos).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="863">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:43px;width:203px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Comments/Description</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Web Address</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="114">
			<td height="114" style="height:115px;">elastomeric isolators</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Newdamp</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Choose the appropriate Newdamp elastomer depending on the microscope weight and resonance frequencies</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.newport.com/">http://www.newport.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">optical isolator</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Optics for Research</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">IO-3-YAG-VHP</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.ofr.com/">http://www.ofr.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nd:YAG laser, 1064 nm wavelength</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Spectra-Physics</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Millennia IR</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.newport.com/">http://www.newport.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">acousto-optic deflectors (AODs)</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">A&#38;A optoelectronic</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">DTS-XY 250</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.aaoptoelectronic.com/">http://www.aaoptoelectronic.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Direct Digital Synthesizers</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Analog Devices</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.analog.com/">http://www.analog.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">quadrant detector photodiodes</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">OSI optoelectronics</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">SPOT-15-YAG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.osioptoelectronics.com/">http://www.osioptoelectronics.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:203px;">DIO and FPGA board</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">NI-PCI-7830R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.ni.com/">http://www.ni.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Halogen lamp</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Schott</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">KL 1500 LCD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.schott.com/">http://www.schott.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:203px;">Condenser</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">U-AAC 1.4NA Aplanat Apchromat</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.olympus-global.com/en/">http://www.olympus-global.com/en/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:203px;">Objective</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">CFI Plan Apochromat 60x 1.2NA water immersion</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.nikoninstruments.com/">http://www.nikoninstruments.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">532 nm laser</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Coherent</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Sapphire</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.coherent.com/">http://www.coherent.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">CCD 200X and 2000X</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Hamamatsu&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">XC-ST70 CE</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.hamamatsu.com/">http://www.hamamatsu.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">electron-multiplied CCD</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Hamamatsu&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">C9100-13</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.hamamatsu.com/">http://www.hamamatsu.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">piezo stage with nm-accuracy</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Physik Instrumente</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">P-527.2CL&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.physikinstrumente.com/">http://www.physikinstrumente.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:203px;">Emission Filter</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Chroma Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">600/100m</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.chroma.com/">http://www.chroma.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">silica beads (1.54 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Bangs Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">SS04N/5303</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.bangslabs.com/">http://www.bangslabs.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Albumin from bovine serum (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">B4287</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/">http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">pentyl acetate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">46022</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Flammable liquid and vapour (No 1272/2008)</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/">http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:203px;">nitrocellulose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N8267-5EA</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Flammable solid&#160; (No 1272/2008)</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/">http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">heat block</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">MPM Instruments Srl</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">M502-HBD</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">with 2 removable blocks; preheated at 120&#176; C</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.mpminstruments.com/">http://www.mpminstruments.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NanoPort assemblies</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Upchurch Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N-333</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.upchurch.com/">http://www.upchurch.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">polyetheretherketone tubing&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Upchurch Scientific Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1535</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.upchurch.com/">http://www.upchurch.com/</a></td>
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			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:203px;">home-made metallic holder for the assembly of the flow-chamber pressure reservoir made of Plexiglass</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">luer lock-tip syringes 2.5 mL</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Terumo</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">SS 02LZ1</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.terumomedical.com/">http://www.terumomedical.com</a></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">shut-off valves&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Upchurch Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">P-732</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.upchurch.com/">http://www.upchurch.com/</a></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">flangeless fittings&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Upchurch Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">LT-111</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.upchurch.com/">http://www.upchurch.com/</a></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:203px;">fluorinated ethylene propylene tubing&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Upchurch Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">1549</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.upchurch.com/">http://www.upchurch.com/</a></td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:203px;">two computer-controlled solenoid valves</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Clippard, Cincinnati, USA</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">ET-2-H-M5</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.clippard.com/">http://www.clippard.com</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pressure transducer</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Druck LTD</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">PTX 1400</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">biotin-14-dCTP&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">19518-018</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.lifetechnologies.com/">http://www.lifetechnologies.com/</a></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:203px;">Terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (TdT)</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Thermoscientific</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">EP0161</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.thermoscientificbio.com/">http://www.thermoscientificbio.com/</a></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ATTO532 maleimide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">68499</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/">http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/</a></td>
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		<tr height="157">
			<td height="157" style="height:157px;width:203px;">N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">227056</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Combustible Liquid, Harmful by skin absorption., Irritant, Teratogen. H226; H303; H312; H316; H319; H331; H360; P201; P261; P280;P305; P351; P338; P311</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/">http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/</a></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Tris-(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride (TCEP)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">C4706</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/">http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:203px;">L-Glutathione reduced (GSH)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">G4251</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Acute toxicity, Oral (Category 5), H303</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/">http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:203px;">Amicon Ultra-15, PLQK Ultracel-PL Membrane, 10&#160;kDa cutoff spin concentrators</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">UFC901024</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.merckmillipore.it/">http://www.merckmillipore.it/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:203px;">streptavidin-coated polystyrene beads 1,87 &#181;m</td>
			<td style="width:141px;">Spherotech, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">SVP-15-5</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.spherotech.com/">http://www.spherotech.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

combining single-molecule manipulation and imaging for the study of protein-dna interactions

The paper describes the combination of optical tweezers and single molecule fluorescence detection for the study of protein-DNA interaction. The method offers the opportunity of investigating interactions occurring in solution (thus avoiding problems due to closeby surfaces as in other single molecule methods), controlling the DNA extension and tracking interaction dynamics as a function of both mechanical parameters and DNA sequence. The methods for establishing successful optical trapping and nanometer localization of single molecules are illustrated. We illustrate the experimental conditions allowing the study of interaction of lactose repressor (lacI), labeled with Atto532, with a DNA molecule containing specific target sequences (operators) for LacI binding. The method allows the observation of specific interactions at the operators, as well as one-dimensional diffusion of the protein during the process of target search. The method is broadly applicable to the study of protein-DNA interactions but also to molecular motors, where control of the tension applied to the partner track polymer (for example actin or microtubules) is desirable.

En un experimento exitoso, uno (o más) proteínas marcadas se someten a la unión / unbinding difusión y / o monodimensional a lo largo de la molécula de ADN (Figura 3A). La localización de proteínas a lo largo de la molécula de ADN permite la cuantificación de los parámetros cinéticos como una función de la secuencia de ADN. Cuando se aplican condiciones de tampón que causan difusión 1D, es posible seguir trayectorias de proteína, y determinar, por ejemplo, el coeficiente de difusión D <s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combining Single-molecule Manipulation and Imaging for the Study of Protein-DNA Interactions at JoVE.com

Combining Single-molecule Manipulation and Imaging for the Study of Protein-DNA Interactions

Aquí se describe la instrumentación y métodos para la detección de moléculas de proteína única etiquetados con fluorescencia que interaccionan con una sola molécula de ADN suspendido entre dos microesferas ópticamente atrapados.

Combinando Manipulación sola molécula y de imagen para el estudio de las interacciones proteína-ADN

The paper describes the combination of optical tweezers and single molecule fluorescence detection for the study of protein-DNA interaction. The method ...

combining-single-molecule-manipulation-imaging-for-study-protein-dna

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.5K vistas.  University of Florence.  Aquí se describe la instrumentación y métodos para la detección de moléculas de proteína única etiquetados con fluorescencia que interaccionan con una sola molécula de ADN suspendido entre dos microesferas ópticamente atrapados. 

Video: Combining Single-molecule Manipulation and Imaging for the Study of Protein-DNA Interactions

Testing Visual Sensitivity to the Speed and Direction of Motion in Lizards

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of the visual system provide more empirical evidence for functional applications. Investigation into the sensory system provides information about the sensory capacity, learning and memory ability, and establishes known baseline behaviour in which to gauge deviations (Burghardt, 1977). However, unlike mammalian or avian systems, testing for learning and memory in a reptile species is difficult. Furthermore, using an operant paradigm as a psychophysical measure of sensory ability is likewise as difficult. Historically, reptilian species have responded poorly to conditioning trials because of issues related to motivation, physiology, metabolism, and basic biological characteristics. Here, I demonstrate an operant paradigm used a novel model lizard species, the Jacky dragon (Amphibolurus muricatus) and describe how to test peripheral sensitivity to salient speed and motion characteristics. This method uses an innovative approach to assessing learning and sensory capacity in lizards. I employ the use of random-dot kinematograms (RDKs) to measure sensitivity to speed, and manipulate the level of signal strength by changing the proportion of dots moving in a coherent direction. RDKs do not represent a biologically meaningful stimulus, engages the visual system, and is a classic psychophysical tool used to measure sensitivity in humans and other animals. Here, RDKs are displayed to lizards using three video playback systems. Lizards are to select the direction (left or right) in which they perceive dots to be moving. Selection of the appropriate direction is reinforced by biologically important prey stimuli, simulated by computer-animated invertebrates.

Testing visual sensitivity in lizards using an operant conditioning paradigm that employs video playback of random-dot kinematograms and computer-generated invertebrates.

Prueba de sensibilidad visual a la velocidad y dirección del movimiento en lagartos

Testing visual sensitivity in any species provides basic information regarding behaviour, evolution, and ecology. However, testing specific features of ...

Investigación

Biología

Computer-Generated Animal Model Stimuli

Communication between animals is diverse and complex. Animals may communicate using auditory, seismic, chemosensory, electrical, or visual signals. In particular, understanding the constraints on visual signal design for communication has been of great interest. Traditional methods for investigating animal interactions have used basic observational techniques, staged encounters, or physical manipulation of morphology. Less intrusive methods have tried to simulate conspecifics using crude playback tools, such as mirrors, still images, or models. As technology has become more advanced, video playback has emerged as another tool in which to examine visual communication (Rosenthal, 2000). However, to move one step further, the application of computer-animation now allows researchers to specifically isolate critical components necessary to elicit social responses from conspecifics, and manipulate these features to control interactions. Here, I provide detail on how to create an animation using the Jacky dragon as a model, but this process may be adaptable for other species. In building the animation, I elected to use Lightwave  3D to alter object morphology, add texture, install bones, and provide comparable weight shading that prevents exaggerated movement. The animation is then matched to select motor patterns to replicate critical movement features. Finally, the sequence must rendered into an individual clip for presentation. Although there are other adaptable techniques, this particular method had been demonstrated to be effective in eliciting both conspicuous and social responses in staged interactions.

Computer-generated stimuli using the Jacky dragon as a model.

Los estímulos generados por ordenador Modelo animal

Communication between animals is diverse and complex. Animals may communicate using auditory, seismic, chemosensory, electrical, or visual signals. In ...

Isolation and Genetic Manipulation of Adult Cardiac Myocytes for Confocal Imaging

Cardiac myocytes isolated from adult hearts are widely accepted as a model somewhere half way between embryonic and neonatal muscle cells on one side and a working heart on the other. Thus, cardiomyocytes serve as good models for cardiac cellular physiology and pathophysiology, for pharmaceutical investigations as well as for the exploration of transgenic animal models. Here we describe a method of isolating the cells from the heart. Furthermore we show how a genetic manipulation on cardiac myocytes can be performed without breeding a transgenic animal: This is the combination of long term culture (1 week) and adenoviral gene transfer. The latter one is described from the construction of the virus to the transduction of the cells. It can be used for the expression of genetically encoded biosensors (GEBs), fluorescent fusion proteins, but also for protein over expression and down regulation, e.g. using RNAi. Here we provide an example for the expression of a fusion protein staining a subcellular structure (Golgi). Such protein expression can be visualized by confocal imaging of z-stacks for a 3D-reconstruction of subcellular structures. The protocol comprises state-of-the-art in cell culture, molecular biology and biophysics and thus provides an approach for exploring new horizons in cellular cardiology.

Adult cardiac myocytes are primary cells that can be isolated from animal hearts and cultured for several days. Within this culture period adenoviral gene transfer can be used to express genetically encoded biosensors (GEBs) or fluorescent fusion proteins. Both approaches allow cellular investigations by means of confocal microscopy.

El aislamiento y la manipulación genética de los miocitos cardiacos adultos de microscopía confocal

Cardiac myocytes isolated from adult hearts are widely accepted as a model somewhere half way between embryonic and neonatal muscle cells on one side and ...

Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport

The utility of single molecule fluorescence microscopy approaches has been proven to be of a great avail in understanding biological reactions over the last decade. The investigation of molecular interactions with high temporal and spatial resolutions deep within cells has remained challenging due to the inherently weak signals arising from individual molecules. Recent works by Yang et al. demonstrated that narrow-field epifluorescence microscopy allows visualization of nucleocytoplasmic transport at the single molecule level. By the single molecule approach, important kinetics, such as nuclear transport time and efficiency, for signal-dependent and independent cargo molecules have been obtained. Here we described a protocol for the methodological approach with an improved spatiotemporal resolution of 0.4 ms and 12 nm. The improved resolution enabled us to capture transient active transport and passive diffusion events through the nuclear pore complexes (NPC) in semi-intact cells. We expect this method to be used in elucidating other binding and trafficking events within cells.

Single molecule microscopy approch provided novel insights into nuclear transport.

Imagen de una sola molécula de transporte nuclear

The utility of single molecule fluorescence microscopy approaches has been proven to be of a great avail in understanding biological reactions over the ...

Budding Yeast Protein Extraction and Purification for the Study of Function, Interactions, and Post-translational Modifications

Homogenization by bead beating is a fast and efficient way to release DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites from budding yeast cells, which are notoriously hard to disrupt. Here we describe the use of a bead mill homogenizer for the extraction of proteins into buffers optimized to maintain the functions, interactions and post-translational modifications of proteins. Logarithmically growing cells expressing the protein of interest are grown in a liquid growth media of choice. The growth media may be supplemented with reagents to induce protein expression from inducible promoters (e.g. galactose), synchronize cell cycle stage (e.g. nocodazole), or inhibit proteasome function (e.g. MG132). Cells are then pelleted and resuspended in a suitable buffer containing protease and/or phosphatase inhibitors and are either processed immediately or frozen in liquid nitrogen for later use. Homogenization is accomplished by six cycles of 20 sec&#160;bead-beating (5.5 m/sec), each followed by one minute incubation on ice. The resulting homogenate is cleared by centrifugation and small particulates can be removed by filtration. The resulting cleared whole cell extract (WCE) is precipitated using 20% TCA for direct analysis of total proteins by SDS-PAGE followed by Western blotting. Extracts are also suitable for affinity purification of specific proteins, the detection of post-translational modifications, or the analysis of co-purifying proteins. As is the case for most protein purification protocols, some enzymes and proteins may require unique conditions or buffer compositions for their purification and others may be unstable or insoluble under the conditions stated. In the latter case, the protocol presented may provide a useful starting point to empirically determine the best bead-beating strategy for protein extraction and purification. We show the extraction and purification of an epitope-tagged SUMO E3 ligase, Siz1, a cell cycle regulated protein that becomes both sumoylated and phosphorylated, as well as a SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase subunit, Slx5.

The preparation of high quality yeast cell extracts is a necessary first step in the analysis of individual proteins or entire proteomes. Here we describe a fast, efficient, and reliable homogenization protocol for budding yeast cells that has been optimized to preserve protein functions, interactions, and post-translational modifications.

Florecimiento extracción de proteínas de levadura y purificación para el Estudio de la función, las interacciones y modificaciones post-traduccionales

Homogenization by bead beating is a fast and efficient way to release DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites from budding yeast cells, which are notoriously ...

High-throughput Image Analysis of Tumor Spheroids: A User-friendly Software Application to Measure the Size of Spheroids Automatically and Accurately

The increasing number of applications of three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids as an in vitro model for drug discovery requires their adaptation to large-scale screening formats in every step of a drug screen, including large-scale image analysis. Currently there is no ready-to-use and free image analysis software to meet this large-scale format. Most existing methods involve manually drawing the length and width of the imaged 3D spheroids, which is a tedious and time-consuming process. This study presents a high-throughput image analysis software application &#8211; SpheroidSizer, which measures the major and minor axial length of the imaged 3D tumor spheroids automatically and accurately; calculates the volume of each individual 3D tumor spheroid; then outputs the results in two different forms in spreadsheets for easy manipulations in the subsequent data analysis. The main advantage of this software is its powerful image analysis application that is adapted for large numbers of images. It provides high-throughput computation and quality-control workflow. The estimated time to process 1,000 images is about 15 min&#160;on a minimally configured laptop, or around 1 min&#160;on a multi-core performance workstation. The graphical user interface (GUI) is also designed for easy quality control, and users can manually override the computer results. The key method used in this software is adapted from the active contour algorithm, also known as Snakes, which is especially suitable for images with uneven illumination and noisy background that often plagues automated imaging processing in high-throughput screens. The complimentary &#8220;Manual Initialize&#8221; and &#8220;Hand Draw&#8221; tools provide the flexibility to SpheroidSizer in dealing with various types of spheroids and diverse quality images. This high-throughput image analysis software remarkably reduces labor and speeds up the analysis process. Implementing this software is beneficial for 3D tumor spheroids to become a routine in vitro model for drug screens in industry and academia.

We present a high-throughput image analysis software application to measure the size of three-dimensional tumor spheroids imaged with bright-field microscopy. This application provides a fast and effective way to examine the effects of therapeutic drugs on spheroids, which is beneficial for researchers who wish to use spheroids in drug screens.

De alto rendimiento de imagen Análisis de esferoides tumorales: una aplicación de software fácil de usar para medir el tamaño de esferoides forma automática y precisa

The increasing number of applications of three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids as an in vitro model for drug discovery requires their adaptation to ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for the Identification of Arabidopsis Protein-DNA Interactions In Vivo

Intricate gene regulatory networks orchestrate biological processes and developmental transitions in plants. Selective transcriptional activation and silencing of genes mediate the response of plants to environmental signals and developmental cues. Therefore, insights into the mechanisms that control plant gene expression are essential to gain a deep understanding of how biological processes are regulated in plants. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) technique described here is a procedure to identify the DNA-binding sites of proteins in genes or genomic regions of the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. The interactions with DNA of proteins of interest such as transcription factors, chromatin proteins or posttranslationally modified versions of histones can be efficiently analyzed with the ChIP protocol. This method is based on the fixation of protein-DNA interactions in vivo, random fragmentation of chromatin, immunoprecipitation of protein-DNA complexes with specific antibodies, and quantification of the DNA associated with the protein of interest by PCR techniques. The use of this methodology in Arabidopsis has contributed significantly to unveil transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that control a variety of plant biological processes. This approach allowed the identification of the binding sites of the Arabidopsis chromatin protein EBS to regulatory regions of the master gene of flowering FT. The impact of this protein in the accumulation of particular histone marks in the genomic region of FT was also revealed through ChIP analysis.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for the Identification of Arabidopsis Protein-DNA Interactions In Vivo

Chromatin immunoprecipitation is a powerful technique for the identification of DNA binding sites of Arabidopsis proteins in vivo. This procedure includes chromatin cross-linking and fragmentation, immunoprecipitation with selective antibodies against the protein of interest, and qPCR analysis of bound DNA. We describe a simple ChIP assay optimized for Arabidopsis plants.

Ensayo de inmunoprecipitación de la cromatina para la Identificación de Arabidopsis proteína-DNA<em&gt; En Vivo</em

Intricate gene regulatory networks orchestrate biological processes and developmental transitions in plants. Selective transcriptional activation and ...

The ChIP-exo Method: Identifying Protein-DNA Interactions with Near Base Pair Precision

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is an indispensable tool in the fields of epigenetics and gene regulation that isolates specific protein-DNA interactions. ChIP coupled to high throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) is commonly used to determine the genomic location of proteins that interact with chromatin. However, ChIP-seq is hampered by relatively low mapping resolution of several hundred base pairs and high background signal. The ChIP-exo method is a refined version of ChIP-seq that substantially improves upon both resolution and noise. The key distinction of the ChIP-exo methodology is the incorporation of lambda exonuclease digestion in the library preparation workflow to effectively footprint the left and right 5&#39; DNA borders of the protein-DNA crosslink site. The ChIP-exo libraries are then subjected to high throughput sequencing. The resulting data can be leveraged to provide unique and ultra-high resolution insights into the functional organization of the genome. Here, we describe the ChIP-exo method that we have optimized and streamlined for mammalian systems and next-generation sequencing-by-synthesis platform.

Here, we present a protocol to achieve near base pair resolution of protein-DNA interactions. This is obtained by exonuclease treatment of DNA fragments selectively enriched by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-exo) followed by high throughput sequencing.

El Método chip-exo: La identificación de las interacciones proteína-ADN con zona de Base Par de precisión

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is an indispensable tool in the fields of epigenetics and gene regulation that isolates specific protein-DNA ...

Study of Protein-protein Interactions in Autophagy Research

Protein-protein interactions are important for understanding cellular signaling cascades and identifying novel pathway components and protein dynamics. The majority of cellular activities require physical interactions between proteins. To analyze and map these interactions, various experimental techniques as well as bioinformatics tools were developed. Autophagy is a cellular recycling mechanism that allows the cells to cope with different stressors, including nutrient deprivation, chemicals, and hypoxia. In order to better understand autophagy-related signaling events and to discover novel factors that regulate protein complexes in autophagy, we performed protein-protein interaction screens. Validation of these screening results requires the use of immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation techniques. In this system, specific autophagy-related protein-protein interactions that we discovered were tested in Neuro2A (N2A) and HEK293T cell lines. Details of the technical procedures used are explained in this visualized experiment paper.

Presented here are two antibody-based protein-protein interaction research techniques: immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation. These techniques are suitable for studying physical interactions between proteins for the discovery of novel components of cellular signaling pathways and for understanding protein dynamics.

Estudio de las interacciones proteína-proteína en la autofagia investigación

Protein-protein interactions are important for understanding cellular signaling cascades and identifying novel pathway components and protein dynamics. ...

Combining 3D Magnetic Force Actuator and Multi-Functional Fluorescence Imaging to Study Nucleus Mechanobiology

A fundamental question in mechanobiology is how living cells sense extracellular mechanical stimuli in the context of cell physiology and pathology. The cellular mechano-sensation of extracellular mechanical stimuli is believed to be through the membrane receptors, the associated protein complex, and the cytoskeleton. Recent advances in mechanobiology demonstrate that the cell nucleus in cytoplasm itself can independently sense mechanical stimuli simultaneously. However, a mechanistic understanding of how the cell nucleus senses, transduces, and responds to mechanical stimuli is lacking, mainly because of the technical challenges in accessing and quantifying the nucleus mechanics by conventional tools. This paper describes the design, fabrication, and implementation of a new magnetic force actuator that applies precise and non-invasive 3D mechanical stimuli to directly deform the cell nucleus. Using CRISPR/Cas9-engineered cells, this study demonstrates that this tool, combined with high-resolution confocal fluorescent imaging, enables the revelation of the real-time dynamics of a mechano-sensitive yes-associated protein (YAP) in single cells as a function of nucleus deformation. This simple method has the potential to bridge the current technology gap in the mechanobiology community and provide answers to the knowledge gap that exists in the relation between nucleus mechanotransduction and cell function.

This study presents a new protocol to directly apply mechanical force on the cell nucleus through magnetic microbeads delivered into the cytoplasm and to conduct simultaneous live-cell fluorescent imaging.

Combinación de actuador de fuerza magnética 3D e imágenes de fluorescencia multifuncionales para estudiar la mecanobiología del núcleo

A fundamental question in mechanobiology is how living cells sense extracellular mechanical stimuli in the context of cell physiology and pathology. The ...