Damos las gracias a Manfred Heckmann útil para los debates durante el establecimiento del método. Además, agradecemos a Claudia Sommer para la asistencia técnica y Frank Schubert para la producción del vídeo de la ayuda. El trabajo fue apoyado por el Ministerio Federal de Educación e Investigación (BMBF), Alemania, FKZ: 01EO1002 y el Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación Clínica (IZKF) del Hospital de la Universidad de Jena.

Todos los procedimientos experimentales se mencionan en el siguiente protocolo fue aprobado por las autoridades del estado de Turingia (Thüringer Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz, Reg.-Nr. 02-044/12). 1. Los preparativos para el Experimento <ol><li> La fabricación de electrodos de succión <ol><li> Tire una micropipeta utilizando un capilar de vidrio de borosilicato de serie con un extractor de micropipeta, por ejemplo, un electrodo de conexión estándar. </li><li> Freno el electrodo a la punta diámetro de 0,5-1 mm (un poco más grande que el diámetro de las raíces dorsales) utilizando un archivo de diamante. </li><li> Esmalte de calor de la punta para que no se dañe la raíz dorsal cuando es aspirado pulg Una antorcha de laboratorio estándar será adecuada. </li><li> Monte el filamento de vidrio en un titular de electrodo conectado a una jeringa a través del cual puede aplicarse presión negativa. </li></ol></li><li> Preparación de las soluciones <ol><li> Inyección de anestesia para los ratones: Mezclar 0,75 ml de ketamina 10%, 0,24 ml de xilazina 2%º 5 ml de solución salina al 0,9%. 10 l / g de peso corporal (BW) de la solución se inyecta por vía intraperitoneal (IP). </li><li> Líquido cefalorraquídeo artificial (LCRa): Diluir en agua doblemente destilada las siguientes sales (en mM): NaCl 134; KCl 3; KH 2 PO 4 1,25; MgSO 4 • H 2 O 2, NaHCO3 25; CaCl2 2, D- glucosa 10. Añadir H 2 O 2 a una concentración final de 0,003%. Use la solución siempre recién preparado. </li></ol></li><li> Preparación de la configuración de la grabación (Figura 2) <ol><li> Conecte el amplificador a una interfaz de PC para la digitalización de datos. </li><li> Utilice un programa basado en PC o un temporizador analógico para desencadenar un estimulador pulso cuadrado y adquisición de datos en el disco duro del PC. </li><li> Utilice silverwires clorada conectados a las pinzas de soldadura de vidrio estándar como para estimulación y registro. </li><li> Ensamblar tres manipuladores para la estimulación, la grabación y el electrodo de referencia, respectivamente en torno a un estéreomarco otactic para los ratones, de manera que todos los electrodos tienen acceso a la médula espinal preparado más adelante. </li><li> Conecte los tubos y jeringas para los portaelectrodos ser manzana de aplicar presión negativa. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Comentarios generales de la experimentación animal y Preparación de los animales para el Procedimiento de grabación <ol><li> Lleve a cabo todos los experimentos con ratones de acuerdo con las directrices del Comité de Cuidado de Animales institucional y el uso respectivo. Lleve a cabo todas las cirugías y las grabaciones bajo anestesia profunda asegurando que el sufrimiento de los animales se reduce al mínimo. </li><li> Anestesiar al animal mediante inyección ip de ketamina / xilazina (125 mg y 8 mg por g de peso corporal de ketamina y xilazina, respectivamente; 10 l / g de peso corporal de la solución preparada tal como se describe más arriba). Si es necesario durante las grabaciones a largo plazo, las inyecciones adicionales se pueden hacer ip o im Nota: repetitivas inyecciones im de 0,05-0,1 ml de solución de ketamina / xilazina en los muslos superiores han demostrado ser adecuadopara mantener al animal en la anestesia profunda hasta por 3 horas. </li><li> Use ungüento veterinario en los ojos para evitar la sequedad, mientras que bajo anestesia. </li><li> Fijar la cabeza del animal en un marco estereotáctico y use una almohadilla eléctrica con sonda rectal y bucle reflejo de controlar la temperatura corporal de los animales durante el experimento. Fijación de la médula espinal en un marco estereotáxico no es necesario. </li><li> Antes de empezar la preparación, comprobar la profundidad de la narcosis por reflejo de parpadeo y espasmos entre los dedos de los ratones. Los reflejos deben ser abolidas. </li><li> Abra la piel a lo largo de la línea media por encima de la médula espinal desde el nivel superior torácica para reducir las zonas lumbar para obtener un campo operacional clara con un bisturí. No utilice tijeras para hacer incisiones en la piel. Perder con cuidado la piel del tejido subyacente. Durante las etapas posteriores mantienen la herida humedecida en un 0,9% de solución salina. </li><li> Corte los tendones y el tejido conectivo en ambos lados de las vértebras de la zona lumbar a los niveles torácicos usando escalpelo y tijeras. </li&gt; <li> Retire las apófisis espinosas y resto de tejido conectivo que rodea las vértebras usando una pequeña pinza. </li><li> Romper con cuidado vértebras con la pinza a partir de los niveles lumbares (L4/L5) bajo un microscopio de disección. Empuja la punta de la pinza en el espacio entre las vértebras y la médula espinal y levantar piezas de hueso aparte. No hagáis daño a la dura y evitar la presión en la médula espinal. Ambos son críticos para el éxito. Mantener la médula espinal humedecido durante todo el procedimiento. Proceder a niveles de mediados de torácicos. </li></ol> 3. La separación de las raíces dorsales y DRP de grabación (Figura 2) <ol><li> Abra la duramadre con cuidado usando una aguja fina (30 G) con una punta doblada. Utilice LCRa para humedecer de ahora en adelante. </li><li> Separar las raíces dorsales medida de lo posible utilizando el medidor y cortar dos raíces adyacentes como distal como sea posible. Vigorosa tirando de las raíces durante la separación afecta el éxito del experimento. </li><li> Baje el electrodo de succión hasta el doRSAL raíces. Añadir como mucho LCRa a la médula espinal como sea posible porque el líquido ayuda a succionar en las raíces dorsales. </li><li> Suck el extremo cortado de uno de la raíz dorsal en uno pipetas de vidrio mediante la aplicación de presión negativa a través de una jeringa. Si es necesario, mover la raíz dorsal en frente de la abertura de electrodo usando una aguja fina. </li><li> Si la raíz dorsal se encuentra seca en el electrodo de succión, añadir un poco de LCRa a su punta mientras chupa con cuidado hasta que la pipeta está suficientemente llena de LCRa. </li><li> Después de la raíz dorsal es aspirado, levante la punta del electrodo de la médula espinal. Tenga cuidado de que no &quot;puente de agua&quot; entre la punta de la pipeta y el cable de cortocircuito de la médula del electrodo de registro / estimulación. </li><li> Repita los pasos 3.3 a 3.6 para una raíz adyacente ipsilateral. </li><li> Coloque el electrodo de referencia lo más cerca posible a las raíces dorsales y mantenerlo humedecido mediante la aplicación de LCRa. </li><li> Al establecer la configuración de la grabación, uno de raíz ya está elegido para la estimulación, laotro para la grabación. El incremento progresivo de tensión durante la grabación de la segunda raíz dorsal se realiza en el modo de pinza de corriente. Uno puede notar una desviación hacia abajo corto que es seguido por una larga duración de desviación lenta, hacia arriba que representa el DRP. </li><li> Ajuste la tensión de estímulo para supramáxima niveles y grabar varios barridos (por lo menos 20 a 30 barridos / raíz dorsal a 0,1 Hz, filtro de entre 0,3 Hz-3 kHz). </li><li> Registre trenes cortos de tres estímulos (100 Hz) para obtener información acerca de la suma que depende del tiempo de la DRP. </li><li> Conmutador de grabación y el sitio de estimulación para las grabaciones contralaterales adicionales. </li><li> Animales no están destinados a sobrevivir el procedimiento. Sacrificio de animales después de la última grabación mediante decapitación mientras estaba todavía bajo anestesia profunda (ketamina / xilazina, ver más arriba, paso 2.2). </li></ol> 4. Análisis de Datos <ol><li> Transferencia de datos con el programa de análisis (por ejemplo, Sigma Plot, Igor Pro o MATLAB). </li><li> Calcula el promedio huellas from 20-30 barridos. </li><li> Tome la amplitud máxima de la desviación de tensión (a partir de la línea de base; DRP pico de amplitud) para su posterior análisis (Figura 3). </li><li> Calcular la relación de la amplitud de pico de DRP después de tres pulsos y solo pulso para obtener una medida de la suma dependiente del tiempo de los potenciales posteriores. </li></ol>

<ol>
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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Depolarization+of+central+terminals+of+Group+I+afferent+fibres+from+muscle.">Depolarization of central terminals of Group I afferent fibres from muscle.</a> J. Physiol. 160, 62-93 (1962).</li><li>Eccles, J. C., Schmidt, R., Willis, W. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+Studies+on+Presynaptic+Inhibition.">Pharmacological Studies on Presynaptic Inhibition.</a> J. Physiol. 168, 500-530 (1963).</li><li>Maxwell, D. J., Bannatyne, B. 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Los autores declaran no tener intereses financieros en competencia.

Extra-e intracelulares registros electrofisiológicos de la actividad neuronal y sináptica potenciales in vivo son el estado de las técnicas más avanzadas en la investigación de las funciones neuronales del sistema nervioso central y la fisiopatología. Integración espinal es fundamental para la función del motor, por ejemplo, el movimiento de las extremidades y de la percepción sensorial multimodal. Inhibición presináptica es un mecanismo fundamental en este proceso computacional asegurar res...

La inhibición presináptica es uno de los más poderosos mecanismos inhibitorios en la médula espinal. Inhibe los potenciales postsinápticos excitatorios (EPSPS) en motoneuronas monosinápticamente excitados sin cambiar el potencial de la membrana postsináptica y la excitabilidad de las motoneuronas 1-3. Despolarización aferente primaria (EAP) inducida por la sinapsis GABAérgicas axo-axonal presináptica sobre las fibras sensoriales es el mecanismo subyacente 4-7 (véase también Figure1a). Estas sinapsis contienen GABA A y GABA-B (receptores GABA A y GABA B R R). La actividad de GABA A R conduce a un aumento en la conductancia de cloruro que provoca PAD debido a la distribución de iones local. Esta despolarización bloques de la propagación de potenciales de acción en los terminales de los axones y reduce su fuerza que conduce a una disminución de Ca 2 +-afluencia y la reducción de la liberación del transmisor. La activación de los receptores GABA B no hacet contribuyen a PAD, pero conduce a una reducción de la Ca 2 +-afluencia mejorando así la inhibición presináptica. Mientras que la activación de GABA A R parece estar implicado en la inhibición a corto plazo, el GABA B R están implicados en la modulación de largo plazo 8-10. Además de GABA, que representa la mayor parte de la PAD y la inhibición presináptica, otros sistemas transmisores también podrían modular y contribuir a este mecanismo de 11,12. Los cambios patológicos en la inhibición presináptica parecen ser cruciales en varios estados de enfermedad, por ejemplo, la inflamación y el dolor neuropático periférico 13,14, así como el procesamiento anormal de dolor central 15, lesión de la médula espinal 16, y enfermedad del SNC con hiperexcitabilidad del motor mediada por la transmisión GABAérgica defectuoso 17, 18. Por lo tanto, la estimación de la inhibición presináptica la pena investigar las condiciones patológicas experimentales a nivel de la médula espinal en vivo </em&gt;. PAD da lugar a potenciales de volumen llevado a cabo proporcionando una medida directa de la inhibición presináptica en la médula espinal. Esas posibilidades se denominan potenciales de la raíz dorsal (DRP) y pueden ser medidos de las raíces dorsales de la médula espinal después de la estimulación de las raíces dorsales adyacentes 7. Las primeras mediciones de DRP se han reportado en los gatos y ranas 19 y fueron intensamente estudiado en gatos por Eccles, Schmidt, y otros en la década de 1970 3,4,20,21. Mientras grabaciones in vivo de DRP en los gatos 22 y 23 ratas han sido ampliamente utilizados, las mediciones en los ratones se han realizado casi exclusivamente en preparaciones aisladas ex vivo de la médula espinal 15,24. Aquí, se describe un método para grabar DRP en ratones anestesiados in vivo que permite una medida directa de la inhibición presináptica en el organismo intacto.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass tubing (inner diameter 1.16 mm)</td>
			<td>Science Products (Hofheim, Germany)</td>
			<td>GB200F-10</td>
			<td>Other glass tubing might also be suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfusion solution (sterile, 0,9% NaCl)</td>
			<td>Braun Melsungen AG&#160;</td>
			<td>3570350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(Melsungen, Germany)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rompun 2% (Xylazine)</td>
			<td>Bayer Animal Health GmbH (Leverkusen, Germany)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamin 10%</td>
			<td>Medistar GmbH (Ascheberg, Germany)</td>
			<td>KETAMIN 10%</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30G micro needle/ Sterican</td>
			<td>Braun Melsungen AG&#160;</td>
			<td>4656300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(Melsungen, Geramny)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Salts for aCSF</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>Diverse</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>S88 Dual Output Square Pulse</td>
			<td>Grass Technologies (Warwick, USA)</td>
			<td>S88X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SIU5 RF Transformer Isolation Unit</td>
			<td>Grass Technologies (Warwick, USA)</td>
			<td>SIU-V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>InstruTECH LIH 8+8</td>
			<td>HEKA (Lambrecht, Deutschland)</td>
			<td>LIH 8+8 + Patchmaster software</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data acquisition&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Universal amplifier</td>
			<td>npi (Tamm, Deutschland)</td>
			<td>ELC-03X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments (Novato, USA)</td>
			<td>P-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus (Tokyo, Japan)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments (Novato, USA)</td>
			<td>MPC-200/MPC-325</td>
			<td>Mechanical micromanipulators also possible</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Homeothermic Blanket System</td>
			<td>Stoelting (Wood Dale, USA)</td>
			<td>50300V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intra-/extracellular recording electrode holder</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus (Holliston, USA)</td>
			<td>641227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring spinal presynaptic inhibition in mice by dorsal root potential recording in vivo

La inhibición presináptica es uno de los más poderosos mecanismos inhibitorios en la médula espinal. El mecanismo fisiológico subyacente es una despolarización de las fibras aferentes primarias mediada por sinapsis GABAérgicas axo-axonales (despolarización aferente primaria). La fuerza de la despolarización aferente primaria se puede medir mediante el registro de los potenciales de volumen-llevado a cabo en la raíz dorsal (potenciales de la raíz dorsal, DRP). Los cambios patológicos de la inhibición presináptica son cruciales en la central de procesamiento anormal de ciertas condiciones de dolor y, en algunos trastornos de la hiperexcitabilidad del motor. Aquí se describe un método de DRP grabación en vivo en ratones. Se explica la preparación de las raíces dorsales de la médula espinal en el animal anestesiado y el procedimiento de registro con electrodos de succión. Este método permite medir GABAérgica DRP y por lo tanto la estimación de la inhibición presináptica de la médula en el ratón vivo. En combinación con modelos de ratones transgénicos, la grabación puede DRP sírve como una herramienta poderosa para investigar la enfermedad asociada a la columna vertebral fisiopatología. In vivo la grabación tiene varias ventajas en comparación con las preparaciones in vivo de médula espinal aisladas ex, por ejemplo, la posibilidad de grabar o la manipulación de las redes supraespinales y la inducción de DRP por la estimulación de los nervios periféricos simultánea.

Trazas de DRP típicos se muestran en la Figura 3. El artefacto de estimulación prominente es generalmente seguido por una breve desviación hacia abajo. A partir de entonces una larga duración deflexión ascendente lento, en representación de la DRP se distingue claramente. En un subgrupo de las grabaciones, los reflejos de la raíz dorsal son visibles como pequeños picos en la parte superior de la DRP. En los ratones normales de tipo salvaje, los reflejos de la raíz dorsal aparecen más a menudo ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Spinal Presynaptic Inhibition in Mice By Dorsal Root Potential Recording In Vivo at JoVE.com

Measuring Spinal Presynaptic Inhibition in Mice By Dorsal Root Potential Recording In Vivo

Inhibición presináptica GABAérgicas es un poderoso mecanismo inhibitorio en la médula espinal importante para el motor y la integración de la señal sensorial en las redes de la médula espinal. Subyacente despolarización aferente primaria se puede medir mediante el registro de los potenciales de la raíz dorsal (DRP). Aquí se demuestra un método de grabación en vivo de DRP en ratones.

Medición de la columna vertebral presináptica inhibición en ratones mediante la raíz dorsal de grabación Potencial<em&gt; En Vivo</em

Presynaptic inhibition is one of the most powerful inhibitory mechanisms in the spinal cord. The underlying physiological mechanism is a depolarization of ...

measuring-spinal-presynaptic-inhibition-mice-dorsal-root-potential

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Measuring Spinal Presynaptic Inhibition in Mice By Dorsal Root Potential Recording In Vivo

13.9K vistas.  Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.  Inhibición presináptica GABAérgicas es un poderoso mecanismo inhibitorio en la médula espinal importante para el motor y la integración de la señal sensorial en las redes de la médula espinal. Subyacente despolarización aferente primaria se puede medir mediante el registro de los potenciales de la raíz dorsal (DRP). Aquí se demuestra un método de grabación en vivo de DRP en ratones. 

Video: Measuring Spinal Presynaptic Inhibition in Mice By Dorsal Root Potential Recording In Vivo

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural connectivity form during development. In mice, retinofugal projections are arranged in a topographic manner and form eye-specific layers in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus and the Superior Colliculus (SC). The development of these precise patterns of retinofugal projections has typically been studied by labeling populations of RGCs with fluorescent dyes and tracers, such as horseradish peroxidase1-4. However, these methods are too coarse to provide insight into developmental changes in individual RGC axonal arbor morphology that are the basis of retinotopic map formation. They also do not allow for the genetic manipulation of RGCs.
Recently, electroporation has become an effective method for providing precise spatial and temporal control for delivery of charged molecules into the retina5-11. Current retinal electroporation protocols do not allow for genetic manipulation and tracing of retinofugal projections of a single or small cluster of RGCs in postnatal mice. It has been argued that postnatal in vivo electroporation is not a viable method for transfecting RGCs since the labeling efficiency is extremely low and hence requires targeting at embryonic ages when RGC progenitors are undergoing differentiation and proliferation6. 
In this video we describe an in vivo electroporation protocol for targeted delivery of genes, shRNA, and fluorescent dextrans to murine RGCs postnatally. This technique provides a cost effective, fast and relatively easy platform for efficient screening of candidate genes involved in several aspects of neural development including axon retraction, branching, lamination, regeneration and synapse formation at various stages of circuit development. In summary we describe here a valuable tool which will provide further insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying sensory map development.

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

We demonstrate an in vivo electroporation protocol for transfecting single or small clusters of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and other retinal cell types in postnatal mice over a wide range of ages. The ability to label and genetically manipulate postnatal RGCs in vivo is a powerful tool for developmental studies.

La transfección de células de ratón del ganglio de la retina por In vivo La electroporación

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from individual neurons are critical for understanding how neural circuits function under natural conditions. Traditionally, these recordings have been performed 'blind', meaning the identity of the recorded cell is unknown at the start of the recording. Cellular identity can be subsequently determined via intracellular1, juxtacellular2 or loose-patch3 iontophoresis of dye, but these recordings cannot be pre-targeted to specific neurons in regions with functionally heterogeneous cell types. Fluorescent proteins can be expressed in a cell-type specific manner permitting visually-guided single-cell electrophysiology4-6. However, there are many model systems for which these genetic tools are not available. Even in genetically accessible model systems, the desired promoter may be unknown or genetically homogenous neurons may have varying projection patterns. Similarly, viral vectors have been used to label specific subgroups of projection neurons7, but use of this method is limited by toxicity and lack of trans-synaptic specificity. Thus, additional techniques that offer specific pre-visualization to record from identified single neurons in vivo are needed. Pre-visualization of the target neuron is particularly useful for challenging recording conditions, for which classical single-cell recordings are often prohibitively difficult8-11. The novel technique described in this paper uses retrograde transport of a fluorescent dye applied using tungsten needles to rapidly and selectively label a specific subset of cells within a particular brain region based on their unique axonal projections, thereby providing a visual cue to obtain targeted electrophysiological recordings from identified neurons in an intact circuit within a vertebrate CNS.
The most significant novel advancement of our method is the use of fluorescent labeling to target specific cell types in a non-genetically accessible model system. Weakly electric fish are an excellent model system for studying neural circuits in awake, behaving animals12. We utilized this technique to study sensory processing by "small cells" in the anterior exterolateral nucleus (ELa) of weakly electric mormyrid fish. "Small cells" are hypothesized to be time comparator neurons important for detecting submillisecond differences in the arrival times of presynaptic spikes13. However, anatomical features such as dense myelin, engulfing synapses, and small cell bodies have made it extremely difficult to record from these cells using traditional methods11, 14. Here we demonstrate that our novel method selectively labels these cells in 28% of preparations, allowing for reliable, robust recordings and characterization of responses to electrosensory stimulation.

Retrograde Fluorescent Labeling Allows for Targeted Extracellular Single-unit Recording from Identified Neurons In vivo

Retrograde transport of fluorescent dye labels a sub-population of neurons based on anatomical projection. Labeled axons can be visually targeted in vivo, permitting extracellular recording from identified axons. This technique facilitates recording when neurons cannot be labeled through genetic manipulation or are difficult to isolate using 'blind' in vivo approaches.

Marcaje fluorescente retrógrada Permite dirigida extracelular sola unidad de grabación de neuronas identificadas<em&gt; En vivo</em

The overall goal of this method is to record single-unit responses from an identified population of neurons. In vivo electrophysiological recordings from ...

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise from extra-retinal sources. Ex vivo ERG provides an efficient method to dissect the function of retinal cells directly from an intact isolated retina of animals or donor eyes. In addition, ex vivo ERG can be used to test the efficacy and safety of potential therapeutic agents on retina tissue from animals or humans. We show here how commercially available in vivo ERG systems can be used to conduct ex vivo ERG recordings from isolated mouse retinas. We combine the light stimulation, electronic and heating units of a standard in vivo system with custom-designed specimen holder, gravity-controlled perfusion system and electromagnetic noise shielding to record low-noise ex vivo ERG signals simultaneously from two retinas with the acquisition software included in commercial in vivo systems. Further, we demonstrate how to use this method in combination with pharmacological treatments that remove specific ERG components in order to dissect the function of certain retinal cell types.

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Ex vivo ERG can be used to record electrical activity of retinal cells directly from isolated intact retinas of animals or humans. We demonstrate here how common in vivo ERG systems can be adapted for ex vivo ERG recordings in order to dissect the electrical activity of retinal cells.

Simultáneo<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Pruebas funcionales de dos retinas por<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Sistema Electrorretinograma

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise ...

Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice

Recording of the epidural electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in small animals, like mice and rats, has been pivotal to study the homeodynamics and circuitry of sleep-wake regulation. In many laboratories, a cable-based sleep recording system is used to monitor the EEG and EMG in freely behaving mice in combination with computer software for automatic scoring of the vigilance states on the basis of power spectrum analysis of EEG data. A description of this system is detailed herein. Steel screws are implanted over the frontal cortical area and the parietal area of 1 hemisphere for monitoring EEG signals. In addition, EMG activity is monitored by the bilateral placement of wires in both neck muscles. Non-rapid eye movement (Non-REM; NREM) sleep is characterized by large, slow brain waves with delta activity below 4 Hz in the EEG, whereas a shift from low-frequency delta activity to a rapid low-voltage EEG in the theta range between 6 and 10 Hz can be observed at the transition from NREM to REM sleep. By contrast, wakefulness is identified by low- to moderate-voltage brain waves in the EEG trace and significant EMG activity.

The recording of electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in freely behaving mice is a critical step to correlate behavior and physiology with sleep and wakefulness. The experimental protocol described herein provides a cable-based system for acquiring EEG and EMG recordings in mice.

Poligráfico Procedimiento de Grabación en medición del sueño en ratones

Recording of the epidural electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in small animals, like mice and rats, has been pivotal to study the ...

Hydraulic Extrusion of the Spinal Cord and Isolation of Dorsal Root Ganglia in Rodents

Traditionally, the spinal cord is isolated by laminectomy, i.e. by breaking open the spinal vertebrae one at a time. This is both time consuming and may result in damage to the spinal cord caused by the dissection process. Here, we show how the spinal cord can be extruded using hydraulic pressure. Handling time is significantly reduced to only a few minutes, likely decreasing protein damage. The low risk of damage to the spinal cord tissue improves subsequent immunohistochemical analysis. By performing hydraulic spinal cord extrusion instead of traditional laminectomy, the rodents can further be used for DRG isolation, thereby lowering the number of animals and allowing analysis across tissues from the same rodent. We demonstrate a consistent method to identify and isolate the DRGs according to their localization relative to the costae. It is, however, important to adjust this method to the particular animal used, as the number of spinal cord segments, both thoracic and lumbar, may vary according to animal type and strain. In addition, we illustrate further processing examples of the isolated tissues.

Here, we present a protocol for hydraulic extrusion of the spinal cord as well as identification and isolation of specific dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) in the same rodent. Compared to standard spinal cord isolation methods, this method is significantly faster and reduces the risk of tissue damage.

Extrusión hidráulica de la médula espinal y aislamiento de los ganglios de la raíz dorsal en roedores

Traditionally, the spinal cord is isolated by laminectomy, i.e. by breaking open the spinal vertebrae one at a time. This is both time consuming and may ...

Dorsal Root Ganglion Injection and Dorsal Root Crush Injury as a Model for Sensory Axon Regeneration

Achieving axon regeneration after nervous system injury is a challenging task. As different parts of the central nervous system (CNS) differ from each other anatomically, it is important to identify an appropriate model to use for the study of axon regeneration. By using a suitable model, we can formulate a specific treatment based on the severity of injury, the neuronal cell type of interest, and the desired spinal tract for assessing regeneration. Within the sensory pathway, DRG neurons are responsible for relaying sensory information from the periphery to the CNS. We present here a protocol that uses a DRG injection with a viral vector and a concurrent dorsal root crush injury in the lower cervical spinal cord of an adult rat as a model to study sensory axon regeneration. As demonstrated using a control virus, AAV5-GFP, we show the effectiveness of a direct DRG injection in transducing DRG neurons and tracing sensory axons into the spinal cord. We also show the effectiveness of the dorsal root crush injury in denervating the forepaw as an injury model for evaluating axon regeneration. Despite the requirement for specialized training to perform this invasive surgical procedure, the protocol is flexible, and potential users can modify many parts to accommodate their experimental requirements. Importantly, it can serve as a foundation for those in search of a suitable animal model for their studies. We believe that this article will help new users to learn the procedure in a very efficient and effective manner.

This protocol presents the use of a dorsal root ganglion (DRG) injection with a viral vector and a concurrent dorsal root crush injury in an adult rat as a model to study sensory axon regeneration. This model is suitable for investigating the use of gene therapy to promote sensory axon regeneration.

Inyección de raíz dorsal ganglio de raíz dorsal y Lesión por aplastamiento como modelo para la regeneración del axón sensorial

Achieving axon regeneration after nervous system injury is a challenging task. As different parts of the central nervous system (CNS) differ from each ...

Laminotomy for Lumbar Dorsal Root Ganglion Access and Injection in Swine

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are anatomically well defined structures that contain all primary sensory neurons below the head. This fact makes DRG attractive targets for injection of novel therapeutics aimed at treating chronic pain. In small animal models, laminectomy has been used to facilitate DRG injection because it involves surgical removal of the vertebral bone surrounding each DRG. We demonstrate a technique for intraganglionic injection of lumbar DRG in a large animal species, namely, swine. Laminotomy is performed to allow direct access to DRG using standard neurosurgical techniques, instruments, and materials. Compared with more extensive bone removal via laminectomy, we implement laminotomy to conserve spinal anatomy while achieving sufficient DRG access. Intraoperative progress of DRG injection is monitored using a non-toxic dye. Following euthanasia on post-operative day 21, the success of injection is determined by histology for intraganglionic distribution of 4&#39;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). We inject a biologically inactive solution to demonstrate the protocol. This method could be applied in future preclinical studies to target therapeutic solutions to DRG. Our methodology should facilitate testing the translatability of intraganglionic small animal paradigms in a large animal species. Additionally, this protocol may serve as a key resource for those planning preclinical studies of DRG injection in swine.

We describe a method for laminotomy in swine that provides access to lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) for intraganglionic injection. Injection progress is monitored intraoperatively and histologically confirmed up to 21 days after surgery. This protocol could be used for future preclinical studies involving DRG injection.

Laminotomía para acceso de ganglio de raíz Dorsal Lumbar y de la inyección en los cerdos

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are anatomically well defined structures that contain all primary sensory neurons below the head. This fact makes DRG attractive ...

Investigating Mammalian Axon Regeneration: In Vivo Electroporation of Adult Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglion

Electroporation is an essential non-viral gene transfection approach to introduce DNA plasmids or small RNA molecules into cells. A sensory neuron in the dorsal root ganglion (DRGs) extends a single axon with two branches. One branch goes to the peripheral nerve (peripheral branch), and the other branch enters the spinal cord through the dorsal root (central branch). After the neural injury, the peripheral branch regenerates robustly whereas the central branch does not regenerate. Due to the high regenerative capacity, sensory axon regeneration has been widely used as a model system to study mammalian axon regeneration in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we describe a previously established approach protocol to manipulate gene expression in mature sensory neurons in vivo via electroporation. Based on transfection with plasmids or small RNA oligos (siRNAs or microRNAs), the approach allows for both loss- and gain-of-function experiments to study the roles of genes-of-interests or microRNAs in regulation of axon regeneration in vivo. In addition, the manipulation of gene expression in vivo can be controlled both spatially and temporally within a relatively short time course. This model system provides a unique tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which mammalian axon regeneration is regulated in vivo.

Investigating Mammalian Axon Regeneration: In Vivo Electroporation of Adult Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglion

Electroporation is an effective approach to deliver genes of interests into cells. By applying this approach in vivo on the neurons of adult mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG), we describe a model to study axon regeneration in vivo.

Investigadora de axón mamífero de regeneración: En Vivo electroporación de ganglio de raíz Dorsal de ratón adulto

Electroporation is an essential non-viral gene transfection approach to introduce DNA plasmids or small RNA molecules into cells. A sensory neuron in the ...

Use of In Vivo Single-fiber Recording and Intact Dorsal Root Ganglion with Attached Sciatic Nerve to Examine the Mechanism of Conduction Failure

Single-fiber recording has been a classical and effective electrophysiological technique over the last few decades because of its specific application for nerve fibers in the central and peripheral nervous systems. This method is particularly applicable to dorsal root ganglia (DRG), which are primary sensory neurons that exhibit a pseudo-unipolar structure of nervous processes. The patterns and features of the action potentials passed along axons are recordable in these neurons. The present study uses in vivo single-fiber recordings to observe the conduction failure of sciatic nerves in complete Freund&#8217;s adjuvant (CFA)-treated rats. As the underlying mechanism cannot be studied using in vivo single-fiber recordings, patch-clamp-recordings of DRG neurons are performed on preparations of intact DRG with the attached sciatic nerve. These recordings reveal a positive correlation between conduction failure and the rising slope of the after-hyperpolarization potential (AHP) of DRG neurons in CFA-treated animals. The protocol for in vivo single fiber-recordings allows the classification of nerve fibers via the measurement of conduction velocity and monitoring of abnormal conditions in nerve fibers in certain diseases. Intact DRG with attached peripheral nerve allows observation of the activity of DRG neurons in most physiological conditions. Conclusively, single-fiber recording combined with electrophysiological recording of intact DRGs is an effective method to examine the role of conduction failure during the analgesic process.

Single-fiber recording is an effective electrophysiological technique that is applicable to the central and peripheral nervous systems. Along with the preparation of intact DRG with the attached sciatic nerve, the mechanism of conduction failure is examined. Both protocols improve the understanding of the peripheral nervous system&#39;s relationship with pain.

Uso de la grabación de una sola fibra In Vivo y el ganglio de raíz dorsal intacto con nervio ciático adjunto para examinar el mecanismo de falla de conducción

Single-fiber recording has been a classical and effective electrophysiological technique over the last few decades because of its specific application for ...

Rapid Isolation of Dorsal Root Ganglion Macrophages

There are growing interests to study the molecular and cellular interactions among immune cells and sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia after peripheral nerve injury. Peripheral monocytic cells, including macrophages, are known to respond to a tissue injury through phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine release. Emerging evidence has implicated the contribution of dorsal root ganglia macrophages to neuropathic pain development and axonal repair in the context of nerve injury. Rapidly phenotyping (or &#8220;rapid isolation of&#8221;) the response of dorsal root ganglia macrophages in the context of nerve injury is desired to identify the unknown neuroimmune factors. Here we demonstrate how our lab rapidly and effectively isolates macrophages from the dorsal root ganglia using an enzyme-free mechanical dissociation protocol. The samples are kept on ice throughout to limit cellular stress. This protocol is far less time consuming compared to the standard enzymatic protocol and has been routinely used for our Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting analysis.

Here we present a mechanical dissociation protocol to rapidly isolate macrophages from the dorsal root ganglion for phenotyping and functional analysis.

Aislamiento rápido de macrófagos de ganando de raíz dorsal

There are growing interests to study the molecular and cellular interactions among immune cells and sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia after ...