The author would like to thank the NIH Tetramer Core Facility for tetramer production. The author would also like to thank E.D. O&#8217;Connor and K.E. Marquez at the UCSD Human Embryonic Stem Cell Core Facility flow cytometry laboratory for assistance in cell sorting. This work was funded by National Institutes of Health grant K08AI085039 (G.P.M.).

NOTA: Este protocolo requiere el uso de muestras de sangre periférica de voluntarios humanos. Todas las investigaciones con seres humanos debe ser revisado y aprobado por un Estudios Humanos Junta de Revisión Institucional para garantizar el cumplimiento de la Declaración de Helsinki (2013) y la Portabilidad del Seguro de Salud y la Ley de Responsabilidad de 1996. 1. Aislamiento de células T de sangre entera <ol><li> Antes de comenzar, calentar el medio de gradiente de densidad a temperatura ambiente. Alícuota 4 ml de medio de gradiente de densidad en 2-4 estériles de 15 ml tubos de centrífuga cónicos (1 tubo será utilizado por cada 10 ml de volumen total de sangre diluida). </li><li> Obtener 10-20 ml de sangre en aerosol heparina 1-2 de sodio revestido (verde-top) tubos de extracción de sangre venosa. Recoger muestras humanas bajo la supervisión de personas capacitadas y de acuerdo con una Junta de Revisión Institucional protocolo aprobado. </li><li> Limpiar el exterior de los tubos con etanol al 70%. Retire con cuidado la parte superior de la fillenada tubos de recogida y decantar la sangre en un tubo de centrífuga de 50 ml estéril. </li><li> Añadir 10 ml de solución salina tamponada con fosfato estéril (PBS) a cada tubo de recogida de sangre. Recoger el PBS, añadir a la sangre entera se decanta, y mezclar suavemente. </li><li> Añadir 25 mu l T humanas de enriquecimiento celular Cocktail / 2 ml de volumen total. Incubar a temperatura ambiente durante 20 min. </li><li> Usando una pipeta de 10 ml, la capa de hasta 10 ml de la 1: 1 sangre diluida suavemente en la parte superior del medio de gradiente de densidad. Tenga cuidado de no perturbar la superficie del medio de gradiente de densidad. </li><li> Sangre en capas Centrifugar y medio de gradiente de densidad a 1.200 xg durante 20 min a 20 o C. </li><li> Sacar los tubos de la centrífuga, teniendo cuidado de no alterar la interfaz entre el medio de gradiente de densidad y la capa de leucocitos en la interfaz entre el medio de gradiente de densidad y el plasma diluido. Con una pipeta de 5 ml, recoger cuidadosamente la capa leucocitaria y traslado a un nuevo 50 ml bañera cónico estérile. </li><li> Añadir PBS para llevar el volumen de la PBL recogidos a 50 ml y mezclar suavemente. </li><li> Centrifugar a 600 xg durante 5 min a 20 ° C. Decantar. </li><li> Resuspender las células sedimentaron en 10 ml estéril citometría de flujo de la clasificación tampón (PBS filtrada de forma estéril que contiene 1% de BSA). Muestra de 10 l de suspensión celular, se diluye 1:10 (añadir a 90 l) de azul de tripano para contar las células utilizando un hemocitómetro (rendimiento esperado 1-4 x 10 6 células / tubo de sangre total). <ol><li> Eliminar 1 ml alícuota, traslado al tubo de 5 ml, y mantener en hielo para el análisis de las células T no etiquetados por tetrámero. Mantener la suspensión de células en hielo. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Enriquecimiento magnética de las células T específicas de aloantígeno- <ol><li> Diluir aloantígeno pMHC tetrámero a 1: 100 en tampón de tipo estéril. </li><li> Centrifugar la suspensión celular (9 ml del paso 1,11) a 600 xg durante 5 min a 20 ° C. Decantar. </li><li> Añadir 50 l de diluirse aloantıgeno pMHC tetrámero de peletizadocélulas (hasta 10 7 células). Mezclar por pipeteo suave. Transferir a un tubo de 5 ml estéril. Incubar durante 30 min a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Añadir 2 ml de tipo buffer. Centrifugar a 600 xg durante 5 min a 20 ° C. Decantar. </li><li> Resuspender las células en 100 l de tampón especie. Añadir 10 l de cóctel de selección de biotina y se incuba durante 15 min a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Añadir 5 l Magnetic nanopartículas y se incuba durante 10 min a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Añadir 2,5 ml especie de amortiguamiento y se mezclan suavemente con la pipeta. Quite 100 l alícuota, traslado al tubo de 5 ml, y mantener en hielo para el análisis de las células pre-enriquecimiento. </li><li> Coloque el tubo de 5 ml que contiene la suspensión celular en el imán de separación de células. La tapa debe estar ligeramente encima del tubo. Incubar durante 5 min a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Retire con cuidado la tapa del tubo. Sosteniendo el tubo y el imán juntos, decantar el contenido del tubo en un tubo de 5 ml fresco. No golpee ni sacuda el contenido del tubo aeliminar las últimas gotas de líquido. </li><li> Retire el tubo del imán. Añadir 2 ml de tampón de tipo frío y mezclar suavemente con la pipeta. Muestra de 10 l de suspensión celular, diluir 1: 2 (añadir a 10 l) de azul de tripano para contar las células utilizando un hemocitómetro. </li></ol> 3. Preparación de las células T de células Individual Citometría de Flujo clasificación de células <ol><li> Añadir tampón de tipo frío a todos los tubos de células (tetrámero no marcado, marcado con tetrámero-un enriquecido, y tetrámero marcado enriquecido) para llevar el volumen a 3 ml. </li><li> Centrifugar a 600 xg durante 5 min a 4 ° C y el tampón de decantación para recuperar las células. </li><li> Resuspender las células sedimentadas en 25 l de tampón especie frío. Añadir 5 l bloque Fc humana. Incubar en hielo durante 20 min. </li><li> Preparar anticuerpos para la clasificación de citometría de flujo. Mezclar 15 l de tampón especie, 15 l anti-CD5, 15 l anti-CD14, y 15 l anti-CD19. </li><li> Añadir 20 l de mezcla de anticuerpos a cada tubo de las células. Incubar en hielo durante 20 min. </li><li> Añadir 2 ml de tampón de tipo frío a cada tubo. </li><li> Centrifugar a 600 xg durante 5 min a 4 ° C y el tampón de decantación para recuperar las células. </li><li> Resuspender las células a una concentración de 1 -2 x 10 6 células / ml en tampón de clasificación. </li><li> Alícuota de 100 l de medio de cultivo de células humanas T (DMEM de Iscove suplementado con 2 mM Glutamax, HEPES 10 mM, 50 mg / ml de gentamicina, 50 mM 2-mercaptoetanol, 10% suero AB humano inactivado por calor, y 2,5 humana recombinante ng / ml IL-2) a cada pocillo de una placa redonda de 96 pocillos de cultivo celular de fondo. Mantener en hielo. </li></ol> 4. Aislamiento de células T tetrámero marcado por celda individual Citometría de Flujo Clasificación <ol><li> Establecer citometría de flujo para identificar los parámetros de compuerta aloantígeno-pMHC tetrámero células T marcados (Figura 2.A). Utilice la fracción tetrámero pre-enriquecimiento etiquetados para establecer gating estrategias para eliminar dobletes, puerta de linfocitos, las células que expresan CD19 excluir B y CD14expresando monocitos, e identificar las células T mediante la expresión CD5. Utilice la muestra no etiquetada con tetrámero como una fluorescencia menos uno de control para establecer la gating para la identificación de las células T tetramer vinculante (con 0% de CD5 + CD14 - CD19 - células de la muestra no etiquetada por tetrámero deben caer dentro de esta puerta) . NOTA: Gating estrategias que no son adecuadamente rigurosas dará como resultado el aislamiento de células no T o células T que no son específicas de antígeno, mientras que las estrategias de compuerta excesivamente restrictivas se reducirá el número de células T aisladas. </li><li> Programar los parámetros de la placa de la célula única especie. Dirigir el clasificador para colocar un CD5 + CD14 - CD19 - tetrámero + células en cada pocillo. Dirigir el plato creado para contener 1 pocillo de control negativo (no hay células ordenadas en el pozo) y 1 control positivo también (100 CD5 + CD14 - CD19 - tetrámero - células) en cada fila (figura 2.B </strong&gt;). </li><li> Uso de la citometría de flujo establecido gating estrategia y la configuración de la placa, aislar células individuales de unión tetrámero-T directamente en la placa de 96 pocillos usando un clasificador de células por citometría de flujo. </li></ol> 5. Cultura y expansión de clones aloantígeno-específicos de células T <ol><li> Después de la finalización de la clasificación de células, la placa se centrifuga a 600 xg durante 5 min a 20 ° C. Lugar placa de cultivo a 37 ° C en un incubador de CO2 al 6%. </li><li> Vortex estimulantes microperlas anti-CD3 / anti-CD28 durante 30 segundos para volver a suspender cuentas. </li><li> Calcular el volumen de perlas de activador necesarios para la estimulación de las células T recogidas (0,5 l de microperlas de activador / pocillo). Traslado volumen calculado de cuentas estimuladoras a un tubo de 5 ml estéril. Añadir 1 ml de medio de cultivo de células T humanas y de vórtice. </li><li> Coloque el tubo con la suspensión de microperlas en imán. La tapa debe estar ligeramente encima del tubo. Incubar durante 2 min a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Retire con cuidadola tapa del tubo. Sosteniendo el tubo y el imán juntos, contenido del tubo de decantación en un tubo de 5 ml fresco. No golpee ni sacuda el contenido del tubo. </li><li> Retire el tubo del imán. Añadir medio de cultivo de células humanas T (100 medianas l / 0,5 l de microperlas añaden inicialmente). </li><li> Alícuota de 100 l de suspensión de perlas activador a cada pocillo de la placa de 96 pocillos. Incubar placa de cultivo a 37 ° C en un incubador de CO2 al 6%. </li><li> Monitorear el crecimiento celular diariamente por examen microscópico. Pequeños grupos de células proliferantes pueden ser observados microscópicamente después de 5 - 7 días de cultivo (Figura 3.A). NOTA: Visualización de cultivos de células T en este punto puede ser difícil, y la ausencia de grupos de células observables en esta etapa puede no ser indicativo de una falta de células T en crecimiento. </li><li> A los 14 días después del aislamiento de células, cultivos de alimentación retirando cuidadosamente 100 l de los medios de comunicación fuera de la parte superior de la cultura y la reemplazan con 100 μ; L fresco T humano medio de cultivo celular. Continuar la incubación de placa de cultivo a 37 ° C en un incubador de CO2 al 6%. </li><li> Monitorear el crecimiento celular diariamente por examen y evaluación de el color del medio de cultivo microscópico. Grupos de células grandes deben ser visibles al microscopio 2 - 3 días después de que el cambio de medio. Macroscópicamente, los sedimentos celulares deben ser visibles durante los 14 días siguientes al cambio de medio. </li><li> A los 28 días siguientes de aislamiento de células, identificar clones que crecen por el examen microscópico. Transferir el volumen 200 l de los cultivos en placas de 96 pocillos de crecimiento positivo a pocillos individuales de una placa de cultivo de tejidos de 48 pocillos que contenía 200 medio de cultivo de células T humanas l. </li><li> Añadir 100 l que contenían 12,5 l de microperlas anti-CD3 / anti-CD28 estimuladoras (preparada como se describe en las secciones 5.2 a 5.6). Incubar placa de cultivo a 37 ° C en un incubador de CO2 al 6%. </li><li> Monitorear el crecimiento del cultivo a diario por ex microscópicaaminación y evaluación de el color del medio de cultivo. Cuando el cultivo de células T alcanza&gt; 2x10 6 / ml (típicamente 3-5 días después de la re-estimulación, se puede estimar por el día en que los medios de comunicación comienza girando amarillo paja), la cultura transferencia a un pocillo de una placa de cultivo de tejido de 24 pocillos y añadir 500 l medio celular humana T. </li><li> En 10 a 14 días seguir re-estimulación, recoger 200 l de cultivo de células T para evaluar aloantıgeno especificidad por citometría de flujo análisis de pMHC tetrámero de unión (mediante la estrategia de etiquetado y la compuerta se describe en las secciones 3 y 4.1). </li></ol> 6. A largo plazo Re-estimulación y Cultura de clones de células T <ol><li> Continuamente re-estimular y expandir los cultivos de células T clonales con la especificidad deseada puede ser cada 14 días. Recoger cultivos de células T en un tubo de 5 ml estéril a 14 días después de la última estimulación microperlas anti-CD3 / CD28. Combinar múltiples pocillos de la misma clon de células T en un solo tubo, hasta un volumen de 2,5 ml. </li&gt; <li> Añadir medio para llevar el volumen final a 2,5 ml y mezclar suavemente por pipeteado. </li><li> Coloque el tubo de 5 ml que contiene el cultivo de células T en el imán de separación de células para eliminar microperlas de edad del cultivo. La tapa debe estar ligeramente encima del tubo. Incubar durante 5 min a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Retire con cuidado la tapa del tubo. Sosteniendo el tubo y el imán juntos, decantar la suspensión de células en un tubo de 5 ml fresco. No golpee ni sacuda el contenido del tubo para eliminar las últimas gotas de líquido. </li><li> Añadir medio para llevar el volumen final a 4 ml. Muestra de 10 l para contar las células utilizando un hemocitómetro. </li><li> Recuperar las células T mediante centrifugación a 600 xg durante 5 min a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Decantar el sobrenadante. Resuspender las células T en 10 6 células / T humanas medio de cultivo celular ml. Transferir 1 ml de alícuotas a cada pocillo de una placa de cultivo tisular de 24 pocillos. </li><li> Vuelva a estimular las células T mediante la adición de 100 medios de comunicación l que contenía 12,5 l de estimulante anti-CD3 / amicroperlas nti-CD28 (como se describe en las secciones 5.2 a 5.6). Se incuba a 37 ° C en un incubador de CO2 al 6%. </li></ol>

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The authors declare no competing financial interests.

T cell alloreactivity is a long-studied and clinically-relevant phenomenon. The robust proliferative and effector responses of T cells to allogeneic stimulation has enabled extensive analyses of human T cell responses in vitro through relatively straightforward mixed lymphocyte reactions of peripheral blood T cells against inactivated allogeneic cells. However, these primary alloreactive T cell responses are oligoclonal, comprised of a large number of individual T cells responding to specific alloantigens. This ...

Los linfocitos T son componentes críticos del sistema inmune adaptativo. Las células T son responsables de mediar no sólo directamente respuestas inmunes protectoras a los agentes patógenos a través de una variedad de mecanismos efectores, sino también mantener activamente la auto-tolerancia inmunológica y dirigir las respuestas de otras células en el sistema inmune. Estas funciones están dirigidas a través de un número de señales integradas, incluyendo receptores de células T (TCR) de la ligación, citocinas y quimiocinas, y los metabolitos 1. De estas señales, el TCR es de particular importancia, ya que proporciona la especificidad característica que define el papel de la célula T en la inmunidad adaptativa. Un TCR interactúa con antígenos peptídicos lineales presentados por MHC (HLA ortólogo humano) moléculas (complejos pMHC) de una manera altamente específica y sensible para proporcionar las señales que inician la función efectora de células T. Los parámetros bioquímicos de las interacciones de TCR con ligandos pMHC proporcionan no sólo la especificidad para Tactivación de las células, sino que también tiene un impacto cualitativo en función de la célula posterior T2. Por lo tanto, el estudio de la función de las células T a menudo requiere el examen de las respuestas de las células T clonales con especificidad antigénica definida. El compartimiento humana de células T, que contiene aproximadamente 10 12 células T αβ, contiene un estimado de julio 10 a agosto 10 αβTCRs distintas 3-4. Este diverso repertorio ofrece oportunidad para el reconocimiento de la gran variedad de péptidos de patógenos potenciales que requeriría una respuesta de células T para la inmunidad protectora. Se estima que la frecuencia de células T en respuesta a un antígeno extraño dado presentado por auto-MHC es del orden de 10 -4 a 10 -7 en ausencia de respuesta inmune antes de que el antígeno 5. El repertorio de células T naive está determinada por la selección tímica para asegurar la capacidad de reconocer auto-MHC presentación de antígenos peptídicos y límite reaccionanividad contra antígenos auto-péptido, la maximización de la utilidad potencial para mediar la inmunidad protectora 2. Sin embargo, en violación de esta diseñado reactividad, una frecuencia relativamente grande, 10 -3-10 -4, de las células T de individuos inmunológicamente ingenuos responder a la estimulación con células alogénicas, reconociendo tanto las moléculas MHC extranjeros así como los péptidos endógenos que presentan 6. El reconocimiento de ligandos pMHC alogénicos es estructuralmente similar al reconocimiento de antígenos extraños presentados por auto-MHC; el TCR hace interacciones bioquímicas críticos tanto con la molécula MHC alogénico, así como el péptido presentado 7. La naturaleza robusta de la respuesta de las células T alogénicas a resultados de la estimulación de la diversidad de los complejos pMHC presente en la superficie de las células alogénicas 8. Se estima que cada MHC presenta aproximadamente 2 x 10 4 diferentes antígenos peptídicos endógenos 9. Este breadth de la respuesta a la estimulación alogénica es un aspecto significativo de la patología clínicamente relevantes, tales como el rechazo de aloinjerto o enfermedad de injerto contra huésped (EICH), como resultado de alorreactividad de células T. Estudio de células T respuestas alorreactivas humanos se ha basado tradicionalmente en el examen de las respuestas policlonales de células T vírgenes después de la estimulación con células alogénicas. La estimulación repetida con la misma línea celular alogénico combinado con análisis de dilución limitante es capaz de generar células T clonales con el reconocimiento alogénico HLA definida de 10. Sin embargo, este enfoque es problemático para el examen de las respuestas a ligandos pMHC alogénicos individuales, como el repertorio amplio y diverso de complejos pMHC endógeno presente durante un determinado alogénico HLA estimula un amplio repertorio de células T. Esta estimulación población mayor y la limitación de la dilución enfoque requeriría de cribado de un gran número de clones para aislar células T con la deseada Reactividad contra un único ligando pMHC. Además, la frecuencia de células T que responden a un ligando pMHC alogénico individual es relativamente baja entre las poblaciones de células T ingenuas, que presenta una barrera para la generación eficiente de clones de células T humanos que responden a un antígeno dado. La identificación y el aislamiento de las células T específicas de antígeno de las poblaciones policlonales se han habilitado por el desarrollo de fluoróforo marcado pMHC multímeros 11. Este enfoque utiliza antígenos peptídicos específicos cargados en moléculas MHC solubles biotiniladas recombinantes, que se etiquetan mediante la unión a un fluoróforo marcado con estreptavidina. La multimerización de pMHC aumenta la avidez, la compensación de la afinidad del TCR intrínsecamente baja (M) para ligandos solubles pMHC. Las células marcadas pueden ser identificados y aislados por citometría de flujo. Sin embargo, este enfoque todavía está limitado por la baja frecuencia de células T específicas de antígeno entre las poblaciones de células T vírgenes, que son típicamenteórdenes de magnitud menor que el límite de la identificación y la cuantificación precisa en la mayoría de los citómetros de flujo. Para abordar esta limitación, un método de etiquetado tetrámero pMHC y posterior enriquecimiento perla magnética para las células tetrámero marcado ha sido desarrollado 12. Este método ha demostrado una detección fiable, enumeración, y el aislamiento de células T específicas de antígeno de baja frecuencia. Este protocolo describe un protocolo eficaz para la generación de clones humanos de células T que responden específicamente a ligandos pMHC alogénicos individuales. El protocolo se aplica pMHC (HLA) etiquetado multímero y enriquecimiento para el aislamiento de células T humanas-aloantígeno específico con citometría de flujo de células de clasificación y un método robusto para el cultivo in vitro de células T humanas para permitir la producción de clones de células T de células clasificadas individuales ( visión general en la Figura 1).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="907">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:273px;">Sodium heparin venous blood collection tube 16 x 100 mm</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Becton, Dickenson and Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">366480</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Lymphoprep</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="27">
			<td height="27" style="height:27px;width:273px;">Rosette Sep Human T Cell Enrichment Kit</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Dulbecco&#39;s PBS, 1x without Ca or Mg</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21-031-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E6635</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Fluorophore-labeled pMHC tetramer</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">NIH Tetramer Facility</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">EasySep Biotin Selection Kit</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">18553</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">EasySep Selection magnet</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">18000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:273px;">TruStain FcX Human Fc blocking solution</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">422301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Anti-CD5 PE-Cy7 (clone UCHT2)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">300621</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Anti-CD14 FITC (clone HCD14)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">325603</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Anti-CD19 FITC (clone HIB19)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">302205</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:273px;">Iscove&#39;s DMEM, without b-ME or L-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15-016-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25-060-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">b-Mercaptoethanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21985-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Glutamax</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">35050061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Gentamicin sulfate (50 mg/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Omega Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GT-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Human AB serum, male donor</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Omega Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HS-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Recombinant human IL-2</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AF 200-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:273px;">Dynabeads Human T-Activator CD3/CD28</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11131D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;"></td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Media</td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Cell sorting buffer</td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">PBS, pH 7.4</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">1 L</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">10g</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">EDTA (0.5 M)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">2 ml</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;"></td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Human T Cell Culture Medium</td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Iscove&#39;s DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">351.6 ml</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Heat-inactivated human AB serum</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">40 ml</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">HEPES (1 M)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">4 ml</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Glutamax (100 x)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">4 ml</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Gentamicin (50 mg/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">0.4 ml</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">b-mercaptoethanol (14.3 M)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">1.4 ml</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Recombinant human IL-2 (1 mg/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">1 ml</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of human alloantigen-specific t cells from peripheral blood

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide antigens presented by MHC (human ortholog HLA) molecules through the T cell receptor (TCR) in a highly sensitive and specific manner. While the primary function of T cells is to mediate protective immune responses to foreign antigens presented by self-MHC, T cells respond robustly to antigenic differences in allogeneic tissues. T cell responses to alloantigens can be described as either direct or indirect alloreactivity. In alloreactivity, the T cell responds through highly specific recognition of both the presented peptide and the MHC molecule. The robust oligoclonal response of T cells to allogeneic stimulation reflects the large number of potentially stimulatory alloantigens present in allogeneic tissues. While the breadth of alloreactive T cell responses is an important factor in initiating and mediating the pathology associated with biologically-relevant alloreactive responses such as graft versus host disease and allograft rejection, it can preclude analysis of T cell responses to allogeneic ligands. To this end, this protocol describes a method for generating alloreactive T cells from naive human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) that respond to known peptide-MHC (pMHC) alloantigens. The protocol applies pMHC multimer labeling, magnetic bead enrichment and flow cytometry to single cell in vitro culture methods for the generation of alloantigen-specific T cell clones. This enables studies of the biochemistry and function of T cells responding to allogeneic stimulation.

Este protocolo describe la generación de cultivos de células humanas T clonal con aloantígeno especificidad definida a través de un enriquecimiento de perla magnética y flujo de una sola célula de clasificación de citometría de estrategia. La Figura 1 proporciona un esquema del proceso. <img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52257/52257fig1highres.jpg" /> Figura 1: Visión general de Protocolo El protoco...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood at JoVE.com

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

This article describes a method for the generation and propagation of human T cell clones that specifically respond to a defined alloantigen. This protocol can be adapted for cloning human T cells specific for a variety of peptide-MHC ligands.

Generación de células T humanas aloantígeno-específicos de la sangre periférica

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide ...

generation-of-human-alloantigen-specific-t-cells-from-peripheral-blood

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

12.9K vistas.  University of California, San Diego. This article describes a method for the generation and propagation of human T cell clones that specifically respond to a defined alloantigen. This protocol can be adapted for cloning human T cells specific for a variety of peptide-MHC ligands.

Video: Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Expansion, Purification, and Functional Assessment of Human Peripheral Blood NK Cells

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in immune surveillance against a variety of infectious microorganisms and tumors. Limited availability of NK cells and ability to expand in vitro has restricted development of NK cell immunotherapy. Here we describe a method to efficiently expand vast quantities of functional NK cells ex vivo using K562 cells expressing membrane-bound IL21, as an artificial antigen-presenting cell (aAPC).
NK cell adoptive therapies to date have utilized a cell product obtained by steady-state leukapheresis of the donor followed by depletion of T cells or positive selection of NK cells. The product is usually activated in IL-2 overnight and then administered the following day 1. Because of the low frequency of NK cells in peripheral blood, relatively small numbers of NK cells have been delivered in clinical trials.
The inability to propagate NK cells in vitro has been the limiting factor for generating sufficient cell numbers for optimal clinical outcome. Some expansion of NK cells (5-10 fold over 1-2 weeks) has be achieved through high-dose IL-2 alone 2. Activation of autologous T cells can mediate NK cell expansion, presumably also through release of local cytokine 3. Support with mesenchymal stroma or artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) can support the expansion of NK cells from both peripheral blood and cord blood 4. Combined NKp46 and CD2 activation by antibody-coated beads is currently marketed for NK cell expansion (Miltenyi Biotec, Auburn CA), resulting in approximately 100-fold expansion in 21 days.
Clinical trials using aAPC-expanded or -activated NK cells are underway, one using leukemic cell line CTV-1 to prime and activate NK cells5 without significant expansion. A second trial utilizes EBV-LCL for NK cell expansion, achieving a mean 490-fold expansion in 21 days6. The third utilizes a K562-based aAPC transduced with 4-1BBL (CD137L) and membrane-bound IL-15 (mIL-15)7, which achieved a mean NK expansion 277-fold in 21 days. Although, the NK cells expanded using K562-41BBL-mIL15 aAPC are highly cytotoxic in vitro and in vivo compared to unexpanded NK cells, and participate in ADCC, their proliferation is limited by senescence attributed to telomere shortening8. More recently a 350-fold expansion of NK cells was reported using K562 expressing MICA, 4-1BBL and IL159.
Our method of NK cell expansion described herein produces rapid proliferation of NK cells without senescence achieving a median 21,000-fold expansion in 21 days.

Here we describe a method to efficiently expand and purify large numbers of human NK cells and assess their function.

Expansión, purificación y evaluación funcional de la sangre periférica humana células NK

Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in immune surveillance against a variety of infectious microorganisms and tumors. Limited availability of ...

Investigación

Inmunología e Infección

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) offers the best chance of cure for many patients with congenital and acquired hematologic diseases. Unfortunately, transplantation of alloreactive donor T cells which recognize and damage healthy patient tissues can result in Graft-versus-Host Disease (GvHD)1. One challenge to successful AHSCT is the prevention of GvHD without associated impairment of the beneficial effects of donor T cells, particularly immune reconstitution and prevention of relapse. GvHD can be prevented by non-specific depletion of donor T cells from stem cell grafts or by administration of pharmacological immunosuppression. Unfortunately these approaches increase infection and disease relapse2-4. An alternative strategy is to selectively deplete alloreactive donor T cells after allostimulation by recipient antigen presenting cells (APC) before transplant. Early clinical trials of these allodepletion strategies improved immune reconstitution after HLA-mismatched HSCT without excess GvHD5, 6. However, some allodepletion techniques require specialized recipient APC production6, 7and some approaches may have off-target effects including depletion of donor pathogen-specific T cells8and CD4 T regulatory cells9.One alternative approach is the inactivation of alloreactive donor T cells via induction of alloantigen-specific hyporesponsiveness. This is achieved by stimulating donor cells with recipient APC while providing blockade of CD28-mediated co-stimulation signals10.This "alloanergization" approach reduces alloreactivity by 1-2 logs while preserving pathogen- and tumor-associated antigen T cell responses in vitro11. The strategy has been successfully employed in 2 completed and 1 ongoing clinical pilot studies in which alloanergized donor T cells were infused during or after HLA-mismatched HSCT resulting in rapid immune reconstitution, few infections and less severe acute and chronic GvHD than historical control recipients of unmanipulated HLA-mismatched transplantation12. Here we describe our current protocol for the generation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) which have been alloanergized to HLA-mismatched unrelated stimulator PBMC. Alloanergization is achieved by allostimulation in the presence of monoclonal antibodies to the ligands B7.1 and B7.1 to block CD28-mediated costimulation. This technique does not require the production of specialized stimulator APC and is simple to perform, requiring only a single and relatively brief ex vivo incubation step. As such, the approach can be easily standardized for clinical use to generate donor T cells with reduced alloreactivity but retaining pathogen-specific immunity for adoptive transfer in the setting of AHSCT to improve immune reconstitution without excessive GvHD.

This paper describes a simple technique to induce alloantigen-specific anergy in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The technique can be applied clinically to generate non-alloreactive donor cells. Infusion of these cells could improve immune reconstitution and reduce toxicity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

La inducción de anergia aloantígenos específicos en las células mononucleares de sangre periférica mediante estimulación aloantígeno con bloqueo de señales co-estimuladoras

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) offers the best chance of cure for many patients with congenital and acquired hematologic ...

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  &gamma;&delta; T Cells using Zoledronate

Human &gamma;&delta; T cells can recognize and respond to a wide variety of stress-induced antigens, thereby developing innate broad anti-tumor and anti-infective activity.1 The majority of &gamma;&delta; T cells in peripheral blood have the V&gamma;9V&delta;2 T cell receptor. These cells recognize antigen in a major histocompatibility complex-independent manner and develop strong cytolytic and Th1-like effector functions.1Therefore, &gamma;&delta; T cells are attractive candidate effector cells for cancer immunotherapy. V&gamma;9V&#x03B4;2 T cells respond to phosphoantigens such as (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), which is synthesized in bacteria via isoprenoid biosynthesis;2 and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), which is produced in eukaryotic cells through the mevalonate pathway.3 In physiological condition, the generation of IPP in nontransformed cell is not sufficient for the activation of &gamma;&delta; T cells. Dysregulation of mevalonate pathway in tumor cells leads to accumulation of IPP and &gamma;&delta; T cells activation.3 Because aminobisphosphonates (such as pamidronate or zoledronate) inhibit farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), the enzyme acting downstream of IPP in the mevalonate pathway, intracellular levels of IPP and sensitibity to &gamma;&delta; T cells recognition can be therapeutically increased by aminobisphosphonates. IPP accumulation is less efficient in nontransfomred cells than tumor cells with a pharmacologically relevant concentration of aminobisphosphonates, that allow us immunotherapy for cancer by activating &gamma;&delta; T cells with aminobisphosphonates. 4 Interestingly, IPP accumulates in monocytes when PBMC are treated with aminobisphosphonates, because of efficient drug uptake by these cells. 5 Monocytes that accumulate IPP become antigen-presenting cells and stimulate V&gamma;9V&delta;2 T cells in the peripheral blood.6 Based on these mechanisms, we developed a technique for large-scale expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cell cultures using zoledronate and interleukin-2 (IL-2).7 Other methods for expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cells utilize the synthetic phosphoantigens bromohydrin pyrophosphate (BrHPP)8 or 2-methyl-3-butenyl-1-pyrophosphate (2M3B1PP).9 All of these methods allow ex vivo expansion, resulting in large numbers of &gamma;&delta; T cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy. However, only zoledronate is an FDA-approved commercially available reagent. Zoledronate-expanded &gamma;&delta; T cells display CD27-CD45RA- effector memory phenotype and thier function can be evaluated by IFN-&gamma; production assay. 7

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  &#947;&#948; T Cells using Zoledronate

A method to expand &gamma;&delta; T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is described. PBMC-derived &gamma;&delta; T cells are stimulated and expanded using zoledronate and interleukin-2 (IL-2). Large scale expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cells can be applied to autologous cellular immunotherapy of cancer.

Expansión de la sangre periférica humana de células T γδ con zoledronato

Human &gamma;&delta; T cells can recognize and respond to a wide variety of stress-induced antigens, thereby developing innate broad anti-tumor and ...

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&iuml;ve and Memory T Cells

The development and maintenance of immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the peripheral tolerance needed to remain in immunologic homeostasis with the vast amount of self and commensal antigens in and on the human body. Perturbations in the balance between Tregs and inflammatory conventional T cells can result in immunopathology or cancer. Although therapeutic injection of Tregs has been shown to be efficacious in murine models of colitis1 , type I diabetes2 , rheumatoid arthritis and graft versus host disease,4 several fundamental differences in human versus mouse Treg biology5 has thus far precluded clinical use. The lack of sufficient number, purity, stability and homing specificity of therapeutic Tregs necessitated a dynamic platform of human Treg development on which to optimize conditions for their ex vivo expansion6.
Here we describe a method for the differentiation of induced Tregs (iTregs) from a single human peripheral blood donor which can be broken down into four stages: isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, magnetic selection of CD4+ T cells, in vitro cell culture and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of T cell subsets. Since the Treg signature transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) is an activation-induced transcription factor in humans7 and no other unique marker exists, a combinatorial panel of markers must be used to identify T cells with suppressor activity. After six days in culture, cells in our system can be demarcated into na&iuml;ve T cells, memory T cells or iTregs based on their relative expression of CD25 and CD45RA. As memory and na&iuml;ve T cells have different reported polarization requirements and plasticities8 , pre-sorting of the initial T cell population into CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ subsets can be used to examine these discrepancies. Consistent with others, our CD25HiCD45RA- iTregs express high levels of FoxP39 , GITR and CTLA-411 and low levels of CD12712 . Following FACS of each population, resultant cells can be used in a suppressor assay which evaluates the relative ability to retard the proliferation of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled autologous T cells.

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&#239;ve and Memory T Cells

We describe a method for generating regulatory, memory and na&#239;ve T cells from a single human blood donor. Polarized Tregs can be then compared to other subsets in a variety of genetic and functional applications with genetic homogeneity, including a suppression assay also detailed here.

La generación de células T reguladoras inducidas de células humanas primarias T vírgenes y de memoria

The development and maintenance of immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the peripheral tolerance needed to remain in ...

Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

The potency of clinical-grade T cells can be improved by combining gene therapy with immunotherapy to engineer a biologic product with the potential for superior (i) recognition of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), (ii) persistence after infusion, (iii) potential for migration to tumor sites, and (iv) ability to recycle effector functions within the tumor microenvironment. Most approaches to genetic manipulation of T cells engineered for human application have used retrovirus and lentivirus for the stable expression of CAR1-3. This approach, although compliant with current good manufacturing practice (GMP), can be expensive as it relies on the manufacture and release of clinical-grade recombinant virus from a limited number of production facilities. The electro-transfer of nonviral plasmids is an appealing alternative to transduction since DNA species can be produced to clinical grade at approximately 1/10th the cost of recombinant GMP-grade virus. To improve the efficiency of integration we adapted Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon and transposase for human application4-8. Our SB system uses two DNA plasmids that consist of a transposon coding for a gene of interest (e.g. 2nd generation CD19-specific CAR transgene, designated CD19RCD28) and a transposase (e.g. SB11) which inserts the transgene into TA dinucleotide repeats9-11. To generate clinically-sufficient numbers of genetically modified T cells we use K562-derived artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC) (clone #4) modified to express a TAA (e.g. CD19) as well as the T cell costimulatory molecules CD86, CD137L, a membrane-bound version of interleukin (IL)-15 (peptide fused to modified IgG4 Fc region) and CD64 (Fc-&gamma; receptor 1) for the loading of monoclonal antibodies (mAb)12. In this report, we demonstrate the procedures that can be undertaken in compliance with cGMP to generate CD19-specific CAR+ T cells suitable for human application. This was achieved by the synchronous electro-transfer of two DNA plasmids, a SB transposon (CD19RCD28) and a SB transposase (SB11) followed by retrieval of stable integrants by the every-7-day additions (stimulation cycle) of &gamma;-irradiated aAPC (clone #4) in the presence of soluble recombinant human IL-2 and IL-2113. Typically 4 cycles (28 days of continuous culture) are undertaken to generate clinically-appealing numbers of T cells that stably express the CAR. This methodology to manufacturing clinical-grade CD19-specific T cells can be applied to T cells derived from peripheral blood (PB) or umbilical cord blood (UCB). Furthermore, this approach can be harnessed to generate T cells to diverse tumor types by pairing the specificity of the introduced CAR with expression of the TAA, recognized by the CAR, on the aAPC.

Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

T cells expressing a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) are infused as investigational treatment of B-cell malignancies in our first-in-human gene therapy trials. We describe genetic modification of T cells using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) system to introduce CD19-specific CAR and selective propagation on designer CD19+ artificial antigen presenting cells.

Aplicación clínica de<em&gt; La Bella Durmiente</em&gt; Artificial y células presentadoras de antígenos para modificar genéticamente las células T de la sangre del cordón umbilical y periférica

The potency of clinical-grade T cells can be improved by combining gene therapy with immunotherapy to engineer  a biologic product with the potential for ...

Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed on their cell surface and thereby activate and regulate immunity. 
The major function of DCs is the induction of adaptive immunity in the lymph nodes by presenting antigens via MHC I and MHC II molecules to na&#239;ve T lymphocytes. Therefore, DCs have to migrate from the periphery to the lymph nodes after the recognition of pathogens at the sites of infection. For in vitro experiments or DC vaccination strategies, monocyte-derived DCs are routinely used. These cells show similarities in physiology, morphology, and function to conventional myeloid dendritic cells. They are generated by interleukin 4 (IL-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulation of monocytes isolated from healthy donors. Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated and stimulated from anti-coagulated human blood after peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) enrichment by density gradient centrifugation. Human monocytes are differentiated into immature DCs and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting after 5 days of incubation.

Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated by magnetic bead separation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells after density gradient centrifugation of human anti-coagulated blood. Following incubation for 5 days, human monocytes are differentiated into immature dendritic cells and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting.

Generación de células dendríticas derivadas de monocitos humanos de sangre entera

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition ...

Dextran Enhances the Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency of Murine and Human Primary NK Cells

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining the role of the gene of interest in the development, differentiation, and function of NK cells. Recent advances related to chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in cancer immunotherapy accentuate the need for an efficient method to deliver exogenous genes to effector lymphocytes. The efficiencies of lentiviral-mediated gene transductions into primary human or mouse NK cells remain significantly low, which is a major limiting factor. Recent advances using cationic polymers, such as polybrene, show an improved gene transduction efficiency in T cells. However, these products failed to improve the transduction efficiencies of NK cells. This work shows that dextran, a branched glucan polysaccharide, significantly improves the transduction efficiency of human and mouse primary NK cells. This highly reproducible transduction methodology provides a competent tool for transducing human primary NK cells, which can vastly improve clinical gene delivery applications and thus NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.

The goal of this study was to formulate technologies that allow for successful gene transduction in primary natural killer (NK) cells. The dextran-mediated lentiviral transduction of human or mouse primary NK cells results in higher gene expression efficiencies. This method of gene transduction will vastly improve NK cell genetic manipulation.

Dextrano mejora la eficiencia de transducción lentivirales de las células NK primaria murinas y humanas

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining ...

Highly Multiplexed, Super-resolution Imaging of T Cells Using madSTORM

Imaging heterogeneous cellular structures using single molecule localization microscopy has been hindered by inadequate localization precision and multiplexing ability. Using fluorescent nano-diamond fiducial markers, we describe the drift correction and alignment procedures required to obtain high precision in single molecule localization microscopy. In addition, a new multiplexing strategy, madSTORM, is described in which multiple molecules are targeted in the same cell using sequential binding and elution of fluorescent antibodies. madSTORM is demonstrated on an activated T cell to visualize the locations of different components within a membrane-bound, multi-protein structure called the T cell receptor microcluster. In addition, application of madSTORM as a general tool for visualization of multi-protein structures is discussed.

We demonstrate a method to image multiple molecules within heterogeneous nano-structures at single molecule accuracy using sequential binding and elution of fluorescently labeled antibodies.

Multiplexado de alta resolución de imágenes de células T utilizando madSTORM

Imaging heterogeneous cellular structures using single molecule localization microscopy has been hindered by inadequate localization precision and ...

Generation of Discriminative Human Monoclonal Antibodies from Rare Antigen-specific B Cells Circulating in Blood

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are powerful tools useful for both fundamental research and in biomedicine. Their high specificity is indispensable when the antibody needs to distinguish between highly related structures (e.g., a normal protein and a mutated version thereof). The current way of generating such discriminative mAbs involves extensive screening of multiple Ab-producing B cells, which is both costly and time consuming. We propose here a rapid and cost-effective method for the generation of discriminative, fully human mAbs starting from human blood circulating B lymphocytes. The originality of this strategy is due to the selection of specific antigen binding B cells combined with the counter-selection of all other cells, using readily available Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC). Once specific B cells are isolated, cDNA (complementary deoxyribonucleic acid) sequences coding for the corresponding mAb are obtained using single cell Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technology and subsequently expressed in human cells. Within as little as 1 month, it is possible to produce milligrams of highly discriminative human mAbs directed against virtually any desired antigen naturally detected by the B cell repertoire.

We describe a method for the production of human antibodies specific for an antigen of interest, starting from rare B cells circulating in human blood. Generation of these natural antibodies is efficient and rapid, and the antibodies obtained can discriminate between highly related antigens.

Generación de anticuerpos monoclonales humanos discriminativo de células B antígeno específicas raras circulan en sangre

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are powerful tools useful for both fundamental research and in biomedicine. Their high specificity is indispensable when the ...

Assessment of the Synaptic Interface of Primary Human T Cells from Peripheral Blood and Lymphoid Tissue

The current understanding of the dynamics and structural features of T-cell synaptic interfaces has been largely determined through the use of glass-supported planar bilayers and in vitro-derived T-cell clones or lines1,2,3,4. How these findings apply to the primary human T cells isolated from blood or lymphoid tissues is not known, partly due to significant difficulties in obtaining a sufficient number of cells for analysis5. Here we address this through the development of a technique exploiting multichannel flow slides to build planar lipid bilayers containing activating and adhesion molecules. The low height of the flow slides promotes rapid cell sedimentation in order to synchronize cell:bilayer attachment, thereby allowing researchers to study the dynamic of the synaptic interface formation and the kinetics of the granules release. We apply this approach to analyze the synaptic interface of as few as 104 to 105 primary cryopreserved T cells isolated from lymph nodes (LN) and peripheral blood (PB). The results reveal that the novel planar lipid bilayer technique enables the study of the biophysical properties of primary human T cells derived from blood and tissues in the context of health and disease.

The protocol describes a technique to study the ability of primary polyclonal human T cells to form synaptic interfaces using planar lipid bilayers. We use this technique to show the differential synapse formation capability of human primary T cells derived from lymph nodes and peripheral blood.