The author would like to thank the NIH Tetramer Core Facility for tetramer production. The author would also like to thank E.D. O&#8217;Connor and K.E. Marquez at the UCSD Human Embryonic Stem Cell Core Facility flow cytometry laboratory for assistance in cell sorting. This work was funded by National Institutes of Health grant K08AI085039 (G.P.M.).

NOTE: This protocol requires use of peripheral blood samples from human volunteers. All research with human subjects should be reviewed and approved by a Human Studies Institutional Review Board to ensure compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki (2013) and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996.
1. Isolation of T cells from Whole Blood
<ol>
	<li>Prior to starting, warm the density gradient medium to room temperature. Aliquot 4 ml of density gradient medium into 2-...

<ol>
	<li>Smith-Garvin, J. E., Koretzky, G. A., Jordan, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T+cell+activation.">T cell activation.</a> Annu. Rev. Immunol. 27 (1), 591-619 (2009).</li><li>Morris, G. P., Allen, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+the+TCR+balances+sensitivity+and+specificity+for+the+recognition+of+self+and+pathogens.">How the TCR balances sensitivity and specificity for the recognition of self and pathogens.</a> Nat. Immunol. 13 (2), 121-128 (2012).</li><li>Arstilla, T. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+direct+estimation+of+the+human+&#945;&#946;+T+cell+receptor+diversity.">A direct estimation of the human &#945;&#946; T cell receptor diversity.</a> Science. 286 (5441), 958-961 (1999).</li><li>Robbins, H. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+assessment+of+T-cell+receptor+&#946;-chain+diversity+in+&#945;&#946;+T+cells.">Comprehensive assessment of T-cell receptor &#946;-chain diversity in &#945;&#946; T cells.</a> Blood. 114 (19), 4099-4107 (2009).</li><li>Alanio, C., Lemaitre, F., Law, H. K. W., Hasan, M., Albert, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enumeration+of+human+antigen-specific+naive+CD8++T+cells+reveals+conserved+precursor+frequencies.">Enumeration of human antigen-specific naive CD8+ T cells reveals conserved precursor frequencies.</a> Blood. 115 (18), 3718-3725 (2010).</li><li>Suchin, E. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantifying+the+frequency+of+alloreactive+T+cells+in+vivo:+new+answers+to+an+old+question.">Quantifying the frequency of alloreactive T cells in vivo: new answers to an old question.</a> J. Immunol. 166 (2), 973-981 (2001).</li><li>Felix, N. J., Allen, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specificity+of+T-cell+alloreactivity.">Specificity of T-cell alloreactivity.</a> Nat. Rev. Immunol. 7 (12), 942-953 (2007).</li><li>Morris, G. P., Ni, P. P., Allen, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alloreactivity+is+limited+by+the+endogenous+peptide+repertoire.">Alloreactivity is limited by the endogenous peptide repertoire.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 108 (9), 3695-3700 (2011).</li><li>Suri, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+APCs,+the+autologous+peptides+selected+by+the+diabetogenic+I-Ag7+molecule+are+unique+and+determined+by+the+amino+acid+changes+in+the+P9+pocket.">In APCs, the autologous peptides selected by the diabetogenic I-Ag7 molecule are unique and determined by the amino acid changes in the P9 pocket.</a> J. Immunol. 168 (3), 1235-1243 (2002).</li><li>Yssl, H., Spits, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+and+maintenance+of+cloned+human+T+cell+lines.">Generation and maintenance of cloned human T cell lines.</a> Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 7, (2002).</li><li>Altman, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+analysis+of+antigen-specific+T+lymphocytes.">Phenotypic analysis of antigen-specific T lymphocytes.</a> Science. 274 (5284), 94-96 (1996).</li><li>Moon, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Naive+CD4++T+cell+frequency+varies+for+different+epitopes+and+predicts+repertoire+diversity+and+response+magnitude.">Naive CD4+ T cell frequency varies for different epitopes and predicts repertoire diversity and response magnitude.</a> Immunity. 27 (2), 203-213 (2007).</li><li>Chicz, R. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specificity+and+promiscuity+among+naturally+processed+peptides+bound+to+HLA-DR+alleles.">Specificity and promiscuity among naturally processed peptides bound to HLA-DR alleles.</a> J. Exp. Med. 178 (1), 27-47 (1993).</li><li>Ni, P. P., Allen, P. M., Morris, G. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ability+to+rearrange+dual+TCRs+enhances+positive+selection,+leading+to+increased+allo-+and+autoreactive+T+cell+repertoires.">The ability to rearrange dual TCRs enhances positive selection, leading to increased allo- and autoreactive T cell repertoires.</a> J. Immunol. In press, (2014).</li><li>Morris, G. P., Uy, G. L., Donermeyer, D., DiPersio, J. F., Allen, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+receptor+T+cells+mediate+pathologic+alloreactivity+in+patients+with+acute+graft-versus-host+disease.">Dual receptor T cells mediate pathologic alloreactivity in patients with acute graft-versus-host disease.</a> Sci. Transl. Med. 5 (188), (2013).</li><li>Altman, J. D., Reay, P. A., Davis, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+functional+peptide+complexes+of+class+II+major+histocompatibility+complex+proteins+from+subunits+produced+in+Escherichia+coli.">Formation of functional peptide complexes of class II major histocompatibility complex proteins from subunits produced in Escherichia coli.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90 (21), 10330-10334 (1993).</li><li>Sabatino, J. J., Huang, J., Zhu, C., Evavold, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+prevalence+of+low+affinity+peptide-MHC+II+tetramer-negative+effectors+during+polyclonal+CD4++T+cell+responses.">High prevalence of low affinity peptide-MHC II tetramer-negative effectors during polyclonal CD4+ T cell responses.</a> J. Exp. Med. 208 (1), 81-90 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

T cell alloreactivity is a long-studied and clinically-relevant phenomenon. The robust proliferative and effector responses of T cells to allogeneic stimulation has enabled extensive analyses of human T cell responses in vitro through relatively straightforward mixed lymphocyte reactions of peripheral blood T cells against inactivated allogeneic cells. However, these primary alloreactive T cell responses are oligoclonal, comprised of a large number of individual T cells responding to specific alloantigens. This ...

T lymphocytes are critical components of the adaptive immune system. T cells are responsible for not only directly mediating protective immune responses to pathogens through a variety of effector mechanisms, but also actively maintaining immunological self-tolerance and directing the responses of other cells in the immune system. These functions are directed through a number of integrated signals, including T cell receptor (TCR) ligation, cytokines and chemokines, and metabolites1. Of these signals, the TCR is of particular importance, as it provides the characteristic specificity that defines the T cell&#8217;s role in adaptive immunity. A TCR interacts with linear peptide antigens presented by MHC (human ortholog HLA) molecules (pMHC complexes) in a highly specific and sensitive manner to provide the signals that initiate T cell effector function. The biochemical parameters of TCR interactions with pMHC ligands provide not only the specificity for T cell activation, but also have a qualitative impact on subsequent T cell function2. Thus, studying T cell function often requires examining the responses of clonal T cells with defined antigenic specificity.
The human T cell compartment, containing approximately 1012&#945;&#946; T cells, contains an estimated 107&#8211; 108 distinct &#945;&#946;TCRs3-4. This diverse repertoire provides opportunity for recognition of the vast array of peptides from potential pathogens that would necessitate a T cell response for protective immunity. It is estimated that the frequency of T cells responding to a given foreign antigen presented by self-MHC is on the order of 10-4&#8211; 10-7 in the absence of prior immune response to that antigen5. The naive T cell repertoire is shaped by thymic selection to ensure the ability to recognize self-MHC presenting peptide antigens and limit reactivity against self-peptide antigens, maximizing the potential utility for mediating protective immunity2. However, in violation of this designed reactivity, a relatively large frequency, 10-3&#8211; 10-4, of T cells from immunologically naive individuals respond to stimulation with allogeneic cells, recognizing both the foreign MHC molecules as well as the endogenous peptides they present6. The recognition of allogeneic pMHC ligands is structurally similar to the recognition of foreign antigens presented by self-MHC; the TCR makes critical biochemical interactions with both the allogeneic MHC molecule as well as the presented peptide7. The robust nature of the response of T cells to allogeneic stimulation results from the diversity of pMHC complexes present on the surface of allogeneic cells8. It is estimated that each MHC presents approximately 2 x 104 different endogenous peptide antigens9. This breadth of response to allogeneic stimulation is a significant aspect of the clinically-relevant pathology, such as allograft rejection or graft versus host disease (GVHD), resulting from T cell alloreactivity.
Study of human T cell alloreactive responses has traditionally relied upon examining polyclonal responses of naive T cells following stimulation with allogeneic cells. Repeated stimulation with the same allogeneic cell line combined with limiting dilution analyses is capable of generating clonal T cells with defined recognition of allogeneic HLA10. However, this approach is problematic for examining responses to individual allogeneic pMHC ligands, as the large and diverse repertoire of endogenous pMHC complexes present for a given allogeneic HLA stimulates a broad repertoire of T cells. This bulk population stimulation and limiting dilution approach would require screening of large numbers of clones to isolate T cells with the desired reactivity against a single pMHC ligand. Additionally, the frequency of T cells responding to an individual allogeneic pMHC ligand is relatively low among naive T cell populations, which presents a barrier to efficient generation of human T cell clones responsive to a given antigen.
Identification and isolation of antigen-specific T cells from polyclonal populations have been enabled by the development of fluorophore-labeled pMHC multimers11. This approach utilizes specific peptide antigens loaded into recombinant soluble biotinylated MHC molecules, which are labeled by binding to a streptavidin-labeled fluorophore. Multimerization of pMHC increases the avidity, compensating for the intrinsically low (&#181;M) affinity of TCR for soluble pMHC ligands. Labeled cells can be identified and isolated by flow cytometry. However, this approach is still limited by the low frequency of antigen-specific T cells among naive T cell populations, which are typically orders of magnitude less than the limit of accurate identification and quantification on most flow cytometers. To address this limitation, a method of pMHC tetramer labeling and subsequent magnetic bead enrichment for tetramer-labeled cells has been developed12. This method has demonstrated reliable detection, enumeration, and isolation of low-frequency antigen-specific T cells.
This protocol describes an effective protocol for the generation of human T cell clones that specifically respond to individual allogeneic pMHC ligands. The protocol applies pMHC (HLA) multimer labeling and enrichment for the isolation of alloantigen-specific human T cells with flow cytometry cell sorting and a robust method for in vitro culture of human T cells to enable production of T cell clones from single sorted cells (overview in Figure 1).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="907">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:273px;">Sodium heparin venous blood collection tube 16 x 100 mm</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Becton, Dickenson and Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">366480</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Lymphoprep</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="27">
			<td height="27" style="height:27px;width:273px;">Rosette Sep Human T Cell Enrichment Kit</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Dulbecco&#39;s PBS, 1x without Ca or Mg</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21-031-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E6635</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Fluorophore-labeled pMHC tetramer</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">NIH Tetramer Facility</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">EasySep Biotin Selection Kit</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">18553</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">EasySep Selection magnet</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">18000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:273px;">TruStain FcX Human Fc blocking solution</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">422301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Anti-CD5 PE-Cy7 (clone UCHT2)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">300621</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Anti-CD14 FITC (clone HCD14)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">325603</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Anti-CD19 FITC (clone HIB19)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">302205</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:273px;">Iscove&#39;s DMEM, without b-ME or L-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15-016-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25-060-CI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">b-Mercaptoethanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21985-023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Glutamax</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">35050061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Gentamicin sulfate (50 mg/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Omega Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GT-50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Human AB serum, male donor</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Omega Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HS-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Recombinant human IL-2</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AF 200-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:273px;">Dynabeads Human T-Activator CD3/CD28</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11131D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;"></td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Media</td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Cell sorting buffer</td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">PBS, pH 7.4</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">1 L</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">10g</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">EDTA (0.5 M)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">2 ml</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;"></td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Human T Cell Culture Medium</td>
			<td style="width:223px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Iscove&#39;s DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">351.6 ml</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Heat-inactivated human AB serum</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">40 ml</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">HEPES (1 M)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">4 ml</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Glutamax (100 x)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">4 ml</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Gentamicin (50 mg/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">0.4 ml</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">b-mercaptoethanol (14.3 M)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">1.4 ml</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:273px;">Recombinant human IL-2 (1 mg/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:223px;">1 ml</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of human alloantigen-specific t cells from peripheral blood

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide antigens presented by MHC (human ortholog HLA) molecules through the T cell receptor (TCR) in a highly sensitive and specific manner. While the primary function of T cells is to mediate protective immune responses to foreign antigens presented by self-MHC, T cells respond robustly to antigenic differences in allogeneic tissues. T cell responses to alloantigens can be described as either direct or indirect alloreactivity. In alloreactivity, the T cell responds through highly specific recognition of both the presented peptide and the MHC molecule. The robust oligoclonal response of T cells to allogeneic stimulation reflects the large number of potentially stimulatory alloantigens present in allogeneic tissues. While the breadth of alloreactive T cell responses is an important factor in initiating and mediating the pathology associated with biologically-relevant alloreactive responses such as graft versus host disease and allograft rejection, it can preclude analysis of T cell responses to allogeneic ligands. To this end, this protocol describes a method for generating alloreactive T cells from naive human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) that respond to known peptide-MHC (pMHC) alloantigens. The protocol applies pMHC multimer labeling, magnetic bead enrichment and flow cytometry to single cell in vitro culture methods for the generation of alloantigen-specific T cell clones. This enables studies of the biochemistry and function of T cells responding to allogeneic stimulation.

This protocol describes the generation of clonal human T cell cultures with defined alloantigen specificity via a magnetic bead enrichment and single-cell flow cytometry sorting strategy. Figure 1 provides an outline of the process.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52257/52257fig1highres.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Protocol overview. The protocol described here provides a reliable method for generation of alloantigen...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood at JoVE.com

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

This article describes a method for the generation and propagation of human T cell clones that specifically respond to a defined alloantigen. This protocol can be adapted for cloning human T cells specific for a variety of peptide-MHC ligands.

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide ...

generation-of-human-alloantigen-specific-t-cells-from-peripheral-blood

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Immunology and Infection

12.8K Views.  University of California, San Diego. This article describes a method for the generation and propagation of human T cell clones that specifically respond to a defined alloantigen. This protocol can be adapted for cloning human T cells specific for a variety of peptide-MHC ligands.