The authors acknowledge the following funding sources, Whittier Foundation, Harrington Foundation, National Institutes of Health and Research to Prevent Blindness.

Todos los ojos enucleados se obtuvieron de un matadero y todos los experimentos se realizaron de acuerdo con las leyes de bioseguridad institucionales. <ol><li> Asegure ojo enucleado abajo sobre una superficie. Para ello, la colocación de pasadores de tejido a través del exceso de tejido alrededor de los ojos y la obtención abajo en un tablero de espuma de poliestireno. </li><li> Diseccionar y separar la conjuntiva del ojo perilimbal. <ol><li> Utilice unas pinzas finas (0,3 fórceps) y micro tijeras (tijeras Westcott) para incidir la conjuntiva en el limbo y sin rodeos diseccionarlo de la esclerótica. Cortar la conjuntiva a lo largo del limbo como la disección roma procede a permitir una mayor disección. </li><li> Retire conjuntiva todo el camino alrededor del ojo (360 grados) para exponer tanto esclerótica posible. NOTA: Es conveniente dejar una pequeña cantidad de la conjuntiva para facilitar fijando el ojo con los pasadores quirúrgicos o un fórceps durante el resto del procedimiento. </li></ol></li><li> Crear un colgajo escleral de espesor total a lo largo de unolado del ojo (hoja de bisturí 69). <ol><li> Hacer un ~ 5 mm incisión escleral paralela al limbo y 3 mm posterior al limbo cortando suavemente en la esclerótica con un bisturí (hoja de bisturí 11) hasta que coroides pigmentación oscura es visible. Tenga cuidado de no incidir la propia coroides. </li><li> Diseccionar cuidadosamente a lo largo del plano entre la esclerótica y la coroides, ya sea con tijeras (utilizando disección roma) o con el bisturí, hasta que sea posible para agrandar el espacio potencial entre estos tejidos empujando la coroides suavemente hacia adentro. </li><li> Hacer otra incisión escleral perpendicular a la primera incisión escleral con micro tijeras afiladas, la creación de una incisión en forma de T. </li><li> Luego continuar para diseccionar sin rodeos de una manera circunferencial para eliminar el tejido de la esclerótica de la coroides subyacente y empuje suavemente la coroides lejos de la esclerótica como se mencionó anteriormente. </li><li> Agrandar el colgajo escleral según sea necesario. <ol><li> Suavemente blunt diseccionar la coroides lejos de la escleróticadurante todo el proceso. </li><li> Ampliar la solapa hasta que la incisión hecha perpendicular al limbo alcanza el nervio óptico y la incisión hecha paralela al limbo es de al menos un tercio de la circunferencia del ojo (45º). </li><li> Utilice el colgajo escleral como una fuente de apalancamiento para manipular el ojo durante la disección roma. El contra-tracción en la solapa hace que sea más fácil para la disección roma. </li></ol></li><li> Repita el paso anterior en el otro colgajo escleral. </li></ol></li><li> Cortar las aletas esclerales para exponer una gran área de coroides. </li><li> Continuar la incisión hecha en el paso 3 alrededor de la circunferencia del ojo (360 grados). </li><li> Retire el tejido coroides-retina restante. <ol><li> Dentro de la región expuesta, utilice una punta de algodón para cepillar suavemente el tejido coroides retina restante. Alternativamente, agarra suavemente el tejido con pinzas y despegarlo el cuerpo vítreo subyacente. </li><li> Si es necesario hacer una incisión en la coroides starting desde el nervio óptico. Luego retire la coroides suavemente para exponer la retina y la corteza vítrea. </li></ol></li><li> Continuar contundente disección de la coroides lejos de la esclerótica y luego retire la coroides para obtener todo el vítreo, intacto. </li><li> Utilice el borde escleral unido a la córnea para colocar todo el vítreo en el lugar deseado. En este punto, el vítreo se adjunta a la esclerótica anterior y la lente. </li><li> Blunt diseccionar el vítreo desde el interior de la esclerótica, alrededor de la lente, la eliminación de todos esclerótica. </li><li> Utilice una herramienta contundente para sacar la lente de distancia del vítreo si es necesario. Usa el ejemplo de varios experimentos vitreodynamic. <ol><li> Coloque la muestra en un vaso de precipitados de vidrio con superficie conocida se expone al aire. Coloque oxígeno sonda sensible en el borde de la muestra. Use un micro-manipulador para mover la sonda a una distancia conocida (r) en la muestra. </li><li> Utilice Ley de Fick para obtener la ecuación de difusión teórica. Con la data recogido en el paso 10.1, obtenga el término coeficiente de difusión experimental / reacción, etc. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Siggers, J. H., Ethier, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluid+Mechanics+of+the+Eye.">Fluid Mechanics of the Eye.</a> Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 44 (1), 347-372 (2012).</li><li>Sebag, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+changes+in+human+vitreous+structure.">Age-related changes in human vitreous structure.</a> Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 225 (2), 89-93 (1987).</li><li>Grignolo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibrous+components+of+the+vitreous+body.">Fibrous components of the vitreous body.</a> AMA Arch Ophthalmol. 47 (6), 760-774 (1952).</li><li>Gisladottir, S., Loftsson, T., Stefansson, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusion+characteristics+of+vitreous+humour+and+saline+solution+follow+the+Stokes+Einstein+equation.">Diffusion characteristics of vitreous humour and saline solution follow the Stokes Einstein equation.</a> G Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 247 (12), 1677-1684 (2009).</li><li>Xu, J., Heys, J. J., Barocas, V. H., Randolph, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Permeability+and+diffusion+in+vitreous+humor:+implications+for+drug+delivery.">Permeability and diffusion in vitreous humor: implications for drug delivery.</a> Pharm Res. 17 (6), 664-669 (2000).</li><li>Watts, F., Tan, L. E., Wilson, C. G., Girkin, J. M., Tassieri, M., Wright, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigating+the+micro-rheology+of+the+vitreous+humor+using+an+optically+trapped+local+probe.">Investigating the micro-rheology of the vitreous humor using an optically trapped local probe.</a> Journal of Optics. 16 (1), 015301 (2014).</li><li>Skeie, J. M., Mahajan, V. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissection+of+human+vitreous+body+elements+for+proteomic+analysis.">Dissection of human vitreous body elements for proteomic analysis.</a> J Vis Exp. (47), e2455 (2011).</li><li>Abdallah, W., Ameri, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vitreal+oxygenation+in+retinal+ischemia+reperfusion.">Vitreal oxygenation in retinal ischemia reperfusion.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 52 (2), 1035-1042 (2011).</li><li>Goldenberg, D., Trese, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacologic+vitreodynamics:+what+is+it?+Why+is+it+important.">Pharmacologic vitreodynamics: what is it? Why is it important.</a> Expert Review of Ophthalmology. 3 (3), 273-277 (2008).</li><li>Choonara, Y. E., Pillay, V., Danckwerts, M. P., Carmichael, T. R., du Toit, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+implantable+intravitreal+drug+delivery+technologies+for+the+treatment+of+posterior+segment+eye+diseases.">A review of implantable intravitreal drug delivery technologies for the treatment of posterior segment eye diseases.</a> J Pharm Sci. 99 (5), 2219-2239 (2010).</li><li>Balachandran, R. K., Barocas, V. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computer+modeling+of+drug+delivery+to+the+posterior+eye:+effect+of+active+transport+and+loss+to+choroidal+blood+flow.">Computer modeling of drug delivery to the posterior eye: effect of active transport and loss to choroidal blood flow.</a> Pharm Res. 25 (11), 2685-2696 (2008).</li><li>Smith, C. a., Newson, T. a., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+framework+for+modeling+ocular+drug+transport+and+flow+through+the+eye+using+micro-CT.">A framework for modeling ocular drug transport and flow through the eye using micro-CT.</a> Phys Med Biol. 57 (19), 6295-6307 (2012).</li><li>Quiram, P. A., Leverenz, V. R., Baker, R. M., Dang, L., Giblin, F. J., Trese, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microplasmin-induced+posterior+vitreous+detachment+affects+vitreous+oxygen+levels.">Microplasmin-induced posterior vitreous detachment affects vitreous oxygen levels.</a> Retina. 27 (8), 1090-1096 (2007).</li><li>Shui, Y., Holekamp, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+gel+state+of+the+vitreous+and+ascorbate-dependent+oxygen+consumption:+relationship+to+the+etiology+of+nuclear+cataracts.">The gel state of the vitreous and ascorbate-dependent oxygen consumption: relationship to the etiology of nuclear cataracts.</a> Arch Ophthalmol. 127 (4), 475-482 (2009).</li><li>Burk, S. E., Da Mata, A. P., Snyder, M. E., Schneider, S., Osher, R. H., Cionni, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+vitreous+using+kenalog+suspension.">Visualizing vitreous using kenalog suspension.</a> J Cataract Refract Surg. 29 (4), 645-651 (2003).</li><li>Spaide, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+the+Posterior+Vitreous+with+Dynamic+Focusing+and+Windowed+Averaging+Swept+Source+Optical+Coherence+Tomography.">Visualization of the Posterior Vitreous with Dynamic Focusing and Windowed Averaging Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography.</a> Am J Ophthalmol. S0002-9394 (14), 00537-00536 (2014).</li><li>Domalpally, A., Gangaputra, S., Danis, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Diseases of the Vitreo-Macular Interface. 21, 21-27 (2014).</li><li>Stocchino, R., Repetto, A., Cafferata, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+investigation+of+vitreous+humour+motion+within+a+human+eye+model.">Experimental investigation of vitreous humour motion within a human eye model.</a> Phys Med Biol. 50 (19), 4729-4743 (2005).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Existen dos pasos críticos que se deben realizar con cuidado durante la disección vítreo. Paso 3, la creación de un colgajo escleral de grosor completo, es crucial para toda la disección. Se debe tener cuidado para no cortar en la coroides cuando se crea el colgajo escleral de grosor completo. El otro paso fundamental está diseccionando de distancia de la esclerótica de la coroides. Este paso debe hacerse con cuidado para evitar la creación de múltiples orificios de la coroides de la que el humor vítreo puede ...

El objetivo de este método es al detalle una técnica para aislar todo un cuerpo vítreo, intacta, con el núcleo vítreo y la corteza intacta, a partir de un ojo de cadáver, para los fines de análisis vitreodynamic. A medida que el campo de la fisiología del vítreo ha crecido, investigadores multidisciplinarios, como la mecánica de fluidos investigadores, están investigando las propiedades físicas y biomecánicas del vítreo 1. Para ello, es esencial al detalle una técnica para aislar todo el cuerpo vítreo intacta para ayudar a los investigadores multidisciplinarios. Sebag et al. 2 y otros 3 elegantes realizaron disecciones vítreas enteros en los ojos de cadáveres humanos y mostraban ilustraciones de los resultados. Sin embargo, la técnica utilizada no se describió en detalle los no expertos y no sería capaz de replicarse independientemente del método. Otros estudios han cosechado vítreo de los ojos de cadáver utilizando métodos más simples como la aspiración o la disección parcial,ambos de los cuales no dan lugar a todo un cuerpo vítreo, intacto. Gisladottis et al. 4 y Xu et al. 5 investigar la permeabilidad en el humor vítreo cosechado de ojos de cadáver. Sin embargo, desde que se describe ningún método de extracción del vítreo, se asumió que aspiran el humor vítreo con una jeringa. Watts et al. 6 fue un paso más allá mediante la descripción de un método de aislamiento de conejo humor vítreo con una técnica quirúrgica. Sin embargo, este método da lugar a un aislamiento de sólo el núcleo vítreo y no la corteza vítreo. Skeie et al. 7 más tarde organizó el vítreo en 4 regiones únicas y elegantes describe un método para diseccionar cada parte para su análisis. Esta técnica sin embargo, no resulta en una vítreo intacta como un todo. La técnica actual fue desarrollado para facilitar experimentos biofísicos que se realizan en la actualidad sólo a los ojos de cadáver. Los métodos anteriores, como se ha descrito unBove, están limitados porque 1) no aislar por completo a todo el cuerpo vítreo, núcleo vítreo 2) cosechada y la corteza se homogeneizan, 3) estructura anatómica vítreo no se mantiene, o 4) técnicas de disección no se detallan de manera adecuada para la replicación por investigadores de otros campos . Además, debido a la opacidad de la esclerótica y la coroides, la visualización del cuerpo vítreo está limitado en el globo ocular intacta. Esto limita la precisión y la viabilidad de las mediciones que se pueden hacer dentro de todo el ojo. Adicionalmente, los estructuras anatómicas que rodean a la del vítreo puede confundir del estudio de propiedades bioquímicas y físicas del humor vítreo. En los últimos años, el cuerpo de la ciencia vítreo ha crecido enormemente y no hay razón para creer que todo el cuerpo vítreo tiene diferentes propiedades que sus partes individuales. Existe un creciente interés en la investigación de las propiedades físicas, biomecánicos, y químicas del vítreo para vitreodynamics research, que tiene aplicaciones en la medicina clínica, tales como la administración de fármacos, la oxigenación intravítrea 8 y vitrectomía. Vitreodynamics farmacológicos, que utiliza agentes farmacológicos para manipular el vítreo, se pueden utilizar para mejorar los resultados de vitrectomía 9. Propiedades biomecánicas se utilizan para modelar el flujo de fluido vítreo, que se puede utilizar para mejorar las tecnologías de administración de fármacos intravítrea 10-12. Propiedades físicas de los diversos segmentos del vítreo son cruciales para entender el transporte de oxígeno vítreo-retiniana 13. La técnica de disección vítreo propuesto puede ser utilizado para estudiar diversas propiedades del humor vítreo intacto. Permite sobremesa experimentos por hacer en los cuerpos vítreos enteros, intactos, con mejor visualización. En resumen, los métodos actuales para el estudio del vítreo o bien no describen adecuadamente, o dan lugar a un aislamiento incompleta el núcleo vítreo y la corteza. Por lo tanto, hay una necesidad de realizar experimentos en un modelo de ojo transparente al tiempo que conserva la anatomía del vítreo que existe en el ojo de cadáver.

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		<tr>
			<td>0.3 forceps</td>
			<td>Storz Opthalmics</td>
			<td>E1793</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Westcott Tenotomy Scissors Curved Right</td>
			<td>Storz Opthalmics</td>
			<td>E3320 R</td>
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			<td>Scalpel Handle No. 3</td>
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			<td>Scalpel Blade, #11, for #3 Handle</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
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whole vitreous humor dissection for vitreodynamic analysis

The authors propose an effective technique to isolate whole, intact vitreous core and cortex from post mortem enucleated porcine eyes. While previous studies have shown the results of such dissections, the detailed steps have not been described, precluding researchers outside the field from replicating their methods. Other studies harvest vitreous either through aspiration, which does not maintain the vitreous structure anatomy, or through partial dissection, which only isolates the vitreous core. The proposed method isolates the whole vitreous body, with the vitreous core and cortex intact, while maintaining vitreous anatomy and structural integrity. In this method, a full thickness scleral flap in an enucleated porcine eye is first created and through this, the choroid tissue can be separated from the sclera. The scleral flap is then expanded and the choroid is completely separated from the sclera. Finally the choroid-retina tissue is peeled off the vitreous to leave an isolated intact vitreous body. The proposed vitreous dissection technique can be used to study physical properties of the vitreous humor. In particular, this method has significance for experimental studies involving drug delivery, vitreo-retinal oxygen transport, and intraocular convection.

Siguiendo el protocolo dará lugar a una disección vítreo éxito con el núcleo y la corteza (Figura 3) intacta. Esto es evidente a partir de las piezas residuales de retina adheridas a la corteza vítreo. Intacto humor vítreo conjunto se puede utilizar de varias maneras para experimentos vitreodynamic específicos. En nuestro caso, el índice de difusión del oxígeno en humor vítreo intacto y TI de constante de tiempo correspondiente se estudió (Figura 2). Vítreo que se disecó ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole Vitreous Humor Dissection for Vitreodynamic Analysis at JoVE.com

Whole Vitreous Humor Dissection for Vitreodynamic Analysis

The goal of this protocol is to show an effective technique to isolate whole, intact vitreous core and cortex from post mortem enucleated porcine eyes.

Todo el humor vítreo Disección de Análisis Vitreodynamic

The authors propose an effective technique to isolate whole, intact vitreous core and cortex from post mortem enucleated porcine eyes. While previous ...

whole-vitreous-humor-dissection-for-vitreodynamic-analysis

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.3K vistas.  University of Southern California. The goal of this protocol is to show an effective technique to isolate whole, intact vitreous core and cortex from post mortem enucleated porcine eyes.

Video: Whole Vitreous Humor Dissection for Vitreodynamic Analysis

Dissection of Human Vitreous Body Elements for Proteomic Analysis

The vitreous is an optically clear, collagenous extracellular matrix that fills the inside of the eye and overlies the retina. 1,2 Abnormal interactions between vitreous substructures and the retina underlie several vitreoretinal diseases, including retinal tear and detachment, macular pucker, macular hole, age-related macular degeneration, vitreomacular traction, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and inherited vitreoretinopathies. 1,2 The molecular composition of the vitreous substructures is not known. Since the vitreous body is transparent with limited surgical access, it has been difficult to study its substructures at the molecular level. We developed a method to separate and preserve these tissues for proteomic and biochemical analysis. The dissection technique in this experimental video shows how to isolate vitreous base, anterior hyaloid, vitreous core, and vitreous cortex from postmortem human eyes. One-dimensional SDS-PAGE analyses of each vitreous component showed that our dissection technique resulted in four unique protein profiles corresponding to each substructure of the human vitreous body. Identification of differentially compartmentalized proteins will reveal candidate molecules underlying various vitreoretinal diseases.

This video shows an effective technique for differentiating and dissecting the various semi-transparent structures of the human vitreous body in post mortem eyes.

La disección de los elementos humanos Cuerpo Vítreo para el análisis proteómico

The vitreous is an optically clear, collagenous extracellular matrix that fills the inside of the eye and overlies the retina. 1,2 Abnormal interactions ...

Investigación

Medicina

Protocol for Long Duration Whole Body Hyperthermia in Mice

Hyperthermia is a general term used to define the increase in core body temperature above normal. It is often used to describe the increased core body temperature that is observed during fever. The use of hyperthermia as an adjuvant has emerged as a promising procedure for tumor regression in the field of cancer biology. For this purpose, the most important requirement is to have reliable and uniform heating protocols. We have developed a protocol for hyperthermia (whole body) in mice. In this protocol, animals are exposed to cycles of hyperthermia for 90 min followed by a rest period of 15 min. During this period mice have easy access to food and water. High body temperature spikes in the mice during first few hyperthermia exposure cycles are prevented by immobilizing the animal. Additionally, normal saline is administered in first few cycles to minimize the effects of dehydration. This protocol can simulate fever like conditions in mice up to 12-24 hr. We have used 8-12 weeks old BALB/Cj female mice to demonstrate the protocol.

This paper describes a protocol for whole body hyperthermia in mice that can stimulate fever like conditions up to 12-24 hr.

Protocolo para la hipertermia corporal Larga Duración Total en ratones

Hyperthermia is a general term used to define the increase in core body temperature above normal. It is often used to describe the increased core body ...

3D Whole-heart Myocardial Tissue Analysis

Cardiac regenerative therapies aim to protect and repair the injured heart in patients with ischemic heart disease. By injecting stem cells or other biologicals that enhance angio- or vasculogenesis into the infarct border zone (IBZ), tissue perfusion is improved, and the myocardium can be protected from further damage. For maximum therapeutic effect, it is hypothesized that the regenerative substance is best delivered to the IBZ. This requires accurate injections and has led to the development of new injection techniques. To validate these new techniques, we have designed a validation protocol based on myocardial tissue analysis. This protocol includes whole-heart myocardial tissue processing that enables detailed two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the cardiac anatomy and intramyocardial injections. In a pig, myocardial infarction was created by a 90-min occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Four weeks later, a mixture of a hydrogel with superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIOs) and fluorescent beads was injected in the IBZ using a minimally-invasive endocardial approach. 1 h after the injection procedure, the pig was euthanized, and the heart was excised and embedded in agarose (agar). After the solidification of the agar, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), slicing of the heart, and fluorescence imaging were performed. After image post-processing, 3D analysis was performed to assess the IBZ targeting accuracy. This protocol provides a structured and reproducible method for the assessment of the targeting accuracy of intramyocardial injections into the IBZ. The protocol can be easily used when the processing of scar tissue and/or validation of the injection accuracy of the whole heart is desired.

This protocol describes a novel method for the 3D comparison of whole-heart myocardial tissue with MRI. This is designed for the accurate assessment of intramyocardial injections in the infarct border zone of a chronic porcine model of myocardial infarction.

El análisis del tejido de miocardio entero en 3D del corazón

Cardiac regenerative therapies aim to protect and repair the injured heart in patients with ischemic heart disease. By injecting stem cells or other ...

Dissection of the Mouse Pancreas for Histological Analysis and Metabolic Profiling

We have been investigating the pancreas specific transcription factor, 1a cre-recombinase; lox-stop-lox- Kristen rat sarcoma, glycine to aspartic acid at the 12 codon (Ptf1acre/+;LSL-KrasG12D/+) mouse strain as a model of human pancreatic cancer. The goal of our current studies is to identify novel metabolic biomarkers of pancreatic cancer progression. We have performed metabolic profiling of urine, feces, blood, and pancreas tissue extracts, as well as histological analyses of the pancreas to stage the cancer progression. The mouse pancreas is not a well-defined solid organ like in humans, but rather is a diffusely distributed soft tissue that is not easily identified by individuals unfamiliar with mouse internal anatomy or by individuals that have little or no experience performing mouse organ dissections. The purpose of this article is to provide a detailed step-wise visual demonstration to guide novices in the removal of the mouse pancreas by dissection. This article should be especially valuable to students and investigators new to research that requires harvesting of the mouse pancreas by dissection for metabolic profiling or histological analyses.

This video article provides a detailed demonstration of the procedures required to successfully remove the pancreas from a mouse by dissection for histological analysis and metabolic profiling.

Disección del páncreas de ratón para análisis histológico y perfiles metabólicos

We have been investigating the pancreas specific transcription factor, 1a cre-recombinase; lox-stop-lox- Kristen rat sarcoma, glycine to aspartic acid at ...

Dissection and Explant Culture of Murine Allantois for the In Vitro Analysis of Allantoic Attachment

The placenta is essential for the growth and development of mammalian embryos. For this reason, numerous genetic alterations and likely also environmental insults that disturb placenta development or function can cause early pregnancy loss in mice and humans. Nevertheless, simple in vitro assays to screen for potential effects on placenta formation are lacking. Here, we focus on modeling the first and critical step in placenta formation, which consists of the attachment of the allantois to the chorion. We describe a method to rapidly assess the attachment of allantoic explants on immobilized &#945;4&#946;1 integrin, which serves as a chorio-mimetic substrate.This in vitro approach enables a qualitative evaluation of the attachment and spreading behavior of multiple allantois explants at different consecutive time points. The protocol may be used to investigate the effect of targeted mouse mutations, drugs, or various environmental factors that have been linked to pregnancy complications or fetal loss on allantois attachment ex vivo.

Dissection and Explant Culture of Murine Allantois for the In Vitro Analysis of Allantoic Attachment

We describe an in vitro assay to model chorioallantoic attachment, the first step in placenta formation. The protocol demonstrates the dissection and explant culture of murine allantoides on immobilized &#945;4&#946;1 integrin. Allantois attachment is evaluated microscopically at pre-determined time points.

Disección y la cultura de explante de Allantois murino para el análisis In Vitro del accesorio alantoideo

The placenta is essential for the growth and development of mammalian embryos. For this reason, numerous genetic alterations and likely also environmental ...

Whole-brain Segmentation and Change-point Analysis of Anatomical Brain MRI&#8212;Application in Premanifest Huntington's Disease

Recent advances in MRI offer a variety of useful markers to identify neurodegenerative diseases. In Huntington&#39;s disease (HD), regional brain atrophy begins many years prior to the motor onset (during the &#34;premanifest&#34; period), but the spatiotemporal pattern of regional atrophy across the brain has not been fully characterized. Here we demonstrate an online cloud-computing platform, &#34;MRICloud&#34;, which provides atlas-based whole-brain segmentation of T1-weighted images at multiple granularity levels, and thereby, enables us to access the regional features of brain anatomy. We then describe a regression model that detects statistically significant inflection points, at which regional brain atrophy starts to be noticeable, i.e. the &#34;change-point&#34;, with respect to a disease progression index. We used the CAG-age product (CAP) score to index the disease progression in HD patients. Change-point analysis of the volumetric measurements from the segmentation pipeline, therefore, provides important information of the order and pattern of structural atrophy across the brain. The paper illustrates the use of these techniques on T1-weighted MRI data of premanifest HD subjects from a large multicenter PREDICT-HD study. This design potentially has wide applications in a range of neurodegenerative diseases to investigate the dynamic changes of brain anatomy.

Whole-brain Segmentation and Change-point Analysis of Anatomical Brain MRI&amp;#8212;Application in Premanifest Huntington&#039;s Disease

This paper describes a statistical model for volumetric MRI data analysis, which identifies the &#34;change-point&#34; when brain atrophy begins in premanifest Huntington&#39;s disease. Whole-brain mapping of the change-points is achieved based on brain volumes obtained using an atlas-based segmentation pipeline of T1-weighted images.

Todo cerebro segmentación y análisis de punto de cambio anatómico cerebral MRI — aplicación asintomático enfermedad de Huntington

Recent advances in MRI offer a variety of useful markers to identify neurodegenerative diseases. In Huntington&#39;s disease (HD), regional brain atrophy ...

Quantitative Micro-CT Analysis of Aortopathy in a Mouse Model of &#946;-aminopropionitrile-induced Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection

Aortic aneurysm and dissection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the population and can be highly lethal. While animal models of aortic disease exist, in vivo imaging of the vasculature has been limited. In recent years, micro-computerized tomography (micro-CT) has emerged as a preferred modality for imaging both large and small vessels both in vivo and ex vivo. In conjunction with a method of vascular casting, we have successfully used micro-CT to characterize the frequency and distribution of aortic pathology in &#946;-aminopropionitrile-treated C57/Bl6 mice. Technical limitations of this method include variations in the quality of the perfusion introduced by poor animal preparation, the application of proper methodologies for vessel size quantification, and the non-survivability of this procedure. This article details a methodology for the intravascular perfusion of a lead-based radiopaque silicone rubber for the quantitative characterization of aortopathy in a mouse model of aneurysm and dissection. In addition to visualizing aortic pathology, this method may be used for examining other vascular beds in vivo or vascular beds removed post-mortem.

Quantitative Micro-CT Analysis of Aortopathy in a Mouse Model of &amp;#946;-aminopropionitrile-induced Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection

This article describes a detailed methodology of using a radiopaque lead-based silicone rubber to perfuse the murine vasculature for aortic diameter quantification in a mouse model of aortic aneurysm and dissection.

Análisis de Micro-CT cuantitativa de Aortopathy en un modelo murino de disección y aneurisma de la aorta inducida por β-oxidasa

Aortic aneurysm and dissection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the population and can be highly lethal. While animal models of ...

Imaging and Analysis of Oil Red O-Stained Whole Aorta Lesions in an Aneurysm Hyperlipidemia Mouse Model

Apolipoprotein E (Apoe)- or low density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr)-deficient hyperlipidemic mice are the two most commonly used models for atherosclerosis research. They are used to study the impact of a various genetic factors and different cell types on atherosclerotic lesion formation and as well as test the development of new therapies. Isolation, excision of the whole aorta, and quantification of Oil Red O-stained atherosclerotic lesions are basic morphometric methods used to evaluate atherosclerotic burden. The goal of this protocol is to describe an optimized, step-by-step surgical method to dissect, perfuse-fix, isolate, stain, image and analyze atherosclerotic lesions in mouse aortas with Oil Red O. Because atherosclerotic lesions can form anywhere in the entire aortic tree, this whole aorta Oil Red O staining method has the advantage of evaluating lipid-laden plaques in the entire aorta and all branches in a single mouse. In addition to Oil Red O staining, fresh isolated whole aortas can be used for variety of in vitro and in vivo experiments and cell isolations.

This protocol provides a step-by-step procedure to analyze atherosclerotic burden in mice. Investigators can use this protocol to compare the abundance, location, and size of atherosclerotic lesions in different animals.

Imágenes y análisis de lesiones de aorta entera teñidas de O de color rojo aceite en un modelo de ratón con hiperlipidemia por aneurisma

Apolipoprotein E (Apoe)- or low density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr)-deficient hyperlipidemic mice are the two most commonly used models for ...

Location, Dissection, and Analysis of the Murine Stellate Ganglion

The autonomic nervous system is a substantial driver of cardiac electrophysiology. Especially&#160;the role of its sympathetic branch is an ongoing matter of investigation in the pathophysiology of ventricular arrhythmias (VA). Neurons in the stellate ganglia (SG)&#160;&#8211;&#160;bilateral star-shaped structures of the sympathetic chain &#8211;&#160;are an important component of the sympathetic infrastructure. The SG are a recognized target for&#160;treatment via cardiac sympathetic denervation in patients with therapy-refractory VA. While neuronal remodeling and glial activation in the SG have been described in patients with VA, the underlying cellular and molecular processes that potentially precede the onset of arrhythmia are only insufficiently understood and should be elucidated to improve autonomic modulation. Mouse models allow us to study sympathetic neuronal remodeling, but identification of the murine SG is challenging for the inexperienced investigator. Thus, in-depth cellular and molecular biological studies of the murine SG are lacking for many common cardiac diseases. Here, we describe a basic repertoire for dissecting and studying the SG in adult mice for analyses at RNA level (RNA isolation for gene expression analyses, in situ hybridization), protein level (immunofluorescent whole mount staining), and cellular level (basic morphology, cell size measurement). We present potential solutions to overcome challenges in the preparation technique, and how to improve staining via quenching of autofluorescence. This allows for the visualization of neurons as well as glial cells via established markers in order to determine cell composition and remodeling processes. The methods presented here allow characterizing the SG to gain further information on autonomic dysfunction in mice prone to VA and can be complemented by additional techniques investigating neuronal and glial components of the autonomic nervous system in the heart.

Pathophysiological changes in the cardiac autonomic nervous system, especially in its sympathetic branch, contribute to the onset and maintenance of ventricular arrhythmias. In the present protocol, we show how to characterize murine stellate ganglia to improve the understanding of the underlying molecular and cellular processes.

Localización, Disección, Y Análisis Del Ganglio Estrellado Murino

The autonomic nervous system is a substantial driver of cardiac electrophysiology. Especially&#160;the role of its sympathetic branch is an ongoing matter ...

A Non-Invasive Method for Generating the Cyclic Loading-Induced Intra-Articular Cartilage Lesion Model of the Rat Knee

The pathophysiology of primary osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear. However, a specific subclassification of OA in relatively younger age groups is likely correlated with a history of articular cartilage damage and ligament avulsion. Surgical animal models of OA of the knee play an important role in understanding the onset and progression of post-traumatic OA and aid in the development of novel therapies for this disease. However, non-surgical models have been recently considered to avoid traumatic inflammation that could affect the evaluation of the intervention. 
In this study, an intra-articular cartilage lesion rat model induced by in vivo cyclic compressive loading was developed, which allowed researchers to (1) determine the optimal magnitude, speed, and duration of load that could cause focal cartilage damage; (2) assess post-traumatic spatiotemporal pathological changes in chondrocyte vitality; and (3) evaluate the histological expression of destructive or protective molecules that are involved in the adaptation and repair mechanisms against joint compressive loads. This report describes the experimental protocol for this novel cartilage lesion in a rat model.

Here, we present the cyclic loading-induced intra-articular cartilage lesion model of the rat knee, generated by 60 cyclic compressions over 20 N, resulting in damage to the femoral condylar cartilage in rats.

Un método no invasivo para generar el modelo de lesión de cartílago intraarticular inducida por carga cíclica de la rodilla de rata

The pathophysiology of primary osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear. However, a specific subclassification of OA in relatively younger age groups is likely ...