The authors acknowledge the following funding sources, Whittier Foundation, Harrington Foundation, National Institutes of Health and Research to Prevent Blindness.

すべて摘出した目は、食肉処理場から入手し、すべての実験は、機関のバイオセーフティ法に従って行いました。 <ol><li>表面に除核目を下に固定します。目の周りの過剰な組織を通じて組織ピンを配置し、発泡スチロールのボードにそれを固定することによってこれを行います。 </li><li>眼からperilimbal結膜を分析し、デタッチ。 <ol><li>輪部で結膜を切開し、ぶっきらぼう強膜からそれを分析するために微細な鉗子（0.3鉗子）とmicroscissors（ウェストコットのはさみ）を使用します。鈍的切開は、さらに切開を可能にするために進むように角膜輪部に沿って結膜をカット。 </li><li>できるだけ多くの強膜を露出させるためにすべての方法目（360度）の周りに結膜を削除します。 注：これは、残りの手順の間に外科的ピンやピンセットで目を固定容易にするために、結膜の少量を残して便利です。 </li></ol></li><li>一方に沿って十分な厚さの強膜フラップを作成目（手術用メスの刃69）の側面。 <ol><li>暗く着色された脈絡膜が表示されるまで、静かにメス（手術用メスの刃11）と強膜に切断して角膜縁に角膜​​輪部へ〜5ミリメ​​ートル強膜切開平行と3mmの後方を確認します。脈絡膜自体を切開しないように注意してください。 </li><li>それは内側に静かに脈絡膜を押すことにより、これらの組織との間の潜在的なスペースを大きくすることが可能になるまで慎重に、はさみ（鈍的切開を使用して）またはメスのいずれかで、強膜と脈絡膜の間に平面に沿って詳細に分析。 </li><li> T字型の切開を作成し、鋭いmicroscissorsとの最初の強膜切開に垂直な他の強膜切開を行います。 </li><li>そして、ぶっきらぼうに、基礎となる脈絡膜から強膜組織を除去し、穏やかに前述したように、強膜から離れて脈絡膜をプッシュする円周様式で解剖し続けています。 </li><li>必要に応じて、強膜弁を拡大。 <ol><li>静かに強膜から脈絡膜を解剖鈍プロセス全体。 </li><li>角膜輪部に垂直に切開が視神経に到達し、角膜輪部に切開製平行アイ円周（45°）の3分の1以上である。までフラップを拡大</li><li>鈍的切開中に目を操作するためのレバレッジのソースとして強膜弁を使用してください。フラップのカウンタートラクションを鈍的切開のためのそれが容易になります。 </li></ol></li><li>他の強膜弁の前の手順を繰り返します。 </li></ol></li><li>脈絡膜の大面積を露光するために強膜フラップを切り取ります。 </li><li>眼の周囲に、ステップ3で切開（360度）を続けます。 </li><li>残りの脈絡膜、網膜組織を削除します。 <ol><li>露出された領域内に、静かに残りの脈絡膜、網膜組織をはねのけるために綿の先端を使用しています。代わりに、静かに鉗子で組織を取得し、基本となる硝子体からそれを剥がします。 </li><li>必要に応じて、脈絡膜STに切開を作ります視神経からarting。その後、網膜と硝子体皮質を露出するために静かに脈絡膜を剥がします。 </li></ol></li><li>離れて強膜からの脈絡膜を解剖鈍を継続した後、全体を得るために、脈絡膜をはがし、そのまま硝子体。 </li><li>所望の位置に全体硝子体を配置するために角膜に付着した強膜リムを使用してください。この時点で、硝子体が前方強膜とレンズに取り付けられています。 </li><li>すべての強膜を除去し、レンズの周りに、強膜の内側から硝子体を解剖鈍いです。 </li><li>必要であれば離れた硝子体からのレンズをすくうために鈍いツールを使用します。様々なvitreodynamic実験用のサンプルを使用してください。 <ol><li>空気にさらされる既知の表面積を有するガラスビーカーに試料を配置します。サンプルの端に酸素感受性プローブ​​を配置します。サンプルに既知の距離（R）にプローブを移動させるためにマイクロマニピュレーターを使用してください。 </li><li>理論拡散方程式を得るためにフィックの法則を使用してください。ダとTAステップ10.1に収集等の実験拡散係数/反応項を得ます</li></ol></li></ol>

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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluid+Mechanics+of+the+Eye.">Fluid Mechanics of the Eye.</a> Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 44 (1), 347-372 (2012).</li><li>Sebag, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+changes+in+human+vitreous+structure.">Age-related changes in human vitreous structure.</a> Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 225 (2), 89-93 (1987).</li><li>Grignolo, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibrous+components+of+the+vitreous+body.">Fibrous components of the vitreous body.</a> AMA Arch Ophthalmol. 47 (6), 760-774 (1952).</li><li>Gisladottir, S., Loftsson, T., Stefansson, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusion+characteristics+of+vitreous+humour+and+saline+solution+follow+the+Stokes+Einstein+equation.">Diffusion characteristics of vitreous humour and saline solution follow the Stokes Einstein equation.</a> G Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 247 (12), 1677-1684 (2009).</li><li>Xu, J., Heys, J. 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Why is it important.</a> Expert Review of Ophthalmology. 3 (3), 273-277 (2008).</li><li>Choonara, Y. E., Pillay, V., Danckwerts, M. P., Carmichael, T. R., du Toit, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+implantable+intravitreal+drug+delivery+technologies+for+the+treatment+of+posterior+segment+eye+diseases.">A review of implantable intravitreal drug delivery technologies for the treatment of posterior segment eye diseases.</a> J Pharm Sci. 99 (5), 2219-2239 (2010).</li><li>Balachandran, R. K., Barocas, V. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computer+modeling+of+drug+delivery+to+the+posterior+eye:+effect+of+active+transport+and+loss+to+choroidal+blood+flow.">Computer modeling of drug delivery to the posterior eye: effect of active transport and loss to choroidal blood flow.</a> Pharm Res. 25 (11), 2685-2696 (2008).</li><li>Smith, C. a., Newson, T. a., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+framework+for+modeling+ocular+drug+transport+and+flow+through+the+eye+using+micro-CT.">A framework for modeling ocular drug transport and flow through the eye using micro-CT.</a> Phys Med Biol. 57 (19), 6295-6307 (2012).</li><li>Quiram, P. A., Leverenz, V. R., Baker, R. M., Dang, L., Giblin, F. J., Trese, M. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

慎重に硝子体解剖中に実行されなければならない2つの重要なステップがあります。全層強膜フラップを作成するステップ3は、全体の解剖に重要です。ケアは、全層強膜フラップを作成する際に脈絡膜にカットしないように注意する必要があります。他の重要なステップは、脈絡膜から強膜を離れて解剖されています。このステップは、慎重に硝子体がこぼれることができ、そこから脈絡膜?...

この方法の目的は、細部にvitreodynamic分析の目的のために、死体の眼から、硝子体コアと皮質無傷で、全体、無傷の硝子体を単離するための技術です。硝子体生理学の分野が成長してきたように、このような流体力学の研究者としての学際的研究者は、硝子体1の物理的および生体力学的特性を検討しています。そのためには、細部への学際的な研究者を支援するために、全体、無傷の硝子体を分離する技術が不可欠です。 セバーグら 2等3は、ヒト死体の目にエレガントな全体硝子体解剖を実施し、その結果の説明図を示しました。しかし、使用される技術は、詳細に記載されなかった非専門家が独立した方法を複製することはできません。他の研究は、このような吸引または部分的切開などの簡単な方法を使用して、死体眼から硝子体を収穫しましたこれらは両方とも全体、無傷の硝子体にはなりません。 Gisladottis ら 4およびXu ら 5は、死体の目から収穫硝子体液に透過性を調査します。硝子体抽出のない方法が記載されなかったので、それらはシリンジで硝子体液を吸引することを仮定しました。ワッツら 6は、外科的手法でウサギ硝子体液を単離する方法を説明することによって、さらに一歩行ってきました。しかし、この方法だけではなく、硝子体コア硝子体皮質の単離をもたらします。シェイエら 7は、後に4つのユニークな領域に硝子体を組織し、エレガントな分析のための各部分を分析する方法を説明しました。この技術は、しかしながら、全体としてそのまま硝子体をもたらさありません。 現在の技術は現在、死体の目で行われている生物物理学的実験を容易にするために開発されました。以前の方法は、記載のようにBOVEは、1）いずれも完全に全体の硝子体を分離しないため制限されている、2）収穫硝子体コアと皮質は3）硝子体の解剖学的構造が維​​持されていない、均質化されている、または4）解剖技術が十分に他の分野の研究者による複製のために詳述されていません。また、強​​膜と脈絡膜、硝子体の可視化の不透明度に起因するが、無傷の眼球に制限されています。これは、眼全体の内側にすることができる測定の精度と実現可能性を制限します。また、硝子体の周囲の解剖学的構造は、硝子体の生化学的および物理的性質の研究を混乱することができます。 近年では、硝子科学の本体は飛躍的に成長しており、全体の硝子体は、その個々の部分とは異なる特性を有することを信じる理由があります。 vitreodynamicsのresearcのための硝子体の物理的、生体力学的、および化学的特性を調査への関心の高まりがありますそのような薬物送達、硝子体内酸素8および硝子体切除などの臨床医学への応用を持っている時間、。硝子体を操作するための薬理学的物質を使用して薬理学的vitreodynamicsは、硝子体切除術の成果9を改善するために使用することができます。生体力学的特性は、硝子体内薬物送達技術10-12を改善するために使用することができる硝子体液の流れをモデル化するために使用されます。硝子体の様々なセグメントの物理的特性は、硝子体網膜酸素輸送13を理解するために重要です。提案された硝子体切開法は、無傷硝子体液の種々の特性を研究するために使用することができます。これは、ベンチトップ実験をより見やすくして全体、無傷の硝子体上で行うことを可能にします。 要約すると、硝子体の研究のための現在の方法は、いずれの適切記載されていない、または不完全な分離に硝子体コアと皮質をもたらします。したがって、Eを実行する必要があります透明な眼モデルでxperiments死体の眼に存在する硝子体の解剖学的構造を保持したまま。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.3 forceps</td>
			<td>Storz Opthalmics</td>
			<td>E1793</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Westcott Tenotomy Scissors Curved Right</td>
			<td>Storz Opthalmics</td>
			<td>E3320 R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel Handle No. 3</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>25607-947</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel Blade, #11, for #3 Handle</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>470174-844</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

whole vitreous humor dissection for vitreodynamic analysis

The authors propose an effective technique to isolate whole, intact vitreous core and cortex from post mortem enucleated porcine eyes. While previous studies have shown the results of such dissections, the detailed steps have not been described, precluding researchers outside the field from replicating their methods. Other studies harvest vitreous either through aspiration, which does not maintain the vitreous structure anatomy, or through partial dissection, which only isolates the vitreous core. The proposed method isolates the whole vitreous body, with the vitreous core and cortex intact, while maintaining vitreous anatomy and structural integrity. In this method, a full thickness scleral flap in an enucleated porcine eye is first created and through this, the choroid tissue can be separated from the sclera. The scleral flap is then expanded and the choroid is completely separated from the sclera. Finally the choroid-retina tissue is peeled off the vitreous to leave an isolated intact vitreous body. The proposed vitreous dissection technique can be used to study physical properties of the vitreous humor. In particular, this method has significance for experimental studies involving drug delivery, vitreo-retinal oxygen transport, and intraocular convection.

プロトコルに続いて、コアおよび皮質（ 図3）をそのままにして、成功した硝子体切開につながります。これは、硝子体皮質に付着した網膜の残留個から明らかです。無傷の全体硝子体液は、特定のvitreodynamic実験のためのいくつかの方法で使用することができます。我々のケースでは、無傷の硝子体液中の酸素の拡散速度と、それが対応する時定数だが（ 図2）を検?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole Vitreous Humor Dissection for Vitreodynamic Analysis at JoVE.com

Whole Vitreous Humor Dissection for Vitreodynamic Analysis

The goal of this protocol is to show an effective technique to isolate whole, intact vitreous core and cortex from post mortem enucleated porcine eyes.

Vitreodynamic分析のための全硝子体液解剖

The authors propose an effective technique to isolate whole, intact vitreous core and cortex from post mortem enucleated porcine eyes. While previous ...

whole-vitreous-humor-dissection-for-vitreodynamic-analysis

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.3K ビュー.  University of Southern California. The goal of this protocol is to show an effective technique to isolate whole, intact vitreous core and cortex from post mortem enucleated porcine eyes.

ビデオ: Whole Vitreous Humor Dissection for Vitreodynamic Analysis

Dissection of Human Vitreous Body Elements for Proteomic Analysis

The vitreous is an optically clear, collagenous extracellular matrix that fills the inside of the eye and overlies the retina. 1,2 Abnormal interactions between vitreous substructures and the retina underlie several vitreoretinal diseases, including retinal tear and detachment, macular pucker, macular hole, age-related macular degeneration, vitreomacular traction, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and inherited vitreoretinopathies. 1,2 The molecular composition of the vitreous substructures is not known. Since the vitreous body is transparent with limited surgical access, it has been difficult to study its substructures at the molecular level. We developed a method to separate and preserve these tissues for proteomic and biochemical analysis. The dissection technique in this experimental video shows how to isolate vitreous base, anterior hyaloid, vitreous core, and vitreous cortex from postmortem human eyes. One-dimensional SDS-PAGE analyses of each vitreous component showed that our dissection technique resulted in four unique protein profiles corresponding to each substructure of the human vitreous body. Identification of differentially compartmentalized proteins will reveal candidate molecules underlying various vitreoretinal diseases.

This video shows an effective technique for differentiating and dissecting the various semi-transparent structures of the human vitreous body in post mortem eyes.

プロテオーム解析のための人間の硝子体の要素の解剖

The vitreous is an optically clear, collagenous extracellular matrix that fills the inside of the eye and overlies the retina. 1,2 Abnormal interactions ...

医学

Protocol for Long Duration Whole Body Hyperthermia in Mice

Hyperthermia is a general term used to define the increase in core body temperature above normal. It is often used to describe the increased core body temperature that is observed during fever. The use of hyperthermia as an adjuvant has emerged as a promising procedure for tumor regression in the field of cancer biology. For this purpose, the most important requirement is to have reliable and uniform heating protocols. We have developed a protocol for hyperthermia (whole body) in mice. In this protocol, animals are exposed to cycles of hyperthermia for 90 min followed by a rest period of 15 min. During this period mice have easy access to food and water. High body temperature spikes in the mice during first few hyperthermia exposure cycles are prevented by immobilizing the animal. Additionally, normal saline is administered in first few cycles to minimize the effects of dehydration. This protocol can simulate fever like conditions in mice up to 12-24 hr. We have used 8-12 weeks old BALB/Cj female mice to demonstrate the protocol.

This paper describes a protocol for whole body hyperthermia in mice that can stimulate fever like conditions up to 12-24 hr.

マウスの長い持続時間の全身温熱療法のためのプロトコル

Hyperthermia is a general term used to define the increase in core body temperature above normal. It is often used to describe the increased core body ...

3D Whole-heart Myocardial Tissue Analysis

Cardiac regenerative therapies aim to protect and repair the injured heart in patients with ischemic heart disease. By injecting stem cells or other biologicals that enhance angio- or vasculogenesis into the infarct border zone (IBZ), tissue perfusion is improved, and the myocardium can be protected from further damage. For maximum therapeutic effect, it is hypothesized that the regenerative substance is best delivered to the IBZ. This requires accurate injections and has led to the development of new injection techniques. To validate these new techniques, we have designed a validation protocol based on myocardial tissue analysis. This protocol includes whole-heart myocardial tissue processing that enables detailed two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the cardiac anatomy and intramyocardial injections. In a pig, myocardial infarction was created by a 90-min occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Four weeks later, a mixture of a hydrogel with superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIOs) and fluorescent beads was injected in the IBZ using a minimally-invasive endocardial approach. 1 h after the injection procedure, the pig was euthanized, and the heart was excised and embedded in agarose (agar). After the solidification of the agar, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), slicing of the heart, and fluorescence imaging were performed. After image post-processing, 3D analysis was performed to assess the IBZ targeting accuracy. This protocol provides a structured and reproducible method for the assessment of the targeting accuracy of intramyocardial injections into the IBZ. The protocol can be easily used when the processing of scar tissue and/or validation of the injection accuracy of the whole heart is desired.

This protocol describes a novel method for the 3D comparison of whole-heart myocardial tissue with MRI. This is designed for the accurate assessment of intramyocardial injections in the infarct border zone of a chronic porcine model of myocardial infarction.

3Dホール・ハート心筋組織の分析

Cardiac regenerative therapies aim to protect and repair the injured heart in patients with ischemic heart disease. By injecting stem cells or other ...

Dissection of the Mouse Pancreas for Histological Analysis and Metabolic Profiling

We have been investigating the pancreas specific transcription factor, 1a cre-recombinase; lox-stop-lox- Kristen rat sarcoma, glycine to aspartic acid at the 12 codon (Ptf1acre/+;LSL-KrasG12D/+) mouse strain as a model of human pancreatic cancer. The goal of our current studies is to identify novel metabolic biomarkers of pancreatic cancer progression. We have performed metabolic profiling of urine, feces, blood, and pancreas tissue extracts, as well as histological analyses of the pancreas to stage the cancer progression. The mouse pancreas is not a well-defined solid organ like in humans, but rather is a diffusely distributed soft tissue that is not easily identified by individuals unfamiliar with mouse internal anatomy or by individuals that have little or no experience performing mouse organ dissections. The purpose of this article is to provide a detailed step-wise visual demonstration to guide novices in the removal of the mouse pancreas by dissection. This article should be especially valuable to students and investigators new to research that requires harvesting of the mouse pancreas by dissection for metabolic profiling or histological analyses.

This video article provides a detailed demonstration of the procedures required to successfully remove the pancreas from a mouse by dissection for histological analysis and metabolic profiling.

マウスの膵臓の組織学的解析と代謝プロファイリングに対する郭清

We have been investigating the pancreas specific transcription factor, 1a cre-recombinase; lox-stop-lox- Kristen rat sarcoma, glycine to aspartic acid at ...

Dissection and Explant Culture of Murine Allantois for the In Vitro Analysis of Allantoic Attachment

The placenta is essential for the growth and development of mammalian embryos. For this reason, numerous genetic alterations and likely also environmental insults that disturb placenta development or function can cause early pregnancy loss in mice and humans. Nevertheless, simple in vitro assays to screen for potential effects on placenta formation are lacking. Here, we focus on modeling the first and critical step in placenta formation, which consists of the attachment of the allantois to the chorion. We describe a method to rapidly assess the attachment of allantoic explants on immobilized &#945;4&#946;1 integrin, which serves as a chorio-mimetic substrate.This in vitro approach enables a qualitative evaluation of the attachment and spreading behavior of multiple allantois explants at different consecutive time points. The protocol may be used to investigate the effect of targeted mouse mutations, drugs, or various environmental factors that have been linked to pregnancy complications or fetal loss on allantois attachment ex vivo.

Dissection and Explant Culture of Murine Allantois for the In Vitro Analysis of Allantoic Attachment

We describe an in vitro assay to model chorioallantoic attachment, the first step in placenta formation. The protocol demonstrates the dissection and explant culture of murine allantoides on immobilized &#945;4&#946;1 integrin. Allantois attachment is evaluated microscopically at pre-determined time points.

郭清と尿の添付ファイルのIn Vitro解析マウス尿膜の培養

The placenta is essential for the growth and development of mammalian embryos. For this reason, numerous genetic alterations and likely also environmental ...

Whole-brain Segmentation and Change-point Analysis of Anatomical Brain MRI&#8212;Application in Premanifest Huntington's Disease

Recent advances in MRI offer a variety of useful markers to identify neurodegenerative diseases. In Huntington&#39;s disease (HD), regional brain atrophy begins many years prior to the motor onset (during the &#34;premanifest&#34; period), but the spatiotemporal pattern of regional atrophy across the brain has not been fully characterized. Here we demonstrate an online cloud-computing platform, &#34;MRICloud&#34;, which provides atlas-based whole-brain segmentation of T1-weighted images at multiple granularity levels, and thereby, enables us to access the regional features of brain anatomy. We then describe a regression model that detects statistically significant inflection points, at which regional brain atrophy starts to be noticeable, i.e. the &#34;change-point&#34;, with respect to a disease progression index. We used the CAG-age product (CAP) score to index the disease progression in HD patients. Change-point analysis of the volumetric measurements from the segmentation pipeline, therefore, provides important information of the order and pattern of structural atrophy across the brain. The paper illustrates the use of these techniques on T1-weighted MRI data of premanifest HD subjects from a large multicenter PREDICT-HD study. This design potentially has wide applications in a range of neurodegenerative diseases to investigate the dynamic changes of brain anatomy.

Whole-brain Segmentation and Change-point Analysis of Anatomical Brain MRI&amp;#8212;Application in Premanifest Huntington&#039;s Disease

This paper describes a statistical model for volumetric MRI data analysis, which identifies the &#34;change-point&#34; when brain atrophy begins in premanifest Huntington&#39;s disease. Whole-brain mapping of the change-points is achieved based on brain volumes obtained using an atlas-based segmentation pipeline of T1-weighted images.

全体脳セグメンテーションと解剖学的脳 MRI の変化点分析-Premanifest ハンチントン病のアプリケーション

Recent advances in MRI offer a variety of useful markers to identify neurodegenerative diseases. In Huntington&#39;s disease (HD), regional brain atrophy ...

Quantitative Micro-CT Analysis of Aortopathy in a Mouse Model of &#946;-aminopropionitrile-induced Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection

Aortic aneurysm and dissection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the population and can be highly lethal. While animal models of aortic disease exist, in vivo imaging of the vasculature has been limited. In recent years, micro-computerized tomography (micro-CT) has emerged as a preferred modality for imaging both large and small vessels both in vivo and ex vivo. In conjunction with a method of vascular casting, we have successfully used micro-CT to characterize the frequency and distribution of aortic pathology in &#946;-aminopropionitrile-treated C57/Bl6 mice. Technical limitations of this method include variations in the quality of the perfusion introduced by poor animal preparation, the application of proper methodologies for vessel size quantification, and the non-survivability of this procedure. This article details a methodology for the intravascular perfusion of a lead-based radiopaque silicone rubber for the quantitative characterization of aortopathy in a mouse model of aneurysm and dissection. In addition to visualizing aortic pathology, this method may be used for examining other vascular beds in vivo or vascular beds removed post-mortem.

Quantitative Micro-CT Analysis of Aortopathy in a Mouse Model of &amp;#946;-aminopropionitrile-induced Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection

This article describes a detailed methodology of using a radiopaque lead-based silicone rubber to perfuse the murine vasculature for aortic diameter quantification in a mouse model of aortic aneurysm and dissection.

Aortopathy β-アミノプロピオニ トリルによる大動脈瘤と解離のマウスモデルでのマイクロ CT 定量分析

Aortic aneurysm and dissection is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the population and can be highly lethal. While animal models of ...

Imaging and Analysis of Oil Red O-Stained Whole Aorta Lesions in an Aneurysm Hyperlipidemia Mouse Model

Apolipoprotein E (Apoe)- or low density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr)-deficient hyperlipidemic mice are the two most commonly used models for atherosclerosis research. They are used to study the impact of a various genetic factors and different cell types on atherosclerotic lesion formation and as well as test the development of new therapies. Isolation, excision of the whole aorta, and quantification of Oil Red O-stained atherosclerotic lesions are basic morphometric methods used to evaluate atherosclerotic burden. The goal of this protocol is to describe an optimized, step-by-step surgical method to dissect, perfuse-fix, isolate, stain, image and analyze atherosclerotic lesions in mouse aortas with Oil Red O. Because atherosclerotic lesions can form anywhere in the entire aortic tree, this whole aorta Oil Red O staining method has the advantage of evaluating lipid-laden plaques in the entire aorta and all branches in a single mouse. In addition to Oil Red O staining, fresh isolated whole aortas can be used for variety of in vitro and in vivo experiments and cell isolations.

This protocol provides a step-by-step procedure to analyze atherosclerotic burden in mice. Investigators can use this protocol to compare the abundance, location, and size of atherosclerotic lesions in different animals.

動脈瘤高脂血症マウスモデルにおけるオイルレッドO染色全大動脈病変のイメージングと解析

Apolipoprotein E (Apoe)- or low density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr)-deficient hyperlipidemic mice are the two most commonly used models for ...

Location, Dissection, and Analysis of the Murine Stellate Ganglion

The autonomic nervous system is a substantial driver of cardiac electrophysiology. Especially&#160;the role of its sympathetic branch is an ongoing matter of investigation in the pathophysiology of ventricular arrhythmias (VA). Neurons in the stellate ganglia (SG)&#160;&#8211;&#160;bilateral star-shaped structures of the sympathetic chain &#8211;&#160;are an important component of the sympathetic infrastructure. The SG are a recognized target for&#160;treatment via cardiac sympathetic denervation in patients with therapy-refractory VA. While neuronal remodeling and glial activation in the SG have been described in patients with VA, the underlying cellular and molecular processes that potentially precede the onset of arrhythmia are only insufficiently understood and should be elucidated to improve autonomic modulation. Mouse models allow us to study sympathetic neuronal remodeling, but identification of the murine SG is challenging for the inexperienced investigator. Thus, in-depth cellular and molecular biological studies of the murine SG are lacking for many common cardiac diseases. Here, we describe a basic repertoire for dissecting and studying the SG in adult mice for analyses at RNA level (RNA isolation for gene expression analyses, in situ hybridization), protein level (immunofluorescent whole mount staining), and cellular level (basic morphology, cell size measurement). We present potential solutions to overcome challenges in the preparation technique, and how to improve staining via quenching of autofluorescence. This allows for the visualization of neurons as well as glial cells via established markers in order to determine cell composition and remodeling processes. The methods presented here allow characterizing the SG to gain further information on autonomic dysfunction in mice prone to VA and can be complemented by additional techniques investigating neuronal and glial components of the autonomic nervous system in the heart.

Pathophysiological changes in the cardiac autonomic nervous system, especially in its sympathetic branch, contribute to the onset and maintenance of ventricular arrhythmias. In the present protocol, we show how to characterize murine stellate ganglia to improve the understanding of the underlying molecular and cellular processes.

ネズミ星状神経節の位置、解剖、分析

The autonomic nervous system is a substantial driver of cardiac electrophysiology. Especially&#160;the role of its sympathetic branch is an ongoing matter ...

A Non-Invasive Method for Generating the Cyclic Loading-Induced Intra-Articular Cartilage Lesion Model of the Rat Knee

The pathophysiology of primary osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear. However, a specific subclassification of OA in relatively younger age groups is likely correlated with a history of articular cartilage damage and ligament avulsion. Surgical animal models of OA of the knee play an important role in understanding the onset and progression of post-traumatic OA and aid in the development of novel therapies for this disease. However, non-surgical models have been recently considered to avoid traumatic inflammation that could affect the evaluation of the intervention. 
In this study, an intra-articular cartilage lesion rat model induced by in vivo cyclic compressive loading was developed, which allowed researchers to (1) determine the optimal magnitude, speed, and duration of load that could cause focal cartilage damage; (2) assess post-traumatic spatiotemporal pathological changes in chondrocyte vitality; and (3) evaluate the histological expression of destructive or protective molecules that are involved in the adaptation and repair mechanisms against joint compressive loads. This report describes the experimental protocol for this novel cartilage lesion in a rat model.

Here, we present the cyclic loading-induced intra-articular cartilage lesion model of the rat knee, generated by 60 cyclic compressions over 20 N, resulting in damage to the femoral condylar cartilage in rats.

ラット膝の周期的負荷誘発関節内軟骨病変モデルを生成するための非侵襲的方法

The pathophysiology of primary osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear. However, a specific subclassification of OA in relatively younger age groups is likely ...

Methods Article

Vitreodynamic分析のための全硝子体液解剖