Esta labor fue apoyada por los Institutos Nacionales de Salud de subvención, R01 AG033620 (BG) y por Robert Draper Tecnología Financiación Innovación (DAW).

1. Construcción del Dispositivo HIT <ol><li> Conecte el muelle a la placa mediante dos abrazaderas y cuatro tornillos (Figura 1A). Centrar las abrazaderas relativas a la anchura de la junta directiva y Butt ellas una contra otra con el rubor de sujeción exterior con el borde de la placa. Antes de fijar las abrazaderas, doblarlas con unos alicates para encajar firmemente sobre la primavera. NOTA: Véase la Tabla 1 para las descripciones de los materiales necesarios para la construcción del dispositivo de HIT. El extremo sujeto del muelle debe ser de 1/8 de pulgada (3,2 mm) del borde de la placa, y el extremo libre debe extenderse sobre el tablero por 3/4 pulgadas (19 mm). Ajuste el resorte de manera que quede paralelo con la longitud de la placa. </li><li> Envolver el extremo libre del resorte de una vez alrededor de la banda adhesiva de bucles de Velcro. El borde exterior de la Velcro debe estar al ras con el extremo del resorte. El Velcro es importante porque se utiliza para asegurar el vial a la primavera por creCIONES un accesorio de compresión apretado. El Velcro también permite una fácil conexión y remoción de los viales, permitiendo muchos viales para ser procesados ​​en un corto período de tiempo. </li><li> Coloque la tapa cubo de hielo al revés, centrado, apretada contra la tabla de madera. Oriente la región elevada de la cubierta cubo de hielo de forma que el borde largo es paralela a la anchura de la junta. Tenga en cuenta que la región elevada del cubo de hielo es 1/2 pulgadas (13 mm) más alta que la tabla de madera, de modo que cuando un vial se adjunta a la primavera la primavera no se acueste en el tablero. </li><li> Deslice todo el dispositivo contra un objeto fijo, como una pared, por lo que la cubierta cubo de hielo se acuña entre la tarjeta y el objeto y no se mueve. </li><li> Tape el transportador de papel para el fondo de una bandeja de cartón vuela vial y ponte en ventaja frente a la longitud de la junta de modo que la marca de 90 ° está alineado con la primavera, cuando se tira de nuevo a una posición perfectamente vertical. </li></ol> 2.El funcionamiento del dispositivo HIT <ol><li> Lugar entre el 1 y el 60 CO 2 -anesthetized vuela en un frasco vacío y el tapón del frasco con un algodón muy ajustada. </li><li> Confinar las moscas a la parte inferior de 1 pulgada (2,5 cm) del vial, empujando la bola de algodón en el vial hasta que es 1 pulgada (2,5 cm) desde la parte inferior. Es útil para dibujar una línea en el vial en la marca de 1 pulgada (2,5 cm). Tenga en cuenta que confinar moscas a las regiones más grandes o más pequeñas del vial puede afectar a la gravedad de fenotipos. </li><li> Espere 5 minutos para las moscas para recuperar la movilidad del CO 2. Nótese que no se sabe si 5 min es suficiente para eliminar completamente los efectos de CO 2. </li><li> Insertar el extremo del resorte en el vial hasta que el borde interior de la Velcro quede al ras con la parte superior del vial (Figura 1B). Cuando la primavera está plana, 1 pulgada (2,5 cm) del vial debe solapar la región elevada de la cubierta cubo de hielo. Los viales se pueden reutilizar mningún veces. </li><li> Mientras está sentado, mantenga el vial en la región de velcro con el pulgar y el dedo índice de su mano izquierda. Sostenga la junta ajustado al sobremesa con la mano derecha. Como alternativa, utilice C-abrazaderas para sostener el tablero ajustado al sobremesa. </li><li> Tire de la primavera perfectamente hacia atrás hasta el ángulo deseado. Suelte la primavera. Deje que la primavera por venir a una parada completa. </li><li> Retire el vial de la primavera y permiten que las moscas se recuperen para ≥5 min. Someter las moscas a otra huelga o transferir las moscas a un vial con la comida de la mosca. NOTA: Una variedad de ensayos se puede utilizar para evaluar los efectos fenotípicos de huelgas desde el dispositivo HIT. Por ejemplo, los efectos sobre la longevidad se pueden determinar mediante el análisis el porcentaje de moscas que sobreviven a veces después de la lesión, los efectos sobre la morfología del cerebro pueden ser determinados por el análisis histológico de la cabeza, y los efectos sobre la expresión génica pueden ser determinados por análisis cuantitativo de los niveles de mRNA 10. </li><li> Determinefectos electrónicos del procedimiento que no se deben a las huelgas por el tratamiento de forma idéntica moscas de control que no están sometidos a las huelgas. Use protección para los oídos debido a que el impacto de la ampolla contra la tapa de cubo de hielo produce un ruido fuerte. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Harrison-Felix, C. L., Whiteneck, G. G., Jha, A., DeVivo, M. J., Hammond, F. M., Hart, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mortality+over+four+decades+after+traumatic+brain+injury+rehabilitation:+A+retrospective+cohort+study.">Mortality over four decades after traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: A retrospective cohort study.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 90, 1506-1513 (2009).</li><li>Coronado, V. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surveillance+for+traumatic+brain+injury-related+deaths+&#8211;+United+States.">Surveillance for traumatic brain injury-related deaths &#8211; United States.</a> MMWR Surveill Summ. 60, 1-32 (1997).</li><li>Masel, B., DeWitt, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Traumatic+brain+injury:+A+disease+process,+not+an+event.">Traumatic brain injury: A disease process, not an event.</a> J. Neurotrauma. 27, 1529-1540 (2010).</li><li>Blennow, K., Hardy, J., Zetterberg, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neuropathology+and+neurobiology+of+traumatic+brain+injury.">The neuropathology and neurobiology of traumatic brain injury.</a> Neuron. 76, 886-899 (2012).</li><li>Prins, M., Greco, T., Alexander, D., Giza, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pathophysiology+of+traumatic+brain+injury+at+a+glance.">The pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury at a glance.</a> Disease Models Mech. 6, 1307-1315 (2013).</li><li>Menon, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unique+challenges+in+clinical+trails+in+traumatic+brain+injury.">Unique challenges in clinical trails in traumatic brain injury.</a> Crit Care Med. 37, S129-S135 (2009).</li><li>Xiong, Y., Mahmood, A., Chopp, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+traumatic+brain+injury.">Animal models of traumatic brain injury.</a> Nature Rev Neurosci. 14, 128-142 (2013).</li><li>Balsiger, Z., Leudkte, J., Mawer, S., Willey, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> HIT device high speed analysis. , (2014).</li><li>Davceva, N., Janevska, V., Illevski, B., Petrushevska, G., Popeska, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+occurrence+of+acute+subdural+haematoma+and+diffuse+axonal+injury+as+two+typical+acceleration+injuries.">The occurrence of acute subdural haematoma and diffuse axonal injury as two typical acceleration injuries.</a> J Forensic Leg Med. 19, 480-484 (2012).</li><li>Katzenberger, R. J., Loewen, C. A., Wassarman, D. R., Petersen, A. J., Ganetzky, B., Wassarman , D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Drosophila.+model+of+closed+head+traumatic+brain+injury.">A Drosophila. model of closed head traumatic brain injury.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 110, E4152-E4159 (2013).</li><li>Fang, Y., Bonini, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axon+degeneration+and+regeneration:+insights+from+Drosophila+.models+of+nerve+injury.">Axon degeneration and regeneration: insights from Drosophila .models of nerve injury.</a> Annu Rev Cell Biol. 28, 575-597 (2012).</li><li>Babcock, D. T., Ganetzky, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+method+for+accurate+and+rapid+measurement+of+flight+performance+in+Drosophila.">An improved method for accurate and rapid measurement of flight performance in Drosophila.</a> J Vis Exp. (84), e51223 (2014).</li><li>Tully, T., Preat, T., Boynton, S. C., Vecchio, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+dissection+of+consolidated+memory+in+Drosophila.">Genetic dissection of consolidated memory in Drosophila.</a> Cell. 79, 35-47 (1994).</li><li>Andretic, R., Shaw, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Essentials+of+sleep+recordings+in+Drosophila.:+moving+beyond+sleep+time.">Essentials of sleep recordings in Drosophila.: moving beyond sleep time.</a> Methods Enzymol. 393, 759-772 (2005).</li></ol>

No tenemos conflictos de intereses a revelar.

El método HIT dispositivo se distingue de otros métodos que infligen lesión traumática en las moscas por el hecho de que se hace que la cabeza cerrada en lugar de penetrar TBI 11. Además, el método dispositivo HIT toma menos tiempo, esfuerzo y habilidad para infligir TBI en muchas moscas, por lo que el método es más susceptible que otros métodos a las pantallas genéticos a gran escala. Por último, el hecho de que las lesiones primarias infligidas por el dispositivo HIT no se limitan al cerebro es a...

An author's name was corrected in the publication of <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/52905">A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila</a>. The second to last author's was spelled incorrectly. It has been updated from:
Barry Ganetky
to:
Barry Ganetzky

An author's name was corrected in the publication of <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/52905">A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila</a>.

Erratum: A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

La lesión cerebral traumática (TBI) se define como una lesión al cerebro de una fuerza mecánica externa. Por lo general, los resultados de TBI de las fuerzas de cabeza cerradas tales como fuerzas contundentes y aceleración inercial y fuerzas de desaceleración que hacen que el cerebro de huelga el interior del cráneo. En los Estados Unidos, se estima que 50.000 personas mueren cada año a partir de la LCT y 2,5-6.500.000 personas están viviendo con las consecuencias de TBI, incluyendo debilitante físico, cognitivo y problemas de comportamiento 1,2. Las consecuencias de TBI son no sólo debido a lesiones mecánicas primarias al cerebro, sino también a las lesiones celulares y moleculares secundarios en el cerebro, así como otros tejidos que se producen con el tiempo 3-5. El desarrollo de métodos para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de TBI ha demostrado ser difícil porque TBI es un proceso de enfermedad compleja. La naturaleza variable de las lesiones primarias, la fisiología humana y factores ambientales como resultado i secundaria heterogéneanjuries y patologías. Factores variable subyacente incluyen la gravedad de la lesión primaria, el tiempo entre las lesiones primarias repetitivas, y la edad y el genotipo del individuo. La comprensión de cómo cada factor variable contribuye a las consecuencias de la lesión cerebral traumática es probable que ayudar en el desarrollo de métodos para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de TBI 6,7. Aquí se describe un método para infligir TBI cabeza cerrada en Drosophila melanogaster (mosca de la fruta) que se puede utilizar para delinear la contribución de factores variables a las consecuencias de TBI. El método se basa en una observación inicial que intensamente golpeando el lateral de un vial cultura mosca contra la palma de una mano hizo de tipo salvaje vuela para convertirse incapacitado temporalmente, una consecuencia probable de la LCT. Por lo tanto, hemos construido el dispositivo de Alto Impacto de Trauma (HIT) para recapitular las fuerzas de aceleración y deceleración de la acción de golpear la mano. Una película de alta velocidad muestra que un solo tiro desde laHIT dispositivo hace que vuela a ponerse en contacto con la pared del vial varias veces con la cabeza y el cuerpo 8. Hasta cierto punto, todos los contactos son susceptibles de causar el cerebro de la mosca a rebotar y deformarse en contra de la cápsula de la cabeza, similar a lo que ocurre con los seres humanos en caídas y accidentes automovilísticos 9. En consecuencia, las moscas tratadas con los fenotipos de visualización de dispositivos HIT consistentes con lesión cerebral, incluyendo la incapacidad temporal seguido de ataxia, la recuperación gradual de la movilidad, los cambios de expresión génica en la cabeza, y la neurodegeneración progresiva en el cerebro 10. Así, el dispositivo HIT hace posible el estudio de TBI utilizando el enorme arsenal de herramientas y técnicas desarrolladas para moscas experimentales.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Zinc plated compression spring</td>
			<td>The Hillman&#160; Group</td>
			<td>540189</td>
			<td>9 7/8 in (length), 15/16 in (outer diameter), 0.12 in (wire size)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wooden board</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>9 in (length), 6.5 in (width), 0.75 in (height)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clamps</td>
			<td>Sigma Electrical Manufacturing Corporation</td>
			<td>49822</td>
			<td>3.10 in (length), 0.68 in (width), 1.11 in (height), EMT Two Hole Straps, click on type for 1 inch steel EMT conduit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loop half of self-adhesive velcro</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3 in (length), (3/4 in width)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyurethane ice bucket cover</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-591-45</td>
			<td>9 1/8 in (length), 9 1/8 in (width), 1 1/4 in (height)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic fly vials</td>
			<td>Applied Scientific</td>
			<td>AS-510</td>
			<td>3 11/16 in (height), 1 1/16 in (inner diameter), 1 1/8 in (outer diameter)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Large cotton balls</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-456-883</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paper protractor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10 in (diameter)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a method to inflict closed head traumatic brain injury in drosophila

La lesión cerebral traumática (TBI) afecta a millones de personas cada año, causando deterioro de la física, cognitiva, y las funciones de comportamiento y de la muerte. Los estudios que utilizan Drosophila han contribuido importantes avances en la comprensión de los procesos neurológicos. Por lo tanto, con el objetivo de entender las bases celulares y moleculares de patologías TBI en los seres humanos, hemos desarrollado el dispositivo de Alto Impacto de Trauma (HIT) para infligir cabeza cerrada TBI en las moscas. Las moscas sometidas a la pantalla fenotipos dispositivo HIT consistentes con TBI humana tales como la incapacidad temporal y la neurodegeneración progresiva. El dispositivo HIT utiliza un mecanismo basado en el resorte para impulsar moscas contra la pared de un vial, causando daño mecánico al cerebro de la mosca. El dispositivo es barato y fácil de construir, su funcionamiento es simple y rápida, y produce resultados reproducibles. En consecuencia, el dispositivo HIT se puede combinar con las herramientas y técnicas para moscas para abordar fundamental experimentales existentespreguntas acerca de TBI que pueden conducir al desarrollo de diagnósticos y tratamientos para TBI. En particular, el dispositivo HIT puede ser utilizado para realizar cribados genéticos a gran escala para entender la base genética de patologías de TBI.

Estamos interesados ​​en entender por qué las moscas mueren poco después de la lesión primaria. Para cuantificar la muerte, se determinó el Índice de Mortalidad a las 24 horas (MI 24), que es el porcentaje de moscas que murió dentro de las 24 horas de la lesión primaria. Las moscas sometidas a ataques desde el dispositivo de HIT se incubaron a 25 ° C en un vial con la comida de la mosca, y el número de moscas muertas se contó después de 24 horas. Utilizamos este enfoque para identificar los fac...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila at JoVE.com

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

Aquí se describe un método para infligir cabeza cerrada lesión cerebral traumática (TBI) en Drosophila. Este método proporciona una puerta de entrada para investigar los mecanismos celulares y moleculares que subyacen a patologías TBI utilizando la amplia gama de herramientas experimentales y técnicas disponibles para las moscas.

Un método para infligir Cerrado Jefe lesión cerebral traumática en<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year, causing impairment of physical, cognitive, and behavioral functions and death. Studies ...

a-method-to-inflict-closed-head-traumatic-brain-injury-in-drosophila

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

11.4K vistas.  University of Wisconsin-Madison.  Aquí se describe un método para infligir cabeza cerrada lesión cerebral traumática (TBI) en Drosophila. Este método proporciona una puerta de entrada para investigar los mecanismos celulares y moleculares que subyacen a patologías TBI utilizando la amplia gama de herramientas experimentales y técnicas disponibles para las moscas. 

Video: A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI). The mechanisms responsible for its complex pathological changes remain largely elusive, despite a recent consensus to define the neuropathological criteria. Here, we describe a novel method to develop a model of CTE in Drosophila melanogaster&#160;(Drosophila&#160;)&#160;in an attempt to identify the key genes and pathways that lead to the characteristic hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation and neuronal death in the brain. Adjustable-strength impacts to inflict mild closed injury are delivered directly to the fly head, subjecting the head to rapid acceleration and deceleration. Our method eliminates the potential problems inherent with other Drosophila mTBI models (e.g.,animal death might be induced by damage to other parts of the body or to internal organs). The less labor- and cost-intensive animal care, short life span, and extensive genetic tools make the fruit fly ideal to study CTE pathogenesis and make it possible to perform large-scale, genome-wide forward genetic and pharmacological screens. We anticipate that the ongoing characterization of the model will generate important mechanistic insights on disease prevention and therapeutic approaches.

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Here, we describe a new approach to inflict closed-head traumatic brain injury in Drosophila melanogaster. Our method has the advantage of directly delivering repetitive impacts with adjustable strength to the head alone. Further exploration of the invertebrate system will help to illuminate the pathogenesis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

Un nuevo método para modelar la encefalopatía traumática crónica<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

A Novel In Vitro Model of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in military and civilian populations. Blast traumatic brain injury results from the detonation of explosive devices, however, the mechanisms that underlie the brain damage resulting from blast overpressure exposure are not entirely understood and are believed to be unique to this type of brain injury. Preclinical models are crucial tools that contribute to better understand blast-induced brain injury. A novel in vitro blast TBI model was developed using an open-ended shock tube to simulate real-life open-field blast waves modelled by the Friedlander waveform. C57BL/6N mouse organotypic hippocampal slice cultures were exposed to single shock waves and the development of injury was characterized up to 72 h using propidium iodide, a well-established fluorescent marker of cell damage that only penetrates cells with compromised cellular membranes. Propidium iodide fluorescence was significantly higher in the slices exposed to a blast wave when compared with sham slices throughout the duration of the protocol. The brain tissue injury is very reproducible and proportional to the peak overpressure of the shock wave applied.

A Novel In Vitro Model of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

This paper describes a novel model of primary blast traumatic brain injury. A compressed-air driven shock tube is used to expose in vitro mouse hippocampal slice cultures to a single shock wave. This is a simple and rapid protocol generating a reproducible brain tissue injury with a high throughput.

Un modelo de novela In Vitro de lesión cerebral traumática por explosión

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in military and civilian populations. Blast traumatic brain injury results from the ...

Effects of Blast-induced Neurotrauma on Pressurized Rodent Middle Cerebral Arteries

Though there have been studies on the histopathological and behavioral effects of blast exposure, fewer have been dedicated to blast&#39;s cerebral vascular effects. Impact (i.e., non-blast) traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known to decrease pressure autoregulation in the cerebral vasculature in both humans and experimental animals. The hypothesis that blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI), like impact TBI, results in impaired cerebral vascular reactivity was tested by measuring myogenic dilatory responses to reduced intravascular pressure in rodent middle cerebral arterial (MCA) segments from rats subjected to mild bTBI using an Advanced Blast Simulator (ABS) shock tube. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, intubated, ventilated and prepared for Sham bTBI (identical manipulation and anesthesia except for blast injury) or mild bTBI. Rats were randomly assigned to receive Sham bTBI or mild bTBI followed by sacrifice 30 or 60 min post-injury. Immediately after bTBI, righting reflex (RR) suppression times were assessed, euthanasia at the time points post-injury was completed, the brain was harvested and the individual MCA segments were collected, mounted and pressurized. As the intraluminal pressure perfused through the arterial segments was reduced in 20 mmHg increments from 100 to 20 mmHg, MCA diameters were measured and recorded. With decreasing intraluminal pressure, MCA diameters steadily increased significantly above baseline in the Sham bTBI groups while MCA dilator responses were significantly reduced (p &#60; 0.05) in both bTBI groups as evidenced by the impaired, smaller MCA diameters recorded for the bTBI groups. In addition, RR suppression in the bTBI groups was significantly (p &#60; 0.05) higher than in the Sham bTBI groups. MCA&#39;s collected from the Sham bTBI groups exhibited typical vasodilatory properties to decreases in intraluminal pressure while MCA&#39;s collected following bTBI exhibited significantly impaired myogenic vasodilatory responses to reduced pressure that persisted for at least 60 min after bTBI.

Here, we present a protocol to describe methods for ex vivo vascular reactivity determination following a primary blast traumatic brain injury (bTBI) using isolated, pressurized, rodent middle cerebral arterial (MCA) segments. bTBI induction is accomplished using a shock tube, also known as an Advanced Blast Simulator (ABS) device.

Efectos de Neurotrauma inducido ráfaga en roedor a presión media de las arterias cerebrales

Though there have been studies on the histopathological and behavioral effects of blast exposure, fewer have been dedicated to blast&#39;s cerebral ...

Investigating Alterations in Caecum Microbiota After Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Increasing evidence shows that the microbiota-gut-brain axis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of brain diseases. Several studies also demonstrate that traumatic brain injuries cause changes to the gut microbiota. However, mechanisms underlying the bidirectional regulation of the brain-gut axis remain unknown. Currently, few models exist for studying the changes in gut microbiota after traumatic brain injury. Therefore, the presented study combines protocols for inducing traumatic brain injury using a lateral fluid percussion device and analysis of caecum samples following injury for investigating alterations in the gut microbiome. Alterations of the gut microbiota composition after traumatic brain injury are determined using 16S-rDNA sequencing. This protocol provides an effective method for studying the relationships between enteric microorganisms and traumatic brain injury.

Presented here is a protocol to induce diffuse traumatic brain injury using a lateral fluid percussion device followed by the collection of the caecum content for gut microbiome analysis.

Investigación de alteraciones en Caecum Microbiota después de una lesión cerebral traumática en ratones

Increasing evidence shows that the microbiota-gut-brain axis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of brain diseases. Several studies also ...

Low-intensity Blast Wave Model for Preclinical Assessment of Closed-head Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Rodents

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a large-scale public health problem. Mild TBI is the most prevalent form of neurotrauma and accounts for a large number of medical visits in the United States. There are currently no FDA-approved treatments available for TBI. The increased incidence of military-related, blast-induced TBI further accentuates the urgent need for effective TBI treatments. Therefore, new preclinical TBI animal models that recapitulate aspects of human blast-related TBI will greatly advance the research efforts into the neurobiological and pathophysiological processes underlying mild to moderate TBI as well as the development of novel therapeutic strategies for TBI.
Here we present a reliable, reproducible model for the investigation of the molecular, cellular, and behavioral effects of mild to moderate blast-induced TBI. We describe a step-by-step protocol for closed-head, blast-induced mild TBI in rodents using a bench-top setup consisting of a gas-driven shock tube equipped with piezoelectric pressure sensors to ensure consistent test conditions. The benefits of the setup that we have established are its relative low-cost, ease of installation, ease of use and high-throughput capacity. Further advantages of this non-invasive TBI model include the scalability of the blast peak overpressure and the generation of controlled reproducible outcomes. The reproducibility and relevance of this TBI model has been evaluated in a number of downstream applications, including neurobiological, neuropathological, neurophysiological and behavioral analyses, supporting the use of this model for the characterization of processes underlying the etiology of mild to moderate TBI.

We present here a protocol of a blast wave model for rodents to investigate neurobiological and pathophysiological effects of mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. We established a gas-driven, bench-top setup equipped with pressure sensors allowing for reliable and reproducible generation of blast-induced mild to moderate traumatic brain injury.

Modelo de onda blástica de baja intensidad para la evaluación preclínica de la lesión cerebral traumática leve de cabeza cerrada en roedores

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a large-scale public health problem. Mild TBI is the most prevalent form of neurotrauma and accounts for a large number of ...

Electromagnetic Controlled Closed-Head Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Highly reproducible animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with well-defined pathologies, are needed for testing therapeutic interventions and understanding the mechanisms of how a TBI alters brain function. The availability of multiple animal models of TBI is necessary to model the different aspects and severities of TBI seen in people. This manuscript describes the use of a midline closed head injury (CHI) to develop a mouse model of mild TBI. The model is considered mild because it does not produce structural brain lesions based on neuroimaging or gross neuronal loss. However, a single impact creates enough pathology that cognitive impairment is measurable at least 1 month after injury. A step-by-step protocol to induce a CHI in mice using a stereotaxically guided electromagnetic impactor is defined in the paper. The benefits of the mild midline CHI model include the reproducibility of the injury-induced changes with low mortality. The model has been temporally characterized up to 1 year after the injury for neuroimaging, neurochemical, neuropathological, and behavioral changes. The model is complementary to open skull models of controlled cortical impact using the same impactor device. Thus, labs can model both mild diffuse TBI and focal moderate-to-severe TBI with the same impactor.

The protocol describes mild traumatic brain injury in a mouse model. In particular, a step-by-step protocol to induce a mild midline closed head injury and the characterization of the animal model is fully explained.

Modelo electromagnético controlado de cabeza cerrada de lesión cerebral traumática leve en ratones

Highly reproducible animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with well-defined pathologies, are needed for testing therapeutic interventions and ...

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are a prevalent health issue in North America. There is increasing pressure to utilize ecologically valid models of closed-head mTBI in the preclinical setting to increase translatability to the clinical population. The awake closed-headed injury (ACHI) model uses a modified controlled cortical impactor to deliver closed-headed injury, inducing clinically relevant behavioral deficits without the need for a craniotomy or the use of an anesthetic.
This technique does not normally induce fatalities, skull fractures, or brain bleeds, and is more consistent with being a mild injury. Indeed, the mild nature of the ACHI procedure makes it ideal for studies investigating repetitive mTBI (r-mTBI). Growing evidence indicates that r-mTBI can result in a cumulative injury that produces behavioral symptoms, neuropathological changes, and neurodegeneration. r-mTBI is common in youths playing sports, and these injuries occur during a period of robust synaptic reorganization and myelination, making the younger population particularly vulnerable to the long-term influences of r-mTBI.
Further, r-mTBI occurs in cases of intimate partner violence, a condition for which there are few objective screening measures. In these experiments, synaptic function was assessed in the hippocampus in juvenile rats that had experienced r-mTBI using the ACHI model. Following the injuries, a tissue slicer was utilized to make hippocampal slices to evaluate bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus at either 1 or 7 days following the r-mTBI. Overall, the ACHI model provides researchers with an ecologically valid model to study changes in synaptic plasticity following mTBI and r-mTBI.

Here, it is demonstrated how an awake closed-head injury model can be used for examining the effects of repeated mild traumatic brain injury (r-mTBI) on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. The model replicates important features of r-mTBI in patients and is used in conjunction with in vitro electrophysiology.

Evaluación de los cambios en la plasticidad sináptica utilizando un modelo de lesión cerebral traumática leve con vigilia

Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are a prevalent health issue in North America. There is increasing pressure to utilize ecologically valid models of ...

Intravital Imaging of Fluorescent Protein Expression in Mice with a Closed-Skull Traumatic Brain Injury and Cranial Window Using a Two-Photon Microscope

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to longitudinally visualize the expression and localization of a protein of interest within specific cell types of an animal's brain, upon exposure to exogenous stimuli. Here, the administration of a closed-skull traumatic brain injury (TBI) and simultaneous implantation of a cranial window for subsequent longitudinal intravital imaging in mice is shown. Mice are intracranially injected with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under a neuronal specific promoter. After 2 to 4 weeks, the mice are subjected to a repetitive TBI using a weight drop device over the AAV injection location. Within the same surgical session, the mice are implanted with a metal headpost and then a glass cranial window over the TBI impacting site. The expression and cellular localization of EGFP is examined using a two-photon microscope in the same brain region exposed to trauma over the course of months.

This study demonstrates delivery of a repetitive traumatic brain injury to mice and simultaneous implantation of a cranial window for subsequent intravital imaging of a neuron-expressed EGFP using two-photon microscopy.

Imágenes intravitales de la expresión de proteínas fluorescentes en ratones con una lesión cerebral traumática de cráneo cerrado y ventana craneal utilizando un microscopio de dos fotones

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to longitudinally visualize the expression and localization of a protein of interest within specific cell ...

Validación de la respuesta a las lesiones y las evaluaciones conductuales en un modelo de rata mTBI

Rat Model of Closed-Head Mild Traumatic Injury and its Validation

Animal models are crucial for advancing our understanding of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and guiding clinical research. To achieve meaningful insights, developing a stable and reproducible animal model is essential. In this study, we report a detailed description of a closed-head mTBI model and a representative validation method using Sprague-Dawley rats to verify the modeling effect. The model involves dropping a 550 g mass weight from a height of 100 cm directly onto the head of a rat on a destructible surface, followed by a 180-degree turn. To assess the injury, rats underwent a series of neurobehavioral assessments 10 min post-injury, including time of loss of consciousness, first seeking-behavior time, escape ability, and beam balance ability test. During the acute and subacute stages following the injury, behavioral tests were conducted to assess motor coordination ability (Beam task), anxiety (Open Field test), and learning and memory abilities (Morris Water Maze test). The closed-head mTBI model produced a consistent injury response with minimal mortality and replicated real-life situations. The validation method effectively verified the model development and ensured the stability and consistency of the model.

Autor destacado: Avance en la investigación de lesiones cerebrales traumáticas: un modelo de cabeza cerrada para una replicación precisa y una evaluación rápida 

Here, we present a closed-head mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) rat model and its validation exhibiting remarkable similarity to human mTBI concerning behavioral manifestations during the acute and subacute stages.

Modelo de Rata de Lesión Traumática Leve de Cabeza Cerrada y su Validación

Animal models are crucial for advancing our understanding of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and guiding clinical research. To achieve meaningful ...