Este trabalho foi apoiado pelo National Institutes of Health subvenção, R01 AG033620 (BG) e por Robert Draper Inovação Tecnológica Financiamento (DAW).

1. Construção do Dispositivo HIT <ol><li> Fixe a mola para a placa utilizando dois grampos e quatro parafusos (Figura 1A). Centralize os grampos em relação à largura da placa e Butt-los uns contra os outros com o flush braçadeira exterior com a borda da placa. Antes de fixar os grampos, dobre-os usando um alicate para caber firmemente sobre a primavera. NOTA: Consulte a Tabela 1 para obter descrições dos materiais necessários para a construção do dispositivo de HIT. A extremidade apertada da mola deve ser de 1/8 de polegada (3,2 mm) a partir da borda da placa, ea extremidade livre deve estender-se sobre a placa por 3/4 de polegada (19 mm). Ajustar a mola de modo que ela se encontra em paralelo com o comprimento do bordo. </li><li> Enrole a extremidade livre da mola em torno de uma vez com a fita adesiva de loops de velcro. A borda externa do velcro deve estar nivelada com a extremidade da mola. O Velcro é importante porque é usado para proteger o frasco para a mola por CREAting um encaixe de compressão apertado. O velcro permite também uma fácil ligação e remoção de tubos de ensaio, permitindo que muitos frascos a serem processados ​​num curto período de tempo. </li><li> Coloque a tampa do balde de gelo de cabeça para baixo, centrado, apertado contra a placa de madeira. Orientar a região elevada da tampa balde de gelo de modo a que a borda é paralelo ao longo da largura do tabuleiro. Note-se que a região elevada do balde de gelo é de 1/2 polegada (13 mm) maior do que a placa de madeira, de modo que quando um frasco é ligado à mola a mola não vou mentir plana no tabuleiro. </li><li> Deslize todo o dispositivo contra um objeto fixo, como uma parede, de modo que a tampa balde de gelo está encravado entre o conselho eo objeto e não se move. </li><li> Tape o transferidor de papel para o fundo de um cartão voar bandeja frasco e coloque na borda contra a extensão do tabuleiro de modo que a marca de 90 ° está alinhado com a primavera, quando ele é puxado de volta para uma posição perfeitamente vertical. </li></ol> 2.O funcionamento do dispositivo HIT <ol><li> Lugar entre 1 e 60 CO 2 -anesthetized voa em um frasco vazio e tapar o frasco usando uma bola de algodão apertada. </li><li> Confinar as moscas para a parte inferior de 1 polegada (2,5 cm) do frasco, empurrando a bola de algodão para dentro do frasco até que seja de 1 polegada (2,5 cm) a partir do fundo. É útil para desenhar uma linha no frasco na marca de 1 polegada (2,5 cm). Note-se que as moscas para confinar regiões maiores ou menores do frasco pode afectar a gravidade dos fenótipos. </li><li> Esperar 5 min para as moscas para recuperar a mobilidade do CO 2. Note-se que não se sabe se 5 min é suficiente para eliminar completamente os efeitos de CO 2. </li><li> Inserir a extremidade da mola para dentro do frasco até que a extremidade interior do Velcro é nivelada com o topo do frasco (Figura 1B). Quando a primavera está deitado, de 1 polegada (2,5 cm) do frasco para injectáveis ​​deve sobrepor-se a região elevada da tampa do balde de gelo. Os frascos podem ser reutilizados mqualquer hora. </li><li> Ao sentar-se, mantenha o frasco a região de Velcro usando o polegar eo dedo indicador de sua mão esquerda. Segure a placa firmemente à bancada usando sua mão direita. Como alternativa, use C-braçadeiras para segurar a placa apertada para a bancada. </li><li> Puxe a mola perfeitamente em linha reta de volta para o ângulo desejado. Solte a primavera. Permitir que a primavera chegar a uma paragem completa. </li><li> Retire o recipiente da primavera e permitir que as moscas se recuperar para ≥5 min. Apresentar as moscas para outra greve ou transferir as moscas para um frasco com alimentos mosca. NOTA: Uma variedade de ensaios pode ser utilizada para avaliar os efeitos fenotípicos de ataques do dispositivo HIT. Por exemplo, os efeitos sobre a longevidade pode ser determinada através da análise da percentagem de moscas que sobrevivem às vezes após a lesão, os efeitos na morfologia do cérebro pode ser determinada por análise histológica da cabeça, e os efeitos sobre a expressão do gene pode ser determinada por análise quantitativa dos níveis de ARNm 10. </li><li> Determine efeitos do procedimento que não são devido a greves, tratando de forma idêntica moscas de controle que não são sujeitos a ataques. Usar protecção auricular, porque o impacto do frasco contra a cobertura balde de gelo produz um ruído alto. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Harrison-Felix, C. L., Whiteneck, G. G., Jha, A., DeVivo, M. J., Hammond, F. M., Hart, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mortality+over+four+decades+after+traumatic+brain+injury+rehabilitation:+A+retrospective+cohort+study.">Mortality over four decades after traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: A retrospective cohort study.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 90, 1506-1513 (2009).</li><li>Coronado, V. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surveillance+for+traumatic+brain+injury-related+deaths+&#8211;+United+States.">Surveillance for traumatic brain injury-related deaths &#8211; United States.</a> MMWR Surveill Summ. 60, 1-32 (1997).</li><li>Masel, B., DeWitt, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Traumatic+brain+injury:+A+disease+process,+not+an+event.">Traumatic brain injury: A disease process, not an event.</a> J. Neurotrauma. 27, 1529-1540 (2010).</li><li>Blennow, K., Hardy, J., Zetterberg, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neuropathology+and+neurobiology+of+traumatic+brain+injury.">The neuropathology and neurobiology of traumatic brain injury.</a> Neuron. 76, 886-899 (2012).</li><li>Prins, M., Greco, T., Alexander, D., Giza, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pathophysiology+of+traumatic+brain+injury+at+a+glance.">The pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury at a glance.</a> Disease Models Mech. 6, 1307-1315 (2013).</li><li>Menon, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unique+challenges+in+clinical+trails+in+traumatic+brain+injury.">Unique challenges in clinical trails in traumatic brain injury.</a> Crit Care Med. 37, S129-S135 (2009).</li><li>Xiong, Y., Mahmood, A., Chopp, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+traumatic+brain+injury.">Animal models of traumatic brain injury.</a> Nature Rev Neurosci. 14, 128-142 (2013).</li><li>Balsiger, Z., Leudkte, J., Mawer, S., Willey, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> HIT device high speed analysis. , (2014).</li><li>Davceva, N., Janevska, V., Illevski, B., Petrushevska, G., Popeska, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+occurrence+of+acute+subdural+haematoma+and+diffuse+axonal+injury+as+two+typical+acceleration+injuries.">The occurrence of acute subdural haematoma and diffuse axonal injury as two typical acceleration injuries.</a> J Forensic Leg Med. 19, 480-484 (2012).</li><li>Katzenberger, R. J., Loewen, C. A., Wassarman, D. R., Petersen, A. J., Ganetzky, B., Wassarman , D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Drosophila.+model+of+closed+head+traumatic+brain+injury.">A Drosophila. model of closed head traumatic brain injury.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 110, E4152-E4159 (2013).</li><li>Fang, Y., Bonini, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axon+degeneration+and+regeneration:+insights+from+Drosophila+.models+of+nerve+injury.">Axon degeneration and regeneration: insights from Drosophila .models of nerve injury.</a> Annu Rev Cell Biol. 28, 575-597 (2012).</li><li>Babcock, D. T., Ganetzky, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+method+for+accurate+and+rapid+measurement+of+flight+performance+in+Drosophila.">An improved method for accurate and rapid measurement of flight performance in Drosophila.</a> J Vis Exp. (84), e51223 (2014).</li><li>Tully, T., Preat, T., Boynton, S. C., Vecchio, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+dissection+of+consolidated+memory+in+Drosophila.">Genetic dissection of consolidated memory in Drosophila.</a> Cell. 79, 35-47 (1994).</li><li>Andretic, R., Shaw, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Essentials+of+sleep+recordings+in+Drosophila.:+moving+beyond+sleep+time.">Essentials of sleep recordings in Drosophila.: moving beyond sleep time.</a> Methods Enzymol. 393, 759-772 (2005).</li></ol>

Não temos conflitos de interesse para divulgar.

O método dispositivo HIT se distingue de outros métodos que infligem lesões traumáticas em moscas pelo fato de que ele faz com que a cabeça fechado, em vez de penetrar TBI 11. Além disso, o método de dispositivo HIT leva menos tempo, esforço e habilidade para infligir TBI em muitas moscas, por isso, o método é mais favorável do que outros métodos para telas genéticos de grande escala. Por fim, o facto de as lesões primárias infligidos pelo dispositivo HIT não estão limitados ao cérebro é ao...

An author's name was corrected in the publication of <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/52905">A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila</a>. The second to last author's was spelled incorrectly. It has been updated from:
Barry Ganetky
to:
Barry Ganetzky

An author's name was corrected in the publication of <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/52905">A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila</a>.

Erratum: A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

Traumatismo crânio-encefálico (TCE) é definida como lesão no cérebro de uma força mecânica externa. Mais vulgarmente, a partir de resultados de TCE forças de cabeça fechada, como forças rombas e aceleração inércia e forças de desaceleração que causam o cérebro para atingir o interior do crânio. Nos Estados Unidos, estima-se que 50.000 pessoas morrem a cada ano de TBI e 2,5-6.500.000 indivíduos estão a viver com as consequências do TCE, incluindo debilitante físico, cognitivo e problemas de comportamento 1,2. As conseqüências do TCE não são apenas devido a lesões mecânicas primárias para o cérebro, mas também a lesões celulares e moleculares secundários para o cérebro, bem como outros tecidos que ocorrem ao longo do tempo 3-5. O desenvolvimento de abordagens para diagnosticar e tratar o TCE tem provado ser difícil porque o TCE é um processo de doença complexa. A natureza variável de lesões primárias, fisiologia humana e fatores ambientais resulta em i secundário heterogêneonjuries e patologias. Factores variáveis ​​subjacentes incluem a gravidade da lesão primária, o tempo entre as lesões primárias repetitivas, e da idade e do genótipo do indivíduo. A compreensão de como cada fator variável contribui para as conseqüências de TBI é susceptível de ajudar no desenvolvimento de abordagens para diagnosticar e tratar TBI 6,7. Aqui nós descrevemos um método para infligir TBI cabeça fechada em Drosophila melanogaster (mosca da fruta) que pode ser usado para delinear a contribuição de fatores variáveis ​​para as consequências do TCE. O método baseia-se na observação inicial de que intensamente que bate no lado de um frasco de cultura mosca contra a palma de uma mão causada moscas do tipo selvagem para ficar temporariamente incapacitada, uma consequência provável da TBI. Assim, construímos o dispositivo High-Impact Trauma (HIT) recapitular as forças de aceleração e desaceleração a partir da ação de bater a mão. Um filme de alta velocidade mostra que um único golpe doHIT dispositivo faz com que voa para entrar em contato com a parede do frasco várias vezes com a cabeça eo corpo 8. Em certa medida, todos os contatos são susceptíveis de fazer com que o cérebro da mosca a ricochetear e deformar contra a cápsula cabeça, semelhante ao que acontece com os seres humanos em quedas e acidentes de carro 9. Assim, moscas tratados com os fenótipos visor do dispositivo HIT consistentes com lesão cerebral, incluindo a incapacidade temporária seguido por ataxia, a recuperação gradual da mobilidade, alterações de expressão gênica na cabeça, e neurodegeneração progressiva no cérebro 10. Assim, o dispositivo de HIT torna possível estudar TBI utilizando o enorme arsenal de ferramentas e técnicas desenvolvidas para moscas experimentais.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Zinc plated compression spring</td>
			<td>The Hillman&#160; Group</td>
			<td>540189</td>
			<td>9 7/8 in (length), 15/16 in (outer diameter), 0.12 in (wire size)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wooden board</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>9 in (length), 6.5 in (width), 0.75 in (height)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clamps</td>
			<td>Sigma Electrical Manufacturing Corporation</td>
			<td>49822</td>
			<td>3.10 in (length), 0.68 in (width), 1.11 in (height), EMT Two Hole Straps, click on type for 1 inch steel EMT conduit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loop half of self-adhesive velcro</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3 in (length), (3/4 in width)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyurethane ice bucket cover</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-591-45</td>
			<td>9 1/8 in (length), 9 1/8 in (width), 1 1/4 in (height)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic fly vials</td>
			<td>Applied Scientific</td>
			<td>AS-510</td>
			<td>3 11/16 in (height), 1 1/16 in (inner diameter), 1 1/8 in (outer diameter)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Large cotton balls</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-456-883</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paper protractor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10 in (diameter)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a method to inflict closed head traumatic brain injury in drosophila

Traumatismo crânio-encefálico (TCE) afeta milhões de pessoas a cada ano, causando comprometimento da saúde física, cognitiva e funções comportamentais e morte. Estudos utilizando Drosophila têm contribuído importantes avanços na compreensão de processos neurológicos. Assim, com o objetivo de compreender a base celular e molecular de patologias TCE em humanos, foi desenvolvido o dispositivo de Trauma de Alto Impacto (HIT) para infligir cabeça fechada TBI em moscas. Moscas submetidos aos fenótipos visor do dispositivo HIT consistentes com TBI humano, tais como incapacidade temporária e neurodegeneração progressiva. O dispositivo HIT usa um mecanismo baseado em mola para impulsionar moscas contra a parede de um tubo de ensaio, provocando danos mecânicos ao cérebro mosca. O dispositivo é barato e fácil de construir, a sua operação é simples e rápida, e que produz resultados reprodutíveis. Por conseguinte, o dispositivo de HIT pode ser combinada com as ferramentas experimentais existentes e técnicas de moscas para tratar fundamentaisdúvidas sobre TCE que podem levar ao desenvolvimento de diagnósticos e tratamentos para o TCE. Em particular, o dispositivo HIT pode ser usado para realizar telas genéticos em grande escala para compreender a base genética de patologias TBI.

Estamos interessados ​​em entender por que as moscas morrem logo após a lesão primária. Para quantificar a morte, determinou-se o Índice de mortalidade às 24 horas (MI 24), que é a percentagem de moscas que morreram dentro de 24 horas da lesão primária. Moscas sujeitos a ataques do dispositivo HIT foram incubadas a 25 ° C num frasco com comida mosca, e o número de moscas mortas foi contado após 24 horas. Utilizou-se esta abordagem para identificar os factores que afectam a MI 24 e de...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila at JoVE.com

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

Aqui nós descrevemos um método para infligir a cabeça fechado traumatismo crânio-encefálico (TCE) em Drosophila. Este método oferece um portal para investigar os mecanismos celulares e moleculares que estão na base patologias TCE, utilizando a vasta gama de ferramentas experimentais e técnicas disponíveis para as moscas.

Um Método para infligir Cabeça Fechada Lesão cerebral traumático em<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year, causing impairment of physical, cognitive, and behavioral functions and death. Studies ...

a-method-to-inflict-closed-head-traumatic-brain-injury-in-drosophila

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

11.4K visualizações.  University of Wisconsin-Madison.  Aqui nós descrevemos um método para infligir a cabeça fechado traumatismo crânio-encefálico (TCE) em Drosophila. Este método oferece um portal para investigar os mecanismos celulares e moleculares que estão na base patologias TCE, utilizando a vasta gama de ferramentas experimentais e técnicas disponíveis para as moscas. 

Vídeo: A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

Lateral Fluid Percussion: Model of Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) research has attained renewed momentum due to the increasing awareness of head injuries, which result in morbidity and mortality. Based on the nature of primary injury following TBI, complex and heterogeneous secondary consequences result, which are followed by regenerative processes 1,2. Primary injury can be induced by a direct contusion to the brain from skull fracture or from shearing and stretching of tissue causing displacement of brain due to movement 3,4. The resulting hematomas and lacerations cause a vascular response 3,5, and the morphological and functional damage of the white matter leads to diffuse axonal injury 6-8. Additional secondary changes commonly seen in the brain are edema and increased intracranial pressure 9. Following TBI there are microscopic alterations in biochemical and physiological pathways involving the release of excitotoxic neurotransmitters, immune mediators and oxygen radicals 10-12, which ultimately result in long-term neurological disabilities 13,14. Thus choosing appropriate animal models of TBI that present similar cellular and molecular events in human and rodent TBI is critical for studying the mechanisms underlying injury and repair.
Various experimental models of TBI have been developed to reproduce aspects of TBI observed in humans, among them three specific models are widely adapted for rodents: fluid percussion, cortical impact and weight drop/impact acceleration 1. The fluid percussion device produces an injury through a craniectomy by applying a brief fluid pressure pulse on to the intact dura. The pulse is created by a pendulum striking the piston of a reservoir of fluid. The percussion produces brief displacement and deformation of neural tissue 1,15. Conversely, cortical impact injury delivers mechanical energy to the intact dura via a rigid impactor under pneumatic pressure 16,17. The weight drop/impact model is characterized by the fall of a rod with a specific mass on the closed skull 18. Among the TBI models, LFP is the most established and commonly used model to evaluate mixed focal and diffuse brain injury 19. It is reproducible and is standardized to allow for the manipulation of injury parameters. LFP recapitulates injuries observed in humans, thus rendering it clinically relevant, and allows for exploration of novel therapeutics for clinical translation 20.
We describe the detailed protocol to perform LFP procedure in mice. The injury inflicted is mild to moderate, with brain regions such as cortex, hippocampus and corpus callosum being most vulnerable. Hippocampal and motor learning tasks are explored following LFP.

Lateral fluid percussion (LFP), an established model of traumatic brain injury in mice, is demonstrated. LFP fulfills three major criteria for animal models: validity, reliability and clinical relevance. The procedure, consisting of surgical craniotomy, fixation of hub followed by induction of injury, resulting in focal and diffuse injuries, is described.

Percussão Fluid lateral: Modelo de Lesão em Ratos

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) research has attained renewed momentum due to the increasing awareness of head injuries, which result in morbidity and ...

Neurociência

Investigations on Alterations of Hippocampal Circuit Function Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) afflicts more than 1.7 million people in the United States each year and even mild TBI can lead to persistent neurological impairments 1. Two pervasive and disabling symptoms experienced by TBI survivors, memory deficits and a reduction in seizure threshold, are thought to be mediated by TBI-induced hippocampal dysfunction 2,3. In order to demonstrate how altered hippocampal circuit function adversely affects behavior after TBI in mice, we employ lateral fluid percussion injury, a commonly used animal model of TBI that recreates many features of human TBI including neuronal cell loss, gliosis, and ionic perturbation 4-6.
	Here we demonstrate a combinatorial method for investigating TBI-induced hippocampal dysfunction. Our approach incorporates multiple ex vivo physiological techniques together with animal behavior and biochemical analysis, in order to analyze post-TBI changes in the hippocampus. We begin with the experimental injury paradigm along with behavioral analysis to assess cognitive disability following TBI. Next, we feature three distinct ex vivo recording techniques: extracellular field potential recording, visualized whole-cell patch-clamping, and voltage sensitive dye recording. Finally, we demonstrate a method for regionally dissecting subregions of the hippocampus that can be useful for detailed analysis of neurochemical and metabolic alterations post-TBI.
	These methods have been used to examine the alterations in hippocampal circuitry following TBI and to probe the opposing changes in network circuit function that occur in the dentate gyrus and CA1 subregions of the hippocampus (see Figure 1). The ability to analyze the post-TBI changes in each subregion is essential to understanding the underlying mechanisms contributing to TBI-induced behavioral and cognitive deficits. 
	The multi-faceted system outlined here allows investigators to push past characterization of phenomenology induced by a disease state (in this case TBI) and determine the mechanisms responsible for the observed pathology associated with TBI.

A multi-faceted approach to investigating functional changes to hippocampal circuitry is explained. Electrophysiological techniques are described along with the injury protocol, behavioral testing and regional dissection method. The combination of these techniques can be applied in similar fashion for other brain regions and scientific questions.

Investigações sobre alterações da função Circuito Hippocampal Após lesão cerebral traumática leve

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) afflicts more than 1.7 million people in the United States each year and even mild TBI can lead to persistent neurological ...

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI). The mechanisms responsible for its complex pathological changes remain largely elusive, despite a recent consensus to define the neuropathological criteria. Here, we describe a novel method to develop a model of CTE in Drosophila melanogaster&#160;(Drosophila&#160;)&#160;in an attempt to identify the key genes and pathways that lead to the characteristic hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation and neuronal death in the brain. Adjustable-strength impacts to inflict mild closed injury are delivered directly to the fly head, subjecting the head to rapid acceleration and deceleration. Our method eliminates the potential problems inherent with other Drosophila mTBI models (e.g.,animal death might be induced by damage to other parts of the body or to internal organs). The less labor- and cost-intensive animal care, short life span, and extensive genetic tools make the fruit fly ideal to study CTE pathogenesis and make it possible to perform large-scale, genome-wide forward genetic and pharmacological screens. We anticipate that the ongoing characterization of the model will generate important mechanistic insights on disease prevention and therapeutic approaches.

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Here, we describe a new approach to inflict closed-head traumatic brain injury in Drosophila melanogaster. Our method has the advantage of directly delivering repetitive impacts with adjustable strength to the head alone. Further exploration of the invertebrate system will help to illuminate the pathogenesis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

Um novo método para modelar a encefalopatia traumática crônica em<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic ...

Stereotactic Atlas-Guided Laser Capture Microdissection of Brain Regions Affected by Traumatic Injury

The ability to isolate specific brain regions of interest can be impeded in tissue disassociation techniques that do not preserve their spatial distribution. Such techniques also potentially skew gene expression analysis because the process itself can alter expression patterns in individual cells. Here we describe a laser capture microdissection (LCM) method to selectively collect specific brain regions affected by traumatic brain injury (TBI) by using a modified Nissl (cresyl violet) staining protocol and the guidance of a rat brain atlas. LCM provides access to brain regions in their native positions and the ability to use anatomical landmarks for identification of each specific region. To this end, LCM has been used previously to examine brain region specific gene expression in TBI. This protocol allows examination of TBI-induced alterations in gene and microRNA expression in distinct brain areas within the same animal. The principles of this protocol can be amended and applied to a wide range of studies examining genomic expression in other disease and/or animal models.

We describe the use of laser capture microdissection to obtain samples of distinct cell populations from different brain regions for gene and microRNA analysis. This technique allows the study of differential effects of traumatic brain injury in specific regions of the rat brain.

Estereotáxica guiada por Atlas Laser Microdissection de captura de regiões do cérebro afetadas por lesão traumática

The ability to isolate specific brain regions of interest can be impeded in tissue disassociation techniques that do not preserve their spatial ...

A Novel In Vitro Model of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in military and civilian populations. Blast traumatic brain injury results from the detonation of explosive devices, however, the mechanisms that underlie the brain damage resulting from blast overpressure exposure are not entirely understood and are believed to be unique to this type of brain injury. Preclinical models are crucial tools that contribute to better understand blast-induced brain injury. A novel in vitro blast TBI model was developed using an open-ended shock tube to simulate real-life open-field blast waves modelled by the Friedlander waveform. C57BL/6N mouse organotypic hippocampal slice cultures were exposed to single shock waves and the development of injury was characterized up to 72 h using propidium iodide, a well-established fluorescent marker of cell damage that only penetrates cells with compromised cellular membranes. Propidium iodide fluorescence was significantly higher in the slices exposed to a blast wave when compared with sham slices throughout the duration of the protocol. The brain tissue injury is very reproducible and proportional to the peak overpressure of the shock wave applied.

A Novel In Vitro Model of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

This paper describes a novel model of primary blast traumatic brain injury. A compressed-air driven shock tube is used to expose in vitro mouse hippocampal slice cultures to a single shock wave. This is a simple and rapid protocol generating a reproducible brain tissue injury with a high throughput.

Um modelo de romance In Vitro de explosão traumatismo crânio-encefálico

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in military and civilian populations. Blast traumatic brain injury results from the ...

Effects of Blast-induced Neurotrauma on Pressurized Rodent Middle Cerebral Arteries

Though there have been studies on the histopathological and behavioral effects of blast exposure, fewer have been dedicated to blast&#39;s cerebral vascular effects. Impact (i.e., non-blast) traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known to decrease pressure autoregulation in the cerebral vasculature in both humans and experimental animals. The hypothesis that blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI), like impact TBI, results in impaired cerebral vascular reactivity was tested by measuring myogenic dilatory responses to reduced intravascular pressure in rodent middle cerebral arterial (MCA) segments from rats subjected to mild bTBI using an Advanced Blast Simulator (ABS) shock tube. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, intubated, ventilated and prepared for Sham bTBI (identical manipulation and anesthesia except for blast injury) or mild bTBI. Rats were randomly assigned to receive Sham bTBI or mild bTBI followed by sacrifice 30 or 60 min post-injury. Immediately after bTBI, righting reflex (RR) suppression times were assessed, euthanasia at the time points post-injury was completed, the brain was harvested and the individual MCA segments were collected, mounted and pressurized. As the intraluminal pressure perfused through the arterial segments was reduced in 20 mmHg increments from 100 to 20 mmHg, MCA diameters were measured and recorded. With decreasing intraluminal pressure, MCA diameters steadily increased significantly above baseline in the Sham bTBI groups while MCA dilator responses were significantly reduced (p &#60; 0.05) in both bTBI groups as evidenced by the impaired, smaller MCA diameters recorded for the bTBI groups. In addition, RR suppression in the bTBI groups was significantly (p &#60; 0.05) higher than in the Sham bTBI groups. MCA&#39;s collected from the Sham bTBI groups exhibited typical vasodilatory properties to decreases in intraluminal pressure while MCA&#39;s collected following bTBI exhibited significantly impaired myogenic vasodilatory responses to reduced pressure that persisted for at least 60 min after bTBI.

Here, we present a protocol to describe methods for ex vivo vascular reactivity determination following a primary blast traumatic brain injury (bTBI) using isolated, pressurized, rodent middle cerebral arterial (MCA) segments. bTBI induction is accomplished using a shock tube, also known as an Advanced Blast Simulator (ABS) device.

Efeitos de Neurotrauma induzida por explosão em roedores pressurizado artérias cerebrais de médio

Though there have been studies on the histopathological and behavioral effects of blast exposure, fewer have been dedicated to blast&#39;s cerebral ...

Investigating Alterations in Caecum Microbiota After Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Increasing evidence shows that the microbiota-gut-brain axis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of brain diseases. Several studies also demonstrate that traumatic brain injuries cause changes to the gut microbiota. However, mechanisms underlying the bidirectional regulation of the brain-gut axis remain unknown. Currently, few models exist for studying the changes in gut microbiota after traumatic brain injury. Therefore, the presented study combines protocols for inducing traumatic brain injury using a lateral fluid percussion device and analysis of caecum samples following injury for investigating alterations in the gut microbiome. Alterations of the gut microbiota composition after traumatic brain injury are determined using 16S-rDNA sequencing. This protocol provides an effective method for studying the relationships between enteric microorganisms and traumatic brain injury.

Presented here is a protocol to induce diffuse traumatic brain injury using a lateral fluid percussion device followed by the collection of the caecum content for gut microbiome analysis.

Investigando alterações na microbiota de caecum após traumatismo cranioencefálico em camundongos

Increasing evidence shows that the microbiota-gut-brain axis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of brain diseases. Several studies also ...

Low-intensity Blast Wave Model for Preclinical Assessment of Closed-head Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Rodents

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a large-scale public health problem. Mild TBI is the most prevalent form of neurotrauma and accounts for a large number of medical visits in the United States. There are currently no FDA-approved treatments available for TBI. The increased incidence of military-related, blast-induced TBI further accentuates the urgent need for effective TBI treatments. Therefore, new preclinical TBI animal models that recapitulate aspects of human blast-related TBI will greatly advance the research efforts into the neurobiological and pathophysiological processes underlying mild to moderate TBI as well as the development of novel therapeutic strategies for TBI.
Here we present a reliable, reproducible model for the investigation of the molecular, cellular, and behavioral effects of mild to moderate blast-induced TBI. We describe a step-by-step protocol for closed-head, blast-induced mild TBI in rodents using a bench-top setup consisting of a gas-driven shock tube equipped with piezoelectric pressure sensors to ensure consistent test conditions. The benefits of the setup that we have established are its relative low-cost, ease of installation, ease of use and high-throughput capacity. Further advantages of this non-invasive TBI model include the scalability of the blast peak overpressure and the generation of controlled reproducible outcomes. The reproducibility and relevance of this TBI model has been evaluated in a number of downstream applications, including neurobiological, neuropathological, neurophysiological and behavioral analyses, supporting the use of this model for the characterization of processes underlying the etiology of mild to moderate TBI.

We present here a protocol of a blast wave model for rodents to investigate neurobiological and pathophysiological effects of mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. We established a gas-driven, bench-top setup equipped with pressure sensors allowing for reliable and reproducible generation of blast-induced mild to moderate traumatic brain injury.

Modelo de onda de explosão de baixa intensidade para avaliação pré-clínica de lesão cerebral traumática leve de cabeça fechada em roedores

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a large-scale public health problem. Mild TBI is the most prevalent form of neurotrauma and accounts for a large number of ...

Systems Analysis of the Neuroinflammatory and Hemodynamic Response to Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are a significant public health problem. Repeated exposure to mTBI can lead to cumulative, long-lasting functional deficits. Numerous studies by our group and others have shown that mTBI stimulates cytokine expression and activates microglia, decreases cerebral blood flow and metabolism, and impairs cerebrovascular reactivity. Moreover, several works have reported an association between derangements in these neuroinflammatory and hemodynamic markers and cognitive impairments. Herein we detail methods to characterize the neuroinflammatory and hemodynamic tissue response to mTBI in mice. Specifically, we describe how to perform a weight-drop model of mTBI, how to longitudinally measure cerebral blood flow using a non-invasive optical technique called diffuse correlation spectroscopy, and how to perform a Luminex multiplexed immunoassay on brain tissue samples to quantify cytokines and immunomodulatory phospho-proteins (e.g., within the MAPK and NF&#954;B pathways) that respond to and regulate activity of microglia and other neural immune cells. Finally, we detail how to integrate these data using a multivariate systems analysis approach to understand the relationships between all of these variables. Understanding the relationships between these physiologic and molecular variables will ultimately enable us to identify mechanisms responsible for mTBI.

This protocol presents methods to characterize the neuroinflammatory and hemodynamic response to mild traumatic brain injury and to integrate these data as part of a multivariate systems analysis using partial least squares regression.

Análise de Sistemas da Resposta Neuroinflammatória e Hemodinâmica à Lesão Cerebral Traumática

Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are a significant public health problem. Repeated exposure to mTBI can lead to cumulative, long-lasting functional ...

Electromagnetic Controlled Closed-Head Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Highly reproducible animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with well-defined pathologies, are needed for testing therapeutic interventions and understanding the mechanisms of how a TBI alters brain function. The availability of multiple animal models of TBI is necessary to model the different aspects and severities of TBI seen in people. This manuscript describes the use of a midline closed head injury (CHI) to develop a mouse model of mild TBI. The model is considered mild because it does not produce structural brain lesions based on neuroimaging or gross neuronal loss. However, a single impact creates enough pathology that cognitive impairment is measurable at least 1 month after injury. A step-by-step protocol to induce a CHI in mice using a stereotaxically guided electromagnetic impactor is defined in the paper. The benefits of the mild midline CHI model include the reproducibility of the injury-induced changes with low mortality. The model has been temporally characterized up to 1 year after the injury for neuroimaging, neurochemical, neuropathological, and behavioral changes. The model is complementary to open skull models of controlled cortical impact using the same impactor device. Thus, labs can model both mild diffuse TBI and focal moderate-to-severe TBI with the same impactor.

The protocol describes mild traumatic brain injury in a mouse model. In particular, a step-by-step protocol to induce a mild midline closed head injury and the characterization of the animal model is fully explained.

Modelo de Lesão Cerebral Traumática Leve em Camundongos com Controle Eletromagnético

Highly reproducible animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with well-defined pathologies, are needed for testing therapeutic interventions and ...