この作品は、健康補助金の国立研究所、R01 AG033620（BG）で、ロバート·ドレイパー技術革新資金（DAW）によってサポートされていました。

HITデバイスの1建設<ol><li> 2つのクランプと4本のネジ（ 図1A）を使用して、ボードにスプリングを取り付けます。ボードの幅を基準にクランプを中心とボードの縁と外側のクランプ面一に互いに対してそれらを突き合わせ。クランプを取り付ける前に、バネの上にしっかりとフィットするようにペンチを使用してそれらを曲げます。 注：HITデバイスを構築するために必要な材料の説明については、表1を参照してください。春のクランプ端部は、基板の端から1/8インチ（3.2ミリメートル）であるべきであり、自由端が3/4インチ（19ミリメートル）て、ボード上に拡張する必要があります。それは板の長さと平行に位置するようにバネを調整します。 </li><li>ベルクロループの粘着テープで一度周りのばねの自由端を包みます。マジックテープの外縁部は、スプリングの端部と同一平面である必要があります。それはCREによってバネに、バイアルを固定するために使用されるので、マジックテープが重要ですタイトな圧縮フィッティングをレーティング。ベルクロは、多くのバイアルを短時間で処理することができるように、バイアル瓶の容易な接続及び取り外しを可能にします。 </li><li>タイトな木の板に対して、中心に、逆さまアイスバケットカバーを置きます。オリエント長辺は、ボードの幅と平行になるようアイスバケットカバーの隆起領域。バイアルをバネに取り付けられたとき、スプリングがボード上に平らにしないようにアイスバケットの隆起領域は、木の板よりも1/2インチ（13ミリメートル）高いことに注意してください。 </li><li>アイスバケットカバーは基板と対象物の間に押し込まれ、動かないように、壁などの固定オブジェクトに対して、装置全体をスライドさせます。 </li><li>テープ段ボールの底に紙分度器は、バイアルトレイを飛行し、それが完全に垂直位置に引き戻されたときに90°のマークは、ばねと整列されるように、基板の長さに対して、エッジの上に立っています。 </li></ol> 2。HIT装置の動作<ol><li>空のバイアルにハエやタイトフィットのコットンボールを使用して、バイアルを栓-anesthetized 1と60 CO 2との間に配置します。 </li><li>それが下から1インチ（2.5センチ）になるまでバイアルにコットンボールを押してバイアルの底1インチ（2.5センチ）にハエを閉じ込めます。これは、1インチ（2.5センチ）のマークでバイアル上に線を描画するために有用です。バイアルのより大きなまたはより小さな領域にハエを閉じ込めることは表現型の重症度に影響を与える可能性があることに注意してください。 </li><li>ハエはCO 2から移動性を回復するために5分を待ちます。それは5分で完全にCO 2の影響を除去するのに十分であるかどうかを知らないことに留意されたいです。 </li><li>ベルクロの内縁は、バイアル（ 図1B）の頂部と同じ高さになるまでバイアルに春の終わりを挿入します。春が平らに置かれた場合、バイアルの1インチ（2.5センチ）アイスバケットカバーの隆起領域をオーバーラップする必要があります。バイアルがmを再利用することができますいずれかの回。 </li><li>座った状態で、左手の親指と人差し指を使ってマジックテープ領域にバイアルを保持します。右手を使用して、ベンチトップに密な基板を保持します。あるいは、ベンチトップにタイトなボードを保持するために、C-クランプを使用しています。 </li><li>まっすぐ戻って所望の角度にバネを引き出します。春リリース。バネが完全に止まった状態にしてできるようにします。 </li><li>春からバイアルを取り外し、ハエが≥5分間回復することができます。別のストライキにハエを被写体やフライ食品でバイアルにハエを転送します。 注：種々のアッセイは、HIT装置からストライキの表現型効果を評価することができます。例えば、寿命への影響は、損傷後の時点で生存するハエの割合を分析することによって決定することができ、脳の形態への影響は、ヘッドの組織学的分析によって決定することができ、遺伝子発現に対する効果は、mRNAレベルの定量分析によって決定することができます10。 </li><li> Determinストライキに供されていない同一の対照ハエを処理することによるストライキによるものではない手続きの電子効果。アイスバケットカバーに対するバイアルの影響が大きな音を生成するので、保護を聞いて着用してください。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Harrison-Felix, C. L., Whiteneck, G. G., Jha, A., DeVivo, M. J., Hammond, F. M., Hart, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mortality+over+four+decades+after+traumatic+brain+injury+rehabilitation:+A+retrospective+cohort+study.">Mortality over four decades after traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: A retrospective cohort study.</a> Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 90, 1506-1513 (2009).</li><li>Coronado, V. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surveillance+for+traumatic+brain+injury-related+deaths+&#8211;+United+States.">Surveillance for traumatic brain injury-related deaths &#8211; United States.</a> MMWR Surveill Summ. 60, 1-32 (1997).</li><li>Masel, B., DeWitt, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Traumatic+brain+injury:+A+disease+process,+not+an+event.">Traumatic brain injury: A disease process, not an event.</a> J. Neurotrauma. 27, 1529-1540 (2010).</li><li>Blennow, K., Hardy, J., Zetterberg, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neuropathology+and+neurobiology+of+traumatic+brain+injury.">The neuropathology and neurobiology of traumatic brain injury.</a> Neuron. 76, 886-899 (2012).</li><li>Prins, M., Greco, T., Alexander, D., Giza, C. 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K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unique+challenges+in+clinical+trails+in+traumatic+brain+injury.">Unique challenges in clinical trails in traumatic brain injury.</a> Crit Care Med. 37, S129-S135 (2009).</li><li>Xiong, Y., Mahmood, A., Chopp, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+traumatic+brain+injury.">Animal models of traumatic brain injury.</a> Nature Rev Neurosci. 14, 128-142 (2013).</li><li>Balsiger, Z., Leudkte, J., Mawer, S., Willey, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> HIT device high speed analysis. , (2014).</li><li>Davceva, N., Janevska, V., Illevski, B., Petrushevska, G., Popeska, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+occurrence+of+acute+subdural+haematoma+and+diffuse+axonal+injury+as+two+typical+acceleration+injuries.">The occurrence of acute subdural haematoma and diffuse axonal injury as two typical acceleration injuries.</a> J Forensic Leg Med. 19, 480-484 (2012).</li><li>Katzenberger, R. J., Loewen, C. A., Wassarman, D. R., Petersen, A. J., Ganetzky, B., Wassarman , D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Drosophila.+model+of+closed+head+traumatic+brain+injury.">A Drosophila. model of closed head traumatic brain injury.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 110, E4152-E4159 (2013).</li><li>Fang, Y., Bonini, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axon+degeneration+and+regeneration:+insights+from+Drosophila+.models+of+nerve+injury.">Axon degeneration and regeneration: insights from Drosophila .models of nerve injury.</a> Annu Rev Cell Biol. 28, 575-597 (2012).</li><li>Babcock, D. T., Ganetzky, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+method+for+accurate+and+rapid+measurement+of+flight+performance+in+Drosophila.">An improved method for accurate and rapid measurement of flight performance in Drosophila.</a> J Vis Exp. (84), e51223 (2014).</li><li>Tully, T., Preat, T., Boynton, S. C., Vecchio, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+dissection+of+consolidated+memory+in+Drosophila.">Genetic dissection of consolidated memory in Drosophila.</a> Cell. 79, 35-47 (1994).</li><li>Andretic, R., Shaw, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Essentials+of+sleep+recordings+in+Drosophila.:+moving+beyond+sleep+time.">Essentials of sleep recordings in Drosophila.: moving beyond sleep time.</a> Methods Enzymol. 393, 759-772 (2005).</li></ol>

我々は、開示する目的の競合がありません。

HIT装置方法は、それがTBI 11を貫通するのではなく、閉鎖性頭部を引き起こすという事実によってハエに外傷を負わせる他の方法と区別されます。また、HIT装置方法は、多くのハエでTBIを与えるために、より少ない時間、労力、およびスキルを取り、その方法は、大規模な遺伝子スクリーニングに、他の方法よりも適しています。最後に、HIT装置によって与え主要な傷害は、脳に限定?...

An author's name was corrected in the publication of <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/52905">A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila</a>. The second to last author's was spelled incorrectly. It has been updated from:
Barry Ganetky
to:
Barry Ganetzky

An author's name was corrected in the publication of <a href="http://www.jove.com/video/52905">A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila</a>.

Erratum: A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

外傷性脳損傷（TBI）は、外部の機械的な力から脳への損傷として定義されます。このような鈍力と脳が頭蓋骨の内側に当たるせる慣性加速と減速力などの閉鎖性頭部力から最も一般的には、TBIの結果。米国では、50,000人がTBIから毎年死亡し、2.5から6500000個人は、物理的な認知および行動上の問題1,2を衰弱させるなど、TBIの結果、で生きていると推定されています。 TBIの結果は、脳への主要な機械的傷害にも時間3-5にわたって生じる脳への二次細胞および分子の怪我だけでなく、他の組織にだけではなくです。 TBIを診断し、治療するための方法の開発は、TBIは、複雑な疾患過程であるため、困難であることが証明されています。異種の二私の主な傷害、人間の生理、および環境要因の結果の可変性njuriesと病理。根本的な変動要因は、一次損傷の重症度、繰り返しの一次傷害の間の時間、および個々の年齢および遺伝子型が含まれます。各変動要因は、TBIの結果にどのように寄与するかを理解することは、TBI 6,7を診断し、治療するためのアプローチの開発に役立つ可能性があります。 ここでは、TBIの結果に変動要因の寄与を描写するために使用することができるキイロショウジョウバエ （ショウジョウバエ）で閉鎖性頭部TBIを負わする方法について説明します。手のひらに対して激しくフライ培養バイアルの側面を打つ最初の観察は、野生型は、TBIの可能性の高い結果を一時的に行動不能になるために飛ぶ引き起こさに方法がベースにしています。したがって、我々は手打つ作用から加速と減速力を再現するための高インパクトトラウマ（HIT）デバイスを構築しました。高速ムービーが示していることから、単一のストライキHITデバイスは、自分の頭と体8でバイアル壁を数回連絡するハエが発生します。ある程度までは、すべての連絡先は、ハエの脳が跳ね返ると転倒や車のクラッシュ9に人間に何が起こるかに似た頭部カプセル、に対して変形させる可能性があります。したがって、脳10で運動失調が続く一時的無能力、モビリティの緩やかな回復、頭の中で遺伝子発現の変化、および進行性の神経変性を含む、脳損傷と一致HITデバイスディスプレイの表現型で処理したハエ。このように、HITデバイスはハエのために開発された実験ツールと技術の巨大な武器庫を使用して、TBIを研究することが可能となります。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Zinc plated compression spring</td>
			<td>The Hillman&#160; Group</td>
			<td>540189</td>
			<td>9 7/8 in (length), 15/16 in (outer diameter), 0.12 in (wire size)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wooden board</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>9 in (length), 6.5 in (width), 0.75 in (height)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clamps</td>
			<td>Sigma Electrical Manufacturing Corporation</td>
			<td>49822</td>
			<td>3.10 in (length), 0.68 in (width), 1.11 in (height), EMT Two Hole Straps, click on type for 1 inch steel EMT conduit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loop half of self-adhesive velcro</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3 in (length), (3/4 in width)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyurethane ice bucket cover</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-591-45</td>
			<td>9 1/8 in (length), 9 1/8 in (width), 1 1/4 in (height)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic fly vials</td>
			<td>Applied Scientific</td>
			<td>AS-510</td>
			<td>3 11/16 in (height), 1 1/16 in (inner diameter), 1 1/8 in (outer diameter)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Large cotton balls</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-456-883</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paper protractor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10 in (diameter)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a method to inflict closed head traumatic brain injury in drosophila

外傷性脳損傷（TBI）、物理的な認知、行動機能と死の障害を引き起こし、毎年何百万人もの人々に影響を与えます。 ショウジョウバエを用いた研究は、神経学的プロセスを理解する上で重要なブレークスルーを貢献しています。したがって、ヒトにおけるTBI病理の細胞および分子基盤を理解することを目標に、私たちはハエに閉鎖性頭部TBIを与えるためにハイインパクトトラウマ（HIT）装置を開発しました。ハエは、このような一時的な無能力および進行性神経変性などのヒトTBIと一致HITデバイス表示の表現型を行いました。 HITデバイスは、フライ脳への機械的損傷を引き起こし、バイアルの壁にハエを推進するために、スプリングベースのメ​​カニズムを使用しています。デバイスは、その操作は簡単で、迅速で、安価で構築することが容易であり、再現性のある結果を生成します。したがって、HIT装置は、既存の実験ツールとハエは基本対処するための技術と組み合わせることができTBIの診断と治療法の開発につながる可能性がTBIについての質問。具体的には、HITデバイスはTBI病状の遺伝的基礎を理解するために、大規模な遺伝子スクリーニングを行うことができます。

私たちは、ハエが一次損傷後まもなく死ぬ理由を理解することに興味を持っています。死を定量化するために、我々は、一次損傷の24時間以内に死亡したハエの割合である24時間で死亡率指数（MI 24）を 、決定しました。 HIT装置からストライキに供ハエは、ハエの餌とバイアル中で25℃でインキュベートし、そして死んだハエの数は、24時間後に計数しました。私たちは、1〜60分を試?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila at JoVE.com

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

ここでは、 ショウジョウバエにおいて閉鎖性頭部外傷性脳損傷（TBI）を与えるための方法を説明します。この方法は、ハエのために利用可能な実験ツールと技術の広大な配列を使用して、TBI病理の根底にある細胞および分子メカニズムを調査するためのゲートウェイを提供します。

で閉鎖性頭部外傷性脳損傷を負わせる方法<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year, causing impairment of physical, cognitive, and behavioral functions and death. Studies ...

a-method-to-inflict-closed-head-traumatic-brain-injury-in-drosophila

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

11.4K ビュー.  University of Wisconsin-Madison. ここでは、 ショウジョウバエにおいて閉鎖性頭部外傷性脳損傷（TBI）を与えるための方法を説明します。この方法は、ハエのために利用可能な実験ツールと技術の広大な配列を使用して、TBI病理の根底にある細胞および分子メカニズムを調査するためのゲートウェイを提供します。 

ビデオ: A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI). The mechanisms responsible for its complex pathological changes remain largely elusive, despite a recent consensus to define the neuropathological criteria. Here, we describe a novel method to develop a model of CTE in Drosophila melanogaster&#160;(Drosophila&#160;)&#160;in an attempt to identify the key genes and pathways that lead to the characteristic hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation and neuronal death in the brain. Adjustable-strength impacts to inflict mild closed injury are delivered directly to the fly head, subjecting the head to rapid acceleration and deceleration. Our method eliminates the potential problems inherent with other Drosophila mTBI models (e.g.,animal death might be induced by damage to other parts of the body or to internal organs). The less labor- and cost-intensive animal care, short life span, and extensive genetic tools make the fruit fly ideal to study CTE pathogenesis and make it possible to perform large-scale, genome-wide forward genetic and pharmacological screens. We anticipate that the ongoing characterization of the model will generate important mechanistic insights on disease prevention and therapeutic approaches.

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Here, we describe a new approach to inflict closed-head traumatic brain injury in Drosophila melanogaster. Our method has the advantage of directly delivering repetitive impacts with adjustable strength to the head alone. Further exploration of the invertebrate system will help to illuminate the pathogenesis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

慢性外傷性脳症モデルの新しい方法<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic ...

神経科学

A Novel In Vitro Model of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in military and civilian populations. Blast traumatic brain injury results from the detonation of explosive devices, however, the mechanisms that underlie the brain damage resulting from blast overpressure exposure are not entirely understood and are believed to be unique to this type of brain injury. Preclinical models are crucial tools that contribute to better understand blast-induced brain injury. A novel in vitro blast TBI model was developed using an open-ended shock tube to simulate real-life open-field blast waves modelled by the Friedlander waveform. C57BL/6N mouse organotypic hippocampal slice cultures were exposed to single shock waves and the development of injury was characterized up to 72 h using propidium iodide, a well-established fluorescent marker of cell damage that only penetrates cells with compromised cellular membranes. Propidium iodide fluorescence was significantly higher in the slices exposed to a blast wave when compared with sham slices throughout the duration of the protocol. The brain tissue injury is very reproducible and proportional to the peak overpressure of the shock wave applied.

A Novel In Vitro Model of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

This paper describes a novel model of primary blast traumatic brain injury. A compressed-air driven shock tube is used to expose in vitro mouse hippocampal slice cultures to a single shock wave. This is a simple and rapid protocol generating a reproducible brain tissue injury with a high throughput.

爆発外傷性脳損傷の新規In Vitroモデル

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in military and civilian populations. Blast traumatic brain injury results from the ...

Effects of Blast-induced Neurotrauma on Pressurized Rodent Middle Cerebral Arteries

Though there have been studies on the histopathological and behavioral effects of blast exposure, fewer have been dedicated to blast&#39;s cerebral vascular effects. Impact (i.e., non-blast) traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known to decrease pressure autoregulation in the cerebral vasculature in both humans and experimental animals. The hypothesis that blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI), like impact TBI, results in impaired cerebral vascular reactivity was tested by measuring myogenic dilatory responses to reduced intravascular pressure in rodent middle cerebral arterial (MCA) segments from rats subjected to mild bTBI using an Advanced Blast Simulator (ABS) shock tube. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized, intubated, ventilated and prepared for Sham bTBI (identical manipulation and anesthesia except for blast injury) or mild bTBI. Rats were randomly assigned to receive Sham bTBI or mild bTBI followed by sacrifice 30 or 60 min post-injury. Immediately after bTBI, righting reflex (RR) suppression times were assessed, euthanasia at the time points post-injury was completed, the brain was harvested and the individual MCA segments were collected, mounted and pressurized. As the intraluminal pressure perfused through the arterial segments was reduced in 20 mmHg increments from 100 to 20 mmHg, MCA diameters were measured and recorded. With decreasing intraluminal pressure, MCA diameters steadily increased significantly above baseline in the Sham bTBI groups while MCA dilator responses were significantly reduced (p &#60; 0.05) in both bTBI groups as evidenced by the impaired, smaller MCA diameters recorded for the bTBI groups. In addition, RR suppression in the bTBI groups was significantly (p &#60; 0.05) higher than in the Sham bTBI groups. MCA&#39;s collected from the Sham bTBI groups exhibited typical vasodilatory properties to decreases in intraluminal pressure while MCA&#39;s collected following bTBI exhibited significantly impaired myogenic vasodilatory responses to reduced pressure that persisted for at least 60 min after bTBI.

Here, we present a protocol to describe methods for ex vivo vascular reactivity determination following a primary blast traumatic brain injury (bTBI) using isolated, pressurized, rodent middle cerebral arterial (MCA) segments. bTBI induction is accomplished using a shock tube, also known as an Advanced Blast Simulator (ABS) device.

加圧齧歯動物に及ぼす影響の爆発による頭部外傷の中間の大脳動脈

Though there have been studies on the histopathological and behavioral effects of blast exposure, fewer have been dedicated to blast&#39;s cerebral ...

Investigating Alterations in Caecum Microbiota After Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Increasing evidence shows that the microbiota-gut-brain axis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of brain diseases. Several studies also demonstrate that traumatic brain injuries cause changes to the gut microbiota. However, mechanisms underlying the bidirectional regulation of the brain-gut axis remain unknown. Currently, few models exist for studying the changes in gut microbiota after traumatic brain injury. Therefore, the presented study combines protocols for inducing traumatic brain injury using a lateral fluid percussion device and analysis of caecum samples following injury for investigating alterations in the gut microbiome. Alterations of the gut microbiota composition after traumatic brain injury are determined using 16S-rDNA sequencing. This protocol provides an effective method for studying the relationships between enteric microorganisms and traumatic brain injury.

Presented here is a protocol to induce diffuse traumatic brain injury using a lateral fluid percussion device followed by the collection of the caecum content for gut microbiome analysis.

マウスの外傷性脳損傷後のカエカム微生物叢の変化を調べている

Increasing evidence shows that the microbiota-gut-brain axis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of brain diseases. Several studies also ...

Low-intensity Blast Wave Model for Preclinical Assessment of Closed-head Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Rodents

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a large-scale public health problem. Mild TBI is the most prevalent form of neurotrauma and accounts for a large number of medical visits in the United States. There are currently no FDA-approved treatments available for TBI. The increased incidence of military-related, blast-induced TBI further accentuates the urgent need for effective TBI treatments. Therefore, new preclinical TBI animal models that recapitulate aspects of human blast-related TBI will greatly advance the research efforts into the neurobiological and pathophysiological processes underlying mild to moderate TBI as well as the development of novel therapeutic strategies for TBI.
Here we present a reliable, reproducible model for the investigation of the molecular, cellular, and behavioral effects of mild to moderate blast-induced TBI. We describe a step-by-step protocol for closed-head, blast-induced mild TBI in rodents using a bench-top setup consisting of a gas-driven shock tube equipped with piezoelectric pressure sensors to ensure consistent test conditions. The benefits of the setup that we have established are its relative low-cost, ease of installation, ease of use and high-throughput capacity. Further advantages of this non-invasive TBI model include the scalability of the blast peak overpressure and the generation of controlled reproducible outcomes. The reproducibility and relevance of this TBI model has been evaluated in a number of downstream applications, including neurobiological, neuropathological, neurophysiological and behavioral analyses, supporting the use of this model for the characterization of processes underlying the etiology of mild to moderate TBI.

We present here a protocol of a blast wave model for rodents to investigate neurobiological and pathophysiological effects of mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. We established a gas-driven, bench-top setup equipped with pressure sensors allowing for reliable and reproducible generation of blast-induced mild to moderate traumatic brain injury.

げっ歯類における閉鎖性軽度外傷性脳損傷の前臨床評価のための低強度ブラスト波モデル

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a large-scale public health problem. Mild TBI is the most prevalent form of neurotrauma and accounts for a large number of ...

Electromagnetic Controlled Closed-Head Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Highly reproducible animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with well-defined pathologies, are needed for testing therapeutic interventions and understanding the mechanisms of how a TBI alters brain function. The availability of multiple animal models of TBI is necessary to model the different aspects and severities of TBI seen in people. This manuscript describes the use of a midline closed head injury (CHI) to develop a mouse model of mild TBI. The model is considered mild because it does not produce structural brain lesions based on neuroimaging or gross neuronal loss. However, a single impact creates enough pathology that cognitive impairment is measurable at least 1 month after injury. A step-by-step protocol to induce a CHI in mice using a stereotaxically guided electromagnetic impactor is defined in the paper. The benefits of the mild midline CHI model include the reproducibility of the injury-induced changes with low mortality. The model has been temporally characterized up to 1 year after the injury for neuroimaging, neurochemical, neuropathological, and behavioral changes. The model is complementary to open skull models of controlled cortical impact using the same impactor device. Thus, labs can model both mild diffuse TBI and focal moderate-to-severe TBI with the same impactor.

The protocol describes mild traumatic brain injury in a mouse model. In particular, a step-by-step protocol to induce a mild midline closed head injury and the characterization of the animal model is fully explained.

マウスにおける軽度外傷性脳損傷の電磁制御クローズドヘッドモデル

Highly reproducible animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with well-defined pathologies, are needed for testing therapeutic interventions and ...

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are a prevalent health issue in North America. There is increasing pressure to utilize ecologically valid models of closed-head mTBI in the preclinical setting to increase translatability to the clinical population. The awake closed-headed injury (ACHI) model uses a modified controlled cortical impactor to deliver closed-headed injury, inducing clinically relevant behavioral deficits without the need for a craniotomy or the use of an anesthetic.
This technique does not normally induce fatalities, skull fractures, or brain bleeds, and is more consistent with being a mild injury. Indeed, the mild nature of the ACHI procedure makes it ideal for studies investigating repetitive mTBI (r-mTBI). Growing evidence indicates that r-mTBI can result in a cumulative injury that produces behavioral symptoms, neuropathological changes, and neurodegeneration. r-mTBI is common in youths playing sports, and these injuries occur during a period of robust synaptic reorganization and myelination, making the younger population particularly vulnerable to the long-term influences of r-mTBI.
Further, r-mTBI occurs in cases of intimate partner violence, a condition for which there are few objective screening measures. In these experiments, synaptic function was assessed in the hippocampus in juvenile rats that had experienced r-mTBI using the ACHI model. Following the injuries, a tissue slicer was utilized to make hippocampal slices to evaluate bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus at either 1 or 7 days following the r-mTBI. Overall, the ACHI model provides researchers with an ecologically valid model to study changes in synaptic plasticity following mTBI and r-mTBI.

Here, it is demonstrated how an awake closed-head injury model can be used for examining the effects of repeated mild traumatic brain injury (r-mTBI) on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. The model replicates important features of r-mTBI in patients and is used in conjunction with in vitro electrophysiology.

軽度外傷性脳損傷の覚醒閉鎖頭部損傷モデルを用いたシナプス可塑性変化の評価

Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) are a prevalent health issue in North America. There is increasing pressure to utilize ecologically valid models of ...

Intravital Imaging of Fluorescent Protein Expression in Mice with a Closed-Skull Traumatic Brain Injury and Cranial Window Using a Two-Photon Microscope

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to longitudinally visualize the expression and localization of a protein of interest within specific cell types of an animal's brain, upon exposure to exogenous stimuli. Here, the administration of a closed-skull traumatic brain injury (TBI) and simultaneous implantation of a cranial window for subsequent longitudinal intravital imaging in mice is shown. Mice are intracranially injected with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under a neuronal specific promoter. After 2 to 4 weeks, the mice are subjected to a repetitive TBI using a weight drop device over the AAV injection location. Within the same surgical session, the mice are implanted with a metal headpost and then a glass cranial window over the TBI impacting site. The expression and cellular localization of EGFP is examined using a two-photon microscope in the same brain region exposed to trauma over the course of months.

This study demonstrates delivery of a repetitive traumatic brain injury to mice and simultaneous implantation of a cranial window for subsequent intravital imaging of a neuron-expressed EGFP using two-photon microscopy.

2光子顕微鏡を用いた閉鎖頭蓋外傷性脳損傷マウスおよび頭蓋窓における蛍光タンパク質発現の生体内イメージング

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to longitudinally visualize the expression and localization of a protein of interest within specific cell ...

mTBIラットモデルにおける傷害反応と行動評価の検証

Rat Model of Closed-Head Mild Traumatic Injury and its Validation

Animal models are crucial for advancing our understanding of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and guiding clinical research. To achieve meaningful insights, developing a stable and reproducible animal model is essential. In this study, we report a detailed description of a closed-head mTBI model and a representative validation method using Sprague-Dawley rats to verify the modeling effect. The model involves dropping a 550 g mass weight from a height of 100 cm directly onto the head of a rat on a destructible surface, followed by a 180-degree turn. To assess the injury, rats underwent a series of neurobehavioral assessments 10 min post-injury, including time of loss of consciousness, first seeking-behavior time, escape ability, and beam balance ability test. During the acute and subacute stages following the injury, behavioral tests were conducted to assess motor coordination ability (Beam task), anxiety (Open Field test), and learning and memory abilities (Morris Water Maze test). The closed-head mTBI model produced a consistent injury response with minimal mortality and replicated real-life situations. The validation method effectively verified the model development and ensured the stability and consistency of the model.

著者スポットライト:外傷性脳損傷研究の進歩 - 正確な複製と迅速な評価のためのクローズドヘッドモデル 

Here, we present a closed-head mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) rat model and its validation exhibiting remarkable similarity to human mTBI concerning behavioral manifestations during the acute and subacute stages.

閉鎖性軽度外傷のラットモデルとその検証

Animal models are crucial for advancing our understanding of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and guiding clinical research. To achieve meaningful ...