This research was supported by the University of Antwerp (TTBOF/29267, TTBOF/30112), the Special Research Fund of Ghent University (project BOF/11267/09), NB-Photonics (Project code 01-MR0110) and the CSBR (Centers for Systems Biology Research) initiative from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO; No: CSBR09/013V). Parts of this manuscript have been adapted from another publication1, with permission of Springer. The authors thank Geert Meesen for his help with the widefield microscope.

The protocol below is described as performed for NHDF cells and with use of the multiwell plates specified in the materials file. See Figure 1 for a general overview of the workflow.
1. Preparation of Reagents
<ol>
	<li>Prepare complete medium by supplementing Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) with 10% v/v Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and 100 IU/mL penicillin and 100 IU/mL streptomycin (PS). For 500 mL complete medium, add 50 mL of FBS and 5 mL of PS to 44...

<ol>
	<li>Sieprath, T., Corne, T. D. J., Willems, P. H. G. M., Koopman, W. J. H., De Vos, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrated+High-Content+Quantification+of+Intracellular+ROS+Levels+and+Mitochondrial+Morphofunction.">Integrated High-Content Quantification of Intracellular ROS Levels and Mitochondrial Morphofunction.</a> AAEC. 219, 149-177 (2016).</li><li>Marchi, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondria-ros+crosstalk+in+the+control+of+cell+death+and+aging).">Mitochondria-ros crosstalk in the control of cell death and aging).</a> J Signal Transduct. 2012, 1-17 (2012).</li><li>Korshunov, S. S., Skulachev, V. P., Starkov, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+protonic+potential+actuates+a+mechanism+of+production+of+reactive+oxygen+species+in+mitochondria.">High protonic potential actuates a mechanism of production of reactive oxygen species in mitochondria.</a> FEBS lett. 416 (1), 15-18 (1997).</li><li>Miwa, S., Brand, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+matrix+reactive+oxygen+species+production+is+very+sensitive+to+mild+uncoupling.">Mitochondrial matrix reactive oxygen species production is very sensitive to mild uncoupling.</a> Biochem Soc Trans. 31 (Pt 6), 1300-1301 (2003).</li><li>Verkaart, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Superoxide+production+is+inversely+related+to+complex+I+activity+in+inherited+complex+I+deficiency.">Superoxide production is inversely related to complex I activity in inherited complex I deficiency.</a> BBA-GEN SUBJECTS. 1772 (3), 373-381 (2007).</li><li>Murphy, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+mitochondria+produce+reactive+oxygen+species.">How mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species.</a> Biochem J. 417 (pt 1), 1-13 (2009).</li><li>Lebiedzinska, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidative+stress-dependent+p66Shc+phosphorylation+in+skin+fibroblasts+of+children+with+mitochondrial+disorders.">Oxidative stress-dependent p66Shc phosphorylation in skin fibroblasts of children with mitochondrial disorders.</a> BBA-GEN SUBJECTS. 1797 (6-7), 952-960 (2010).</li><li>Forkink, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+hyperpolarization+during+chronic+complex+I+inhibition+is+sustained+by+low+activity+of+complex+II,+III,+IV+and+V.">Mitochondrial hyperpolarization during chronic complex I inhibition is sustained by low activity of complex II, III, IV and V.</a> BBA-BIOENERGETICS. 1837 (8), 1247-1256 (2014).</li><li>Willems, P. H. G. M., Rossignol, R., Dieteren, C. E. J., Murphy, M. P., Koopman, W. J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Redox+Homeostasis+and+Mitochondrial+Dynamics.">Redox Homeostasis and Mitochondrial Dynamics.</a> Cell Metab. 22 (2), 207-218 (2015).</li><li>Koopman, W. J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+NADH:ubiquinone+oxidoreductase+deficiency:+radical+changes+in+mitochondrial+morphology?.">Human NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase deficiency: radical changes in mitochondrial morphology?.</a> Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 293 (1), C22-C29 (2007).</li><li>Archer, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+dynamics--mitochondrial+fission+and+fusion+in+human+diseases.">Mitochondrial dynamics--mitochondrial fission and fusion in human diseases.</a> N Engl J Med. 369 (23), 2236-2251 (2013).</li><li>Rambold, A. S., Kostelecky, B., Elia, N., Lippincott-Schwartz, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tubular+network+formation+protects+mitochondria+from+autophagosomal+degradation+during+nutrient+starvation.">Tubular network formation protects mitochondria from autophagosomal degradation during nutrient starvation.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 108 (25), 10190-10195 (2011).</li><li>Koopman, W. J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+quantification+of+oxidative+stress+and+cell+spreading+using+5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2+&amp;#34;,7+-&amp;#34;dichlorofluorescein.">Simultaneous quantification of oxidative stress and cell spreading using 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2 &amp;#34;,7 -&amp;#34;dichlorofluorescein.</a> Cytometry A. 69A (12), 1184-1192 (2006).</li><li>Iannetti, E. F., Smeitink, J. A. M., Beyrath, J., Willems, P. H. G. M., Koopman, W. J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplexed+high-content+analysis+of+mitochondrial+morphofunction+using+live-cell+microscopy.">Multiplexed high-content analysis of mitochondrial morphofunction using live-cell microscopy.</a> Nat Protoc. 11 (9), 1693-1710 (2016).</li><li>Sieprath, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sustained+accumulation+of+prelamin+A+and+depletion+of+lamin+A/C+both+cause+oxidative+stress+and+mitochondrial+dysfunction+but+induce+different+cell+fates.">Sustained accumulation of prelamin A and depletion of lamin A/C both cause oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction but induce different cell fates.</a> Nucleus. 6 (3), 236-246 (2015).</li><li>Zuiderveld, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contrast+limited+adaptive+histogram+equalization.">Contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization.</a> Graphics gems IV. , 474-485 (1994).</li><li>Chang, W., Cheng, J., Allaire, J. J., Xie, Y., McPherson, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> shiny: Web Application Framework for R. R package version 0.14.2. , (2017).</li><li>Konietschke, F., Placzek, M., Schaarschmidt, F., Hothorn, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=nparcomp:+An+R+Software+Package+for+Nonparametric+Multiple+Comparisons+and+Simultaneous+Confidence+Intervals.">nparcomp: An R Software Package for Nonparametric Multiple Comparisons and Simultaneous Confidence Intervals.</a> J Stat Softw. 64 (9), 1-17 (2015).</li><li>Estaquier, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+antiretroviral+drugs+on+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1-induced+CD4(+)+T-cell+death.">Effects of antiretroviral drugs on human immunodeficiency virus type 1-induced CD4(+) T-cell death.</a> J Virol. 76 (12), 5966-5973 (2002).</li><li>Matarrese, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+membrane+hyperpolarization+hijacks+activated+T+lymphocytes+toward+the+apoptotic-prone+phenotype:+homeostatic+mechanisms+of+HIV+protease+inhibitors.">Mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization hijacks activated T lymphocytes toward the apoptotic-prone phenotype: homeostatic mechanisms of HIV protease inhibitors.</a> J Immunol. 170 (12), 6006-6015 (2003).</li><li>Roumier, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-1+protease+inhibitors+and+cytomegalovirus+vMIA+induce+mitochondrial+fragmentation+without+triggering+apoptosis.">HIV-1 protease inhibitors and cytomegalovirus vMIA induce mitochondrial fragmentation without triggering apoptosis.</a> Cell Death Differ. 13 (2), 348-351 (2006).</li><li>Chandra, S., Mondal, D., Agrawal, K. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-1+protease+inhibitor+induced+oxidative+stress+suppresses+glucose+stimulated+insulin+release:+protection+with+thymoquinone.">HIV-1 protease inhibitor induced oxidative stress suppresses glucose stimulated insulin release: protection with thymoquinone.</a> Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 234 (4), 442-453 (2009).</li><li>Touzet, O., Philips, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resveratrol+protects+against+protease+inhibitor-induced+reactive+oxygen+species+production,+reticulum+stress+and+lipid+raft+perturbation.">Resveratrol protects against protease inhibitor-induced reactive oxygen species production, reticulum stress and lipid raft perturbation.</a> AIDS. 24 (10), 1437-1447 (2010).</li><li>Boci&#261;ga-Jasik, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+effects+of+the+HIV+protease+inhibitor--saquinavir+in+differentiating+human+preadipocytes.">Metabolic effects of the HIV protease inhibitor--saquinavir in differentiating human preadipocytes.</a> Pharmacol Rep. 65 (4), 937-950 (2013).</li><li>Xiang, T., Du, L., Pham, P., Zhu, B., Jiang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nelfinavir,+an+HIV+protease+inhibitor,+induces+apoptosis+and+cell+cycle+arrest+in+human+cervical+cancer+cells+via+the+ROS-dependent+mitochondrial+pathway.">Nelfinavir, an HIV protease inhibitor, induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human cervical cancer cells via the ROS-dependent mitochondrial pathway.</a> Cancer Lett. 364 (1), 79-88 (2015).</li><li>Blanchet, L., Smeitink, J. A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantifying+small+molecule+phenotypic+effects+using+mitochondrial+morpho-functional+fingerprinting+and+machine+learning.">Quantifying small molecule phenotypic effects using mitochondrial morpho-functional fingerprinting and machine learning.</a> Sci. Rep. 5, 8035 (2015).</li><li>. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Detection Reagents Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://tools.lifetechnologies.com/content/sfs/manuals/mp36103.pdf">https://tools.lifetechnologies.com/content/sfs/manuals/mp36103.pdf</a> (2006)</li><li>Koh, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+cells+for+microscopy+using+cytospin.">Preparation of cells for microscopy using cytospin.</a> Methods Enzymol. 533, 235-240 (2013).</li><li>Mihara, K., Nakayama, T., Saitoh, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Convenient+Technique+to+Fix+Suspension+Cells+on+a+Coverslip+for+Microscopy.">A Convenient Technique to Fix Suspension Cells on a Coverslip for Microscopy.</a> Curr Protoc Cell Biol. 68, 4.30.1-4.30.10 (2015).</li><li>Deutsch, M., Deutsch, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+miniature+cell+retainer+for+correlative+high-content+analysis+of+individual+untethered+non-adherent+cells.">A novel miniature cell retainer for correlative high-content analysis of individual untethered non-adherent cells.</a> Lab Chip. 6 (8), 995-996 (2006).</li><li>Price, H. P., MacLean, L., Marrison, J., O'Toole, P. J., Smith, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+a+new+method+for+immobilising+kinetoplastid+parasites+for+live+cell+imaging.">Validation of a new method for immobilising kinetoplastid parasites for live cell imaging.</a> Mol Biochem Parasitol. 169 (1), 66-69 (2010).</li><li>Sabati, T., Galmidi, B. S., Korngreen, A., Zurgil, N., Deutsch, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+monitoring+of+changes+in+plasma+membrane+potential+via+imaging+of+fluorescence+resonance+energy+transfer+at+individual+cell+resolution+in+suspension.">Real-time monitoring of changes in plasma membrane potential via imaging of fluorescence resonance energy transfer at individual cell resolution in suspension.</a> JBO. 18 (12), (2013).</li><li>Fercher, A., O'Riordan, T. C., Zhdanov, A. V., Dmitriev, R. I., Papkovsky, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+of+cellular+oxygen+and+analysis+of+metabolic+responses+of+mammalian+cells.">Imaging of cellular oxygen and analysis of metabolic responses of mammalian cells.</a> Meth Mol Biol. 591 (Chapter 16), 257-273 (2010).</li><li>Graf, R., Rietdorf, J., Zimmermann, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+cell+spinning+disk+microscopy.">Live cell spinning disk microscopy.</a> Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 95 (Chapter 3), 57-75 (2005).</li><li>Gao, L., Shao, L., Chen, B. C., Betzig, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+live+fluorescence+imaging+of+cellular+dynamics+using+Bessel+beam+plane+illumination+microscopy.">3D live fluorescence imaging of cellular dynamics using Bessel beam plane illumination microscopy.</a> Nat. Protoc. 9 (5), 1083-1101 (2014).</li><li>Meijer, M., Hendriks, H. S., Heusinkveld, H. J., Langeveld, W. T., Westerink, R. H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+plate+reader-based+methods+with+fluorescence+microscopy+for+measurements+of+intracellular+calcium+levels+for+the+assessment+of+in+vitro+neurotoxicity.">Comparison of plate reader-based methods with fluorescence microscopy for measurements of intracellular calcium levels for the assessment of in vitro neurotoxicity.</a> Neurotoxicology. 45, 31-37 (2014).</li><li>Bushway, P. J., Mercola, M., Price, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparative+analysis+of+standard+microtiter+plate+reading+versus+imaging+in+cellular+assays.">A comparative analysis of standard microtiter plate reading versus imaging in cellular assays.</a> Assay and drug development technologies. 6 (4), 557-567 (2008).</li><li>Black, C. B., Duensing, T. D., Trinkle, L. S., Dunlay, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-Based+Screening+Using+High-Throughput+Flow+Cytometry.">Cell-Based Screening Using High-Throughput Flow Cytometry.</a> Assay Drug Dev Technol. 9 (1), 13-20 (2011).</li></ol>

This paper describes a high-content microscopy method for the simultaneous quantification of intracellular ROS levels and mitochondrial morphofunction in NHDF. Its performance was demonstrated with a case study on SQV-treated NHDF. The results support earlier evidence from literature in which increased ROS levels or mitochondrial dysfunction have been observed after treatment with type 1 HIV protease inhibitors, albeit in separate experiments19,20,<sup...

The concentration of intracellular ROS is meticulously regulated through a dynamic interplay between ROS producing and ROS defusing systems. Imbalance between the two provokes a state of oxidative stress. Among the major sources of ROS are mitochondria1. Given their role in cellular respiration, they are responsible for the bulk of intracellular superoxide (O2&#8226;-) molecules2. This mostly results from electron leakage to O2 at complex 1 of the electron transport chain under conditions of strong negative inner mitochondrial membrane potential (&#916;&#968;m), i.e., mitochondrial hyperpolarization. On the other hand, mitochondrial depolarization has also been correlated with increased ROS production pointing to multiple modes of action3,4,5,6,7,8. Furthermore, through redox modifications in proteins of the fission-fusion machinery, ROS co-regulate mitochondrial morphology9.For example, fragmentation is correlated with increased ROS production and apoptosis10,11, while filamentous mitochondria have been linked to nutrient starvation and protection against mitophagy12. Given the intricate relationship between cellular ROS and mitochondrial morphofunction, both should ideally be quantified simultaneously in living cells. To do exactly this, a high-content imaging assay was developed based on automated widefield microscopy and image analysis of adherent cell cultures stained with the fluorescent probes CM-H2DCFDA (ROS) and TMRM (mitochondrial &#916;&#968;m and morphology). High-content imaging refers to the extraction of spatiotemporally rich (i.e., large number of descriptive features) information about cellular phenotypes using multiple complementary markers and automated image analyses. When combined with automated microscopy many samples can be screened in parallel (i.e. high-throughput), thereby increasing the statistical power of the assay. Indeed, a main asset of the protocol is that it allows for simultaneous quantification of multiple parameters in the same cell, and this for a large number of cells and conditions.
The protocol is divided into 8 parts (described in detail in the protocol below): 1) Seeding cells in a 96-well plate; 2) Preparation of stock solutions, working solutions and imaging buffer; 3) Setting up of the microscope; 4) Loading of the cells with CM-H2DCFDA and TMRM; 5) First live imaging round to measure basal ROS levels and mitochondrial morphofunction; 6) Second live imaging round after addition of tert-butyl peroxide (TBHP) to measure induced ROS levels; 7) Automated image analysis; 8) Data Analysis, Quality Control and Visualization.
The assay was originally developed for normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). Since these cells are large and flat, they are well suited for assessing mitochondrial morphology in 2D widefield images13,14. However, with minor modifications, this method is applicable to other adherent cell types. Moreover, next to the combination of CM-H2DCFDA and TMRM, the workflow complies with a variety of fluorescent dye pairs with different molecular specificities1,15.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetramethylrhodamine, Methyl Ester, Perchlorate (TMRM)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>T668</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CM-H2DCFDA (General Oxidative Stress Indicator)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C6827</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td>Sigma)Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MatriPlate 96-Well Glass Bottom MicroWell Plate 630 &#181;L-Black 0.17 mm Low Glass Lidded</td>
			<td>Brooks life science systems</td>
			<td>MGB096-1-2-LG-L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS w/o Phenol Red 500 ml</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE10-527F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM high glucose with L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE12-604F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Bufered Saline (PBS) w/o Ca and Mg</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE17-516F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES 1M 500mL</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>17-737F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-Versene (EDTA) Solution</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE17-161E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cy3 AffiniPure F(ab&#39;)&#8322; Fragment Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Jackson</td>
			<td>711-166-152</td>
			<td>Antibody used for acquiring flat-field image</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 AffiniPure F(ab&#39;)&#8322; Fragment Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Jackson</td>
			<td>711-546-152</td>
			<td>Antibody used for acquiring flat-field image</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon Ti eclipse widefield microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perfect Focus System (PFS)</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>hardware-based autofocus system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CFI Plan Apo Lambda 20x objective</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIS Elelements Advanced Research 4.5 with JOBS module</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This software is used to steer the microscope and program/perform the automatic image acquisition prototocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImageJ (FIJI) Version 2.0.0-rc-43/1.50g</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RStudio Version 1.0.44</td>
			<td>Rstudio</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>R version 3.3.2</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cellular redox profiling using high-content microscopy

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate essential cellular processes including gene expression, migration, differentiation and proliferation. However, excessive ROS levels induce a state of oxidative stress, which is accompanied by irreversible oxidative damage to DNA, lipids and proteins. Thus, quantification of ROS provides a direct proxy for cellular health condition. Since mitochondria are among the major cellular sources and targets of ROS, joint analysis of mitochondrial function and ROS production in the same cells is crucial for better understanding the interconnection in pathophysiological conditions. Therefore, a high-content microscopy-based strategy was developed for simultaneous quantification of intracellular ROS levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (&#916;&#936;m) and mitochondrial morphology. It is based on automated widefield fluorescence microscopy and image analysis of living adherent cells, grown in multi-well plates, and stained with the cell-permeable fluorescent reporter molecules CM-H2DCFDA (ROS) and TMRM (&#916;&#936;m and mitochondrial morphology). In contrast with fluorimetry or flow-cytometry, this strategy allows quantification of subcellular parameters at the level of the individual cell with high spatiotemporal resolution, both before and after experimental stimulation. Importantly, the image-based nature of the method allows extracting morphological parameters in addition to signal intensities. The combined feature set is used for explorative and statistical multivariate data analysis to detect differences between subpopulations, cell types and/or treatments. Here, a detailed description of the assay is provided, along with an example experiment that proves its potential for unambiguous discrimination between cellular states after chemical perturbation.

The assay has been benchmarked using several control experiments, the results of which are described in Sieprath et al.1. In brief, the fluorescence response of CM-H2DCFDA and TMRM to extraneously induced changes in intracellular ROS and &#916;&#968;m, respectively has been quantified to determine the dynamic range. For CM-H2DCFDA, NHDF showed a linear increase in fluorescence signal when treated with increasing concentrati...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cellular Redox Profiling Using High-content Microscopy at JoVE.com

Cellular Redox Profiling Using High-content Microscopy

This paper presents a high-content microscopy workflow for simultaneous quantification of intracellular ROS levels, as well as mitochondrial membrane potential and morphology &#8211; jointly referred to as mitochondrial morphofunction &#8211; in living adherent cells using the cell-permeant fluorescent reporter molecules 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2&#39;,7&#39;-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, acetyl ester (CM-H2DCFDA) and tetramethylrhodamine methylester (TMRM).

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate essential cellular processes including gene expression, migration, differentiation and proliferation. However, ...

The overall goal of this high-content microscopy-based method is to simultaneously quantify mitochondrial morphofunction and cellular levels of reactive oxygen species so as to establish a robust redox fingerprint for cell lines exposed to different experimental perturbations. This method can help answer key questions in redox biology such as whether pathogenic conditions or compound treatments elicit oxidative stress, and to what extent mitochondrial form and function are affected. The main advantage of this technique is that all parameters can be measured within the same cell at the same time.To start the procedure, seed eight to 10, 000 human dermal fibroblasts in 60 inner wells of a black 96 well plate with a thin continuous polystyrene or glass bottom. When using different conditions, treatments, or cell lines, distribute their seeding locations homogeneously on the plate to minimize the plate effects. Then, seed a further eight to 10, 000 cells in well B01 to be used for focus adjustment.Subsequently, fill the empty outer wells with medium to minimize the gradients between the wells and the environment. Gently tap the plate three times before placing it back into the incubator to avoid the cells from growing in patches. Culture the cells for 24 hours, or until they reach 70%confluency.Afterward, save the treatment information for the experiment into a spreadsheet called setup. To set up the microscope, first calibrate the XY stage using the software. Next, create an imaging protocol for a multi well plate using the acquisition software.This protocol allows automatic acquisition of set positions and selected wells of a 96 well plate. Now, select the correct type of multi well plate from a list of available plates provided within the software. Alternatively, define the multi well plate format using the plate and well dimensions.Then, align the well plate by defining two corners of the four outer corner wells. Following that, select the wells that need to be acquired, and define an acquisition protocol consisting of a sequential wavelength acquisition. Make sure the GFP channel is set first.Then, define a well plate loop to acquire four regularly spaced no overlapping images positioned around the center of each selected well using the defined acquisition protocol. In this step, prepare the staining solution for 60 wells by adding CM-H2DCFDA and TMRM stock solution to HBSS HEPES buffer. Next, discard the culture medium from the cells by turning the plate upside down in a single fluid motion.Gently wash the cells twice with HH buffer. Don't forget well A01 with the cells used for focus adjustment. Discard the HH buffer in between the washing steps.Then, load the cells with CM-H2DCFDA and TMRM by adding 100 microliters of the staining solution to each well. Again, don't forget well A01. Incubate the cells for 25 minutes in the dark at room temperature.After 25 minutes, wash the cells twice with 100 microliters of HH buffer and add 100 microliters of HH buffer to all 60 inner wells. To perform the actual measurement, install the plate on the microscope. Then, turn on the hardware based autofocus system and adjust the autofocus offset using well B01 and the TMRM channel until you have a sharp image.Subsequently, run the imaging protocol. The resulting image data set will provide information on basal ROS levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial morphology. Next, to measure the induced ROS levels, carefully remove the 96 well plate from the microscope.Add 100 microliters of TBHP solution at 40 micromolar to each well and wait at least three minutes to allow complete reaction of the TBHP with the CM-H2DCFDA. During this time, add 100 microliters of the antibody working solution to well A01. Now, mount the plate back on the microscope and check the focus again using well B01.Then, acquire the same positions as in the first imaging round using the same imaging protocol. The resulting image data set will provide information on the induced ROS levels. Next, acquire flat field images in well A01.Make sure the signals are well within the dynamic range. By adjusting the acquisition settings. Afterward, export the acquired data sets in a single folder as individual TIFF files using standardized nomenclature.That includes reference to the plate, pre or post TBHP treatment, well, field, and channel separated by underscores. Also, save the flat field images in the same folder as individual TIFF files using the standardized nomenclature. In this step, open the image processing software and install redox metrics macroset.Then, open the setup interface to set the analysis settings by clicking on the S button. Select the image type, the number of channels, and the well that was used for acquiring the flat field images. After that, indicate which channel contains cells or mitochondria.Check the background and enhance checkboxes to perform background subtraction and contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization respectively. Next, define a sigma for gaussian and blurring of the cells and laplacian enhancement of mitochondria. Select an automatic thresholding algorithm and fill in the size exclusion limits.Then, test the segmentation settings on a few selected images of the acquired data sets by opening them and clicking the C or M buttons in the menu for cell or mitochondria segmentation respectively. Following that, from the batch analysis on the folder of interest by clicking on the hash button and selecting the folder with the images. Verify the settings and press okay.After the batch analysis, visually verify the segmentation performance on a verification stack by clicking on the V button and selecting the folder with images. Go through the verification stack to confirm if segmentation was successful. Initial analysis of the extracted data is done automatically with a complimentary Shiny application.This allows rapid interpretation of the results. To start, open the application in R Studio. Choose to run it in an external browser.On the input page, select the directory where the result files are located. Make sure the setup file is also present in this directory. The result files and setup information are automatically imported, compiled, and visualized.The experimental setup page shows the layout of the experiment. The next page displays ROS levels as well as several mitochondrial parameters for each plate separately. Select the plate that you want to visualize using the dropdown menu.Data is shown in a multi well plate format, as well as in box plots with outliers labeled with well and image number. The results whole experiment page shows the normalized results from all plates combined, together with a basic statistical analysis. If a drop file is supplied through the input page, the specified data points will be excluded.On the cluster analysis page, a sensitive redox profile is composed using a principal component and analysis on data from five parameters. Finally, the download data page allows saving of the processed and rearranged data for further use. Shown here are the results from an experiment in which human dermal fibroblasts were treated with the HIV protease inhibitor Saquinavir.Using the described protocol, a significant increase was detected for both basal and induced ROS levels. As compared to the control cells, treated with DMSO. Saquinavir also significantly affected mitochondrial morphofunction.The mitochondrial membrane potential measured as the average TMRM signal per mitochondrial pixel significantly increased. In addition, mitochondria acquired a highly fragmented pattern, quantitatively indicated by a higher circularity and smaller average size of individual mitochondria. When combining the aforementioned parameters using principle component analysis, both the control and Saquinavir conditions could be clearly separated from each other by their redox fingerprints.While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember that the illumination itself causes oxidated stress. Therefore, exposure conditions should be minimized and kept constant throughout the experiment. Once mastered, up to 20 96 well plates can be stained and acquired in one day.Following the second imaging round, the cells can be fixed and used for a downstream immunofluorescent staining. This increases the number of measured parameters on the exact same cells, and allows answering additional questions. After watching this video, you should be able to perform the combined measurements of ROS and mitochondrial morphofunction in adherent cell cultures using high-content microscopy.

cellular-redox-profiling-using-high-content-microscopy

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.7K vistas.  University of Antwerp. The overall goal of this high-content microscopy-based method is to simultaneously quantify mitochondrial morphofunction and cellular levels of reactive oxygen species so as to establish a robust redox fingerprint for cell lines exposed to different experimental perturbations. This method can help answer key questions in redox biology such as whether pathogenic conditions or compound treatments elicit oxidative stress, and to what extent mitochondrial form and function are affected. The main ...