Name: micro/nano-scale strain distribution measurement from sampling moiré fringes
Uploaded: 2017-05-23T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 56 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling MoirÃ© Fringes at JoVE.com

Este trabajo fue apoyado por JSPS KAKENHI, los números de subvención JP16K17988 y JP16K05996, y por el Programa Interministerial de Promoción de Innovación Estratégica, Unidad D66, Medición y Análisis Innovadores para Materiales Estructurales (SIP-IMASM), operado por la oficina del gabinete. Los autores también agradecen a los Dres. Satoshi Kishimoto y Kimiyoshi Naito en NIMS por su material CFRP.

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Lasers Eng. 48 (11), 1067-1075 (2010).</li><li>Li, Y., Xie, H., Chen, P., Zhang, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theoretical+analysis+of+moir&#233;+fringe+multiplication+under+a+scanning+electron+microscope.">Theoretical analysis of moir&#233; fringe multiplication under a scanning electron microscope.</a> Meas. Sci. Technol. 22 (2), 025301 (2010).</li><li>Patorski, K., Wielgus, M., Ekielski, M., Ka&#378;mierczak, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AFM+nanomoir&#233;+technique+with+phase+multiplication.">AFM nanomoir&#233; technique with phase multiplication.</a> Meas. Sci. Technol. 24 (3), 035402 (2013).</li><li>Wang, Q., Ri, S., Takashita, Y., Ogihara, S., Yoshida, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+33:+Full-field+measurements+of+principal+strains+and+orientations+using+moir&#233;+fringes.">Chapter 33: Full-field measurements of principal strains and orientations using moir&#233; fringes.</a> Advancement of Optical Methods in Experimental Mechanics. 3, 251-259 (2017).</li><li>Wang, Z., Han, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+iterative+algorithm+for+phase+extraction+of+randomly+phase-shifted+interferograms.">Advanced iterative algorithm for phase extraction of randomly phase-shifted interferograms.</a> Opt. Lett. 29 (14), 1671-1673 (2004).</li><li>Wang, Q., Xie, H., Hu, Z., Zhang, J., Sun, J., Liu, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Residual+thermo-creep+deformation+of+copper+interconnects+by+phase-shifting+SEM+moir&#233;+method.">Residual thermo-creep deformation of copper interconnects by phase-shifting SEM moir&#233; method.</a> Appl. Mech. Mater. 83, 185-190 (2011).</li><li>Ri, S., Fujigaki, M., Morimoto, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sampling+moir&#233;+method+for+accurate+small+deformation+distribution+measurement.">Sampling moir&#233; method for accurate small deformation distribution measurement.</a> Exp. 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Los autores no tienen nada que revelar.

En la técnica descrita, un paso desafiante es la fabricación de rejilla o rejilla de micro / nano escala (abreviada como rejilla) 26 si no existe un patrón periódico en la muestra. El paso de la rejilla debe ser uniforme antes de la deformación porque es un parámetro importante para la medición de la deformación. Si el material es un metal, una aleación metálica o una litografía de nanoimpresión cerámica, UV o de calefacción (NIL) 27 , litografía de haz de e...

Las medidas de deformación micro / nano escala son vitales para evaluar las propiedades mecánicas, comportamientos de inestabilidad, tensiones residuales y fenómenos de fisuras de materiales avanzados. Dado que las técnicas ópticas son sin contacto, de campo completo y no destructivas, se han desarrollado varios métodos ópticos para la medición de deformación durante las últimas décadas. En los últimos años, las técnicas de medición de deformación micro / nano escala incluyen principalmente los métodos moiré 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , análisis de fase geométrica (GPA) 5 , 6 , transformación de Fourier (FT), correlación de imagen digital (DIC) Interferometría electrónica de patrones de manchas (ESPI). Entre estas técnicas, el GPA y el FT no son adecuados para mediciones de deformación complejas porque existen múltiples frecuencias. El método de DIC es simPero impotente contra el ruido porque el portador de la deformación es moteado al azar. Por último, ESPI es muy sensible a la vibración. Entre los métodos de moiré micro / nano escala, los métodos más comúnmente utilizados actualmente son los métodos de moiré de escaneo con microscopio, como el moiré de exploración de electrones 7 , 8 , 9 , el moiré 10 , 11 de exploración láser y el moiré de fuerza atómica 12 , Y algunos métodos de moiré a base de microscopio, como el método de moiré digital / superpuesto 13 , 14 , 15 y el método de multiplicación / fracción de moiré 16 , 17 . El método moiré de exploración tiene muchas ventajas, tales como un amplio campo de visión, alto resoY la insensibilidad al ruido aleatorio. Sin embargo, el método de moiré de exploración tradicional es inconveniente para las mediciones de deformación 2D porque es necesario girar la etapa de muestreo o la dirección de escaneado en 90 ° y escanear dos veces para generar franjas de moiré en dos direcciones 18 . La rotación y los procesos de exploración dual introducen un error de rotación y tardan mucho tiempo, influyendo seriamente en la precisión de medición de la deformación 2D, especialmente para la deformación por cizallamiento. Aunque la técnica de desplazamiento de fase temporal 19 , 20 puede mejorar la precisión de medición de deformación, requiere tiempo y un dispositivo especial de cambio de fase inadecuado para ensayos dinámicos. El método de muaré de muestreo 21 , 22 tiene una alta precisión en las mediciones de desplazamiento y ahora se usa principalmente para mediciones de deflexión en puentes cuando los vehículos pculo. Para extender el método de moiré de muestreo a mediciones de deformación micro / nano escala 2D, se ha desarrollado recientemente un método de moiré de multiplicación reconstruido 23 a partir de franjas de moiré de muestreo de 2 píxeles, en las que las mediciones son dos veces más sensibles y el amplio campo de visión del Se mantiene el método de escaneado moiré. Además, el método de moiré de muestreo de desplazamiento de fase espacial también se desarrolla a partir de franjas de moiré de muestreo de múltiples píxeles, lo que permite mediciones de deformación de alta precisión. Este protocolo introducirá el procedimiento detallado de medición de deformaciones y se espera que ayude a investigadores e ingenieros a aprender cómo medir deformaciones, mejorando los procesos de fabricación de materiales y productos.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Automatic Polishing Machine</td><td>Marumoto Struers K.K.</td><td>LaboPol-30, Labor Force-100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic</td><td>Mitsubishi Plastics, Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>HYEJ16M95DHX1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Computer</td><td>DELL Japan</td><td>VOSTRO</td><td>Can be replaced with another computer with C++ programming language</td></tr><tr><td>Image Recording Software</td><td>Lasertec Corporation</td><td>LMEYE7</td><td>Installed in a laser scanning microscope</td></tr><tr><td>Ion Coater</td><td>Japan Electron Optics Laboratory Ltd.</td><td>JEC3000F</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Laser Scanning Microscope</td><td>Lasertec Corporation</td><td>OPTELICS HYBRID</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nanoimprint Device</td><td>Japan Laser Corporation&amp;nbsp;</td><td>EUN-4200</td><td>Can be replaced with a electron beam lithography device or a focused ion beam milling device</td></tr><tr><td>Nanoimprint Mold</td><td>SCIVAX Corporation</td><td>3.0&amp;mu;m pitch</td><td>Customized</td></tr><tr><td>Nanoimprint Resist</td><td>Toyo Gosei Co., Ltd&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PAK01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polishing Solution</td><td>Marumoto Struers K.K.</td><td>DP-Spray P 15&amp;mu;m, 1&amp;mu;m, 0.25&amp;mu;m</td><td>Use from coarse to fine</td></tr><tr><td>Pipet</td><td>AS ONE Corporation</td><td>10mL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sand Paper</td><td>Marumoto Struers K.K.</td><td>SiC Foil #320, #800</td><td>Use from coarse to fine</td></tr><tr><td>Spin Coater</td><td>MIKASA Corporation</td><td>MS-A100</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

micro/nano-scale strain distribution measurement from sampling moir&#233; fringes

Este trabajo describe el procedimiento de medición y los principios de una técnica de muaré de muestreo para mediciones de deformación de campo completo de micro / nano escala. La técnica desarrollada puede realizarse de dos maneras: usando el método moiré de multiplicación reconstruido o el método moiré de muestreo de desplazamiento de fase espacial. Cuando el paso de rejilla de la muestra es de alrededor de 2 píxeles, se generan franjas de moiré de muestreo de 2 píxeles para reconstruir un patrón de multiplicación de moiré para una medición de deformación. Tanto las sensibilidades de desplazamiento como de deformación son dos veces más altas que en el método tradicional de moiré de exploración en el mismo amplio campo de visión. Cuando el paso de rejilla de la muestra es alrededor o mayor de 3 píxeles, se generan franjas de moiré de muestreo de múltiples píxeles y se combina una técnica de desplazamiento de fase espacial para una medición de deformación de campo completo. La precisión de medición de deformación se mejora significativamente y la medición automática de lotes es fácilmente alcanzable.Ambos métodos pueden medir las distribuciones de deformaciones bidimensionales (2D) a partir de una imagen de cuadrícula de un solo disparo sin girar las muestras o líneas de exploración, como en las técnicas de moiré tradicionales. Como ejemplos, se midieron las distribuciones de desplazamiento y de deformación 2D, incluidas las cepas cortantes de dos especímenes de plástico reforzado con fibra de carbono, en ensayos de flexión en tres puntos. Se espera que la técnica propuesta desempeñe un papel importante en las evaluaciones cuantitativas no destructivas de las propiedades mecánicas, las ocurrencias de grietas y las tensiones residuales de una variedad de materiales.

Se midieron las distribuciones de desplazamiento y deformación 2D de dos especímenes de plástico reforzado con fibra de carbono (CFRP) (# 1 y # 2) según el principio de formación de moiré 23 y el proceso de medición ( Figura 1 ). Los especímenes de CFRP estaban formados por fibras de carbono K13D de 10-11 μm de diámetro y resinas epoxi. La deformación de CFRP # 1 se determinó utilizando el método de moiré de multiplicaci...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling MoirÃ© Fringes at JoVE.com

Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moir&#233; Fringes

Se presenta aquí una técnica de moiré de muestreo con métodos de muestreo de 2 píxeles y multipíxeles para medidas de distribución de deformación de alta precisión a escala micro / nano.

Medición de la distribución de las microescenas a escala nanométrica a partir del muestreo

This work describes the measurement procedure and principles of a sampling moir&#233; technique for full-field micro/nano-scale deformation measurements. ...

micronano-scale-strain-distribution-measurement-from-sampling-moir

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

12.2K vistas.  National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST).  Se presenta aquí una técnica de moiré de muestreo con métodos de muestreo de 2 píxeles y multipíxeles para medidas de distribución de deformación de alta precisión a escala micro / nano. 

Video: Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moiré Fringes

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Slow light has been one of the hot topics in the photonics community in the past decade, generating great interest both from a fundamental point of view and for its considerable potential for practical applications. Slow light photonic crystal waveguides, in particular, have played a major part and have been successfully employed for delaying optical signals1-4 and the enhancement of both linear5-7 and nonlinear devices.8-11
Photonic crystal cavities achieve similar effects to that of slow light waveguides, but over a reduced band-width. These cavities offer high Q-factor/volume ratio, for the realization of optically12 and electrically13 pumped ultra-low threshold lasers and the enhancement of nonlinear effects.14-16 Furthermore, passive filters17 and modulators18-19 have been demonstrated, exhibiting ultra-narrow line-width, high free-spectral range and record values of low energy consumption.
To attain these exciting results, a robust repeatable fabrication protocol must be developed. In this paper we take an in-depth look at our fabrication protocol which employs electron-beam lithography for the definition of photonic crystal patterns and uses wet and dry etching techniques. Our optimised fabrication recipe results in photonic crystals that do not suffer from vertical asymmetry and exhibit very good edge-wall roughness. We discuss the results of varying the etching parameters and the detrimental effects that they can have on a device, leading to a diagnostic route that can be taken to identify and eliminate similar issues.
The key to evaluating slow light waveguides is the passive characterization of transmission and group index spectra. Various methods have been reported, most notably resolving the Fabry-Perot fringes of the transmission spectrum20-21 and interferometric techniques.22-25 Here, we describe a direct, broadband measurement technique combining spectral interferometry with Fourier transform analysis.26 Our method stands out for its simplicity and power, as we can characterise a bare photonic crystal with access waveguides, without need for on-chip interference components, and the setup only consists of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, with no need for moving parts and delay scans.
When characterising photonic crystal cavities, techniques involving internal sources21 or external waveguides directly coupled to the cavity27 impact on the performance of the cavity itself, thereby distorting the measurement. Here, we describe a novel and non-intrusive technique that makes use of a cross-polarised probe beam and is known as resonant scattering (RS), where the probe is coupled out-of plane into the cavity through an objective. The technique was first demonstrated by McCutcheon et al.28 and further developed by Galli et al.29

Use of photonic crystal slow light waveguides and cavities has been widely adopted by the photonics community in many differing applications. Therefore fabrication and characterization of these devices are of great interest. This paper outlines our fabrication technique and two optical characterization methods, namely: interferometric (waveguides) and resonant scattering (cavities).

Fabricación y caracterización de guías de onda de cristal fotónico luz lenta y cavidades

Slow light has been one of the hot topics in the photonics community in the past decade, generating great interest both from a fundamental point of view ...

Investigación

Ingeniería

Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is presented. The SANS shear cell consists of a concentric cylinder Couette geometry that is sealed and rotating about a horizontal axis so that the vorticity direction of the flow field is aligned with the neutron beam enabling scattering from the 1-2 plane of shear (velocity-velocity gradient, respectively). This approach is an advance over previous shear cell sample environments as there is a strong coupling between the bulk rheology and microstructural features in the 1-2 plane of shear. Flow-instabilities, such as shear banding, can also be studied by spatially resolved measurements. This is accomplished in this sample environment by using a narrow aperture for the neutron beam and scanning along the velocity gradient direction. Time resolved experiments, such as flow start-ups and large amplitude oscillatory shear flow are also possible by synchronization of the shear motion and time-resolved detection of scattered neutrons. Representative results using the methods outlined here demonstrate the useful nature of spatial resolution for measuring the microstructure of a wormlike micelle solution that exhibits shear banding, a phenomenon that can only be investigated by resolving the structure along the velocity gradient direction. Finally, potential improvements to the current design are discussed along with suggestions for supplementary experiments as motivation for future experiments on a broad range of complex fluids in a variety of shear motions.

A shear cell is developed for small-angle neutron scattering measurements in the velocity-velocity gradient plane of shear and is used to characterize complex fluids. Spatially resolved measurements in the velocity gradient direction are possible for studying shear-banding materials. Applications include investigations of colloidal dispersions, polymer solutions, and self-assembled structures.

Medición material Microestructura Bajo Flujo de 1-2 Plano de Flujo de ángulo pequeño dispersión de neutrones

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is ...

Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection

A thermally and mechanically stabilized fiber interferometer suited for examining ultra-high quality factor microcavities is fashioned. After assessing its free spectral range (FSR), the module is put in parallel with a fiber taper-microcavity system and then calibrated through isolating and eliminating random shifts in the laser frequency (i.e. laser jitter noise). To realize the taper-microcavity junction and to maximize the optical power that is transferred to the resonator, a single-mode optical fiber waveguide is pulled. Solutions containing polystyrene nanobeads are then prepared and flown to the microcavity in order to demonstrate the system&#8217;s ability to sense binding to the surface of the microcavity. Data is post-processed via adaptive curve fitting, which allows for high-resolution measurements of the quality factor as well as the plotting of time-dependent parameters, such as resonant wavelength and split frequency shifts. By carefully inspecting steps in the time-domain response and shifting in the frequency-domain response, this instrument can quantify discrete binding events.

A reference interferometer technique, which is designed to remove undesirable laser jitter noise for nanodetection, is utilized for probing an ultra-high quality factor microcavity. Instructions for assembly, setup, and data acquisition are provided, alongside the measurement process for specifying the cavity quality factor.

Implementación de un interferómetro de referencia para Nanodetection

A thermally and mechanically stabilized fiber interferometer suited for examining ultra-high quality factor microcavities is fashioned. After assessing ...

Measurement of Scattering Nonlinearities from a Single Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Plasmonics, which are based on the collective oscillation of electrons due to light excitation, involve strongly enhanced local electric fields and thus have potential applications in nonlinear optics, which requires extraordinary optical intensity. One of the most studied nonlinearities in plasmonics is nonlinear absorption, including saturation and reverse saturation behaviors. Although scattering and absorption in nanoparticles are closely correlated by the Mie theory, there has been no report of nonlinearities in plasmonic scattering until very recently. 
Last year, not only saturation, but also reverse saturation of scattering in an isolated plasmonic particle was demonstrated for the first time. The results showed that saturable scattering exhibits clear wavelength dependence, which seems to be directly linked to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Combined with the intensity-dependent measurements, the results suggest the possibility of a common mechanism underlying the nonlinear behaviors of scattering and absorption. These nonlinearities of scattering from a single gold nanosphere (GNS) are widely applicable, including in super-resolution microscopy and optical switches. 
In this paper, it is described in detail how to measure nonlinearity of scattering in a single GNP and how to employ the super-resolution technique to enhance the optical imaging resolution based on saturable scattering. This discovery features the first super-resolution microscopy based on nonlinear scattering, which is a novel non-bleaching contrast method that can achieve a resolution as low as l/8 and will potentially be useful in biomedicine and material studies.

Saturable and reverse saturable scattering were discovered in isolated plasmonic particles and adopted as a novel non-bleaching contrast method in super-resolution microscopy. Here the experimental procedures of detecting and extracting nonlinear scattering are explained in detail, as well as how to enhance resolution with the aid of saturated excitation microscopy.

La medición de la dispersión no linealidades de una nanopartícula Individual plasmónicas

Plasmonics, which are based on the collective oscillation of electrons due to light excitation, involve strongly enhanced local electric fields and thus ...

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels

Stimuli-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels have various prospective practical applications and uses in fundamental research. In this work, we use single particle tracking of fluorescently labeled PNIPAM microgels as a showcase for tuning microgel size by a rapid non-stirred precipitation polymerization procedure. This approach is well suited for prototyping new reaction compositions and conditions or for applications that do not require large amounts of product. Microgel synthesis, particle size and structure determination by dynamic and static light scattering are detailed in the protocol. It is shown that the addition of functional comonomers can have a large influence on the particle nucleation and structure. Single particle tracking by wide-field fluorescence microscopy allows for an investigation of the diffusion of labeled tracer microgels in a concentrated matrix of non-labeled microgels, a system not easily investigated by other methods such as dynamic light scattering.

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Microgels

Non-stirred precipitation polymerization provides a rapid, reproducible prototyping approach to the synthesis of stimuli-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels of narrow size distribution. In this protocol synthesis, light scattering characterization and single particle fluorescence tracking of these microgels in a wide-field microscopy setup are demonstrated.

Síntesis controlada y de seguimiento de la fluorescencia de muy uniforme de poli (<em&gt; N</em&gt; -isopropylacrylamide) microgeles

Stimuli-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels have various prospective practical applications and uses in fundamental research. In this ...

Química

Measurement of Particle Size Distribution in Turbid Solutions by Dynamic Light Scattering Microscopy

A protocol for measuring polydispersity of concentrated polymer solutions using dynamic light scattering is described. Dynamic light scattering is a technique used to measure the size distribution of polymer solutions or colloidal particles. Although this technique is widely used for the assessment of polymer solutions, it is difficult to measure the particle size in concentrated solutions due to the multiple scattering effect or strong light absorption. Therefore, the concentrated solutions should be diluted before measurement. Implementation of the confocal optical component in a dynamic light scattering microscope1 helps to overcome this barrier. Using such a microscopic system, both transparent and turbid systems can be analyzed under the same experimental setup without a dilution. As a representative example, a size distribution measurement of a temperature-responsive polymer solution was performed. The sizes of the polymer chains in an aqueous solution were several tens of nanometers at a temperature below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). In contrast, the sizes increased to more than 1.0 &#181;m when above the LCST. This result is consistent with the observation that the solution turned turbid above the LCST.

A protocol for the direct measurement of particle size distribution in concentrated solutions using dynamic light scattering microscopy is presented.

Medición de Tamaño de Partícula de distribución en turbias Soluciones por Dynamic Light Scattering Microscopía

A protocol for measuring polydispersity of concentrated polymer solutions using dynamic light scattering is described. Dynamic light scattering is a ...

Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source

Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum information processing circuits, including photon sources, qubit manipulation, and integrated single-photon detectors. Here, we present the key aspects of preparing and testing a silicon photonic quantum chip with an integrated photon source and two-photon interferometer. The most important aspect of an integrated quantum circuit is minimizing loss so that all of the generated photons are detected with the highest possible fidelity. Here, we describe how to perform low-loss edge coupling by using an ultra-high numerical aperture fiber to closely match the mode of the silicon waveguides. By using an optimized fusion splicing recipe, the UHNA fiber is seamlessly interfaced with a standard single-mode fiber. This low-loss coupling allows the measurement of high-fidelity photon production in an integrated silicon ring resonator and the subsequent two-photon interference of the produced photons in a closely integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer. This paper describes the essential procedures for the preparation and characterization of high-performance and scalable silicon quantum photonic circuits.

Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum systems. Presented here is a method for preparing and testing a silicon photonic chip for quantum measurements.

La medición de interferencia cuántica en una fuente de silicio resonador de anillo de fotones

Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum information processing circuits, including photon sources, qubit ...

Construction and Operation of a Light-driven Gold Nanorod Rotary Motor System

The possibility to generate and measure rotation and torque at the nanoscale is of fundamental interest to the study and application of biological and artificial nanomotors and may provide new routes towards single cell analysis, studies of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and mechanical actuation of nanoscale systems. A facile way to drive rotation is to use focused circularly polarized laser light in optical tweezers. Using this approach, metallic nanoparticles can be operated as highly efficient scattering-driven rotary motors spinning at unprecedented rotation frequencies in water.
In this protocol, we outline the construction and operation of circularly-polarized optical tweezers for nanoparticle rotation and describe the instrumentation needed for recording the Brownian dynamics and Rayleigh scattering of the trapped particle. The rotational motion and the scattering spectra provides independent information on the properties of the nanoparticle and its immediate environment. The experimental platform has proven useful as a nanoscopic gauge of viscosity and local temperature, for tracking morphological changes of nanorods and molecular coatings, and as a transducer and probe of photothermal and thermodynamic processes.

Plasmonic gold nanorods can be trapped in liquids and rotated at kHz frequencies using circularly-polarized optical tweezers. Introducing tools for Brownian dynamics analysis and light scatteringspectroscopy leads to a powerful system for research and application in numerous fields of science.

Construcción y operación de un sistema del Motor rotatorio de Nanorod oro impulsado por la luz

The possibility to generate and measure rotation and torque at the nanoscale is of fundamental interest to the study and application of biological and ...

Full-field Strain Measurements for Microstructurally Small Fatigue Crack Propagation Using Digital Image Correlation Method

A novel measurement approach is used to reveal the cumulative deformation field at a sub-grain level and to study the influence of microstructure on the growth of microstructurally small fatigue cracks. The proposed strain field analysis methodology is based on the use of a unique pattering technique with a characteristic speckle size of approximately 10 &#181;m. The developed methodology is applied to study the small fatigue crack behavior in body centered cubic (bcc) Fe-Cr ferritic stainless steel with a relatively large grain size allowing a high spatial measurement accuracy at the sub-grain level. This methodology allows the measurement of small fatigue crack growth retardation events and associated intermittent shear strain localization zones ahead of the crack tip. In addition, this can be correlated with the grain orientation and size. Thus, the developed methodology can provide a deeper fundamental understanding of the small fatigue crack growth behavior, required for the development of robust theoretical models for the small fatigue crack&#160;propagation in polycrystalline materials.

Microstructurally small fatigue crack growth behavior is investigated using a novel methodological approach combining crack growth rate measurement and strain-field analysis to reveal the cumulative deformation field at sub-grain level.

Medidas de tensión de campo completo para la fatiga microestructuralmente pequeño Crack propagación utilizando el método de correlación Digital de imágenes

A novel measurement approach is used to reveal the cumulative deformation field at a sub-grain level and to study the influence of microstructure on the ...

Spectral and Angle-Resolved Magneto-Optical Characterization of Photonic Nanostructures

Photonic crystals are periodic nanostructures that can support a variety of confined electromagnetic modes. Such confined modes are usually accompanied by local enhancement of electric field intensity that strengthens light-matter interactions, enabling applications such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and surface plasmon enhanced sensing. In the presence of magneto-optically active materials, the local field enhancement gives rise to anomalous magneto-optical activity. Typically, the confined modes of a given photonic crystal depend strongly on the wavelength and incidence angle of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Thus, spectral and angular-resolved measurements are needed to fully identify them as well as to establish their relationship with the magneto-optical activity of the crystal. In this article, we describe how to use a Fourier-plane (back focal plane) microscope to characterize magneto-optically active samples. As a model system, here we use a plasmonic grating built out of magneto-optically active Au/Co/Au multilayer. In the experiments, we apply a magnetic field on the grating in situ and measure its reciprocal space response, obtaining the magneto-optical response of the grating over a range of wavelengths and incident angles. This information enables us to build a complete map of the plasmonic band structure of the grating and the angle and wavelength dependent magneto-optical activity. These two images allow us to pinpoint the effect that the plasmon resonances have on the magneto-optical response of the grating. The relatively small magnitude of magneto-optical effects requires a careful treatment of the acquired optical signals. To this end, an image processing protocol for obtaining magneto-optical response from the acquired raw data is laid out.

Photonic band structure enables understanding how confined electromagnetic modes propagate within a photonic crystal. In photonic crystals that incorporate magnetic elements, such confined and resonant optical modes are accompanied by enhanced and modified magneto-optical activity. We describe a measurement procedure to extract the magneto-optical band structure by Fourier space microscopy.

Caracterización espectral y magneto-óptica resuelta en ángulo de nanoestructuras fotónicas

Photonic crystals are periodic nanostructures that can support a variety of confined electromagnetic modes. Such confined modes are usually accompanied by ...