Particularmente agradecemos el Dr. Stefan Tschöke y Luisa Steib asesoramiento científico y asistencia con el reclutamiento de los participantes de la clínicos, así como todos los participantes que nos permitieron realizar el estudio y aprender de ellos.

Los autores no declaran conflicto de intereses.

El presente Protocolo describe una evaluación integrada de respuesta fisiológicas periféricas, informes y evaluaciones clínicas para el estudio de la disociación relacionada con el trauma en BPD. Para la realización de este procedimiento, es importante para controlar factores de confusión de la actividad fisiológica, para grabaciones funcionales de datos fisiológicos antes de las mediciones y para recoger los datos clínicos por investigadores expertos.
Límites de dicho integran eval...

En percibir el peligro, los seres humanos experimentan ansiedad y el cuerpo reacciona rápidamente dentro de la cascada de defensa para minimizar el daño y asegurar la supervivencia. Reacciones de defensa incluyen etapas iniciales de aumentar la excitación y activación simpática y, en caso de amenazas ineludibles (por ej., abuso infantil, violación, tortura), parasympathetically modulan reacciones disociativas "shut-down" (e.g., bradicardia, vasodilatación, deafferentation sensorial, alteraciones de la conciencia y el discurso1,2) llegan a ser predominantes. Según las teorías de reactivación de redes de memoria asociativa relacionada con trauma3,4, el tipo prevalente de las reacciones psicofisiológicas del peritraumatic (excitación vs disociación) daría lugar a una de las dos principales subtipos de perfiles clínicos y patrones de reacción a estímulos relacionados con el trauma2. Teniendo en cuenta la heterogeneidad de las respuestas a la activación de la memoria relacionados con el trauma a través de diversos estudios de neuroimagen PTSD, Lanius et al. (2006) 5 sostuvo que "agrupar a todos los temas de PTSD, independientemente de los patrones de síntomas diferentes, en la misma categoría diagnóstica puede interferir con la comprensión de la psicopatología posttrauma". Se ha estudiado la influencia de la respuesta disociativa en Psicopatología y Psicofisiología de las personas traumatizadas en la zona del TEPT. Por ejemplo, Schalinski, Elbert y Schauer (2011)6 demostró que cierre disociación predice PTSD y otros comórbidos trastornos. El uso de evaluaciones psicofisiológicas señaló a las modificaciones de la cascada de defensa permitiendo un rápido vuelo en respuesta a amenaza de7,8. Schalinski et al. (2013) 8 reveló que el tipo de eventos traumáticos parece influir en la respuesta de sobresalto cardíaco. Otro estudio9 indica un patrón de reactividad "blunted", una mezcla de disociación de la excitación caracterizada por la activación simultánea de ambas ramas del sistema nervioso autónomo, en los individuos más severamente traumatizados. Hasta ahora, no en este sentido se han realizado estudios en otras poblaciones clínicas que a menudo afectadas por el trauma psicológico y síntomas disociativos (por ej., displasia broncopulmonar).
En la investigación del comportamiento y emociones humanas, es de particular importancia examinar e integrar información desde varios niveles: subjetiva (expresión verbal, prosodia), conductual (motor, expresión facial, etc.), fisiológicos (temblores, sudoración, ritmo cardíaco, etcetera.). Con el argumento de que las evaluaciones que omiten uno o más de estos tres modos de expresión emocional pueden ser altamente engañosas, Lang (1998)10 hizo hincapié en la importancia de la evaluación multimodal que incluye procedimientos de observación del comportamiento, uno mismo-informe / medidas clínicas y la medición psicofisiológica.
Estados extremos de ansiedad y excitación fisiológica pronunciada son característicos de ansiedad, trauma y trastornos relacionados con el factor estresante. Según el concepto psicofisiológico, estos trastornos pueden concebirse como resultado de la reactividad autonómica modificada (generalmente mayor) a estímulos negativos. Estos índices de respuesta psicofisiológica medibles como parte de los criterios de diagnóstico hacían metas obvias para la investigación sicofisiológica. Particularmente el TEPT, como un trastorno psicológico con un criterio de evento definido (es decir., experiencias mortales, tales como accidentes, agresiones física sexual, desastres naturales, encarcelamiento, combate militar y tortura), ofrece un valioso oportunidad para las evaluaciones psicofisiológicas.
Varios diseños de evaluación con diferentes paradigmas, estímulos y parámetros fisiológicos se han utilizado para el estudio del TEPT. Monitoreo parámetros fisiológicos periféricos proporcionan medidas fiables de los cambios en actividad autonómica, relacionada con los estados emocionales y cognitivos. Entre éstos, conductancia de la piel es una medida común con una larga historia en la investigación psicofisiológica y es considerado como un índice muy sensible11. Su seguimiento se combina a menudo con la grabación de la frecuencia cardiaca, una variable dependiente generaran más.
Para la medición de parámetros fisiológicos periféricos, el uso de experimentos de imágenes basada en el guión era un gran paradigma para la investigación de las reacciones emocionales y fisiológicas para la activación de la memoria relacionados con el trauma. Dentro de la imaginería basada en script paradigma12, los participantes se les pide vívidamente imaginar situaciones aversivas por cortas secuencias de comandos verbales13,14,15,16. El tema es solicitado para imaginar una situación como si él o ella estaba reviviendo el curso real de acontecimientos, incluyendo acciones, personas, y las emociones presentan en la situación real (ver figura 1 para un ejemplo de un script traumático). La situación traumática imaginada generalmente se compara con otros tipos de escenas no-traumático.
Imágenes basadas en la escritura se emplean principalmente en varias poblaciones afectadas por estrés postraumático, por ejemplo. Vietnam veterans15,17, víctimas de accidentes18y19de ex presos políticos. Generalmente se encontró una mayor reactividad a las señales traumáticas, pero también hay varios resultados de ausencia de tal una mayor reactividad a estímulos relacionados con el trauma (por ej., Orr & Roth, 2000; Davis et al., 1996)15,20. Creciente conocimiento sobre la psicofisiología del TEPT fue seguido por un mayor grueso de la investigación psicofisiológica en el área de trauma-relacionada y otros trastornos psicológicos. Mientras tanto, sin embargo, paradigmas de imágenes basada en la secuencia de comandos se ha aplicado con éxito para estudiar procesos disociativos en DBP 21,22.
Este trabajo presenta un protocolo para investigar si las personas con BPD reportando altos niveles de PD predominante exhiben reacciones disociativas con la supresión de las respuestas autonómicas durante el basada en la secuencia de comandos relacionados con el trauma imágenes23, 24. Además, nuestro estudio encaminadas a probar si hay clínicamente diferentes subgrupos BPD, como probado por entrevistas clínicas estructuradas y escalas de síntomas. El presente Protocolo combina extensas, estandarizadas clínicas evaluaciones con medición fisiológicas (HR y SC) y respuestas subjetivas dentro de un paradigma de imágenes basada en el guión. Se analizaron reacciones al trauma-relacionado scripts personalizados comparados con guiones representando los eventos cotidianos. El protocolo proporciona un modelo para la investigación de procesos disociativos y su impacto en las características psicopatológicas y psicofisiológicas de BPD.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Experimental Runtime System (ERTS) Version 3.32</td>
			<td>BeriSoft Cooperation, Frankfurt/Main, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We used a scripting language based computer programme wich sends simultanously auditory stimuli to a headphone and marker signals to a psychophysiological recording device at millisecond accuracy.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biopac MP150 system</td>
			<td>Biopac Systems, Inc., Goleta, CA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We recorded the physiological data by using this hardware .</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AcqKnowledge software</td>
			<td>Biopac Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We recorded the physiological data by using this software.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VOC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Format for the auditory files for instructions and script, compatibele with the stimulus presentation software.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of a psychophysiological script-driven imagery experiment to study trauma-related dissociation in borderline personality disorder

Este protocolo ofrece una descripción detallada de un experimento psicofisiológica utilizando basada en script de imágenes relacionadas con el trauma e instrumentos clínicos estandarizados dentro de un diseño comparativo evaluar características fisiológicas y psicopatológicas de personas con BPD. Este método tiene como objetivo estudiar los efectos psicológicos y fisiológicos de la disociación relacionada con el trauma. Puesto que la clasificación de psicodiagnostico de trastornos relacionados con trauma se basa en la observación de respuestas evolutivamente determinadas a amenaza de vida, un paradigma de evaluación integrada para el estudio de las reacciones a los recuerdos traumáticos propone un muy enfoque metodológico apropiado.
El paradigma empleado imágenes basadas en la secuencia de comandos utiliza instrucciones de llamada individual para activar la memoria relacionados con el trauma redes y su pronta respuestas emocionales y fisiológicas asociaron. Estas respuestas se miden mediante auto valorar escalas y evaluaciones fisiológicas. Durante la llamada individual, los participantes se les pide imaginar vívidamente las experiencias traumáticas y cotidianas y otras situaciones provocados por corto personalizados verbales secuencias de comandos que escribió previamente junto con los experimentadores. Se puede medir una amplia gama de diferentes parámetros fisiológicos y reacciones afectivas. Usamos este paradigma para investigar Estados disociativos en BPD y encontrar correlatos fisiológicos y afectivos de Estados disociativos. Algunos de los participantes tenían graves antecedentes traumáticos.
Para investigar patrones de reacción diferentes dentro del mismo grupo diagnóstico, deben incluirse los participantes con diferentes niveles de historias traumáticas, severidad de síntomas y comorbilidades. Mediante el uso de secuencias de comandos verbales cortos, el nivel de estrés inducido por los participantes se lleva a cabo tan bajo como sea posible sin afectar la validez del objeto de investigación.

Hay muchos comportamientos reflejados en las reacciones emocionales y fisiológicas que pueden ser estudiadas por paradigmas de imágenes basada en la secuencia de comandos. Por ejemplo, el diseño es adecuado para investigar los patrones de respuesta emocional y fisiológica a la memoria relacionados con el trauma. Estábamos especialmente interesados en verificar si existe un subgrupo distinto del BPD que se caracteriza principalmente por un patrón de reacción disociativa.
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder at JoVE.com

Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

Presentamos un protocolo de imágenes relacionadas con el trauma basada en la secuencia de comandos personalizada y evaluaciones clínicas dentro de un diseño de comparación para la investigación de disociación peritraumatic (PD), reacciones psicofisiológicas, es decir, del corazón (hora) y conductancia de la piel (SC) y características psicológicas de los individuos a menudo severamente traumatizados con trastorno de personalidad limítrofe (BPD).

Uso de un experimento de psicofisiológico imágenes basada en el guión para el estudio de Trauma-relacionado la disociación en el trastorno de personalidad limítrofe

This protocol offers a detailed description of a psychophysiological experiment using script-driven trauma-related imagery and standardized clinical ...

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12.2K vistas.  Ulm University. Presentamos un protocolo de imágenes relacionadas con el trauma basada en la secuencia de comandos personalizada y evaluaciones clínicas dentro de un diseño de comparación para la investigación de disociación peritraumatic (PD), reacciones psicofisiológicas, es decir, del corazón (hora) y conductancia de la piel (SC) y características psicológicas de los individuos a menudo severamente traumatizados con trastorno de personalidad limítrofe (BPD).

Video: Use of a Psychophysiological Script-driven Imagery Experiment to Study Trauma-related Dissociation in Borderline Personality Disorder

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present an operant system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors in a more clinically relevant way by not relying on reflex-based measures of nociception. Food fasted, hairless (or shaved) rodents are placed into a Plexiglas chamber which has two Peltier-based thermodes that can be programmed to any temperature between 7 &deg;C and 60 &deg;C. The rodent is trained to make contact with these in order to access a reward bottle. During a session, a number of behavioral pain outcomes are automatically recorded and saved. These measures include the number of reward bottle activations (licks) and facial contact stimuli (face contacts), but custom measures like the lick/face ratio (total number of licks per session/total number of contacts) can also be created. The stimulus temperature can be set to a single temperature or multiple temperatures within a session. The OPAD is a high-throughput, easy to use operant assay which will lead to better translation of pain research in the future as it includes cortical input instead of relying on spinal reflex-based nociceptive assays.

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device OPAD to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior

We present a user-friendly, high-throughput operant system for the evaluation of pain behaviors in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) can assess pain through a reward/conflict paradigm thus providing a more humane way of testing. This protocol will yield more clinically relevant and translational data from rodents.

El uso del Dispositivo de Evaluación Dolor Orofacial operante (OPAD) para medir los cambios en el comportamiento nociceptivo

We present an operant  system for the detection of pain in awake, conscious rodents. The Orofacial  Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) assesses pain behaviors ...

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A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during abstinence. Moreover, various environmental challenges can exacerbate this effect, as well as increase ongoing drug intake.
The procedure we describe here highlights the impact of a common environmental challenge, food restriction, on drug craving that is expressed as an augmentation of drug seeking in abstinent rats.
Rats are implanted with chronic intravenous i.v. catheters, and then trained to press a lever for i.v. heroin over a period of 10-12 days. Following the heroin self-administration phase the rats are removed from the operant conditioning chambers and housed in the animal care facility for a period of at least 14 days. While one group is maintained under unrestricted access to food (sated group), a second group (FDR group) is exposed to a mild food restriction regimen that results in their body weights maintained at 90% of their nonrestricted body weight. On day 14 of food restriction the rats are transferred back to the drug-training environment, and a drug-seeking test is run under extinction conditions (i.e.&#160;lever presses do not result in heroin delivery).
The procedure presented here results in a highly robust augmentation of heroin seeking on test day in the food restricted rats. In addition, compared to the acute food deprivation manipulations we have used before, the current procedure is a more clinically relevant model for the impact of caloric restriction on drug seeking. Moreover, it might be closer to the human condition as the rats are not required to go through an extinction-training phase before the drug-seeking test, which is an integral component of the popular reinstatement procedure.

A procedure that allows a demonstration of robust augmentation of drug seeking in food-restricted rats is described. Following heroin self-administration training, rats go through an abstinence period, in a drug-free environment, during which they are mildly food restricted. Drug seeking is then tested in the drug-associated environment.

Un procedimiento para estudiar el efecto de la prolongada restricción de alimentos en heroína Buscando en ratas abstinentes

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

El descubrimiento de golpe Sordera: Trastornos Detección de ritmo con los dedos sincronizada Tapping y tareas de sincronización de percepción

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus which serves as a feedback cue. This feedback is later attenuated by repeated presentations of the stimulus without food (without the rat emitting the lever-press response). In the next stage, lever-pressing is assessed under extinction conditions (i.e., no food is delivered). At this stage rats display two types of lever-presses, those that are followed by an attempt to collect a reward, and those that are not. The latter are the measure of compulsive-like behavior in the model. A control procedure in which rats do not experience the attenuation of the feedback cue serves to distinguish between the effects of signal attenuation and of extinction. The signal attenuation model is a highly validated model of OCD and differentiates between compulsive-like behaviors and behaviors that are repetitive but not compulsive. In addition the measures collected during the procedure eliminate alternative explanations for differences between the groups being tested, and are quantitative, unbiased and unaffected by inter-experimenter variability. The major disadvantages of this model are the costly equipment, the fact that it requires some technical know-how and the fact that it is time-consuming compared to other models of OCD (11 days). The model may be used for detecting the anti- or pro-compulsive effects of pharmacological and non-pharmacological manipulations and for studying the neural substrate of compulsive behavior.

The goal of the protocol described in this paper is to induce compulsive-like behavior in rats for the study of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This behavior is precipitated by attenuating a signal indicating that a lever-press response was effective in producing food.

Señal de atenuación como un modelo de rata de Trastorno Obsesivo Compulsivo

In the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), lever-pressing for food is followed by the presentation of a compound stimulus ...

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are now recognized as a core symptom in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Our ability to perceive and interact with the external world is rooted in sensory processing. For example, listening to a conversation entails processing the auditory cues coming from the speaker (speech content, prosody, syntax) as well as the associated visual information (facial expressions, gestures). Collectively, the &#8220;integration&#8221; of these multisensory (i.e., combined audiovisual) pieces of information results in better comprehension. Such multisensory integration has been shown to be strongly dependent upon the temporal relationship of the paired stimuli. Thus, stimuli that occur in close temporal proximity are highly likely to result in behavioral and perceptual benefits &#8211; gains believed to be reflective of the perceptual system&#39;s judgment of the likelihood that these two stimuli came from the same source. Changes in this temporal integration are expected to strongly alter perceptual processes, and are likely to diminish the ability to accurately perceive and interact with our world. Here, a battery of tasks designed to characterize various aspects of sensory and multisensory temporal processing in children with ASD is described. In addition to its utility in autism, this battery has great potential for characterizing changes in sensory function in other clinical populations, as well as being used to examine changes in these processes across the lifespan.

We describe how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine the processing and integration of sensory stimuli in children with ASD. The goal is to characterize individual differences in temporal processing of simple auditory and visual stimuli and relate these to higher order perceptual skills like speech perception.

Prueba de la función sensorial y multisensorial en niños con Trastorno del Espectro Autista

In addition to impairments in social communication and the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, deficits in sensory processing are ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

Potenciales relacionados con eventos durante las tareas de Target-respuesta para estudiar los procesos cognitivos de las extremidades superiores uso en niños con parálisis cerebral unilateral

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Psychophysiological Assessment of the Effectiveness of Emotion Regulation Strategies in Childhood

Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical work has been limited by predominantly correlational investigations of children's skills. Relatedly, a key conceptual challenge for emotion scientists is to distinguish between emotion responding and emotion regulatory processes. This paper presents a novel method to address these conceptual and methodological issues in child samples. An experimental paradigm that assesses the effectiveness with which children regulate emotion is described. Children are randomly assigned to use specific emotion regulation strategies, negative emotions are elicited with film clips, and changes in subsequent psychophysiology index the extent to which emotion regulation is effective. Children are instructed to simply watch the emotion-eliciting film (control), distract themselves from negative emotions (cognitive distraction), or reframe the situation in a way that downplays the importance of the emotional event (cognitive reappraisal). Cardiac physiology, continuously acquired before and during the emotional task, serves as an objective measure of children's unfolding emotional responding while viewing evocative films. Key comparisons in patterns of obtained physiological reactivity are between the control and emotion regulation strategy conditions. Representative results from this approach are described, and discussion focuses on the contribution of this methodological approach to developmental science.

A detailed protocol for an experimental paradigm to assess the effectiveness with which children regulate emotion is described. Children are randomly assigned to use specific emotion regulation strategies, negative emotions are elicited with film clips, and changes in subsequent psychophysiology index the extent to which emotion regulation is effective.

Evaluación psicofisiológica de la efectividad de las estrategias de regulación emocional en la infancia

Effective regulation of emotion is one of the most important skills that develops in childhood. Research interest in this area is expanding, but empirical ...

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For example, in the cat, visual information about an impending obstacle can modulate stepping for avoidance. Locomotor adaptation can also occur independent of vision, as sudden tactile inputs to the leg by an expected obstacle can modify the stepping of all four legs for avoidance. Such complex locomotor coordination involves supraspinal structures, such as the parietal cortex. This protocol describes the use of reversible, cooling-induced cortical deactivation to assess parietal cortex contributions to memory-guided obstacle locomotion in the cat. Small cooling loops, known as cryoloops, are specially shaped to deactivate discrete regions of interest to assess their contributions to an overt behavior. Such methods have been used to elucidate the role of parietal area 5 in memory-guided obstacle avoidance in the cat.

Complex locomotion in naturalistic environments requiring careful coordination of the limbs involves regions of the parietal cortex. The following protocol describes the use of reversible cooling-induced deactivation to demonstrate the role of parietal area 5 in memory-guided obstacle avoidance in the walking cat.

Desactivaciones reversibles inducida por enfriamiento a estudiar contribuciones corticales a la memoria de obstáculo en el gato caminando

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For ...

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential (ERP) Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, some evidence indicates that semantic processing of non-linguistic stimuli is intact, suggesting that semantic deficits may be language-specific. To appropriately characterize semantic processing deficits in individuals with ASD, comparison of within-modality linguistic (e.g., written words) and non-linguistic (e.g., pictures) stimuli is required. This paper describes such a methodology that makes use of a semantic priming paradigm during concurrent recording of electroencephalographic (EEG) data. EEG provides a dynamic measure of brain activity that is well-suited to characterize subtle differences in semantic processing that may not be observable at the behavioral level. The semantic priming paradigm presents a prime picture or word (e.g., dog) followed by a target picture or word that is either related (e.g., cat) or unrelated (e.g., pencil) to the prime. This paradigm can thus be used to evaluate semantic processing across different modalities, and to compare lexico-semantic and visuo-semantic processing abilities in individuals with ASD and how they might differ from TD individuals. The specific steps involved in creating the stimuli, performing the EEG testing, and analyzing the EEG data are discussed. Representative results illustrate how the N400 component of the event-related potential (ERP) is reduced following semantically-related prime-target pairs compared to unrelated pairs. Comparisons of the N400 between conditions, modalities, and groups can provide estimates of the success of semantic processing, and can thereby be used to characterize semantic deficits in individuals with ASD or other clinical populations.

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

This paper describes a semantic priming ERP task using within-modality pairs of pictures and words to investigate semantic processing in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Una Priming semántico relacionado con el evento potencial (ERP) tarea estudiar procesamiento Visuo-semántico y léxico-semántico en el trastorno del espectro autista

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, ...

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the accuracy of memories. The purpose of the method presented here was to induce false memories using lists of either semantically or phonologically related words and to assess the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. To do this, we used a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm. We adapted word lists from previous DRM studies to suit imagery procedures and created an automated presentation to present the word lists in classroom settings. We then recruited undergraduate classes and instructed some of the classes to create mental images of the list words as they were being presented, while instructing the other classes to simply remember the words. The automated presentation presented word lists to participants, one word at a time, alternating between phonologically and semantically related lists. Participants used paper-pencil recall packets to immediately recall list items, complete a distractor activity, and take a subsequent final recognition test. Often, participants immediately recalled and later recognized words that were related to the list items but were not actually presented; these are known as critical lures and indicate a false memory. The protocol detailed here describes a four-step procedure - list presentation, immediate recall, distractor phase, and final recognition - that can assess the effects of list type and imagery instruction within the DRM paradigm on memory. The automated nature of the list presentation provides the ability to systematically vary variables of interest, and the paper and pencil method of data collection affords an easily accessible method for collecting data in classroom settings. The protocol also offers options to modify the procedure to a more traditional DRM paradigm without imagery and/or list type manipulations. The use of this protocol can provide results relevant to both classroom learning and cognitive science principles.

The method presented here induced false memories using lists of related words and also assessed the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. This protocol details a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm.

Utilizando un paradigma de McDermott en el aula Deese Roediger para evaluar los efectos de imágenes en recuerdos falsos

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the ...