Este estudio contó con el apoyo de subvenciones de la Fundación de Ciencias Naturales de China (3157270). Agradecemos al Dr. Feng Shao (Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, China) por proporcionar iBMDM.

Aislamiento de pequeñas vesículas extracelulares y extracción de su peptidoma

<ol>
	<li>Kalluri, R., LeBleu, V. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biology,+function,+and+biomedical+applications+of+exosomes.">The biology, function, and biomedical applications of exosomes.</a> Science. 367 (6478), (2020).</li><li>Thery, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes:+secreted+vesicles+and+intercellular+communications.">Exosomes: secreted vesicles and intercellular communications.</a> F1000 Biology Reports. 3, 15 (2011).</li><li>Mathieu, M., Martin-Jaular, L., Lavieu, G., Thery, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specificities+of+secretion+and+uptake+of+exosomes+and+other+extracellular+vesicles+for+cell-to-cell+communication.">Specificities of secretion and uptake of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles for cell-to-cell communication.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 21 (1), 9-17 (2019).</li><li>Chen, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomal+PD-L1+contributes+to+immunosuppression+and+is+associated+with+anti-PD-1+response.">Exosomal PD-L1 contributes to immunosuppression and is associated with anti-PD-1 response.</a> Nature. 560 (7718), 382-386 (2018).</li><li>Ti, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LPS-preconditioned+mesenchymal+stromal+cells+modify+macrophage+polarization+for+resolution+of+chronic+inflammation+via+exosome-shuttled+let-7b.">LPS-preconditioned mesenchymal stromal cells modify macrophage polarization for resolution of chronic inflammation via exosome-shuttled let-7b.</a> Journal of Translational Medicine. 13, 308 (2015).</li><li>Sun, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomal+S100A4+derived+from+highly+metastatic+hepatocellular+carcinoma+cells+promotes+metastasis+by+activating+STAT3.">Exosomal S100A4 derived from highly metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cells promotes metastasis by activating STAT3.</a> Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 6 (1), 187 (2021).</li><li>Xun, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer-derived+exosomal+miR-138-5p+modulates+polarization+of+tumor-associated+macrophages+through+inhibition+of+KDM6B.">Cancer-derived exosomal miR-138-5p modulates polarization of tumor-associated macrophages through inhibition of KDM6B.</a> Theranostics. 11 (14), 6847-6859 (2021).</li><li>Tai, Y. L., Chen, K. C., Hsieh, J. T., Shen, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes+in+cancer+development+and+clinical+applications.">Exosomes in cancer development and clinical applications.</a> Cancer Science. 109 (8), 2364-2374 (2018).</li><li>Mashouri, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes:+composition,+biogenesis,+and+mechanisms+in+cancer+metastasis+and+drug+resistance.">Exosomes: composition, biogenesis, and mechanisms in cancer metastasis and drug resistance.</a> Molecular Cancer. 18 (1), 75 (2019).</li><li>Yang, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progress,+opportunity,+and+perspective+on+exosome+isolation+-+efforts+for+efficient+exosome-based+theranostics.">Progress, opportunity, and perspective on exosome isolation - efforts for efficient exosome-based theranostics.</a> Theranostics. 10 (8), 3684-3707 (2020).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosome:+A+review+of+its+classification,+isolation+techniques,+storage,+diagnostic+and+targeted+therapy+applications.">Exosome: A review of its classification, isolation techniques, storage, diagnostic and targeted therapy applications.</a> International Journal of Nanomedicine. 15, 6917-6934 (2020).</li><li>Xu, R., Greening, D. W., Zhu, H. J., Takahashi, N., Simpson, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+vesicle+isolation+and+characterization:+toward+clinical+application.">Extracellular vesicle isolation and characterization: toward clinical application.</a> The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 126 (4), 1152-1162 (2016).</li><li>Li, P., Kaslan, M., Lee, S. H., Yao, J., Gao, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progress+in+exosome+isolation+techniques.">Progress in exosome isolation techniques.</a> Theranostics. 7 (3), 789-804 (2017).</li><li>Palanski, B. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+efficient+urine+peptidomics+workflow+identifies+chemically+defined+dietary+gluten+peptides+from+patients+with+celiac+disease.">An efficient urine peptidomics workflow identifies chemically defined dietary gluten peptides from patients with celiac disease.</a> Nature Communications. 13, 888 (2022).</li><li>Kalaora, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+bacteria-derived+HLA-bound+peptides+in+melanoma.">Identification of bacteria-derived HLA-bound peptides in melanoma.</a> Nature. 592 (7852), 138-143 (2021).</li><li>Hamley, I. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+bioactive+peptides+for+biomaterials+design+and+therapeutics.">Small bioactive peptides for biomaterials design and therapeutics.</a> Chemical Reviews. 117 (24), 14015-14041 (2017).</li><li>Lotvall, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimal+experimental+requirements+for+definition+of+extracellular+vesicles+and+their+functions:+a+position+statement+from+the+International+Society+for+Extracellular+Vesicles.">Minimal experimental requirements for definition of extracellular vesicles and their functions: a position statement from the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles.</a> Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 3, 26913 (2014).</li><li>Thery, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimal+information+for+studies+of+extracellular+vesicles+2018+(MISEV2018):+a+position+statement+of+the+International+Society+for+Extracellular+Vesicles+and+update+of+the+MISEV2014+guidelines.">Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines.</a> Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 7 (1), 1535750 (2018).</li><li>Kim, Y. G., Lone, A. M., Saghatelian, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+proteolysis+of+bioactive+peptides+using+a+peptidomics+approach.">Analysis of the proteolysis of bioactive peptides using a peptidomics approach.</a> Nature Protocols. 8 (9), 1730-1742 (2013).</li><li>Lyapina, I., Ivanov, V., Fesenko, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peptidome:+Chaos+or+inevitability.">Peptidome: Chaos or inevitability.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 22 (23), 13128 (2021).</li><li>Keller, M. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decoy+exosomes+provide+protection+against+bacterial+toxins.">Decoy exosomes provide protection against bacterial toxins.</a> Nature. 579 (7798), 260-264 (2020).</li><li>Koeppen, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Let-7b-5p+in+vesicles+secreted+by+human+airway+cells+reduces+biofilm+formation+and+increases+antibiotic+sensitivity+of+P.+aeruginosa.">Let-7b-5p in vesicles secreted by human airway cells reduces biofilm formation and increases antibiotic sensitivity of P. aeruginosa.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (28), e2105370118 (2021).</li></ol>

Los autores declaran que no tienen intereses financieros contrapuestos.

Al investigar la función de los sEV, es imperativo obtener sEV de alta pureza a partir de muestras biológicas complejas para evitar cualquier contaminación potencial. Se han desarrollado una variedad de métodos para el aislamiento de los sEV13, y entre estos métodos, los métodos basados en la ultracentrifugación diferencial han demostrado una pureza relativamente alta de los sEV. En este estudio, se recolectaron 200 mL de sobrenadante celular durante 6 h, y se obtuvieron alrededor de 200-30...

Las pequeñas vesículas extracelulares (sEV) con un diámetro inferior a 200 nm están presentes en casi todos los tipos de fluidos corporales y son secretadas por todo tipo de células, incluyendo la orina, el sudor, las lágrimas, el líquido cefalorraquídeo y el líquido amniótico1. Inicialmente, los vehículos eléctricos se consideraron como receptáculos para la eliminación de desechos celulares, lo que llevó a una investigación mínima en la década siguiente2. Recientemente, cada vez hay más pruebas de que los sEV contienen proteínas, lípidos, ácidos nucleicos y otros metabolitos específicos. Estas moléculas son transportadas a las células diana3, contribuyendo a la comunicación intercelular, a través de la cual participan en diversos procesos biológicos, como la reparación de tejidos, la angiogénesis, la inmunidad4 y la inflamación 5,6, el desarrollo tumoral y la metástasis 7,8,9, etc.
Para facilitar el estudio de los sEV, es imperativo aislarlos de muestras complejas. Se han desarrollado diferentes métodos de aislamiento de sEVs basados en las propiedades físicas y químicas de los sEVs, como su densidad, tamaño de partícula y proteínas marcadoras de superficie. Estas técnicas incluyen métodos basados en ultracentrifugación, métodos basados en el tamaño de partículas, métodos basados en captura de inmunoafinidad, métodos basados en precipitación de sEVs y métodos basados en microfluídica10,11,12. Entre estas técnicas, el método basado en la ultracentrifugación es ampliamente reconocido como el estándar de oro para el aislamiento de sEV y es la técnica más utilizada13.
Una cantidad creciente de evidencia sugiere la presencia de una multitud de péptidos biológicamente activos no descubiertos en los peptidomos de varios organismos. Estos péptidos contribuyen significativamente a numerosos procesos fisiológicos mediante la regulación del crecimiento, el desarrollo, la respuesta al estrés 14,15 y la transducción de señales16. El objetivo del peptidomo de los sEV es descubrir los péptidos transportados por estos sEV y proporcionar pistas sobre sus funciones biológicas. Aquí, presentamos un protocolo de aislamiento de sEVs a través de ultracentrifugación diferencial, seguido de la extracción de péptidos de estos sEVs para un análisis más detallado de su peptidoma.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>BCA Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Beyotime Technology</td>
			<td>P0012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD9</td>
			<td>Beyotime Technology</td>
			<td>AF1192</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifugal filter tube</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>UFC5010BK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge bottles polypropylene</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>357003</td>
			<td>High-speed centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemiluminescent substrate</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>34580</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dithiothreitol</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>D8220</td>
			<td>100 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM culture medium</td>
			<td>Cell World</td>
			<td>N?A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GRP94</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td>20292</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-speed centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>Avanti JXN-26</td>
			<td>Centrifuge rotor (JA-25.50)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immortalized bone marrow-derived macrophages (iBMDM)</td>
			<td>National Institute of Biological Sciences, China</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Provided by Dr. Feng Shao (National Institute of Biological Sciences, China)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodoacetamide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>l1149</td>
			<td>5 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microfuge tube polypropylene</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>357448</td>
			<td>1.5 mL, Tabletop ultracentrifuge&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>nano-high-performance LC system</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>EASY-nLC 1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanoparticle tracking analysis&#160;</td>
			<td>Malvern Panalytical</td>
			<td>NanoSight LM10</td>
			<td>NanoSight NTA3.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orbitrap Q Exactive HF-X mass spectrometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate-buffered saline</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>P1020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyallomer centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>326823</td>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor</td>
			<td>Bimake</td>
			<td>B14002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SpeedVac vacuum concentrator</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Concentrator plus</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tabletop ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>Optima MAX-XP</td>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge rotor (TLA 55)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transmission electron microscope</td>
			<td>HITACHI</td>
			<td>H-7650B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TSG101</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>AF8258</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>Optima XPN-100</td>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge rotor (SW32 Ti)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic cell disruptor</td>
			<td>Scientz</td>
			<td>SCIENTZ-IID</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Western Blot imager</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>ChemiDocXRs</td>
			<td>Image lab 4.0 (beta 7)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-actin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A3853</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

identification of peptides of small extracellular vesicles from bone marrow-derived macrophages

Las pequeñas vesículas extracelulares (sEV) suelen ser secretadas por la exocitosis de los cuerpos multivesiculares (MVB). Estas nanovesículas con un diámetro de <200 nm están presentes en diversos fluidos corporales. Estos sEV regulan diversos procesos biológicos como la transcripción y traducción de genes, la proliferación y supervivencia celular, la inmunidad y la inflamación a través de sus cargas, como proteínas, ADN, ARN y metabolitos. En la actualidad, se han desarrollado diversas técnicas para el aislamiento de los sEV. Entre ellos, el método basado en ultracentrifugación se considera el estándar de oro y se usa ampliamente para el aislamiento de vehículos eléctricos. Los péptidos son naturalmente biomacromoléculas con menos de 50 aminoácidos de longitud. Estos péptidos participan en una variedad de procesos biológicos con actividad biológica, como hormonas, neurotransmisores y factores de crecimiento celular. El peptidomo está destinado a analizar sistemáticamente péptidos endógenos en muestras biológicas específicas mediante cromatografía líquida-espectrometría de masas en tándem (LC-MS/MS). Aquí, introdujimos un protocolo para aislar sEVs por ultracentrifugación diferencial y extrajimos peptidoma para su identificación por LC-MS/MS. Este método identificó cientos de péptidos derivados de sEVs de macrófagos derivados de la médula ósea.

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) with a diameter of less than 200 nm are present in almost all types of body fluids and secreted by all kinds of cells, including urine, sweat, tears, cerebrospinal fluid, and amniotic fluid1. Initially, sEVs were considered as receptacles for disposing of cellular waste, which led to minimal research in the subsequent decade2. Recently, increasing evidence indicates that sEVs contain specific proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other metabolites. These molecules are transported to target cells3, contributing to intercellular communication, through which they participate in various biological processes, such as tissue repair, angiogenesis, immunity4 and inflammation5,6, tumor development and metastasis7,8,9, etc.
To facilitate the study of sEVs, it is imperative to isolate sEVs from complex samples. Different sEVs isolation methods have been developed based on the physical and chemical properties of sEVs, such as their density, particle size, and surface marker proteins. These techniques include ultracentrifugation-based methods, particle size-based methods, immunoaffinity capture-based methods, sEVs precipitation-based methods, and microfluidics-based methods10,11,12. Among these techniques, the ultracentrifugation-based method is widely recognized as the gold standard for sEVs isolation and is the most commonly used technique13.
An increasing amount of evidence suggests the presence of a multitude of undiscovered biologically active peptides in the peptidomes of various organisms. These peptides significantly contribute to numerous physiological processes by regulating growth, development, stress response14,15, and signal transduction16. The objective of sEVs&#39; peptidome is to uncover the peptides carried by these sEVs and provide clues to their biological functions. Here, we present a protocol of isolating sEVs through differential ultracentrifugation, followed by extraction of peptides from these sEVs for further analysis of their peptidome.

Autor destacado: Extracción de peptidome de pequeñas vesículas extracelulares aisladas de macrófagos derivados de la médula ósea 

Identificación de péptidos de pequeñas vesículas extracelulares a partir de macrófagos derivados de la médula ósea

We explore the functional roles of extracellular vesicles in innate immunity. We have developed a protocol to isolate small extracellular vesicles, or sEVs, via differential ultracentrifugation and identify the peptidome by LC-MS/MS, revealing the key biological functions of the peptides in sEVs. The extracellular vesicles have been shown to mediate intercellular communication by transporting cargo to recipient cells, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.By releasing antimicrobial components, they act the first line of defense against invading microbes in innate immunity. While differential ultracentrifugation yields highly pure small extracellular sEVs, it can be time-consuming and often results in low yields. In our study, these are major challenges for the stable identification of low-abundance peptides in the sEVs.

Para los sEVs aislados por ultracentrifugación diferencial (Figura 1), se evaluó su morfología, distribución granulométrica y marcadores proteicos según la Sociedad Internacional de Vesículas Extracelulares (ISEV)17.
En primer lugar, la morfología de los sEV fue observada por TEM, mostrando una estructura típica en forma de copa (Figura 2A). La NTA mostró que los sEV aislados se concentraban principal...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Peptidome Extraction from Small Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages at JoVE.com

Este protocolo describe un procedimiento para aislar pequeñas vesículas extracelulares de macrófagos mediante ultracentrifugación diferencial y extraer el peptidomo para su identificación por espectrometría de masas.

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are typically secreted by the exocytosis of multivesicular bodies (MVBs). These nanovesicles with a diameter of ...

Exploramos el papel funcional de las vesículas extracelulares en la inmunidad innata. Hemos desarrollado un protocolo para aislar pequeñas vesículas extracelulares, o sEVs, a través de ultracentrifugación diferencial e identificar el peptidoma por LC-MS/MS, revelando las funciones biológicas clave de los péptidos en sEVs. Se ha demostrado que las vesículas extracelulares median la comunicación intercelular mediante el transporte de carga a las células receptoras, como proteínas, lípidos y ácidos nucleicos.Al liberar componentes antimicrobianos, actúan como la primera línea de defensa contra los microbios invasores en la inmunidad innata. Si bien la ultracentrifugación diferencial produce pequeños sEV extracelulares de alta pureza, puede llevar mucho tiempo y, a menudo, da como resultado bajos rendimientos. En nuestro estudio, estos son los principales desafíos para la identificación estable de péptidos de baja abundancia en los sEV.

identification-peptides-small-extracellular-vesicles-from-bone-marrow

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Identification of Peptides of Small Extracellular Vesicles from Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages

1.2K vistas.  Anhui Medical University. Exploramos el papel funcional de las vesículas extracelulares en la inmunidad innata. Hemos desarrollado un protocolo para aislar pequeñas vesículas extracelulares, o sEVs, a través de ultracentrifugación diferencial e identificar el peptidoma por LC-MS/MS, revelando las funciones biológicas clave de los péptidos en sEVs. Se ha demostrado que las vesículas extracelulares median la comunicación intercelular mediante el transporte de carga a las células receptoras, como proteínas, l?...

Video: Autor destacado: Extracción de peptidome de pequeñas vesículas extracelulares aisladas de macrófagos derivados de la médula ósea 

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are typically secreted by the exocytosis of multivesicular bodies (MVBs). These nanovesicles with a diameter of &lt;200 nm are present in various body fluids. These sEVs regulate various biological processes such as gene transcription and translation, cell proliferation and survival, immunity and inflammation through their cargos, such as proteins, DNA, RNA, and metabolites. Currently, various techniques have been developed for sEVs isolation. Among them, the ultracentrifugation-based method is considered the gold standard and is widely used for sEVs isolation. The peptides are naturally biomacromolecules with less than 50 amino acids in length. These peptides participate in a variety of biological processes with biological activity, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and cell growth factors. The peptidome is intended to systematically analyze endogenous peptides in specific biological samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Here, we introduced a protocol to isolate sEVs by differential ultracentrifugation and extracted peptidome for identification by LC-MS/MS. This method identified hundreds of sEVs-derived peptides from bone marrow-derived macrophages.

This protocol describes a procedure to isolate small extracellular vesicles from macrophages by differential ultracentrifugation and extract the peptidome for identification by mass spectrometry.

Investigación

Bioquímica

Isolating Small Extracellular Vesicles (sEVs) by Differential Ultracentrifugation

Isolating Small Extracellular Vesicles (SEVs) by Differential Ultracentrifugation  

To begin, centrifuge FBS overnight in an ultracentrifuge at 110, 000 G and four degrees Celsius to remove the endogenous sEVs. Sterilize the supernatant by filtering it through a 0.2 micron ultrafiltration membrane to yield sEVs-free FBS. Next in a 150 millimeter culture dish, plate about 3 times 10 to the seventh immortalized bone-marrow-derived macrophages in 20 milliliters of DMEM culture medium.Incubate the dish at 37 degrees Celsius under 5%carbon dioxide overnight prior to collecting the sEVs from the macrophages. The next day, after discarding the medium, wash the cells with phosphate-buffered saline or PBS. Replace the medium with DMEM containing 10%sEVs-free free fetal bovine serum before incubating the cells at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide.Based on the experiment's requirements, collect and transfer the cells'supernatant to 50 milliliter centrifuge tubes. Centrifuge the tubes at 300 G for 10 minutes to remove the cells. Transfer the result in supernatant from each tube to a new 50 milliliter centrifuge tube and discard the pellet.This time, centrifuge the supernatant at 2000 G for 10 minutes to remove dead cells. Then transfer the supernatant to new high-speed centrifuge tubes and discard the pellets. Next to remove debris and microvesicles, centrifuge the obtained supernatant at 10, 000 G for 30 minutes using a high-speed centrifuge.Transfer the resulting supernatant to new ultracentrifuge tubes by adding 35 milliliters in each tube and discarding the pellets. Centrifuge the ultracentrifuge tubes in a swinging bucket rotor centrifuge at 110, 000 G for 70 minutes before discarding the supernatant. Wash the resulting crude sEVs-enriched pellet with one milliliter of PBS.Again, add one milliliter of PBS to the washed pellet in one of the tubes, and mix by pipetting continuously. Transfer the one milliliter of resultant PBS suspension to another tube containing the pellet, and repeat the same until all pellets in the tubes are mixed by pipetting. Transfer the resultant one milliliter of sEVs-rich PBS to a new ultracentrifuge tube.Then centrifuge the new tube in a tabletop ultracentrifuge at 110, 000 G for 70 minutes. After discarding the supernatant, wash the resulting crude sEVs-enriched pellet with 100 microliters of PBS. Add 1.2 milliliters of protein preparation solution in a standard protein tube to dissolve the 30 milligrams of BSA present in it.Dilute the resulting protein standard solution with PBS to reduce its concentration from 25 to 0.5 milligrams per milliliter. Add eight different volumes of the diluted protein standard solution into wells of a 96-well plate, and bring the volume to 20 microliters in each well using PBB. Add 18 microliters of HEPES lysis buffer to the sample wells, followed by the addition of two microliters of the sEVs samples.Next, add 200 microliters of BCA working solution prepared per the manufacturer's instructions into each well. Allow the plate to rest at room temperature for 20 to 30 minutes. Finally, measure the absorbance at 562 nanometers using a microplate reader.Calculate the total protein content in the sEVs using the obtained results. The transmission electron microscopy images of the isolated sEVs displayed a typical cup-like morphology. Nanoparticle tracking analysis showed that the isolated sEVs were mostly concentrated at 136 nanometers.Western blot showed that isolated sEVs were significantly enriched of sEVs markers, including CD9, beta-actin, and TSG101. The endoplasmic reticulate marker GRP94 was only detected in the whole-cell lysate. The results indicated that the method employed yielded sEVs with a high level of purity.

Aislamiento de pequeñas vesículas extracelulares (sEV) mediante ultracentrifugación diferencial

Extraction of Peptides from Isolated Small Extracellular Vesicles (sEVs)

To begin, wash the isolated small extracellular vesicles or SEVs twice by ultracentrifugation at 110, 000 G and four degrees Celsius for 70 minutes. Re-suspend the vesicles in 500 microliters of phosphate buffered saline or PBS. Then, add five microliters of 100X protease inhibitor to it.Subject the sample to ultrasonic crushing at 40 watts for 10 minutes, with three second ultrasonic time, and five second interval time. Centrifuge the crushed mixture at 13, 700 G for 15 minutes at four degrees Celsius. To the obtained supernatant, add dithiothreitol to a final concentration of 50 millimolar.And incubate it in a water bath at 56 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes. Then add 50 microliters of one molar iodoacetamide to the supernatant. And allow it to react at room temperature for 20 minutes in the dark.Centrifuge the mixture at 13, 700 G and four degrees Celsius for 15 minutes. And transfer the supernatant containing the crude peptide extract to a 10 kilodalton ultracentrifuge tube. Remove protein from the crude peptide by centrifuging the ultra filtration tube at 13, 700 G and four degrees Celsius for one hour.Dry the collected effluent in a vacuum centrifugal concentrator at 45 degrees Celsius. For desalting, use mass spectrometry grade pure water as a solvent for all reagents. First, dissolve the dry peptides in 100 microliters of 0.1%trifluoracetic acid or TFA, and keep it aside.Then add 100 microliters of pure acetonitrile to each desalting column. Centrifuge the columns at 400 G for three minutes at room temperature, and discard the effluent. Then add 100 microliters of 50%acetonitrile per desalting column, and repeat the centrifugation as mentioned previously before discarding the effluent.Next, add 100 microliters of 0.1%TFA to each desalting column before centrifuging as mentioned previously. Once again, discard the effluent. Now, pipet the desalt peptides into the desalting column.Centrifuge the columns as mentioned previously to load the sample. Add the recovered effluent back to the desalting column to repeat the loading. Then, add 100 microliters of 0.1%TFA.Centrifuge as mentioned previously, and discard the effluent. Finally, add 50 microliters of 50%acetonitrile containing 0.1%TFA to the peptide in the desalting column. After centrifusion, as mentioned previously, collect the effluent in a new mass spectrometry grade centrifuge tube.