Queremos agradecer a Sean Fitzwater y Giannina Carmen Luna Colombo para el segmento de crecimiento de la tuberculosis de vídeo time-lapse. Damos las gracias a Marty Roper por su respuesta exhaustiva y excelente durante la edición y la co-autoría de la Guía del usuario, de donde se tomó el actual protocolo sobre todo palabra por palabra. Producción de este video fue financiado por el NIH / Centro Internacional Fogarty <a href="http://www.fic.nih.gov/">http://www.fic.nih.gov/</a> David AJ Moore contribuyó como miembro Wellcome Trust de Investigación Clínica en Medicina Tropical y Enfermedades Infecciosas en el lector en el Imperial College de Londres (Fellowship premio número 078067/Z/05). Mark F. Brady contribuido como miembro del NIH / Fogarty International Research Center.

<ol><li> Preparar soluciones madre <ol><li> Fosfato de existencias reguladoras <ol><li> Mezclar 950 ml de solución de sodio dibásico (9.47g de fosfato de sodio dibásico disuelto en agua destilada 1000 ml) con 950 ml de solución de fosfato de potasio monobásico (9.07g de fosfato de potasio monobásico disuelto en agua destilada 1000 ml) y se agita; retener 50 ml de cada solución para ajustar pH si es necesario </li><li> Ajustar el pH a 6,8 ± 0,2: añadir fosfato de sodio dibásico solución para elevar el pH, agregar solución de fosfato monobásico de potasio a un pH más bajo </li><li> Autoclave a 121-124 ° C durante 15 minutos para esterilizar </li><li> Placa de una alícuota de 100μl de la solución amortiguadora de fosfato en el medio de agar nutriente en una placa de Petri y se incuba a 37 ° C durante 48 horas para confirmar la esterilidad </li><li> Guarde en el refrigerador a 2-8 ° C durante un máximo de un mes Nota: Cada muestra de esputo requiere 10 ml de solución amortiguadora de fosfato </li></ol></li><li> Descontaminación de valores <ol><li> Combinar volúmenes iguales de solución de hidróxido sódico (8,0 g de hidróxido de sodio disuelta en 200 ml de agua destilada estéril) y la solución de citrato de sodio (5,8 g de citrato de sodio en 200 ml de destilado de agua destilada estéril) </li><li> Mezclar y esterilizar en autoclave a 121-124 ° C durante 15 minutos </li><li> Guarde en el refrigerador a 2-8 ° C durante un máximo de un mes Nota: Cada muestra de esputo requiere 2ml de las acciones de descontaminación </li></ol></li><li> Los medios de cultivo de valores <ol><li> En 900 ml de agua destilada estéril añadir 3.1ml de glicerol y 1,25 g de casitona y 5.9g de polvo de medio 7H9; mezcla con agitación constante hasta que se disuelva </li><li> Autoclave a 121-124 ° C durante 15 minutos </li><li> Dejar enfriar y dividir el medio estéril en alícuotas 4.5ml en estériles 16x 100 mm tubos de vidrio para preparación de muestras y alícuotas de 10.8ml para la preparación de las soluciones de antibióticos y los controles internos </li><li> Se incuba a 37 ° C durante 48 horas para verificar la esterilidad (ausencia de turbidez) </li><li> Almacenar a 2-8 ° C con la tapa bien cerrada para un máximo de un mes Nota: Cada muestra de esputo requiere un tubo que contiene 4.5ml de medio 7H9 </li></ol></li><li> Las soluciones de antibióticos de valores <ol><li> A. La isoniazida acciones (8 mg / ml) <ol><li> Disolver 20 mg de isoniazida por completo en 2,5 ml de agua destilada estéril </li><li> Filtro con filtro de jeringa de 0.2μm para solventes acuosos </li><li> Almacenar en alícuotas de 20μl en tubos estériles centrifugación micro a -20 ° C hasta por 6 meses Nota: Cada alícuota almacenada 20μl es suficiente para un máximo de 100 muestras (incluyendo desperdicios) </li></ol></li><li> B. La rifampicina acciones (8 mg / ml) </li></ol><ol><li> Disolver 20 mg de rifampicina por completo en 1.25ml DMSO </li><li> Añadir 1.25ml de agua destilada estéril y mezclar </li><li> Filtro con filtro de jeringa de 0.2μm para solventes orgánicos </li><li> Almacenar en alícuotas de 20μl en tubos de microcentrífuga estériles a -20 ° C hasta por 6 meses Nota: Cada alícuota almacenada 20μl es suficiente para un máximo de 100 muestras (incluyendo desperdicios) </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Prepare las soluciones de trabajo <ol><li> Solución de trabajo de descontaminación <ol><li> Disolver 0,1 g de cristales de NALC en cada 20 ml de solución de descontaminación necesarios Nota: Cada muestra de 2 ml de solución de las necesidades de descontaminación Nota: Desechar la solución de descontaminación NaOH-NALC que no se utilice después de 24 horas NALC pierde su actividad mucolítica con el tiempo </li></ol></li><li> Cultura de los medios de solución de trabajo <ol><li> Establece: <ol><li> 1 tubo con medio 7H9 para cada muestra de esputo para ser procesados, además de un tubo adicional para cada plato (para la columna de control negativo) </li><li> 2 tubos de medio 7H9 para los controles positivos (3 cepas monorresistentes si se utilizan) </li><li> 1-2 tubos con 10.8ml 7H9 para la preparación de una solución antibiótica </li></ol></li><li> Añadir 0,5 ml OADC al 4.5ml de 7H9 en cada tubo de muestra </li><li> Añadir 1,2 ml OADC a los tubos con 10.8ml 7H9 </li><li> Ponga a un lado 2 tubos con 5ml 7H9-OADC para los controles positivos, y el tubo (s) con 12 ml 7H9-OADC a utilizar para la preparación de una solución antibiótica (que no requieren PANTA) </li><li> Reconstituir PANTA y añadir 0,1 ml a cada tubo de muestra y los tubos de control negativo (7H9-OADC-PANTA: volumen total = 5.1ml) Nota: medio completo con PANTA (7H9-OADC-PANTA) se utiliza para muestras de esputo y los controles negativos, el uso de 7H9-OADC sin PANTA para los controles positivos y para la preparación de una solución antibiótica </li></ol></li><li> Antibióticos soluciones de trabajo <ol><li> 1. En la figura 1 pasos para hacer la solución de antibióticos que trabajan en un 24 sin usar y placa Nota: Para obtener los resultados de sensibilidad precisa, las concentraciones de antibióticos final son críticos. El siguiente procedimiento es adecuado para laboratories equipado con micropipetas. Si no se dispone de pipetas, jeringas de tuberculina se puede utilizar con una serie de diferentes diluciones se describe en la Guía del usuario Apéndice 3 al modsperu.org Nota: No vuelva a congelar o re-uso de antibióticos de trabajo o soluciones estándar actividad de la droga se puede perder Descartar las soluciones de antibióticos no utilizados al final del día figura la transformación 1.. Lo que las soluciones de antibióticos de trabajo (de la Guía del usuario en modsperu.org) </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Muestra de esputo y la placa de preparación <ol><li> Descontaminación <ol><li> 2ml lugar de muestra de esputo en un tubo de centrífuga de 15 ml (si es menos, que hasta 2 ml con tampón fosfato, si más, use solamente 2 ml) </li><li> Añadir 2 ml de NaOH-NALC solución </li><li> Tubo de tapa y vortex durante 20 segundos, invierta el tubo para asegurar NaOH-NALC contactos solución de la superficie interior del tubo y la tapa </li><li> Deje reposar por un mínimo de 15 minutos - puede prolongar por unos minutos si la muestra es muy viscoso. Para evitar el exceso de tratamiento, no debe exceder los 20 minutos </li><li> Llene el tubo de 14 ml con tampón fosfato (pH 6,8) para neutralizar el álcali y terminar el proceso de descontaminación, y mezclar bien invirtiendo el tubo 4 veces </li><li> Centrifugar a 3000 g durante 15 minutos (véase el apéndice 2 de la Guía del usuario en modsperu.org para la ecuación de revoluciones por minuto necesarias para llegar a 3000 g) </li><li> Elimínese el líquido sobrenadante en un recipiente de residuos líquidos con hipoclorito de sodio al 10% u otro desinfectante adecuado y retener el sedimento </li></ol></li><li> Preparación de la suspensión de la muestra final y copia de seguridad <ol><li> Utilizando 7H9-OADC-PANTA (del tubo que contiene 5.1ml), resuspender el pellet de la muestra en un volumen total de 2 ml en el tubo de centrífuga con una pipeta Pasteur, mezclar bien </li><li> Retire 1 ml de suspensión de la muestra y guardar en un tubo de microcentrífuga a 2-8 ° C como una copia de seguridad </li><li> Añadir 1 ml de la segunda suspensión de la muestra en el tubo con el resto de 7H9-OADC-PANTA y mezcle bien. Esta es la solución final de la muestra preparada para la siembra </li></ol></li><li> La colocación de suspensiones de la muestra en 24 y la placa <ol><li> Coloque 900μl de la suspensión de la muestra final en cada uno de los 4 pozos de una columna en la placa de 24 pocillos </li><li> Repita el procedimiento con muestras adicionales hasta que todas las columnas de la placa, con excepción de la columna 3, están llenos (o hasta que todas las muestras son colocadas) </li><li> 900μl 7H9-lugar de OADC medio sin muestra en los 4 pozos de la columna 3 de cada plato de muestras (controles internos negativos) </li></ol></li><li> Añadir antibióticos a las muestras <ol><li> Con una pipeta de canales múltiples, llenar cuidadosamente 4 puntas con 100μl de los pozos con soluciones de trabajo 7H9-OADC y antibióticos (columna 2 en la dilución de antibióticos placa-ver Figura 1) </li><li> Añadir las alícuotas de 100μl de la columna 1 pozos con soluciones de muestra 900μl sin tocar la placa o de la muestra </li><li> Repita hasta que todas las columnas han recibido la más 100μl de medio (libre de drogas pozos) o soluciones de antibióticos (incluyendo la columna de control negativo 3) </li><li> Cerrar la placa con su tapa y coloque en un cierre hermético de polietileno (Ziplock) y sellar la bolsa (bolsa no se vuelve a abrir a partir de este punto) </li><li> Se incuba a 37 ° C (enriquecimiento del CO 2 no es necesario) </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Control de calidad <ol><li> Los controles negativos se practican en cada plato. La presencia de cualquier crecimiento en cualquiera de los pozos en la columna de control negativo indica que la contaminación cruzada, por lo tanto, toda la placa debe ser desechado y las muestras de re-plateado. </li><li> Los controles positivos se ejecutan en un plato aparte, al final del día. Una totalmente sensible a los medicamentos cepa se ejecuta en una columna y una cepa resistente a INH y RIF se ejecuta en otra columna. Si existe la preocupación acerca de la ejecución de una cepa MDR, tanto una cepa monorresistentes INH y RIF monorresistentes una cepa se puede ejecutar en el lugar de las cepas susceptibles y MDR. Todos los controles positivos deberían tener un crecimiento en los pozos sin drogas para demostrar que el crecimiento del apoyo a los medios de comunicación. Para demostrar que las concentraciones de fármaco son correctas, la cepa susceptible no debe crecer en el INH y RIF pozos, pero la cepa MDR debe crecer también crecer en el INH y RIF pozos. </li></ol></li><li> Placa de la lectura <ol><li> Con el día de la siembra como el &quot;Día 0&quot;, lectura de matrículas comienza el día 5, y si es negativo el día 5 de lectura se hace cada día (o días alternos en función de la carga de trabajo) hasta el día 14 y luego cada 2-3 días desde el día 15 -21. Las placas se examinaron en unmicroscopio invertido de luz con el objetivo de 10x </li><li> Una cultura positiva es aquella en la que hay dos o más unidades formadoras de colonias (&gt; 2 ufc) en ambos pozos sin drogas. Crecimiento de las micobacterias se parece a principios de pequeñas curvas comas o espirales (días 5-9). La formación de colonias por lo general avanza a &quot;cuerdas&quot; o &quot;enredos&quot; (ver la biblioteca de imágenes en modsperu.org) </li><li> El día en un cultivo es positivo en los 2 libres de drogas pozos, los pozos que contienen drogas debe ser leído. Cualquier crecimiento en la presencia de un fármaco indica la resistencia a ese medicamento. Nota: Si la lectura de los pozos que contiene el fármaco se hace&gt; una semana después de un cultivo positivo se observó en los pozos sin drogas, esto puede no representar la resistencia de ruptura a través del crecimiento se ve ocasionalmente </li><li> Las muestras que no son positivos en el día 21 se consideran cultivos negativos </li><li> Nubosidad de los pozos es el resultado del crecimiento excesivo de la contaminación, mientras que el crecimiento de micobacterias no da lugar a la nubosidad </li><li> Al término de 21 días las culturas pueden ser descartados. Culturas permanecer en sus bolsas selladas y se colocan en bolsas de autoclave y en autoclave a 121-124 ° C durante 45-60 minutos </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Arias, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+evaluation+of+the+microscopic-observation+drug-susceptibility+assay+for+detection+of+tuberculosis.">Clinical evaluation of the microscopic-observation drug-susceptibility assay for detection of tuberculosis.</a> Clin Infect Dis. 44, 674-674 (2007).</li><li>Caviedes, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid,+efficient+detection+and+drug+susceptibility+testing+of+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis+in+sputum+by+microscopic+observation+of+broth+cultures.+The+Tuberculosis+Working+Group+in+Peru.">Rapid, efficient detection and drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum by microscopic observation of broth cultures. The Tuberculosis Working Group in Peru.</a> J Clin Microbiol. 38, 1203-1203 (2000).</li><li>Caviedes, L., Moore, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Introducing+MODS:+a+low-cost,+low-tech+tool+for+high-performance+detection+of+tuberculosis+and+multidrug+resistant+tuberculosis.">Introducing MODS: a low-cost, low-tech tool for high-performance detection of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis.</a> Indian J Med Microbiol. 25, 87-87 (2007).</li><li>Caws, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+MODS+culture+technique+for+the+diagnosis+of+tuberculous+meningitis.">Evaluation of the MODS culture technique for the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis.</a> PLoS ONE. 2, e1173-e1173 (2007).</li><li>Ejigu, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microscopic-observation+drug+susceptibility+assay+provides+rapid+and+reliable+identification+of+MDR-TB.">Microscopic-observation drug susceptibility assay provides rapid and reliable identification of MDR-TB.</a> Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 12, 332-332 (2008).</li><li>Kim, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Risk+of+occupational+tuberculosis+in+National+Tuberculosis+Programme+laboratories+in+Korea.">Risk of occupational tuberculosis in National Tuberculosis Programme laboratories in Korea.</a> Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 11, 138-138 (2007).</li><li>Mello, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+evaluation+of+the+microscopic+observation+drug+susceptibility+assay+for+detection+of+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis+resistance+to+isoniazid+or+rifampin.">Clinical evaluation of the microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to isoniazid or rifampin.</a> J Clin Microbiol. 45, 3387-3387 (2007).</li><li>Moore, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Future+prospects+for+the+MODS+assay+in+multidrug-resistant+tuberculosis+diagnosis.">Future prospects for the MODS assay in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis diagnosis.</a> Future Microbiol. 2, 97-97 (2007).</li><li>Moore, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infrequent+MODS+TB+culture+cross-contamination+in+a+high-burden+resource-poor+setting.">Infrequent MODS TB culture cross-contamination in a high-burden resource-poor setting.</a> Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 56, 35-35 (2006).</li><li>Moore, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microscopic-observation+drug-susceptibility+assay+for+the+diagnosis+of+TB.">Microscopic-observation drug-susceptibility assay for the diagnosis of TB.</a> N Engl J Med. 355, 1539-1539 (2006).</li><li>Moore, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microscopic+observation+drug+susceptibility+assay,+a+rapid,+reliable+diagnostic+test+for+multidrug-resistant+tuberculosis+suitable+for+use+in+resource-poor+settings.">Microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay, a rapid, reliable diagnostic test for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis suitable for use in resource-poor settings.</a> J Clin Microbiol. 42, 4432-4432 (2004).</li><li>Moore, D. A., Roper, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnosis+of+smear-negative+tuberculosis+in+people+with+HIV/AIDS.">Diagnosis of smear-negative tuberculosis in people with HIV/AIDS.</a> Lancet. 370, 1033-1033 (2007).</li><li>Oberhelman, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+recovery+of+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis+from+children+using+the+microscopic+observation+drug+susceptibility+method.">Improved recovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from children using the microscopic observation drug susceptibility method.</a> Pediatrics. 118, e100-e100 (2006).</li><li>Palomino, J. C., Martin, A., Portaels, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MODS+assay+for+the+diagnosis+of+TB.">MODS assay for the diagnosis of TB.</a> N Engl J Med. 356, 188-189 (2007).</li><li>Park, W. G., Bishai, W. R., Chaisson, R. E., Dorman, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Performance+of+the+microscopic+observation+drug+susceptibility+assay+in+drug+susceptibility+testing+for+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis.">Performance of the microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay in drug susceptibility testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.</a> J Clin Microbiol. 40, 4750-4750 (2002).</li><li>Shiferaw, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+microscopic+observation+drug+susceptibility+assay+for+detection+of+multidrug-resistant+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis.">Evaluation of microscopic observation drug susceptibility assay for detection of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.</a> J Clin Microbiol. 45, 1093-1093 (2007).</li><li>Tovar, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+diagnosis+of+pleural+tuberculosis+using+the+microscopic-+observation+drug-susceptibility+technique.">Improved diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis using the microscopic- observation drug-susceptibility technique.</a> Clin Infect Dis. 46, 909-909 (2008).</li><li>Vargas, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnosis+of+sputum-scarce+HIV-associated+pulmonary+tuberculosis+in+Lima,+Peru.">Diagnosis of sputum-scarce HIV-associated pulmonary tuberculosis in Lima, Peru.</a> Lancet. 365, 150-150 (2005).</li></ol>

El ensayo MODS está dirigido a entornos de recursos limitados. Por primera vez, trae la posibilidad de MODS para la detección rápida de cultivo líquido de la tuberculosis y la tuberculosis multirresistente a los entornos con recursos limitados en poco menos de 3 dólares por prueba. MODS es un no-propietario, metodología iterativa, y la comunidad de MODS está siempre interesada en las mejoras que otros laboratorios han logrado hacer. Una preocupación recurrente es la bioseguridad de los medios de cultivo líquidos de la tuber...

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		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
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<tr>
<td>Refrigerator/ freezer</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>to store pre-prepared broth and antibiotic stocks</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Vortex</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>to aid sputum decontamination</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Centrifuge</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>for sputum concentration; capable of reaching 3000 g; does not need to be refrigerated, but MUST be biosafe (buckets can be sealed)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Incubator (37 degree C)</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>for culture; need not be CO2 enriched</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Inverted light microscope</td>
<td>Microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>to read MODS plates</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Autoclave</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>to sterilize media, PBS and used plates</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Balance</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>to weigh isoniazid, rifampicin and NALC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Middlebrook 7H9 broth (Difco)</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>DF0713-17-9</td>
<td>500gr/bottle; culture media base</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Casitone (pancreatic digest casein)</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>DF0259&#x2010;17&#x2010;9</td>
<td>500gr/bottle; culture media base</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Glycerol (glycerin) lyophilized</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>G&#x2010;33&#x2010;500</td>
<td>500ml/bottle; culture media base</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>PANTA (Antibiotic mixture lyophilized BD) </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>B4345114</td>
<td>6 bottles/pack; antibiotic media supplement</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>OADC (Middlebrook OADC enrichment BD)</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>B11886</td>
<td>10 x 20ml/pack; nutritional media supplement</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dimethyl sulphoxide (Hibri-Max)</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>D-2650</td>
<td>100ml/bottle; to prepare rifampicin stock</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Antibiotic stocks: isoniazid</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>I-3377</td>
<td>50gr/bottle; direct susceptibility testing</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Antibiotic stocks: rifampicin</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma 99</td>
<td>R-3501</td>
<td>1gr/bottle; direct susceptibility testing</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sodium hydroxide (pellets)</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>221465</td>
<td>500gr/bottle; sputum decontamination</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sodium citrate (trisodium salt dihydrate)</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>S-4641</td>
<td>500gr/bottle; sputum decontamination</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>N-acetyl-L-cysteine</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>A-7250</td>
<td>50gr/bottle; sputum decontamination</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Potassium Phosphate Monobasic crystal. KH2PO4</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>P0662</td>
<td>500gr/bottle; sputum decontamination</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sodium Phosphate Dibasic, anhydrous. Na2HPO4</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>S0876</td>
<td>500gr/bottle; sputum decontamination</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sodium hypochlorite</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>household bleach</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>to discard contaminated waste</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>15ml centrifuge tubes (polypropylene 15ml Falcon 35&#x2010;2096)</td>
<td>Consumable</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>14&#x2010;959&#x2010;49B</td>
<td>500ea/case; for sputum decontamination and concentration</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>24 well plates (Plates Tissue 24 wells BD Falcon 35&#x2010;3047)</td>
<td>Consumable</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>08-772-1</td>
<td>50 plates/case; for culture and reading</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Sealable polythene bags 6 X 6 &#x201C; (ziplock)</td>
<td>Consumable</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>for biosecurity to contain 24 well plate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Glass tubes with lid (16 x 100mm and 18 x 145mm)</td>
<td>Consumable</td>
<td>VWR</td>
<td>47729-583</td>
<td>500 tubes/case; to store aliquots of prepared broth</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Screw cap microcentrifuge tubes (1.5ml)</td>
<td>Consumable</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>05&#x2010;669&#x2010;22</td>
<td>1000ea/case; to store aliquots of antibiotic stocks</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>0.22&#x03BC;m filters (aqueous solvents) Syringe filter Millex blue</td>
<td>Consumable</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>SLGL 025 OS</td>
<td>50 units/case; to filter antibiotic stocks</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>0.22&#x03BC;m filters (organic solvents) Syringe filter Millex yellow</td>
<td>Consumable</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>SLGV 033 RS</td>
<td>50 units/case; to filter antibiotic stocks</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Disposable Pasteur pipettes borosilicate glass 9&#x2033;</td>
<td>Consumable</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>13&#x2010;678&#x2010;20C</td>
<td>720ea/case; to mix PANTA with media mix</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Aerosol barrier tips 1000&#x2010;1300&#x03BC;l</td>
<td>Consumable</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>02&#x2010;707&#x2010;51</td>
<td>1000ea/pk; to dispense media into plate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>USA Scientific Tips One 1&#x2010;200&#x03BC;l yellow tips</td>
<td>Consumable</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>1111&#x2010;0006</td>
<td>1000 tips/bag; to dilute antibiotic stocks</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

the mods method for diagnosis of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis

Los pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar activa (TB) infectan 10-15 personas por año, por lo que el diagnóstico de tuberculosis activa esencial tanto para la curación del paciente y prevenir nuevas infecciones. Por otra parte, la aparición de tuberculosis multirresistente (TB-MDR) significa que la detección de resistencia a los medicamentos es necesario para detener la propagación de cepas resistentes. La observación microscópica de susceptibilidad a fármacos (MODS) es un ensayo de bajo costo, baja tecnología de herramientas de alto rendimiento para la detección de la TB y TB MDR. El ensayo MODS se basa en tres principios: 1) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) crece más rápido en medios líquidos que en medios sólidos 2) el crecimiento de MTB microscópica puede ser detectado antes en medios líquidos de esperar a que el aspecto macroscópico de las colonias en medios sólidos, y que el crecimiento es característico de MTB, lo que le permite distinguirse de la contaminación por micobacterias atípicas o por hongos o bacterias 3) los medicamentos isoniazida y la rifampicina pueden ser incorporados en el ensayo de MODS para permitir la detección simultánea directa de la TB-MDR, obviando la necesidad de llevar a cabo la subcultura una prueba indirecta de la susceptibilidad de drogas. La competencia de diagnóstico actuales se ven obstaculizados por la baja sensibilidad con frotis de esputo, las largas demoras hasta el diagnóstico con medio de cultivo sólido, con el costo prohibitivo de los actuales métodos de cultivo líquidos medios de comunicación, y la necesidad de hacer la subcultura de las pruebas indirectas para detectar sensibilidad a los medicamentos TB MDR. En contraste, el método no-propietario MODS tiene una alta sensibilidad para la TB y TB MDR, es un método de cultivo relativamente rápido, proporciona pruebas simultáneas sensibilidad a los medicamentos para la TB-MDR, y se puede acceder a recursos limitados, en poco menos de $ 3 para las pruebas de tuberculosis y TB-MDR.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The MODS method for diagnosis of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis at JoVE.com

The MODS method for diagnosis of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis

La observación microscópica de susceptibilidad a fármacos (MODS) es un ensayo de bajo costo, baja tecnología de herramientas de alto rendimiento para la detección de la tuberculosis (TB) y la tuberculosis multirresistente (TB-MDR). Este vídeo describe el líquido MODS medios método de cultivo.

La MODS método para el diagnóstico de la tuberculosis y la tuberculosis multirresistente

Patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) infect 10-15 other persons per year, making diagnosing active TB essential to both curing the patient and ...

the-mods-method-for-diagnosis-tuberculosis-multidrug-resistant

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

18.9K vistas.  The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University. La observación microscópica de susceptibilidad a fármacos (MODS) es un ensayo de bajo costo, baja tecnología de herramientas de alto rendimiento para la detección de la tuberculosis (TB) y la tuberculosis multirresistente (TB-MDR). Este vídeo describe el líquido MODS medios método de cultivo.

Video: The MODS method for diagnosis of tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis

Injection of An. stephensi Embryos to Generate Malaria-resistant Mosquitoes

The introduction of exogenous genes into the genomes of mosquitoes requires microinjection techniques tailored to the specific species of interest. This video protocol demonstrates a method used by the James laboratory to microinject DNA constructs into Anopheles stephensi embryos for the generation of transformed mosquitoes. Techniques for preparing microinjection needles, collecting and preparing embryos and performing the microinjection are illustrated.

Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes are vectors for malaria inhabiting India and throughout Asia. This video demonstrates the technique for performing microinjections of this species with transgenes that will confer resistance to the malaria to the mosquito. Much of the methodology demonstrated in this video is applicable to microinjection techniques of other mosquito species.

La inyección de una. Los embriones stephensi para generar la malaria resistente a los mosquitos

The introduction of exogenous genes into the genomes of mosquitoes requires microinjection techniques tailored to the specific species of interest. This ...

Investigación

Biología

Expression, Detergent Solubilization, and Purification of a Membrane Transporter, the MexB Multidrug Resistance Protein

Multidrug resistance (MDR), the ability of a cancer cell or pathogen to be resistant to a wide range of structurally and functionally unrelated anti-cancer drugs or antibiotics, is a current serious problem in public health. This multidrug resistance is largely due to energy-dependent drug efflux pumps. The pumps expel anti-cancer drugs or antibiotics into the external medium, lowering their intracellular concentration below a toxic threshold. We are studying multidrug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic bacterial pathogen that causes infections in patients with many types of injuries or illness, for example, burns or cystic fibrosis, and also in immuno-compromised cancer, dialysis, and transplantation patients. The major MDR efflux pumps in P. aeruginosa are tripartite complexes comprised of an inner membrane proton-drug antiporter (RND), an outer membrane channel (OMF), and a periplasmic linker protein (MFP) 1-8. The RND and OMF proteins are transmembrane proteins. Transmembrane proteins make up more than 30% of all proteins and are 65% of current drug targets. The hydrophobic transmembrane domains make the proteins insoluble in aqueous buffer. Before a transmembrane protein can be purified, it is necessary to find buffer conditions containing a mild detergent that enable the protein to be solubilized as a protein detergent complex (PDC) 9-11. In this example, we use an RND protein, the P. aeruginosa MexB transmembrane transporter, to demonstrate how to express a recombinant form of a transmembrane protein, solubilize it using detergents, and then purify the protein detergent complexes. This general method can be applied to the expression, purification, and solubilization of many other recombinantly expressed membrane proteins. The protein detergent complexes can later be used for biochemical or biophysical characterization including X-ray crystal structure determination or crosslinking studies.

In this protocol we demonstrate the expression, solubilization, and purification of a recombinantly expressed membrane protein, MexB, as a soluble protein detergent complex. MexB is a multidrug resistance membrane transporter from the opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Expresión, la solubilización de detergente, y purificación de un transportador de membrana, la proteína de resistencia a múltiples fármacos MexB

Multidrug resistance (MDR), the ability of a cancer cell or pathogen to be resistant to a wide range of structurally and functionally unrelated ...

The Method of Rodent Whole Embryo Culture using the Rotator-type Bottle Culture System

Whole embryo culture (WEC) technique has been developed in 1950's by New and his colleagues, and applied for developmental biology 1. Although development and growth of mammalian embryos are critically dependent on the function of the placenta, WEC technique allows us to culture mouse and rat embryos ex vivo condition during limited periods corresponding to midgestation stages during embryonic day (E) 6.5-E12.5 in the mouse or E8.5-E14.5 in the rat 2, 3, 4. In WEC, we can directly target desired areas of embryos using fine glass capillaries because embryos can be manipulated under the microscope. Therefore, rodent WEC is very useful technique when we want to study dynamic developmental processes of postimplanted mammalian embryos. Up to date, several types of WEC systems have been developed 1. Among those, the rotator-type bottle culture system is most popular and suitable for long-term culture of embryos at midgestation, i.e., after E9.5 and E11.5 in the mouse and rat, respectively 1. In this video protocol, we demonstrate our standard procedures of rat WEC after E12.5 using a refined model of the original rotator system, which was designed by New and Cockroft 5, 6, and introduce various applications of WEC technique for studies in mammalian developmental biology.

Whole embryo culture technique allows us to culture mouse and rat embryos ex vivo condition during limited periods corresponding to midgestation stages. In this video protocol, we demonstrate our standard procedures of rat whole embryo culture after E12.5 using the rotator-type bottle culture system.

El método de cultivo de embriones de roedores enteros utilizando el sistema de tipo de botella rotador Cultura

Whole embryo culture (WEC) technique has been developed in 1950's by New and his colleagues, and applied for developmental biology 1. Although development ...

A PCR-based Genotyping Method to Distinguish Between Wild-type and Ornamental Varieties of Imperata cylindrica

Wild-type I. cylindrica (cogongrass) is one of the top ten worst invasive plants in the world, negatively impacting agricultural and natural resources in 73 different countries throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, New Zealand, Oceania and the Americas1-2. Cogongrass forms rapidly-spreading, monodominant stands that displace a large variety of native plant species and in turn threaten the native animals that depend on the displaced native plant species for forage and shelter. To add to the problem, an ornamental variety [I. cylindrica var. koenigii (Retzius)] is widely marketed under the names of Imperata cylindrica 'Rubra', Red Baron, and Japanese blood grass (JBG). This variety is putatively sterile and noninvasive and is considered a desirable ornamental for its red-colored leaves. However, under the correct conditions, JBG can produce viable seed (Carol Holko, 2009 personal communication) and can revert to a green invasive form that is often indistinguishable from cogongrass as it takes on the distinguishing characteristics of the wild-type invasive variety4 (Figure 1). This makes identification using morphology a difficult task even for well-trained plant taxonomists. Reversion of JBG to an aggressive green phenotype is also not a rare occurrence. Using sequence comparisons of coding and variable regions in both nuclear and chloroplast DNA, we have confirmed that JBG has reverted to the green invasive within the states of Maryland, South Carolina, and Missouri. JBG has been sold and planted in just about every state in the continental U.S. where there is not an active cogongrass infestation. The extent of the revert problem in not well understood because reverted plants are undocumented and often destroyed.
Application of this molecular protocol provides a method to identify JBG reverts and can help keep these varieties from co-occurring and possibly hybridizing. Cogongrass is an obligate outcrosser and, when crossed with a different genotype, can produce viable wind-dispersed seeds that spread cogongrass over wide distances5-7. JBG has a slightly different genotype than cogongrass and may be able to form viable hybrids with cogongrass. To add to the problem, JBG is more cold and shade tolerant than cogongrass8-10, and gene flow between these two varieties is likely to generate hybrids that are more aggressive, shade tolerant, and cold hardy than wild-type cogongrass. While wild-type cogongrass currently infests over 490 million hectares worldwide, in the Southeast U.S. it infests over 500,000 hectares and is capable of occupying most of the U.S. as it rapidly spreads northward due to its broad niche and geographic potential3,7,11. The potential of a genetic crossing is a serious concern for the USDA-APHIS Federal Noxious Week Program. Currently, the USDA-APHIS prohibits JBG in states where there are major cogongrass infestations (e.g., Florida, Alabama, Mississippi). However, preventing the two varieties from combining can prove more difficult as cogongrass and JBG expand their distributions. Furthermore, the distribution of the JBG revert is currently unknown and without the ability to identify these varieties through morphology, some cogongrass infestations may be the result of JBG reverts. Unfortunately, current molecular methods of identification typically rely on AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms) and DNA sequencing, both of which are time consuming and costly. Here, we present the first cost-effective and reliable PCR-based molecular genotyping method to accurately distinguish between cogongrass and JBG revert.

A PCR-based Genotyping Method to Distinguish Between Wild-type and Ornamental Varieties of Imperata cylindrica

We provide a cost-effective and rapid molecular genotyping protocol that employs variety-specific PCR primers that target DNA sequence differences within the chloroplast trnL-F spacer region to differentiate between varieties of Imperata cylindrica (cogongrass) that cannot be distinguished by morphology alone. These varieties include the federally listed noxious weed, cogongrass and closely-related, wide-spread ornamental variety, I. cylindrica var. koenigii (Japanese blood grass).

Una basada en PCR genotipificación método para distinguir entre las variedades de tipo silvestre y ornamental de Imperata cylindrica</em

Wild-type I. cylindrica (cogongrass) is one of the top ten worst invasive plants in the world, negatively impacting agricultural and natural resources in ...

High-throughput Crystallization of Membrane Proteins Using the Lipidic Bicelle Method

Membrane proteins (MPs) play a critical role in many physiological processes such as pumping specific molecules across the otherwise impermeable membrane bilayer that surrounds all cells and organelles. Alterations in the function of MPs result in many human diseases and disorders; thus, an intricate understanding of their structures remains a critical objective for biological research. However, structure determination of MPs remains a significant challenge often stemming from their hydrophobicity. 
MPs have substantial hydrophobic regions embedded within the bilayer. Detergents are frequently used to solubilize these proteins from the bilayer generating a protein-detergent micelle that can then be manipulated in a similar manner as soluble proteins. Traditionally, crystallization trials proceed using a protein-detergent mixture, but they often resist crystallization or produce crystals of poor quality. These problems arise due to the detergent&prime;s inability to adequately mimic the bilayer resulting in poor stability and heterogeneity. In addition, the detergent shields the hydrophobic surface of the MP reducing the surface area available for crystal contacts. To circumvent these drawbacks MPs can be crystallized in lipidic media, which more closely simulates their endogenous environment, and has recently become a de novo technique for MP crystallization.
Lipidic cubic phase (LCP) is a three-dimensional lipid bilayer penetrated by an interconnected system of aqueous channels1. Although monoolein is the lipid of choice, related lipids such as monopalmitolein and monovaccenin have also been used to make LCP2. MPs are incorporated into the LCP where they diffuse in three dimensions and feed crystal nuclei. A great advantage of the LCP is that the protein remains in a more native environment, but the method has a number of technical disadvantages including high viscosity (requiring specialized apparatuses) and difficulties in crystal visualization and manipulation3,4. Because of these technical difficulties, we utilized another lipidic medium for crystallization-bicelles5,6 (Figure 1). Bicelles are lipid/amphiphile mixtures formed by blending a phosphatidylcholine lipid (DMPC) with an amphiphile (CHAPSO) or a short-chain lipid (DHPC). Within each bicelle disc, the lipid molecules generate a bilayer while the amphiphile molecules line the apolar edges providing beneficial properties of both bilayers and detergents. Importantly, below their transition temperature, protein-bicelle mixtures have a reduced viscosity and are manipulated in a similar manner as detergent-solubilized MPs, making bicelles compatible with crystallization robots. 
Bicelles have been successfully used to crystallize several membrane proteins5,7-11 (Table 1). This growing collection of proteins demonstrates the versatility of bicelles for crystallizing both alpha helical and beta sheet MPs from prokaryotic and eukaryotic sources. Because of these successes and the simplicity of high-throughput implementation, bicelles should be part of every membrane protein crystallographer&prime;s arsenal. In this video, we describe the bicelle methodology and provide a step-by-step protocol for setting up high-throughput crystallization trials of purified MPs using standard robotics.

Bicelles are lipid/amphiphile mixtures that maintain membrane proteins (MPs) within a lipid bilayer but have unique phase behavior that facilitates high-throughput screening by crystallization robots. This technique has successfully produced a number of high-resolution structures from both prokaryotic and eukaryotic sources. This video describes protocols for generating the lipidic bicelle mixture, incorporating MPs into the bicelle mixture, setting up crystallizations trials (manually as well as robotically) and harvesting crystals from the medium.

De alto rendimiento de cristalización de proteínas de membrana Utilizando el Método lipídico Bicelle

Membrane proteins (MPs) play a critical role in many physiological processes such as pumping specific molecules across the otherwise impermeable membrane ...

A Simple Method for Imaging Arabidopsis Leaves Using Perfluorodecalin as an Infiltrative Imaging Medium

The problem of acquiring high-resolution images deep into biological samples is widely acknowledged1. In air-filled tissue such as the spongy mesophyll of plant leaves or vertebrate lungs further difficulties arise from multiple transitions in refractive index between cellular components, between cells and airspaces and between the biological tissue and the rest of the optical system. Moreover, refractive index mismatches lead to attenuation of fluorophore excitation and signal emission in fluorescence microscopy. We describe here the application of the perfluorocarbon, perfluorodecalin (PFD), as an infiltrative imaging medium which optically improves laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) sample imaging at depth, without resorting to damaging increases in laser power and has minimal physiological impact2. We describe the protocol for use of PFD with Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissue, which is optically complex as a result of its structure (Figure 1). PFD has a number of attributes that make it suitable for this use3. The refractive index of PFD (1.313) is comparable with that of water (1.333) and is closer to that of cytosol (approx. 1.4) than air (1.000). In addition, PFD is readily available, non-fluorescent and is non-toxic. The low surface tension of PFD (19 dynes cm-1) is lower than that of water (72 dynes cm-1) and also below the limit (25 - 30 dyne cm-1) for stomatal penetration4, which allows it to flood the spongy mesophyll airspaces without the application of a potentially destructive vacuum or surfactant. Finally and crucially, PFD has a great capacity for dissolving CO2 and O2, which allows gas exchange to be maintained in the flooded tissue, thus minimizing the physiological impact on the sample. These properties have been used in various applications which include partial liquid breathing and lung inflation5,6, surgery7, artificial blood8, oxygenation of growth media9, and studies of ice crystal formation in plants10. Currently, it is common to mount tissue in water or aqueous buffer for live confocal imaging. We consider that the use of PFD as a mounting medium represents an improvement on existing practice and allows the simple preparation of live whole leaf samples for imaging.

A Simple Method for Imaging Arabidopsis Leaves Using Perfluorodecalin as an Infiltrative Imaging Medium

We describe the use of perfluorodecalin as an infiltrative mounting medium. This is a simple method for improving depth of imaging in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf tissue with minimal physiological impact.

Un método simple para imágenes Arabidopsis Uso de hojas perfluorodecalina como un medio de imágenes infiltrativas

The problem of acquiring high-resolution images deep into biological samples is widely acknowledged1. In air-filled tissue such as the spongy mesophyll of ...

The Tomato/GFP-FLP/FRT Method for Live Imaging of Mosaic Adult Drosophila Photoreceptor Cells

The Drosophila eye is widely used as a model for studies of development and neuronal degeneration. With the powerful mitotic recombination technique, elegant genetic screens based on clonal analysis have led to the identification of signaling pathways involved in eye development and photoreceptor (PR) differentiation at larval stages. We describe here the Tomato/GFP-FLP/FRT method, which can be used for rapid clonal analysis in the eye of living adult Drosophila. Fluorescent photoreceptor cells are imaged with the cornea neutralization technique, on retinas with mosaic clones generated by flipase-mediated recombination. This method has several major advantages over classical histological sectioning of the retina: it can be used for high-throughput screening and has proved an effective method for identifying the factors regulating PR survival and function. It can be used for kinetic analyses of PR degeneration in the same living animal over several weeks, to demonstrate the requirement for specific genes for PR survival or function in the adult fly. This method is also useful for addressing cell autonomy issues in developmental mutants, such as those in which the establishment of planar cell polarity is affected.

The Tomato/GFP-FLP/FRT Method for Live Imaging of Mosaic Adult Drosophila Photoreceptor Cells

The Tomato/GFP-FLP/FRT method involves visualizing mosaic photoreceptor cells in living Drosophila. It can be used to follow individual photoreceptor cell fates in the retina for days or weeks. This method is ideal for studies of retinal degeneration and neurodegenerative diseases or photoreceptor cell development.

El tomate / GFP-FLP / FRT Método para imágenes en vivo del mosaico adultos<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Las células fotorreceptoras

The Drosophila eye is widely used as a model  for studies of development and neuronal degeneration. With the powerful mitotic  recombination technique, ...

A Method for Screening and Validation of Resistant Mutations Against Kinase Inhibitors

The discovery of BCR/ABL as a driver oncogene in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) resulted in the development of Imatinib, which, in fact, demonstrated the potential of targeting the kinase in cancers by effectively treating the CML patients. This observation revolutionized drug development to target the oncogenic kinases implicated in various other malignancies, such as, EGFR, B-RAF, KIT and PDGFRs. However, one major drawback of anti-kinase therapies is the emergence of drug resistance mutations rendering the target to have reduced or lost affinity for the drug. Understanding the mechanisms employed by resistant variants not only helps in developing the next generation inhibitors but also gives impetus to clinical management using personalized medicine. We reported a retroviral vector based screening strategy to identify the spectrum of resistance conferring mutations in BCR/ABL, which has helped in developing the next generation BCR/ABL inhibitors. Using Ruxolitinib and JAK2 as a drug target pair, here we describe in vitro screening methods that utilizes the mouse BAF3 cells expressing the random mutation library of JAK2 kinase.

Emergence of genetic resistance against kinase inhibitor therapy poses significant challenge for effective cancer therapy. Identification and characterization of resistant mutations against a newly developed drug helps in better clinical management and next generation drug design. Here, we describe our protocol for in vitro screening and validation of resistant mutations.

Un método para la detección y validación de mutaciones de resistencia contra la quinasa Inhibidores

The discovery of BCR/ABL as a driver oncogene in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) resulted in the development of Imatinib, which, in fact, demonstrated the ...

Method for the Assessment of Effects of a Range of Wavelengths and Intensities of Red/near-infrared Light Therapy on Oxidative Stress In Vitro

Red/near-infrared light therapy (R/NIR-LT), delivered by laser or light emitting diode (LED), improves functional and morphological outcomes in a range of central nervous system injuries in vivo, possibly by reducing oxidative stress. However, effects of R/NIR-LT on oxidative stress have been shown to vary depending on wavelength or intensity of irradiation. Studies comparing treatment parameters are lacking, due to absence of commercially available devices that deliver multiple wavelengths or intensities, suitable for high through-put in vitro optimization studies. This protocol describes a technique for delivery of light at a range of wavelengths and intensities to optimize therapeutic doses required for a given injury model. We hypothesized that a method of delivering light, in which wavelength and intensity parameters could easily be altered, could facilitate determination of an optimal dose of R/NIR-LT for reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro.
Non-coherent Xenon light was filtered through narrow-band interference filters to deliver varying wavelengths (center wavelengths of 440, 550, 670 and 810nm) and fluences (8.5 x 10-3 to 3.8 x 10-1 J/cm2) of light to cultured cells. Light output from the apparatus was calibrated to emit therapeutically relevant, equal quantal doses of light at each wavelength. Reactive species were detected in glutamate stressed cells treated with the light, using DCFH-DA and H2O2 sensitive fluorescent dyes.&#160;
We successfully delivered light at a range of physiologically and therapeutically relevant wavelengths and intensities, to cultured cells exposed to glutamate as a model of CNS injury. While the fluences of R/NIR-LT used in the current study did not exert an effect on ROS generated by the cultured cells, the method of light delivery is applicable to other systems including isolated mitochondria or more physiologically relevant organotypic slice culture models, and could be used to assess effects on a range of outcome measures of oxidative metabolism.

Method for the Assessment of Effects of a Range of Wavelengths and Intensities of Red/near-infrared Light Therapy on Oxidative Stress In Vitro

Non-coherent Xenon light was passed through narrow-band interference and neutral density filters to deliver light of varying wavelength and intensity to cultured cells. This protocol was used to assess the effects of red/near-infrared light therapy on production of reactive species in vitro: no effects were observed using the tested parameters.

Método para la Evaluación de los efectos de un rango de longitudes de onda e intensidades de / Terapia de luz del infrarrojo cercano Red sobre el estrés oxidativo<em&gt; In Vitro</em

Red/near-infrared light therapy (R/NIR-LT), delivered by laser or light emitting diode (LED), improves functional and morphological outcomes in a range of ...

Filtration Isolation of Nucleic Acids:  A Simple and Rapid DNA Extraction Method

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad to extract cellular DNA from whole blood in less than 2 min. The blood specimen is treated with detergent, mixed briefly and applied by pipet to the separation membrane. The lysate wicks into the blotting pad due to capillary action, capturing the genomic DNA on the surface of the separation membrane. The extracted DNA is retained on the membrane during a simple wash step wherein PCR inhibitors are wicked into the absorbent blotting pad. The membrane containing the entrapped DNA is then added to the PCR reaction without further purification. This simple method does not require laboratory equipment and can be easily implemented with inexpensive laboratory supplies. Here we describe a protocol for highly sensitive detection and quantitation of HIV-1 proviral DNA from 100 &#181;l whole blood as a model for early infant diagnosis of HIV that could readily be adapted to other genetic targets.

We describe here a simple and rapid paper-based DNA extraction method of HIV proviral DNA from whole blood detected by quantitative PCR. This protocol can be extended for use in detecting other genetic markers or using alternative amplification methods.

El aislamiento de filtración de ácidos nucleicos: A Extracción de ADN método sencillo y rápido

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad ...