Biostatistics involves applying statistical concepts to health-related fields such as public health and epidemiology, often with human subjects. This ...

Epidemiology studies the patterns, distributions, and factors determining diseases and health conditions in a target population. Its methodology varies ...

In epidemiology, prevalence refers to the probability of people being affected by a disease in a target population. Conversely, incidence is the ...

In health sciences, sensitivity refers to the probability that a diagnostic test shows a positive result when the disease is present. On the other hand, ...

When assessing a diagnostic tool or test for a particular illness, it's crucial to weigh the significance of both sensitivity and specificity. A ...

Consider an example of testing calcium's effect on a woman's bone weight. In an ideal study design, the same woman would be observed in two ...

Response Surface Methodology, or RSM, is a statistical technique that analyzes several input variables or factors potentially influencing a response ...

Relative risk, or risk ratio, is the ratio of the probability of a disease occurring in the exposed group to the probability in the unexposed or control ...

The odds ratio, or cross-product ratio, is the ratio of the odds that a disease occurs upon exposure to a risk factor to the odds that the same disease ...

Causality, or causation, is fundamentally different from a correlation. Consider a hypothetical correlation between the number of hospitals in a region ...

Confounding refers to the distortion of the estimated association between an exposure and an outcome due to the influence of a third variable, known as a ...

Confounding affects conclusions about the associations between exposures and outcomes. But, it can be addressed during both the design and analysis ...

Sir Austin Bradford Hill suggested nine criteria for causality, out of which strength, consistency, specificity, and temporality are explained here. The ...

The Bradford Hill criteria for causality include biological gradient, plausibility, coherence, experiment, and analogy. The biological gradient, or ...

A bias is a systematic tendency of a quantity's estimate or expected value to be skewed or far from the true value. For example, a thermometer ...

Various statistical techniques are used to analyze epidemiological data and guide appropriate public health interventions. Consider a study on the ...

An outbreak occurs when disease cases unexpectedly exceed normal levels in a specific area and timeframe, such as when multiple people contract a similar ...

Disease surveillance involves systematic data collection and analysis, which is essential for public health management and disease prevention. ...

Longitudinal studies are research designs involving repeated observation of the same subjects, capturing changes and developments over time. These studies ...