Ce travail a été soutenu en partie par des subventions de la Région de la Vénétie (Ricerca Sanitaria Finalizzata n.292/2008 et Ricerca Sanitaria Finalizzata 2009). Les auteurs remercient le Dr C. Griffoni pour les données 2009/2010 de synthèse sur l&#39;utilisation des globes oculaires humains.

<ol>
	<li>Fay, A., Goldman, L., Ausiello, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diseases+of+the+visual+system.">Diseases of the visual system.</a> Cecil Medicine. , (2007).</li><li>Parekh, M., Megaw, R., Ray-Chaudhuri, A., Ahmad, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patents+in+Limbal+Stem+Cell+Biology.">Patents in Limbal Stem Cell Biology.</a> Recent patents on Regenerative Medicine. 1, 207-212 (2011).</li><li>Pharm, U. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Eye:+The+physiology+of+human+perception.">The Eye: The physiology of human perception.</a> Britannica educational publishing. 36, 19-27 (2011).</li><li>Lang, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ophthalmology: A pocket textbook atlas. , 115-117 .</li><li>Liesbeth, P. e. l. s. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organ+Culture:+The+method+of+choice+for+preservation+of+human+donor+corneas.">Organ Culture: The method of choice for preservation of human donor corneas.</a> Br. J. Ophthalmol. 81, 523-525 (1997).</li><li>Meyer, J. S., Howden, S. E., Wallace, K. A., Verhoeven, A. D., Wright, L. S., Capowski, E. E., Pinilla, I., Martin, J. M., Tian, S., Stewart, R., Pattnaik, B., Thomson, J., Gamm, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optic+vesicle-like+structures+derived+from+human+pluripotent+stem+cells+facilitate+a+customized+approach+to+retinal+disease+treatment.">Optic vesicle-like structures derived from human pluripotent stem cells facilitate a customized approach to retinal disease treatment.</a> Stem Cells. , (2011).</li><li>Trifunovic, D., Karali, M., Camposampiero, D., Ponzin, D., Banfi, S., Marigo, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high-resolution+RNA+expression+atlas+of+retinitis+pigmentosa+genes+in+human+and+mouse+retinas.">A high-resolution RNA expression atlas of retinitis pigmentosa genes in human and mouse retinas.</a> Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 49, 2330-2336 (2008).</li><li>Mora, P., Montanini, L., Ferrari, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Retina. 30, 1555 (2010).</li><li>Claybon, A., Bishop, A. J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissection+of+a+Mouse+Eye+for+a+Whole+Mount+of+the+Retinal+Pigment+Epithelium.">Dissection of a Mouse Eye for a Whole Mount of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (48), e2563 (2011).</li><li>Skeie, J. M., Tsang, S. H., Mahajan, V. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evisceration+of+Mouse+Vitreous+and+Retina+for+Proteomic+Analyses.">Evisceration of Mouse Vitreous and Retina for Proteomic Analyses.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (50), e2795 (2011).</li></ol>

Les auteurs n&#39;ont aucun conflit d&#39;intérêts.

Les deux, l&#39;excision correcte et la bonne conservation des tissus de la cornée et la rétine sont essentielles comme des défauts mineurs tels que des lésions endothéliales ou nombre élevé de plis de Descemet peut conduire à l&#39;échec de greffe de la cornée tandis que les modifications de température ou une mauvaise manipulation peut compromettre l&#39;intégrité des tissus rétiniens. Le but de cet article est de montrer comment les tissus de la cornée et la rétine peut être isolé de manière optima...

Matériaux pour l&#39;excision de la cornée et la rétine. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Description du produit </td><td> Dimensions </td><td> Société / Institut </td></tr><tr><td> Surveillé scalpel jetable </td><td> Dimension de la lame 15 </td><td> Swann-Morton </td></tr><tr><td> Pansements stériles </td><td> 5 cm X 5 cm, 8 couches, 5 pcs </td><td> Artsana </td></tr><tr><td> Stérile serviette jetable médicale </td><td> 35 X 50 cm </td><td> U.Jet </td></tr><tr><td> Des ciseaux stériles </td><td> Lames 24 mm / longueur globale. 95 mm courbée, émoussée </td><td> e.janach </td></tr><tr><td> Pinces stériles </td><td> En acier inoxydable -100 mm 11 x 2 gouverné par 0,70 mm dents </td><td> e.janach </td></tr><tr><td> Griffe cornée - dispositif médical à usage unique </td><td></td><td> NIIOS (Hippocratech) </td></tr&gt; <tr><td></td><td> Préparations </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> PBS </td><td> 100 ml de PBS [10x] dans 900 ml d / w (eau distillée) </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td></tr><tr><td> Na-thiosulfate </td><td> 1 g de Na-thiosulfate dans 1 litre de PBS [1x] </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td></tr><tr><td> I-PVP </td><td> 5 g I-PVP dans 1 litre d / w </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td></tr></tbody></table> Tableau 2. Le tableau suivant décrit les matériaux utilisés pour l&#39;excision de la cornée et la rétine et la société qu&#39;ils sont reçus. Matériaux pour support de stockage (2000 ml). <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Composants </td><td> Fournisseur </td><td> Numéro de catalogue </td><td> Concentration </td><td> Quantité </td></tr><tr><td> MEM(1X) liquide </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 32360-034 </td><td></td><td> 1900 ml </td></tr><tr><td> Pyruvate de sodium </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 11360-039 </td><td> 1 mM (10ml / l) </td><td> 20 ml </td></tr><tr><td> L-glutamine </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 25030-032 </td><td> 2 mM (10ml / l) </td><td> 20 ml </td></tr><tr><td> Antibiotiques / antifongique </td><td> Sigma-Aldrich </td><td> A5955-20ML </td><td> 10ml / l </td><td> 20 ml </td></tr><tr><td> Veau nouveau-né du sérum </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 26010-74 </td><td> 2% (de 20 ml / l) </td><td> 40 ml </td></tr></tbody></table> Tableau 3. Matériaux pour support de stockage. Préparation de support de stockage Ajouter tous les ingrédients en utilisant des concentrations spécifiques indiquées ci-dessus dans un bocal et bien mélanger. Les filtreren utilisant la taille des pores de 0,2 micron (Millipore, Milan, Italie) avec l&#39;aide d&#39;une pompe péristaltique. Préserver le milieu dans des bouteilles à la température ambiante. Matériaux pour le milieu de transport (2000 ml). <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Composants </td><td> Fournisseur </td><td> Numéro de catalogue </td><td> Concentration </td><td> Quantité </td></tr><tr><td> MEM (1X) liquide </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 32360-034 </td><td></td><td> 1800 ml </td></tr><tr><td> Pyruvate de sodium </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 11360-039 </td><td> 1mM (10 ml / l) </td><td> 20ml </td></tr><tr><td> L-glutamine </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 25030-032 </td><td> 2 mM (10 ml / l) </td><td> 20ml </td></tr><tr><td> Veau nouveau-né du sérum </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 26010-74 </td><td> 2% (de 20 ml / l) </td&gt; <td> 40 ml </td></tr><tr><td> Dextran T500 </td><td> Pharmacosmos </td><td> 551005004007 </td><td> 6% (60 g / litre) </td><td> 120 g / l </td></tr></tbody></table> Tableau 4. Matériel pour le milieu de transport. Préparation de milieu de transport Ajouter Dextran 6% dans ~ 1,5 litre de MEM et laisser toute la nuit. Ajouter le reste des ingrédients dans les médias et filtrer à l&#39;aide du filtre de 0,2 micron (Millipore, Milan, Italie) en utilisant une pompe à vide. Préserver le milieu dans des bouteilles à la température ambiante.

a simplified technique for in situ excision of cornea and evisceration of retinal tissue from human ocular globe

Énucléation est le processus de récupération du globe oculaire à partir d&#39;un donneur décédé en laissant le reste du globe non perturbé. Excision se réfère à la récupération des tissus oculaires, en particulier la cornée, en le coupant distinct du globe oculaire. L&#39;éviscération est le processus d&#39;élimination des organes internes visés ici que la rétine. Le globe oculaire est constitué de la cornée, la sclère, le corps vitré, la lentille, l&#39;iris, la rétine, la choroïde, etc muscles (figure Suppl. 1). Quand un patient souffre de lésions de la cornée, la cornée doit être retiré et une saine doit être transplanté par des cabinets de kératoplastique. Troubles génétiques ou des malformations dans la fonction rétinienne peut compromettre la vision. Globes oculaires de l&#39;homme peut être utilisé pour diverses procédures chirurgicales telles que la banque des yeux, la transplantation de la cornée humaine ou de la sclérotique et de la recherche sur les tissus oculaires. Cependant, il ya peu d&#39;informations disponibles sur l&#39;excision de la cornée et la rétine humaine, probablement due à la ll&#39;accessibilité imited aux tissus humains. La plupart des études décrivant les procédures similaires sont effectuées sur des modèles animaux. Les chercheurs comptent sur la disponibilité des tissus oculaires bien disséquées et très bien conservée afin d&#39;étendre les connaissances sur le développement œil humain, l&#39;homéostasie et de la fonction. Comme nous recevons grande quantité de globes oculaires dont environ 40% (tableau 1) d&#39;entre eux sont utilisés à des fins de recherche, nous sommes en mesure d&#39;effectuer énorme quantité d&#39;expériences sur ces tissus, la définition des techniques à l&#39;accise et de les préserver régulièrement. La cornée est un tissu avasculaire qui permet la transmission de la lumière sur la rétine et à cette fin devrait toujours maintenir un bon degré de transparence. Dans la cornée, la région du limbe, qui est un réservoir de cellules souches, aide à la reconstruction des cellules épithéliales et limite la prolifération de la conjonctive maintien de la transparence de la cornée et la clarté. La taille et la e<html> ickness de la cornée sont essentiels pour une vision claire, des changements dans l&#39;un d&#39;eux pourrait conduire à distraire, vision floue. La cornée est composée de 5 couches; a) l&#39;épithélium, b) la couche de Bowman, c) stroma, d) la membrane de Descemet et e) l&#39;endothélium. Toutes les couches doivent fonctionner correctement pour assurer une vision claire 4,5,6. La choroïde est la tunique intermédiaire entre la sclérotique et la rétine, délimitée à l&#39;intérieur par la membrane de Bruch et est responsable de la circulation sanguine dans l&#39;œil. La choroïde contribue également à réguler la température la nourriture et des fournitures pour les couches externes de la rétine 5,6. La rétine est une couche de tissu nerveux qui couvre le dos du globe oculaire (Figure Suppl. 1) et se compose de deux parties: une partie photoréceptrice et une partie non-réceptifs. La rétine permet de recevoir la lumière de la cornée et le cristallin et le convertit en énergie chimique éventuellement transmis au cerveau avec l&#39;aide du nerf optique 5,6. ove_content &quot;&gt; Le but de ce document est de fournir un protocole pour la dissection des tissus de la cornée et la rétine de globes oculaires de l&#39;homme. Éviter la contamination croisée avec des tissus adjacents et en préservant l&#39;intégrité ARN est d&#39;une importance fondamentale que ces tissus sont indispensables à des fins de recherche visant à (i) la caractérisation du transcriptome des tissus oculaires, (ii) l&#39;isolement de cellules souches pour des projets de médecine régénérative, et (iii) l&#39;évaluation des différences histologiques entre les tissus normaux de / touchée sujets. Dans cet article, nous décrivons la technique que nous utilisons actuellement pour éliminer la cornée, la choroïde et la rétine des tissus à partir d&#39;un globe oculaire. Ici nous fournissons un protocole détaillé pour la dissection du globe oculaire humaine et l&#39;excision des tissus de la cornée et la rétine. La vidéo d&#39;accompagnement aidera les chercheurs à en apprendre une technique appropriée pour la récupération de précieux tissus humains, qui sont difficiles à trouver régulièrement.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simplified Technique for In situ Excision of Cornea and Evisceration of Retinal Tissue from Human Ocular Globe at JoVE.com

A Simplified Technique for In situ Excision of Cornea and Evisceration of Retinal Tissue from Human Ocular Globe

Le document décrit une technique simplifiée pour la cornée d&#39;accise et d&#39;éviscérer les tissus rétiniens du globe oculaire de l&#39;homme donneurs cadavériques. La technique décrite ici aidera à accises tissus de bonne qualité pour être utilisés aux fins de transplantation, la chirurgie ou de recherche sans endommager les autres tissus du globe oculaire.

Une technique simplifiée pour<em&gt; In situ</emExcision&gt; de la cornée et éviscération du tissu rétinien de globe oculaire humain

Enucleation is the process of retrieving the ocular globe from a cadaveric donor leaving the rest of the globe undisturbed. Excision refers to the ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

A Simplified Technique for In situ Excision of Cornea and Evisceration of Retinal Tissue from Human Ocular Globe

20.7K vues.  Fondazione Banca Degli Occhi del Veneto O.N.L.U.S.. Le document décrit une technique simplifiée pour la cornée d'accise et d'éviscérer les tissus rétiniens du globe oculaire de l'homme donneurs cadavériques. La technique décrite ici aidera à accises tissus de bonne qualité pour être utilisés aux fins de transplantation, la chirurgie ou de recherche sans endommager les autres tissus du globe oculaire.

Vidéo: A Simplified Technique for In situ Excision of Cornea and Evisceration of Retinal Tissue from Human Ocular Globe

Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue

The sense of taste is critical for human life. It informs the body about the quality of food that will be potentially ingested and stimulates metabolic processes that prepare the alimentary canal for digestion. Steady progress is being made towards understanding the early biochemical and molecular events underlying taste transduction (for a review, Breslin and Spector, 20081). However, progress to date has largely resulted from animal models. Yet, since marked differences in receptor specificity and receptor density vary among species, human taste transduction will only be understood by using human taste tissue. Here we describe a biopsy technique to collect human fungiform papillae, visible as rounded pink anterior structures, about 0.5 mm in diameter that contain taste buds. These biopsied papillae are used for several purposes including the isolation of viable taste bud cells, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and, through techniques of molecular biology, the identification of taste-specific novel proteins.

Technique to Collect Fungiform Taste Papillae from Human Tongue

Knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying gustatory transduction has recently enjoyed significant advances, largely due to using animal models. However, the wide diversity in taste sensitivity and specificity among mammals warrants studies in human tissue. We describe a biopsy technique to collect living taste cells from the papillae on human tongue.

Technique pour collecter des fongiformes (goût) Papilles de la langue de l&#39;homme

The sense of taste is critical for human life. It informs the body about the quality of food that will be potentially ingested and stimulates metabolic ...

Recherche

Médecine

A Simplified Technique for Producing an Ischemic Wound Model

One major obstacle in current diabetic wound research is a lack of an ischemic wound model that can be safely used in diabetic animals. Drugs that work well in non-ischemic wounds may not work in human diabetic wounds because vasculopathy is one major factor that hinders healing of these wounds. We published an article in 2007 describing a rabbit ear ischemic wound model created by a minimally invasive surgical technique. Since then, we have further simplified the procedure for easier operation. On one ear, three small skin incisions were made on the vascular pedicles, 1-2 cm from the ear base. The central artery was ligated and cut along with the nerve. The whole cranial bundle was cut and ligated, leaving only the caudal branch intact. A circumferential subcutaneous tunnel was made through the incisions, to cut subcutaneous tissues, muscles, nerves, and small vessels. The other ear was used as a non-ischemic control. Four wounds were made on the ventral side of each ear. This technique produces 4 ischemic wounds and 4 non-ischemic wounds in one animal for paired comparisons. After surgery, the ischemic ear was cool and cyanotic, and showed reduced movement and a lack of pulse in the ear artery. Skin temperature of the ischemic ear was 1-10 &deg;C lower than that on the normal ear and this difference was maintained for more than one month. Ear tissue high-energy phosphate contents were lower in the ischemic ear than the control ear. Wound healing times were longer in the ischemic ear than in the non-ischemic ear when the same treatment was used. The technique has now been used on more than 80 rabbits in which 23 were diabetic (diabetes time ranging from 2 weeks to 2 years). No single rabbit has developed any surgical complications such as bleeding, infection, or rupture in the skin incisions. The model has many advantages, such as little skin disruption, longer ischemic time, and higher success rate, when compared to many other models. It can be safely used in animals with reduced resistance, and can also be modified to meet different testing requirements.

We have developed a minimally invasive technique to create a rabbit ischemic ear wound model by dividing the central artery and nerve and the cranial neurovascular bundle. A subcutaneous tunnel then cuts all subcutaneous tissues. This procedure causes minimal skin disruption and can be safely used in diabetic animals.

Une technique simplifiée pour produire un modèle de plaie ischémique

One major obstacle in current diabetic wound research is a lack of an ischemic wound model that can be safely used in diabetic animals. Drugs that work ...

Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Human Epileptic Postoperative Cortical Tissue

Epilepsy, affecting about 1% of the population, comprises a group of neurological disorders characterized by the periodic occurrence of seizures, which disrupt normal brain function. Despite treatment with currently available antiepileptic drugs targeting neuronal functions, one third of patients with epilepsy are pharmacoresistant. In this condition, surgical resection of the brain area generating seizures remains the only alternative treatment. Studying human epileptic tissues has contributed to understand new epileptogenic mechanisms during the last 10 years. Indeed, these tissues generate spontaneous interictal epileptic discharges as well as pharmacologically-induced ictal events which can be recorded with classical electrophysiology techniques. Remarkably, multi-electrode arrays (MEAs), which are microfabricated devices embedding an array of spatially arranged microelectrodes, provide the unique opportunity to simultaneously stimulate and record field potentials, as well as action potentials of multiple neurons from different areas of the tissue. Thus MEAs recordings offer an excellent approach to study the spatio-temporal patterns of spontaneous interictal and evoked seizure-like events and the mechanisms underlying seizure onset and propagation. Here we describe how to prepare human cortical slices from surgically resected tissue and to record with MEAs interictal and ictal-like events ex vivo.

We here describe how to perform multi-electrode array recordings of human epileptic cortical tissue. Epileptic tissue resection, slice preparation and multi-electrode array recordings of interictal and ictal events are demonstrated in detail.

Multi-réseau d&#39;électrodes enregistrements des droits de l&#39;épilepsie post-opératoire corticale tissus

Epilepsy, affecting about 1% of the population, comprises a group of neurological disorders characterized by the periodic occurrence of seizures, which ...

Isolation and Excision of Murine Aorta; A Versatile Technique in the Study of Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease is a broad term describing disease of the heart and/or blood vessels. The main blood vessel supplying the body with oxygenated blood is the aorta. The aorta may become affected in diseases such as atherosclerosis and aneurysm. Researchers investigating these diseases would benefit from direct observation of the aorta to characterize disease progression as well as to evaluate efficacy of potential therapeutics. The goal of this protocol is to describe proper isolation and excision of the aorta to aid investigators researching cardiovascular disease. Isolation and excision of the aorta allows investigators to look at gross morphometric changes as wells as allowing them to preserve and stain the tissue to look at histologic changes if desired. The aorta may be used for molecular studies to evaluate protein and gene expression to discover targets of interest and mechanisms of action. This technique is superior to imaging modalities as they have inherent limitations in technology and cost. Additionally, primary isolated cells from a freshly isolated and excised aorta can allowing researchers to perform further in situ and in vitro assays. The isolation and excision of the aorta has the limitation of having to sacrifice the animal however, in this case the benefits outweigh the harm as it is the most versatile technique in the study of aortic disease.

Pathology of the aorta can lead to severe morbidity and mortality, therefore research of disease progression and potential therapies is warranted. Here, we present a protocol to isolate and excise the murine aorta to aid researchers in their investigation of cardiovascular disease.

Isolement et Excision de murin Aorte; Une technique polyvalente dans l&#39;étude des maladies cardiovasculaires

Cardiovascular disease is a broad term describing disease of the heart and/or blood vessels. The main blood vessel supplying the body with oxygenated ...

Establishment of Human Epithelial Enteroids and Colonoids from Whole Tissue and Biopsy

The epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is constantly renewed as it turns over. This process is triggered by the proliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and progeny that progressively migrate and differentiate toward the tip of the villi. These processes, essential for gastrointestinal homeostasis, have been extensively studied using multiple approaches. Ex vivo technologies, especially primary cell cultures have proven to be promising for understanding intestinal epithelial functions. A long-term primary culture system for mouse intestinal crypts has been established to generate 3-dimensional epithelial organoids. These epithelial structures contain crypt- and villus-like domains reminiscent of normal gut epithelium. Commonly, termed &#8220;enteroids&#8221; when derived from small intestine and &#8220;colonoids&#8221; when derived from colon, they are different from organoids that also contain mesenchyme tissue. Additionally, these enteroids/colonoids continuously produce all cell types found normally within the intestinal epithelium. This in vitro organ-like culture system is rapidly becoming the new gold standard for investigation of intestinal stem cell biology and epithelial cell physiology. This technology has been recently transferred to the study of human gut. The establishment of human derived epithelial enteroids and colonoids from small intestine and colon has been possible through the utilization of specific culture media that allow their growth and maintenance over time. Here, we describe a method to establish a small intestinal and colon crypt-derived system from human whole tissue or biopsies. We emphasize the culture modalities that are essential for the successful growth and maintenance of human enteroids and colonoids.

We describe a method to establish human enteroids from small intestinal crypts and colonoids from colon crypts collected from both surgical tissue and biopsies. In this methodological article, we present the culture modalities that are essential for the successful growth and maintenance of human enteroids and colonoids.

Mise en place d&#39;épithéliales humaines Enteroids et Colonoids de tout le tissu et la biopsie

The epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract is constantly renewed as it turns over. This process is triggered by the proliferation of intestinal stem ...

Corneal Epithelial Abrasion with Ocular Burr As a Model for Cornea Wound Healing

The murine cornea provides an excellent model to study wound healing. The cornea is the outermost layer of the eye, and thus is the first defense to injury. In fact, the most common type of eye injury found in clinic is a corneal abrasion. Here, we utilize an ocular burr to induce an abrasion resulting in removal of the corneal epithelium in vivo on anesthetized mice. This method allows for targeted and reproducible epithelial disruption, leaving other areas intact. In addition, we describe the visualization of the abraded epithelium with fluorescein staining and provide concrete advice on how to visualize the abraded cornea. Then, we follow the timeline of wound healing 0, 18, and 72 h after abrasion, until the wound is re-epithelialized. The epithelial abrasion model of corneal injury is ideal for studies on epithelial cell proliferation, migration and re-epithelialization of the corneal layers. However, this method is not optimal to study stromal activation during wound healing, because the ocular burr does not penetrate to the stromal cell layers. This method is also suitable for clinical applications, for example, pre-clinical test of drug effectiveness.

This protocol describes a method to inflict an abrasion to the ocular surface of the mouse, and to follow the wound healing process thereafter. The protocol takes advantage of an ocular burr to partially remove the surface epithelium of the eye in anaesthetized mice.

Abrasion épithéliale cornéenne avec oculaire Burr comme modèle pour la cornée, la cicatrisation

The murine cornea provides an excellent model to study wound healing. The cornea is the outermost layer of the eye, and thus is the first defense to ...

Effect of Artificial Tear Formulations on the Metabolic Activity of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells after Exposure to Desiccation

Artificial lipid-containing tear formulations are developed to reduce tear evaporation by the restoration of a deficient tear lipid layer. Artificial tear formulations that prevent cell desiccation will result in ocular surface protection and the maintenance of cell metabolic activity. During dehydration, cells undergo the process of loss of metabolic activity and subsequently cell death. This work describes a method for assessing the efficacy of artificial tear formulations. The metabolic dye (i.e., alamarBlue) changes from a low fluorescent molecule resazurin to a fluorescent molecule resorufin in viable cells. The biological performance of an artificial tear formulation is measured as the ability of the formulation to (a) maintain cell viability and (b) provide cell protection from desiccation. Growth media and saline are used as controls for the cell viability/desiccation tests. Cells are incubated with test solutions for 30 min and then desiccated for 0 or 5 min at 37 &#176;C and 45% relative humidity. Cell metabolic activity after initial exposure and after cell desiccation is then determined. The results show the comparative effects of eye drop formulations on cell metabolic activity and desiccation protection. This method can be used to test dry eye formulations that are designed to treat individuals with evaporative dry eye.

The purpose of this protocol is to evaluate if different artificial tear formulations can protect human corneal epithelial cells from desiccation using an in vitro model. After exposure to artificial tear formulations and desiccation, human corneal epithelial cells are assessed for metabolic activity.

Effet des formulations de larmes artificielles sur l’activité métabolique des cellules épithéliales cornéennes humaines après exposition à la dessiccation

Artificial lipid-containing tear formulations are developed to reduce tear evaporation by the restoration of a deficient tear lipid layer. Artificial tear ...

Characterization of a Novel Human Organotypic Retinal Culture Technique

Previous human organotypic retinal culture (HORC) models have utilized detached retinas; however, without the structural support conferred by retinal pigment epithelium-choroid (RPE-choroid) and sclera, the integrity of the fragile retina can easily be compromised. The aim of this study was to develop a novel HORC model that contains the retina, RPE-choroid and sclera to maintain retinal integrity when culturing retinal explants.
After cutting circumferentially along the limbus to remove iris and lens, four deep incisions were made to flatten the eyecup. In contrast to previous HORC protocols, a trephine was used to cut through not only the retina but also the RPE-choroid and sclera. The resultant triple-layered explants were cultured for 72 h. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining (H&#38;E) was used to assess anatomical structures and retinal explants were further characterized by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for apoptosis, M&#252;ller cell integrity and retinal inflammation. To confirm the possibility of disease induction, explants were exposed to high glucose (HG) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (Cyt), to mimic diabetic retinopathy (DR). The Luminex magnetic bead assay was used to measure DR-related cytokines released into the culture medium.
H&#38;E staining revealed distinct retinal lamellae and compact nuclei in retinal explants with the underlying RPE-choroid and sclera, while retinas without the underlying structures exhibited reduced thickness and severe nuclei loss. IHC results indicated absence of apoptosis and retinal inflammation as well as preserved M&#252;ller cell integrity. The Luminex&#160;assays showed significantly increased secretion of DR-associated pro-inflammatory cytokines in retinal explants exposed to HG + Cyt relative to baseline levels at 24 h.
We successfully developed and characterized a novel HORC protocol in which retinal integrity was preserved without apoptosis or retinal inflammation. Moreover, the induced secretion of DR-associated pro-inflammatory biomarkers when exposing retinal explants to HG + Cyt suggests that this model could be used for clinically translatable retinal disease studies.

This study aims to develop a novel human organotypic retinal culture (HORC) model that prevents compromising retinal integrity during explant handling. This is achieved by culturing the retina with the overlying vitreous and the underlying retinal pigment&#160;epithelium-choroid (RPE-choroid) and sclera.

Caractérisation d’une nouvelle technique de culture rétinienne organotypique humaine

Previous human organotypic retinal culture (HORC) models have utilized detached retinas; however, without the structural support conferred by retinal ...

Retinal Organoid Induction System for Derivation of 3D Retinal Tissues from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Retinal degenerative diseases are the main causes of irreversible blindness without effective treatment. Pluripotent stem cells that have the potential to differentiate into all types of retinal cells, even mini-retinal tissues, hold huge promises for patients with these diseases and many opportunities in disease modeling and drug screening. However, the induction process from hPSCs to retinal cells is complicated and time-consuming. Here, we describe an optimized retinal induction protocol to generate retinal tissues with high reproducibility and efficiency, suitable for various human pluripotent stem cells. This protocol is performed without the addition of retinoic acid, which benefits the enrichment of cone photoreceptors. The advantage of this protocol is the quantification of EB size and plating density to significantly enhance the efficiency and repeatability of retinal induction. With this method, all major retinal cells sequentially appear and recapitulate the main steps of retinal development. It will facilitate downstream applications, such as disease modeling and cell therapy.

Here we describe an optimized retinal organoid induction system, which is suitable for various human pluripotent stem cell lines to generate retinal tissues with high reproducibility and efficiency.

Système d’induction organoïde rétinienne pour la dérivation de tissus rétiniens 3D à partir de cellules souches pluripotentes humaines

Retinal degenerative diseases are the main causes of irreversible blindness without effective treatment. Pluripotent stem cells that have the potential to ...

Human Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Sampling Using a Mini-Liposuction Technique

Studies on adipose tissue are useful in understanding metabolic and other conditions. Human subcutaneous adipose tissue is accessible. With appropriate training and strict adherence to aseptic technique, subcutaneous adipose samples can be safely and efficiently obtained in a non-clinical setting by researchers. Following the administration of local anesthetic lateral to the umbilicus, a 14 G needle attached to a 5 or 10 mL syringe is inserted through the skin into the subcutaneous tissue. Under suction, the syringe is moved in a reciprocating, slicing motion to isolate fragments of adipose tissue. Withdrawing the plunger is enough to ensure that adipose tissue fragments are aspirated through the needle into the syringe. A single biopsy can collect about 200 mg of tissue. This biopsy technique is very safe for both participants and research staff. Following the biopsy, participants can resume most everyday activities, although they should avoid swimming and overly strenuous activities for 48 h to avoid excessive bleeding. Participants can safely undergo 2 biopsies within a single day, meaning that the technique can be applied in before-after acute intervention studies.

The manuscript and associated video demonstrate a percutaneous biopsy technique to obtain samples of subcutaneous adipose tissue from areas surrounding the umbilicus. This method is a low-risk and efficient way to investigate a range of parameters (e.g., gene or protein expression, enzyme activity, lipid content) within adipose tissue.

Prélèvement de tissu adipeux sous-cutané humain à l’aide d’une technique de mini-liposuccion

Studies on adipose tissue are useful in understanding metabolic and other conditions. Human subcutaneous adipose tissue is accessible. With appropriate ...