Les auteurs tiennent à remercier l&#39;université d&#39;Akron pour le financement en faveur de ce travail.

Les auteurs n&#39;ont rien à révéler.

Recombinant ingénierie des protéines est une technique très puissante qui s&#39;étend sur plusieurs disciplines. Il est rentable, accordable et une procédure relativement simple, ce qui permet la production de rendements élevés de protéines sur mesure. Il est important de noter que la conception et l&#39;expression de protéines cibles n&#39;est pas toujours évident. Expression basale et la stabilité de la protéine recombinante dépendent des choix spécifiques de vecteur, E. coli souches cellulaires...

Protéines couvrent une large gamme de biomolécules qui sont responsables de nombreuses fonctions biologiques, conduisant finalement à la formation de tissu propre et de l&#39;organisation. Ces molécules lancer des milliers de voies qui contrôlent la régulation et / ou la régulation de gènes et d&#39;autres protéines de signalisation, maintien de l&#39;équilibre dans le corps humain. Perturbation d&#39;une seule protéine affecte l&#39;ensemble de ce réseau de signaux, ce qui peut conduire à l&#39;apparition de troubles ou de maladies dévastatrices. Ingénierie des protéines individuelles dans le laboratoire propose une solution pour lutter contre ces effets indésirables et offre une alternative aux médicaments à petites molécules. En 1977, un gène codant pour la séquence de la somatostatine 14 d&#39;acides aminés a été l&#39;un des premiers polypeptides modifiés créés à l&#39;aide de E. coli 1. Peu de temps après, en 1979, l&#39;insuline a été cloné dans le plasmide pBR322, transformé, a exprimé, et purifié 2. Depuis lors, des protéines recombinantes ont étendu leur influence à de multiples domaines de resecherche tels que les biomatériaux, l&#39;administration de médicaments, l&#39;ingénierie tissulaire, les produits biopharmaceutiques, de l&#39;agriculture, des enzymes industrielles, les biocarburants, etc (pour avis voir les références 3-8). Ceci est largement dû à la souplesse que la technique propose via l&#39;addition de l&#39;application des fragments chimiques spécifiques ou des séquences de protéines à des fins, y compris, mais sans s&#39;y limiter, l&#39;identification de la protéine cible, de stabilisation et de purification. Via la technologie de l&#39;ADN recombinant, des protéines recombinantes peuvent être exprimées dans une variété de systèmes hôtes eucaryotes et procaryotes, notamment de mammifères, de plantes, d&#39;insectes, de levures, de champignons ou de bactéries. Chaque hôte offre des avantages différents et généralement le meilleur système est déterminée sur la base de la fonction des protéines, le rendement, la stabilité, le coût global, et l&#39;évolutivité. Des cellules de bactéries manquent souvent des mécanismes de modifications post-traductionnelles qui fournissent des hôtes eucaryotes (par exemple glycosylation, le disulfure de pontage, e<html> tc.) 5. En conséquence, les systèmes de mammifères et d&#39;insectes aboutissent généralement à une meilleure compatibilité et l&#39;expression de protéines eucaryotes, mais ces hôtes sont généralement plus coûteux et prend du temps 9. Par conséquent, E. coli est l&#39;hôte privilégié pour notre système d&#39;expression parce que les cellules se développent rapidement dans des conditions de croissance peu coûteux et les mécanismes d&#39;expression génétique sont bien comprises de 5,9. En outre, ce système est facile à l&#39;échelle supérieure à des fins de production et les résultats dans les protéines fonctionnelles en dépit de l&#39;absence de modifications post-traductionnelles 10. Le E. souche de E. coli K12 est choisi dans ce protocole pour le clonage, car cette souche offre d&#39;excellents rendements en plasmide basé sur l&#39;efficacité de transformation élevées. En outre, un E. souche de E. coli BL21 est utilisé pour l&#39;expression, car cette souche hôte contient le gène d&#39;ARN polymerase de T7, qui fournit l&#39;expression des protéines et la stabilité contrôlée 11. tente &quot;&gt; Après la sélection de l&#39;hôte, en outre il faut prendre soin dans le choix du vecteur d&#39;expression idéal pour faciliter l&#39;expression de la protéine choisie et contrôlée. synthèse de protéines recombinantes commence par une séquence d&#39;ADN cible qui est clonée sous la direction du bactériophage transcription de T7 et de signaux de traduction, et l&#39;expression est induite dans des cellules hôtes contenant des copies chromosomiques du gène de l&#39;ARN polymerase T7 12. Ces vecteurs, dérivés de pBR322 du vecteur plasmidique (pour une revue, voir la référence 13), sont étroitement contrôlée par le promoteur T7 initialement développée par Studier et al 14 et de fournir plus d&#39; contrôle grâce à l&#39;inclusion de l&#39;opérateur lac et le répresseur lac (LAC1) 15,16. Pour l&#39;ingénierie des protéines recombinantes, ce système d&#39;expression offre la possibilité d&#39;adapter une séquence d&#39;acides aminés spécifique d&#39;une protéine souhaitée par l&#39;insertion des séquences d&#39;ADN cibles ou pour créer des protéines de fusion composée de domaine combinéss de protéines simples. En outre, certaines séries de vecteurs comprennent des modifications de points de peptides à être mis sur le N ou C-terminale. Pour nos besoins de conception, une histidine (His) tag a été ajouté à la séquence cible d&#39;ADN pour une purification et une séquence biotinylatable 15 d&#39;acides aminés a été inclus pour la biotinylation 17,18. Dans ce protocole, un plasmide contenant un gène de résistance à l&#39;ampicilline, a été choisi pour réaliser nos séquences de protéine de fusion biotinylatable. L&#39;expression est contrôlée dans ce vecteur par l&#39;intermédiaire du promoteur lac de T7 et est facilement induite par isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). expressions de test (cultures à petite échelle) sont utilisés pour déterminer la présence et la solubilité de la protéine cible, qui peut être exprimée soit sous forme soluble ou insoluble à formuler des procédures de purification. Une protéine soluble exprimé dans la cellule de bactérie subira pliage spontané de maintenir sa structure native 19. Typiquement, le natifla structure est thermodynamiquement favorable. Dans de nombreux cas, l&#39;activité métabolique de l&#39;hôte n&#39;est pas propice à la protéine cible, en mettant l&#39;accent sur le système qui conduit à la production de la protéine insoluble et la formation de corps d&#39;inclusion constitués d&#39;agrégats de protéines insolubles. Ainsi, la protéine cible dénature, ce qui les rend généralement biologiquement inactif 20. Les deux expressions de test sont mis à l&#39;échelle en place, les procédures d&#39;isolement et sont déterminées par la solubilité de la protéine cible. Une renaturation ou étape de repliement supplémentaire est nécessaire pour les protéines insolubles. Les protéines recombinantes résultantes peuvent en outre être purifiés en utilisant une Chromatographie d&#39;exclusion de taille. Dans la maison de production de protéines recombinantes offre des avantages de coûts par rapport aux produits commerciaux depuis milligrammes de protéine cible peut être isolé par litre de culture principale. La plupart de l&#39;équipement nécessaire est disponible dans un laboratoire biologique ou chimique typique. L&#39;ingénierie des protéines permet la créationde protéines de fusion personnalisé avec des fonctionnalités supplémentaires qui ne sont pas toujours disponibles dans le commerce. Figure 1 illustre les principales procédures liées à des protéines recombinantes de l&#39;ingénierie. Avec ce système d&#39;expression, nous avons créé de nombreuses protéines biotinylatable, telles que l&#39;interféron-gamma, le facteur de croissance dérivé des plaquettes, et d&#39;os protéine morphogénétique 21-23, mais nous allons nous concentrer sur deux protéines que nous avons conçu pour le guidage axonal, NGF (29 kDa ) et Sema3A (91 kDa) 10 (pour revue voir référence 24). La biotinylation est une technique courante pour l&#39;identification, l&#39;immobilisation et l&#39;isolement des protéines marquées en utilisant la biotine-streptavidine bien connu interaction 25-27. Sondes biophysiques 28,29, biocapteurs 30, et 31 points quantiques sont des exemples de systèmes qui utilisent la haute affinité de la conjugaison de biotine-streptavidine avec un Kd de l&#39;ordre de 10 -15 M 27. Le E. bio coliétain ligase, BirA, aide à la fixation covalente de la biotine à la chaîne latérale de la lysine trouvé à l&#39;intérieur de la séquence étiquetée biotine 18,32. Tethering biotine à des matériaux et des biomolécules a produit une distribution soutenue des facteurs de croissance à la cellule pour de multiples applications de génie tissulaire 21,33-35. Par conséquent, l&#39;ingénierie des protéines biotinylatable conçu sur mesure est un outil puissant qui peut transcender les intérêts de recherche multiples.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="849">
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		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:299px;">1,4-dithio--DL-threitol, DTT, 99.5%</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Chem-Impex International</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">127</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">100 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:299px;">2-Hydroxyethylmercaptan &#946;-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Chem-Impex International</td>
			<td>642</td>
			<td>250 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Acetic acid, glacial</td>
			<td>EMD</td>
			<td>AX0073-9</td>
			<td>2.5 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Agar</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>AGR001.500</td>
			<td>500 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ampicillin sodium salt&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9518</td>
			<td>25 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Antifoam 204</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A6426</td>
			<td>500 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Barstar-NGF pET-21a(+)</td>
			<td>GenScript USA Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>4 &#181;g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">BL21(DE3) Competent Cells</td>
			<td>Novagen</td>
			<td>69450</td>
			<td>1 ml; Expression Host</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Bradford reagent</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B6916</td>
			<td>500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">BugBuster</td>
			<td>Novagen</td>
			<td>70922-3</td>
			<td>100 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Gel filtration standard</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>151-1901</td>
			<td>6 vials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>GLY001.1</td>
			<td>1 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:299px;">Guanidine hydrodioride amioformamidine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Chem-Impex International</td>
			<td>152</td>
			<td>1 kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:299px;">His-Pur Ni-NTA Resin</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>88222</td>
			<td>100 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>EMD&#160;</td>
			<td>HX0603-3</td>
			<td>2.5 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Imidazole&#160;</td>
			<td>Chem-Impex International</td>
			<td>418</td>
			<td>250 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">IPTG</td>
			<td>Chem-Impex International</td>
			<td>194</td>
			<td>100 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Laemmli sample buffer</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0737</td>
			<td>30 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:299px;">Lauryl sulfate sodium salt, Sodium dodecyl surface</td>
			<td>Chem-Impex International</td>
			<td>270</td>
			<td>500 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">LB Broth&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L3022</td>
			<td>1 kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">NovaBlue Competent Cells</td>
			<td>Novagen</td>
			<td>69825</td>
			<td>1 ml; Cloning Host</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5368-10PAK</td>
			<td>10 pack</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Chem-Impex International</td>
			<td>01247</td>
			<td>1 kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sema3A-pET-21a(+)</td>
			<td>GenScript USA Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>4 &#181;g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">SimplyBlue SafeStain</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>LC6060</td>
			<td>1 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5886-1KG</td>
			<td>1 kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S318-500</td>
			<td>500 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium phosphate diabasic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5136-500G</td>
			<td>500 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5011</td>
			<td>500 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Terrific Broth</td>
			<td>Bioshop</td>
			<td>TER409.5</td>
			<td>5 kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tetracycline hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Chem-Impex International</td>
			<td>667</td>
			<td>25 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tris/Glycine/SDS Buffer, 10X</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610732</td>
			<td>1 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Trizma Base</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1503</td>
			<td>1 kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tryptone, pancreatic</td>
			<td>EMD</td>
			<td>1.07213.1000</td>
			<td>1 kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Yeast extract, granulated</td>
			<td>EMD</td>
			<td>1.03753.0500</td>
			<td>500 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="56">
			<td height="56" style="height:56px;width:299px;">Name of Kits/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">&#160;&#196;KTApurifier10</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">28-4062-64&#160;</td>
			<td>Includes kits and accessories</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Benchtop Orbital Shaker</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">SHKE4000</td>
			<td>MAXQ 4000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:299px;">BirA500</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Avidity</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">BirA500</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">Enzyme comes with reaction buffers and biotin solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Dialysis Casette</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">66380</td>
			<td>Slide-A-Lyzer (Extra Strength)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Dialysis Tubing</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Spectrum Laboratories&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">132127, 132129</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">MWCO: 25,000 and 50,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Flow Diversion Valve FV-923</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">11-0011-70</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:299px;">FluoReporter Biotin Quantification Assay Kit</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">1094598</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Frac-950 Tube Racks, Rack C</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">18-6083-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Fraction Collector Frac-950</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">18-6083-00</td>
			<td>Includes kits and accessories</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Heated/Refrigerated Circulator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">13271-102</td>
			<td>Model 1156D</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Heating Oven FD Series</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Binder</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
			<td>Model FD 115</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;">HiLoad 16/60 Superdex 200 pg</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">17-1069-01</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">Discontinued--Replacement Product: HiLoad 16/600 Superdex 200 pg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">J-26 XPI Avanti Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">393126</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">JA 25.50 Rotor</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">363055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">JLA 8.1 Rotor</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">969329</td>
			<td>Includes 1 L polyporpylene bottles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">JS 5.3 Rotor</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">368690</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Laminar Flow Hood</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Themo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">1849</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">Forma 1800 Series Clean Bench</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Microplate Reader</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">TECAN</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
			<td>infinite M200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:299px;">Mini-PROTEAN Tetra Cell</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">165-8004</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">4-gel vertical electrophoresis system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Mini-PROTEAN TGX Precast Gels</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">456-9036</td>
			<td style="width:239px;">Any kDa, 15-well comb</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Ni-NTA Column</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>737-2512</td>
			<td>49 ml&#160;volume ECONO-Column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Plasmid Miniprep Kit</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">OMEGA bio-tek</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">D6943-01</td>
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expression, isolation, and purification of soluble and insoluble biotinylated proteins for nerve tissue regeneration

Recombinant ingénierie des protéines a utilisé Escherichia coli (E. coli) systèmes d&#39;expression pour près de 4 décennies, et aujourd&#39;hui E. coli est toujours l&#39;organisme d&#39;accueil le plus largement utilisé. La flexibilité du système permet l&#39;ajout de groupements tels que une étiquette de biotine (pour les interactions de streptavidine) et des protéines fonctionnelles plus grands comme protéine fluorescente verte ou cerise protéine rouge. De plus, l&#39;intégration des acides aminés non naturels tels que des chélateurs d&#39;ions métalliques, les groupes fonctionnels réactifs de manière unique, des sondes spectroscopiques, et des molécules conférant des modifications post-traductionnelles a permis une meilleure manipulation des propriétés de protéines et de fonctionnalités. En conséquence, cette technique crée des protéines de fusion personnalisables qui offrent une grande utilité pour les différents domaines de recherche. Plus spécifiquement, la séquence de la protéine biotinylatable a été incorporé dans de nombreuses protéines cibles en raison de l&#39;interaction de haute affinité entre la biotine avec l&#39;avidine et la streptavidine. Cet ajout a aidé à améliorer la détection et la purification de protéines marquées ainsi que l&#39;ouverture de la voie à des applications secondaires telles que le tri de cellules. Ainsi, les molécules de biotine montrent une influence croissante et généralisée dans les domaines bio-industrielles et biomédicales. Aux fins de notre recherche, nous avons conçu des protéines de fusion recombinantes biotinylé contenant le facteur de croissance des nerfs (NGF) et semaphorin3A (Sema3A) régions fonctionnelles. Nous avons indiqué précédemment comment ces protéines de fusion biotinylée, avec d&#39;autres séquences de protéines actives, peuvent être attachés à des biomatériaux pour l&#39;ingénierie des tissus et à des fins de régénération. Ce protocole définit les principes de base de protéines de biotinylatable d&#39;ingénierie à l&#39;échelle du milligramme, en utilisant un lac vecteur inductible T7 et E. hôtes d&#39;expression coli, à partir de la transformation à l&#39;échelle et la purification.

<html> Clonage et expression de test Lorsque le placage est effectué correctement, simples colonies isolées devraient former pour augmenter les chances de plumer clonale transformées cellules bactériennes (figure 2A). Cependant, si trop de cellules sont étalées, les plaques sont incubées trop longtemps à 37 ° C ou transformation est discutable, les colonies peuvent couvrir la plaque de gélose ou former de plus grands agrégats de cellules (f...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Expression, Isolation, and Purification of Soluble and Insoluble Biotinylated Proteins for Nerve Tissue Regeneration at JoVE.com

Expression, Isolation, and Purification of Soluble and Insoluble Biotinylated Proteins for Nerve Tissue Regeneration

Développer des protéines de fusion biotinylatable a de nombreuses applications potentielles dans différents domaines de recherche. Recombinant ingénierie des protéines est une procédure avant droite qui est rentable, offrant des rendements élevés de protéines sur mesure.

Expression, Isolation et purification des solubles et insolubles biotinylés protéines pour la régénération des tissus nerveux

Recombinant protein engineering has utilized Escherichia coli (E. coli) expression systems for nearly 4 decades, and today E. coli is still the most ...

expression-isolation-purification-soluble-insoluble-biotinylated

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

33.4K vues.  University of Akron.  Développer des protéines de fusion biotinylatable a de nombreuses applications potentielles dans différents domaines de recherche. Recombinant ingénierie des protéines est une procédure avant droite qui est rentable, offrant des rendements élevés de protéines sur mesure. 

Vidéo: Expression, Isolation, and Purification of Soluble and Insoluble Biotinylated Proteins for Nerve Tissue Regeneration

Use of Human Perivascular Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration

Human perivascular stem cells (PSCs) can be isolated in sufficient numbers from multiple tissues for purposes of skeletal tissue engineering1-3. PSCs are a FACS-sorted population of 'pericytes' (CD146+CD34-CD45-) and 'adventitial cells' (CD146-CD34+CD45-), each of which we have previously reported to have properties of mesenchymal stem cells. PSCs, like MSCs, are able to undergo osteogenic differentiation, as well as secrete pro-osteogenic cytokines1,2. In the present protocol, we demonstrate the osteogenicity of PSCs in several animal models including a muscle pouch implantation in SCID (severe combined immunodeficient) mice, a SCID mouse calvarial defect and a femoral segmental defect (FSD) in athymic rats. The thigh muscle pouch model is used to assess ectopic bone formation. Calvarial defects are centered on the parietal bone and are standardly 4 mm in diameter (critically sized)8. FSDs are bicortical and are stabilized with a polyethylene bar and K-wires4. The FSD described is also a critical size defect, which does not significantly heal on its own4. In contrast, if stem cells or growth factors are added to the defect site, significant bone regeneration can be appreciated. The overall goal of PSC xenografting is to demonstrate the osteogenic capability of this cell type in both ectopic and orthotopic bone regeneration models.

Human perivascular stem cells (PSCs) are a novel stem cell class for skeletal tissue regeneration similar to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). PSCs can be isolated by FACS (fluorescence activated cell sorting) from adipose tissue procured during standard liposuction procedures, then combined with an osteoinductive scaffold to achieve bone formation in vivo.

L&#39;utilisation de cellules souches humaines périvasculaires pour la régénération osseuse

Human perivascular stem cells (PSCs) can be isolated in sufficient numbers from multiple tissues for purposes of skeletal tissue engineering1-3. PSCs are ...

Recherche

Bio-ingénierie

Non-contact, Label-free Monitoring of Cells and Extracellular Matrix using Raman Spectroscopy

Non-destructive, non-contact and label-free technologies to monitor cell and tissue cultures are needed in the field of biomedical research.1-5 However, currently available routine methods require processing steps and alter sample integrity. Raman spectroscopy is a fast method that enables the measurement of biological samples without the need for further processing steps. This laser-based technology detects the inelastic scattering of monochromatic light.6 As every chemical vibration is assigned to a specific Raman band (wavenumber in cm-1), each biological sample features a typical spectral pattern due to their inherent biochemical composition.7-9 Within Raman spectra, the peak intensities correlate with the amount of the present molecular bonds.1 Similarities and differences of the spectral data sets can be detected by employing a multivariate analysis (e.g. principal component analysis (PCA)).10
Here, we perform Raman spectroscopy of living cells and native tissues. Cells are either seeded on glass bottom dishes or kept in suspension under normal cell culture conditions (37 &deg;C, 5% CO2) before measurement. Native tissues are dissected and stored in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 4 &deg;C prior measurements. Depending on our experimental set up, we then either focused on the cell nucleus or extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as elastin and collagen. For all studies, a minimum of 30 cells or 30 random points of interest within the ECM are measured. Data processing steps included background subtraction and normalization.

Raman spectroscopy is a suitable technique for the non-contact, label-free analysis of living cells, tissue-engineered constructs and native tissues. Source-specific spectral fingerprints can be generated and analyzed using multivariate analysis.

Sans contact, sans étiquette de surveillance des cellules et la matrice extracellulaire en utilisant la spectroscopie Raman

Non-destructive, non-contact and label-free technologies to monitor cell and tissue cultures are needed in the field of biomedical research.1-5 However, ...

Creating Adhesive and Soluble Gradients for Imaging Cell Migration with Fluorescence Microscopy

Cells can sense and migrate towards higher concentrations of adhesive cues such as the glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix and soluble cues such as growth factors. Here, we outline a method to create opposing gradients of adhesive and soluble cues in a microfluidic chamber, which is compatible with live cell imaging. A copolymer of poly-L-lysine and polyethylene glycol (PLL-PEG) is employed to passivate glass coverslips and prevent non-specific adsorption of biomolecules and cells. Next, microcontact printing or dip pen lithography are used to create tracks of streptavidin on the passivated surfaces to serve as anchoring points for the biotinylated peptide arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) as the adhesive cue. A microfluidic device is placed onto the modified surface and used to create the gradient of adhesive cues (100% RGD to 0% RGD) on the streptavidin tracks. Finally, the same microfluidic device is used to create a gradient of a chemoattractant such as fetal bovine serum (FBS), as the soluble cue in the opposite direction of the gradient of adhesive cues.

A method for the assembly of adhesive and soluble gradients in a microscopy chamber for live cell migration studies is described. The engineered environment combines antifouling surfaces and adhesive tracks with solution gradients and therefore allows one to determine the relative importance of guidance cues.

Création de dégradés et adhésifs solubles pour la migration des cellules d&#39;imagerie par microscopie à fluorescence

Cells can sense and migrate towards higher concentrations of adhesive cues such as the glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix and soluble cues such as ...

Engineering 3D Cellularized Collagen Gels for Vascular Tissue Regeneration

Synthetic materials are known to initiate clinical complications such as inflammation, stenosis, and infections when implanted as vascular substitutes. Collagen has been extensively used for a wide range of biomedical applications and is considered a valid alternative to synthetic materials due to its inherent biocompatibility (i.e., low antigenicity, inflammation, and cytotoxic responses). However, the limited mechanical properties and the related low hand-ability of collagen gels have hampered their use as scaffold materials for vascular tissue engineering. Therefore, the rationale behind this work was first to engineer cellularized collagen gels into a tubular-shaped geometry and second to enhance smooth muscle cells driven reorganization of collagen matrix to obtain tissues stiff enough to be handled.
The strategy described here is based on the direct assembling of collagen and smooth muscle cells (construct) in a 3D cylindrical geometry with the use of a molding technique. This process requires a maturation period, during which the constructs are cultured in a bioreactor under static conditions (without applied external dynamic mechanical constraints) for 1 or 2 weeks. The &#8220;static bioreactor&#8221; provides a monitored and controlled sterile environment (pH, temperature, gas exchange, nutrient supply and waste removal) to the constructs. During culture period, thickness measurements were performed to evaluate the cells-driven remodeling of the collagen matrix, and glucose consumption and lactate production rates were measured to monitor the cells metabolic activity. Finally, mechanical and viscoelastic properties were assessed for the resulting tubular constructs. To this end, specific protocols and a focused know-how (manipulation, gripping, working in hydrated environment, and so on) were developed to characterize the engineered tissues.

In this work, we present a technique for the rapid fabrication of living vascular tissues by direct culturing of collagen, smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells. In addition, a new protocol for the mechanical characterization of engineered vascular tissues is described.

Ingénierie 3D cellularisé collagène Gels pour la régénération tissulaire vasculaire

Synthetic materials are known to initiate clinical complications such as inflammation, stenosis, and infections when implanted as vascular substitutes. ...

Design and Construction of Artificial Extracellular Matrix (aECM) Proteins from Escherichia coli for Skin Tissue Engineering

Recombinant technology is a versatile platform to create novel artificial proteins with tunable properties. For the last decade, many artificial proteins that have incorporated functional domains derived from nature (or created de novo) have been reported. In particular, artificial extracellular matrix (aECM) proteins have been developed; these aECM proteins consist of biological domains taken from fibronectin, laminins and collagens and are combined with structural domains including elastin-like repeats, silk and collagen repeats. To date, aECM proteins have been widely investigated for applications in tissue engineering and wound repair. Recently, Tjin and coworkers developed integrin-specific aECM proteins designed for promoting human skin keratinocyte attachment and propagation. In their work, the aECM proteins incorporate cell binding domains taken from fibronectin, laminin-5 and collagen IV, as well as flanking elastin-like repeats. They demonstrated that the aECM proteins developed in their work were promising candidates for use as substrates in artificial skin. Here, we outline the design and construction of such aECM proteins as well as their purification process using the thermo-responsive characteristics of elastin.

Design and Construction of Artificial Extracellular Matrix aECM Proteins from Escherichia coli for Skin Tissue Engineering

Recombinant technologies have enabled material designers to create novel artificial proteins with customized functionalities for tissue engineering applications. For example, artificial extracellular matrix proteins can be designed to incorporate structural and biological domains derived from native ECMs. Here, we describe the construction and purification of aECM proteins containing elastin-like repeats.

Conception et construction de la matrice extracellulaire artificielle (AECM) Protéines de<em&gt; Escherichia coli</em&gt; Pour l&#39;ingénierie tissulaire de la peau

Recombinant technology is a versatile platform to create novel artificial proteins with tunable properties. For the last decade, many artificial proteins ...

A Microfluidic Platform for High-throughput Single-cell Isolation and Culture

Studying the heterogeneity of single cells is crucial for many biological questions, but is technically difficult. Thus, there is a need for a simple, yet high-throughput, method to perform single-cell culture experiments. Here, we report a microfluidic chip-based strategy for high-efficiency single-cell isolation (~77%) and demonstrate its capability of performing long-term single-cell culture (up to 7 d) and cellular heterogeneity analysis using clonogenic assay. These applications were demonstrated with KT98 mouse neural stem cells, and A549 and MDA-MB-435 human cancer cells. High single-cell isolation efficiency and long-term culture capability are achieved by using different sizes of microwells on the top and bottom of the microfluidic channel. The small microwell array is designed for precisely isolating single-cells, and the large microwell array is used for single-cell clonal culture in the microfluidic chip. This microfluidic platform constitutes an attractive approach for single-cell culture applications, due to its flexibility of adjustable cell culture spaces for different culture strategies, without decreasing isolation efficiency.

Here, we present a protocol for isolating and culturing single cells with a microfluidic platform, which utilizes a new microwell design concept to allow for high-efficiency single cell isolation and long-term clonal culture.

Une plate-forme microfluidique pour l&#39;isolement à haut débit unique cellule et Culture

Studying the heterogeneity of single cells is crucial for many biological questions, but is technically difficult. Thus, there is a need for a simple, yet ...

Isolation of Murine Adipose Tissue-derived Microvascular Fragments as Vascularization Units for Tissue Engineering

A functional microvascular network is of pivotal importance for the survival and integration of engineered tissue constructs. For this purpose, several angiogenic and prevascularization strategies have been established. However, most cell-based approaches include time-consuming in vitro steps for the formation of a microvascular network. Hence, they are not suitable for intraoperative one-step procedures. Adipose tissue-derived microvascular fragments (ad-MVF) represent promising vascularization units. They can be easily isolated from fat tissue and exhibit a functional microvessel morphology. Moreover, they rapidly reassemble into new microvascular networks after in vivo implantation. In addition, ad-MVF have been shown to induce lymphangiogenesis. Finally, they are a rich source of mesenchymal stem cells, which may further contribute to their high vascularization potential. In previous studies we have demonstrated the remarkable vascularization capacity of ad-MVF in engineered bone and skin substitutes. In the present study, we report on a standardized protocol for the enzymatic isolation of ad-MVF from murine fat tissue.

We present a protocol to isolate adipose tissue-derived microvascular fragments that represent promising vascularization units. They can be rapidly isolated, do not require in vitro processing and, thus, may be used for one-step prevascularization in different fields of tissue engineering.

Isolement des murins dérivés tissu adipeux microvasculaire fragments comme Vascularization unités pour l&#39;ingénierie tissulaire

A functional microvascular network is of pivotal importance for the survival and integration of engineered tissue constructs. For this purpose, several ...

Three-dimensional Tissue Engineered Aligned Astrocyte Networks to Recapitulate Developmental Mechanisms and Facilitate Nervous System Regeneration

Neurotrauma and neurodegenerative disease often result in lasting neurological deficits due to the limited capacity of the central nervous system (CNS) to replace lost neurons and regenerate axonal pathways. However, during nervous system development, neuronal migration and axonal extension often occur along pathways formed by other cells, referred to as &#34;living scaffolds&#34;. Seeking to emulate these mechanisms and to design a strategy that circumvents the inhibitory environment of the CNS, this manuscript presents a protocol to fabricate tissue engineered astrocyte-based &#34;living scaffolds&#34;. To create these constructs, we employed a novel biomaterial encasement scheme to induce astrocytes to self-assemble into dense three-dimensional bundles of bipolar longitudinally-aligned somata and processes. First, hollow hydrogel micro-columns were assembled, and the inner lumen was coated with collagen extracellular-matrix. Dissociated cerebral cortical astrocytes were then delivered into the lumen of the cylindrical micro-column and, at a critical inner diameter of &#60;350 &#181;m, spontaneously self-aligned and contracted to produce long fiber-like cables consisting of dense bundles of astrocyte processes and collagen fibrils measuring &#60;150 &#181;m in diameter yet extending several cm in length. These engineered living scaffolds exhibited &#62;97% cell viability and were virtually exclusively comprised of astrocytes expressing a combination of the intermediate filament proteins glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, and nestin. These aligned astrocyte networks were found to provide a permissive substrate for neuronal attachment and aligned neurite extension. Moreover, these constructs maintain integrity and alignment when extracted from the hydrogel encasement, making them suitable for CNS implantation. These preformed constructs structurally emulate key cytoarchitectural elements of naturally occurring glial-based &#34;living scaffolds&#34; in vivo. As such, these engineered living scaffolds may serve as test-beds to study neurodevelopmental mechanisms in vitro or facilitate neuroregeneration by directing neuronal migration and/or axonal pathfinding following CNS degeneration in vivo.

We showcase the development of self-assembled, three-dimensional bundles of longitudinally aligned astrocytic somata and processes within a novel biomaterial encasement. These engineered &#34;living scaffolds&#34;, exhibiting micron-scale diameter yet extending centimeters in length, may serve as test-beds to study neurodevelopmental mechanisms or facilitate neuroregeneration by directing neuronal migration and/or axonal pathfinding.

Dimensions des tissus conçus alignement Astrocyte réseaux pour récapituler les mécanismes du développement et de faciliter la régénération du système nerveux

Neurotrauma and neurodegenerative disease often result in lasting neurological deficits due to the limited capacity of the central nervous system (CNS) to ...

Isolation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Human Alveolar Periosteum and Effects of Vitamin D on Osteogenic Activity of Periosteum-derived Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are present in a variety of tissues and can be differentiated into numerous cell types, including osteoblasts. Among the dental sources of MSCs, the periosteum is an easily accessible tissue, which has been identified to contain MSCs in the cambium layer. However, this source has not yet been widely studied.
Vitamin D3 and 1,25-(OH)2D3 have been demonstrated to stimulate in vitro differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts. In addition, vitamin C facilitates collagen formation and bone cell growth. However, no study has yet investigated the effects of Vitamin D3 and Vitamin C on MSCs.
Here, we present a method of isolating MSCs from human alveolar periosteum and examine the hypothesis that 1,25-(OH)2D3 may exert an osteoinductive effect on these cells. We also investigate the presence of MSCs in the human alveolar periosteum and assess stem cell adhesion and proliferation. To assess the ability of vitamin C (as a control) and various concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D3 (10&#8722;10, 10&#8722;9, 10&#8722;8, and 10&#8722;7 M) to alter key mRNA biomarkers in isolated MSCs mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone sialoprotein (BSP), core binding factor alpha-1 (CBFA1), collagen-1, and osteocalcin (OCN) are measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

We present a protocol to investigate the mRNA expression biomarkers of periosteum-derived cells (PDCs) induced by vitamin C (vitamin C) and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D3]. In addition, we evaluate the ability of PDCs to differentiate into osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes.

Isolement des cellules souches mésenchymateuses du périoste alvéolaire humaine et les effets de la vitamine D sur activité ostéogène du périoste dérivées des cellules

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are present in a variety of tissues and can be differentiated into numerous cell types, including osteoblasts. Among the ...

Wet-spinning-based Molding Process of Gelatin for Tissue Regeneration

This article presents an inexpensive method to fabricate gelatin, as a natural polymer, into monofilament fibers or other appropriate forms. Through the wet spinning method, gelatin fibers are produced by smooth extrusion in a suitable coagulation medium. To increase the functional surface of these gelatin fibers and their ability to mimic the features of tissues, gelatin can be molded into a tube form by referring to this concept. Examined by in vitro and in vivo tests, the gelatin tubes demonstrate a great potential for application in tissue engineering. Acting as a suitable filling gap material, gelatin tubes can be used to substitute the tissue in the damaged area (e.g., in the nervous or cardiovascular system), as well as to promote regeneration by providing a direct replacement of stem cells and neural circuitry. This protocol provides a detailed procedure for creating a biomaterial based on a natural polymer, and its implementation is expected to greatly benefit the development of correlative natural polymers, which help to realize tissue regeneration strategies.

We developed and describe a protocol based on the wet spinning concept, for the construction of gelatin-based biomaterials used for the application of tissue engineering.

Processus de moulage humide-filage à base de gélatine pour la régénération des tissus

This article presents an inexpensive method to fabricate gelatin, as a natural polymer, into monofilament fibers or other appropriate forms. Through the ...