This work was funded by grants from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (RG4179 to A.N.), the National Institutes of Health (NIH R01NS073425 and R01NS074870 to A.N.) and the National Science Foundation (A.N.). We thank Dr. Frank Kirchhoff (University of Saarland, Homburg Germany) for providing PLPDsRed transgenic mice. We thank Youfen Sun for her assistance in maintaining the transgenic mouse colony.

NOTE: Toutes les procédures d&#39;animaux suivent les directives et ont été approuvés par le Comité institutionnel de protection des animaux et l&#39;utilisation (IACUC) à l&#39;Université du Connecticut. NOTE: Pour ces expériences constitutifs NG2cre 18 (JAX # 008533) et inductibles NG2creER 16 (JAX # 008538) de souris transgéniques a traversé à Z / EG 19 (JAX # 003920) ou gtRosa26: YFP reporter 20 (JAX # 006148) lignes respectivement ont été utilisés à l&#39;image des cellules NG2 et de leur progéniture. Pour l&#39;image oligodendrocytes matures, PLPDsRed souris transgéniques 21 ont été utilisés. Pour la survie compatibles, les tranches peuvent être isolés à partir de souris jusqu&#39;à 10 jours après la naissance à la fois du cerveau et le cervelet. 1 tranche Préparation <ol><li> Dans une hotte de culture, de placer des inserts de culture de tissu à six plaques à puits et ajouter 1 ml de milieu de culture de la tranche (recette dans la section des réactifs). Placer les plaques dans l&#39;incubateur de culture cellulaire à 37 ° C avec 5% de CO 2 d&#39;au moins 2 heures avant la dissection. </li><li> Stériliser tous les outils et broyeur de tissus avec 70% d&#39;éthanol. </li><li> tampon de bulle de dissection (recette dans la section des réactifs) avec 95% O 2, 5% de CO 2 sur la glace pendant au moins 15 min avant le début de la dissection. </li><li> Anesthésier souriceaux en les plaçant sur de la glace pendant 5-10 min selon des protocoles approuvés animaux. Déterminer la profondeur de l&#39;anesthésie appropriée en confirmant que les souris ne répondent pas à la queue et pieds pincement. </li><li> Décapiter les animaux à l&#39;aide de ciseaux pointus, suivant des protocoles d&#39;animaux. Enlever rapidement le crâne sur le cerveau et le cervelet en faisant d&#39;abord une coupe sagittale suivie par incision latérale, en utilisant des outils stérilisés. Couper les nerfs crâniens de la surface ventrale du cerveau et du cervelet avec soin par laminage du tissu sur le côté. </li><li> Passer tissu stérile dans une boîte de 35 mm contenant du tampon oxygéné de dissection glacée. </li><li> En utilisant une lame de rasoir, couper le cervelet et le cerveau antérieur. Ensuite, faire une coupe mi-sagittal thropouah le cerveau et le cervelet, la séparation des hémisphères. </li><li> Coupez les 300 coupes coronales et sagittales um d&#39;épaisseur du cerveau et du cervelet avec un hachoir manuel de tissu. REMARQUE: Un hachoir manuel de tissu permet un traitement rapide de dissection à la culture incubation sans la nécessité d&#39;intégration agarose. Un vibratome peut également être utilisé comme décrit précédemment 9. </li><li> Transfert tranches séparées dans le tampon de dissection froide fraîchement barboter sur la glace. </li><li> Utiliser une petite dissection ou pesant spatules pour séparer les sections individuelles et de les transférer à préincubée six plats et avec des inserts de culture. </li><li> Retirez tout tampon de dissection excès de la surface de l&#39;insert de culture en utilisant une pipette de transfert jetable ou une pointe P 200 de la pipette. Deux à trois cerveau antérieur ou trois tranches de cervelet peut être placé sur un insert de culture. REMARQUE: Pour obtenir des résultats cohérents avec les cultures du cerveau antérieur, il est idéal pour les tranches couvrant la partie antérieure d&#39;un tiers de corps calleux(Figure 1A) afin d&#39;étudier les deux régions grises et blanches matière dans la même tranche. Chaque animal donne généralement de six tranches de cerveau antérieur et les six tranches de cervelet. </li><li> Placez les six plaques ainsi dans l&#39;incubateur et remplacer le milieu de la tranche avec 1 ml de milieu de tranche 1 jour après la préparation de tranche, puis tous les deux jours jusqu&#39;à ce que la tranche fixation. </li><li> Selon l&#39;expérience, utiliser des tranches après 5-7 jours de culture. Utilisez uniquement des tranches qui deviennent transparent après les quelques premiers jours et jeter ceux qui ont des zones opaques inégales. REMARQUE: les régions opaques dans les tranches sont visibles à l&#39;œil nu et apparaissent comme un amas de cellules sombres en contraste de phase. Après la technique a été maîtrisé, morts tranches opaques sont rares, en moins de 1-5% des tranches. </li></ol> 2. imagerie time-lapse de la division cellulaire et NG2 Oligodendrocyte différenciation REMARQUE: Pour effectuer laps de temps imagerie de NG2 la prolifération et la différenciation cellulaire, nous utilisons NG2cre: souris ZEG 16qui expriment l&#39;EGFP dans les cellules NG2 et de leur progéniture (figure 1C-E). expression de rapporteur dans cette ligne est suffisamment robuste pour obtenir des images en direct des cellules GFP + dans les tranches immédiatement après la coupe pour une période de temps d&#39;au moins quatre semaines. Les images les plus nettes sont obtenues après la période initiale de l&#39;amincissement de la tranche, qui se produit au cours des 3-5 premiers jours de culture. <ol><li> Tout au long de l&#39;expérience, garder les tranches dans un incubateur de culture de cellules à 37 ° C et ne retirez que pour de brèves périodes de temps (moins de 15 min par tranche), en gardant le couvercle sur la plaque de six puits tandis que d&#39;imagerie. </li><li> En utilisant un microscope inversé à fluorescence équipé d&#39;une caméra numérique, de capturer des images au premier point de temps à l&#39;aide d&#39;un objectif 10X. REMARQUE: premiers points de temps varient par l&#39;expérience et peuvent être le jour où les coupes ont été préparés ou n&#39;importe quel moment après le temps. </li><li> Capturez des images à partir de plusieurs régions à un point de temps dans les deux zones de la matière grise et blanche de la tranche. Remarque èmee région imagée par des sites spécifiques au sein de la tranche et de la cartographie de la position de l&#39;image sur un schéma qui peut être utilisée pour des séances de formation d&#39;image ultérieures. Points de repère utiles peuvent inclure des bords des tranches et / ou l&#39;orientation de faisceaux de matière blanche. L&#39;image de quatre à huit endroits sur chaque tranche à chaque point de temps. </li><li> Capturer les images subséquentes à un intervalle de 4-6 heures si l&#39;examen de la division des cellules NG2 et la différenciation des oligodendrocytes, idéalement plus de 5-7 jours. </li><li> Capturer une image finale de toutes les régions et de fixer les tranches immédiatement. Ajouter 1 ml de fixateur (PFA 4% avec 0,1 M de L-lysine 0,01 M métaperiodate de sodium) à la partie inférieure de l&#39;insert de culture, puis ajouter 1 ml d&#39;autre sur le dessus des tranches. Prenez soin de ne pas injecter le fixateur directement sur la tranche, car il peut se détacher de la membrane. Fixer le tissu pendant 30 minutes et procéder à l&#39;immunohistochimie en utilisant des marqueurs spécifiques au stade de développement tel que décrit dans la section 4. </li><li> Tranches lavage avec du phosphate de sodium 0,2 M tampon 3 x 10 m. Si nécessaires, des tranches de conserver à 4 ° C à 0,2 M tampon phosphate de sodium pendant 1-3 jours avant immunomarquage mais idéalement effectuer de coloration dans les 24 heures. Passez par immunohistochimie comme décrit ci-dessous dans la section 4 pour déterminer la proportion de cellules qui sont différenciées en oligodendrocytes (figure 2D-F). </li></ol> 3. destin cartographie de NG2 descendance de la cellule en utilisant des souris transgéniques inductible Reporter dans les cultures Slice NOTE: Pour suivre le destin des cellules NG2 d&#39;un point de temps particulière dans la culture, NG2creER inductibles: souris transgéniques YFP peuvent être utilisés. <ol><li> Induire une recombinaison Cre et expression du reporteur par l&#39;ajout de 100 nM 4OHT dissous dans de l&#39;éthanol au milieu de culture. REMARQUE: cellules positives Reporter devraient apparaître dans les 1-2 jours à une efficacité d&#39;induction de ~ 20-25% YFP cellules NG2 + + / NG2 + et à ce point de temps seront tous des cellules au stade de cellules NG2 (Figure 2A-C) </li><li> Fixer et laver la tranches, à différents points dans le temps après diverses manipulations (décrits dans les sections 2.5 et 2.6). </li></ol> 4 Slice immunohistochimie <ol><li> Couper les membranes avec les tranches attachées sur les inserts à l&#39;aide d&#39;un scalpel. </li><li> Transfert tranches de puits individuels d&#39;une solution saline 24 plaque contenant bien tamponnée au phosphate (PBS) en utilisant un ensemble de pinces à épiler, en prenant soin de ne pas perturber la composition de la tranche d&#39;enlèvement de la membrane. </li><li> Transférer les tranches sur une plaque à 24 puits avec une solution de blocage contenant 5% de sérum normal de chèvre (NGS) et 0,1% de Triton-X100 dans du PBS pendant 1 heure. </li><li> Incuber les tranches d&#39;anticorps primaire O / N à 5% NGS dans du PBS à 4 ° C. Pour identifier les cellules au stade de la cellule NG2, en utilisant des anticorps dirigés contre le récepteur PDGFRa et NG2. Pour identifier les oligodendrocytes différenciés, utiliser un anticorps à l&#39;antigène polypose adénomateuse coli (APC; clone CC1). </li><li> Sur la deuxième tranches de lavage de jour en PBS 3 x15 min, puis incuber dans Antibo secondairemeurt dans 5% NGS dans du PBS pendant 1 heure à température ambiante. Laver les tranches dans du PBS 3 x15 min et monter sur des lames. Montage de tranches vers le haut et face à la membrane diapositive de sorte que la membrane ne sera pas entre l&#39;objectif et le tissu. </li></ol>

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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenosine:+a+neuron-glial+transmitter+promoting+myelination+in+the+CNS+in+response+to+action+potentials.">Adenosine: a neuron-glial transmitter promoting myelination in the CNS in response to action potentials.</a> Neuron. 36 (5), 855-868 (2002).</li><li>Wake, H., Lee, P. R., Fields, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+local+protein+synthesis+and+initial+events+in+myelination+by+action+potentials.">Control of local protein synthesis and initial events in myelination by action potentials.</a> Science. 333 (6049), 1647-1651 (2011).</li><li>Rosenberg, S. S., Kelland, E. E., Tokar, E., De la Torre, A. R., Chan, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+geometric+and+spatial+constraints+of+the+microenvironment+induce+oligodendrocyte+differentiation.">The geometric and spatial constraints of the microenvironment induce oligodendrocyte differentiation.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (38), 14662-14667 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests

La myélinisation dans le système nerveux central est essentiel pour une communication efficace neuronale et la survie des axones 22. Cellules NG2 génèrent en permanence des oligodendrocytes myélinisantes à l&#39;âge adulte, tout en maintenant une population résidente dans la plupart des régions du cerveau 16,23 - 25. Certains mécanismes génétiques et moléculaires qui régulent la différenciation de ces cellules ont été décrits, mais beaucoup reste à découvrir. Cultures organotypi...

Cultures tranche Organoytpic du système nerveux central se sont avérées extrêmement utiles pour l&#39;étude de la biologie des neurones et des cellules gliales dans un système semiintact: 1 - 4. Ces cultures sont relativement simples à adopter et à conserver de nombreux avantages des cultures de cellules dissociées primaires telles que la manipulation de l&#39;environnement extracellulaire et un accès facile pour l&#39;imagerie des cellules vivantes à long terme répétées et des enregistrements électrophysiologiques 5 - 9. En outre, des cultures de tranches de tissu cytoarchitecture maintenir en 3 dimensions, la connectivité neuronale régionale, et la plupart des types cellulaires majeurs sont présents dans le système. Ces propriétés font de ces cultures un système unique et pratique pour étudier le comportement de cellules individuelles et de la physiologie des interactions cellulaires et environnementaux. NG2 cellules sont une population de cellules gliales dans le système nerveux central des mammifères, qui continuent à proliférer et à produire myelinating oligodendrocytes pendant le développement embryonnaire et postnatal 10. Ils ont été largement étudiés dans des cultures primaires de cellules dissociées, et le développement récent des lignées de souris transgéniques avec expression spécifique des cellules NG2 des protéines fluorescentes a facilité la cartographie du destin in vivo et des enregistrements électrophysiologiques dans des préparations de tranches aiguës. Même avec ces études, on sait peu sur la dynamique temporelle de NG2 la prolifération cellulaire et la différenciation des oligodendrocytes. Bien que la culture de cellules dissociées est largement utilisé pour l&#39;installation par rapport à des manipulations pharmacologiques et génétiques, il n&#39;est pas adapté pour interroger les différences fonctionnelles de ces cellules dans les différentes régions du cerveau en particulier quand il est souhaitable de maintenir le cadre de la micro-cellulaire. Cultures Slice offrent une alternative simple qui se prête à des manipulations pharmacologiques et ont été utilisées pour étudier la myélinisation des oligodendrocytes 11,12, celluleréponse parti- après lysolécithine (LPC) ou anticorps induit une démyélinisation 13,14, et l&#39;induction de la remyélinisation par un traitement pharmacologique 15. Une méthode pour enquêter et effectuer l&#39;imagerie en direct et les tissus fixés (ou postfixation) analyse de NG2 la prolifération cellulaire et la différenciation des oligodendrocytes dans les cultures organotypique prises de fois le cerveau et le cervelet est décrit. Il s&#39;agit d&#39;une méthode puissante qui peut être utilisé pour étudier le sort cellulaire des cellules NG2 simples après la division 16 et de découvrir la région et la différence d&#39;âge-dépendante du facteur de croissance induit la prolifération des cellules NG2 17. Cette technique relativement simple est largement accessible à approfondir cellule intrinsèque et / ou l&#39;environnement mécanismes de régulation de la physiologie de ces cellules gliales et leur réponse à l&#39;activité neuronale ou lésions de la myéline.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Slice Culture Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minimum Essential Medium</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11090</td>
			<td>50%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#8217;s Balanced Salt Solution</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14175</td>
			<td>25%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H-4034</td>
			<td>25mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25030</td>
			<td>1mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I6634</td>
			<td>1mg/L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ascorbic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A-0278</td>
			<td>0.4mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horse Serum</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30074.03</td>
			<td>25%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Titrate to pH 7.22 with NaOH, filter with bottle top filter, and store at 4 degrees Celsius</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dissection Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S3014</td>
			<td>124mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5405</td>
			<td>3.004mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5655</td>
			<td>1.25mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4 (anhydrous)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M7506</td>
			<td>4.004mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2 2H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C7902</td>
			<td>2mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5761</td>
			<td>26mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7021</td>
			<td>10mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ascorbic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A-0278</td>
			<td>2.0mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adenosine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A4036</td>
			<td>0.075mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Filter with bottle top filter and store at 4 degrees Celsius, oxygenate with 95%O2 5%CO2 before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Other Reagents and Supplies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-hydroxy tamoxifen (4OHT)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H7904</td>
			<td>100nM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>EM Sciences</td>
			<td>19200</td>
			<td>4%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L-6027</td>
			<td>0.1M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Metaperiodate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S-1878</td>
			<td>0.01M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit anti NG2 antibody</td>
			<td>Chemicon (Millipore)</td>
			<td>AB5320</td>
			<td>1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti CC1 antibody</td>
			<td>Calbiochem (Millipore)</td>
			<td>OP80</td>
			<td>1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti Ki67 antibody</td>
			<td>Vision Biosystems</td>
			<td>NCL-Ki67-MM1</td>
			<td>1:300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti NeuN antibody</td>
			<td>Chemicon (Millipore)</td>
			<td>MAB377</td>
			<td>1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Species specific secondary antibodies</td>
			<td>Jackson Immunoresearch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal Goat Serum (NGS)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.10%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mounting medium with DAPI</td>
			<td>Vector Labs</td>
			<td>H-1200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millicell culture membrane inserts 0.45&#956;m pore size</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PICM03050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottle top filters</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09-740-25E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>95% O2 5% CO2 gas mix</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile six well plates</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting (hippocampal) or weighing spatulas</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Manual or automatic tissue chopper</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blades</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable transfer pipettes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35mm and 60mm sterile Petri dishes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted Phase Microscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminar Flow Hood</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Culture Incubator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted Fluorescence Microcope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

organotypic slice cultures to study oligodendrocyte dynamics and myelination

Les cellules exprimant NG2 (polydendrocytes, les cellules précurseurs d&#39;oligodendrocytes) sont la quatrième grande population de cellules gliales dans le système nerveux central. Au cours du développement embryonnaire et postnatal elles prolifèrent activement et génèrent oligodendrocytes myélinisantes. Ces cellules ont souvent été étudiés dans des cultures primaires dissociées, co-cultures de neurones, et dans le tissu fixe. Utilisation de lignées de souris transgéniques nouvellement disponibles tranche systèmes de culture peuvent être utilisés pour étudier la prolifération et la différenciation des cellules de la lignée des oligodendrocytes dans les deux régions de la matière grise et blanche du cerveau et le cervelet. Cultures tranches sont préparées à partir de souris postnatales et sont maintenues en culture pendant 1 mois. Ces rondelles peuvent être imagées à plusieurs reprises au cours de la période de culture cellulaire pour étudier le comportement et les interactions. Cette méthode permet la visualisation de la division cellulaire NG2 et les étapes menant à la différenciation des oligodendrocytes, tout en permettant une analyse détaillée de région dépendent cellules oligodendrocytes et NG2 hétérogénéité fonctionnelle. Ceci est une technique puissante qui peut être utilisé pour étudier les signaux intrinsèques et extrinsèques qui influent sur ​​ces cellules au cours du temps dans un environnement cellulaire qui ressemble étroitement à celle trouvée in vivo.

Des exemples de données représentatives sont donnés ci-dessous qui ont été obtenus à partir de cultures de tranche de la fois le cerveau et le cervelet de P8 NG2cre: ZEG, NG2creER: YFP et PLPDsRed lignées de souris transgéniques. Cellules NG2 peuvent être visualisés sur plusieurs jours dans du cerveau antérieur et le cervelet tranches (figure 1B-D, la vidéo 1) et le phénotype de ces cellules peut être déterminé qu&#39;après la fixation et immunologique avec des anticorps NG2 et CC1 <str...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Organotypic Slice Cultures to Study Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Myelination at JoVE.com

Organotypic Slice Cultures to Study Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Myelination

A technique to study NG2 cells and oligodendrocytes using a slice culture system of the forebrain and cerebellum is described. This method allows examination of the dynamics of proliferation and differentiation of cells within the oligodendrocyte lineage where the extracellular environment can be easily manipulated while maintaining tissue cytoarchitecture.

Cultures organotypique de tranche d&#39;étudier Oligodendrocyte Dynamics et myélinisation

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During ...

organotypic-slice-cultures-to-study-oligodendrocyte-dynamics

Research

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Neuroscience

18.2K vues.  University of Connecticut. A technique to study NG2 cells and oligodendrocytes using a slice culture system of the forebrain and cerebellum is described. This method allows examination of the dynamics of proliferation and differentiation of cells within the oligodendrocyte lineage where the extracellular environment can be easily manipulated while maintaining tissue cytoarchitecture.

Vidéo: Organotypic Slice Cultures to Study Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Myelination

The Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Culture Model for Examining Neuronal Injury

Organotypic hippocampal slice culture is an in vitro method to examine mechanisms of neuronal injury in which the basic architecture and composition of the hippocampus is relatively preserved 1. The organotypic culture system allows for the examination of neuronal, astrocytic and microglial effects, but as an ex vivo preparation, does not address effects of blood flow, or recruitment of peripheral inflammatory cells. To that end, this culture method is frequently used to examine excitotoxic and hypoxic injury to pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, but has also been used to examine the inflammatory response. Herein we describe the methods for generating hippocampal slice cultures from postnatal rodent brain, administering toxic stimuli to induce neuronal injury, and assaying and quantifying hippocampal neuronal death.

The organoptypic hippocampal slice culture model is an in vitro model used to examine neuronal injury in a variety of paradigms. In this article, we describe the methods for generating slice cultures and quantifying neuronal injury.

Le modèle organotypiques d&#39;hippocampe Culture Slice d&#39;examen des lésions neuronales

Organotypic hippocampal slice culture is an in vitro method to examine mechanisms of neuronal injury in which the basic architecture and composition of ...

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Neurosciences

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the strength of their connections after brief periods of strong activation. This phenomenon, known as long-term potentiation (LTP) can last for hours or days and has become the best candidate mechanism for learning and memory 2. In addition, the well defined anatomy and connectivity of the hippocampus 3 has made it a classical model system to study synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity4.
As our understanding of the physiology of hippocampal synapses grew and molecular players became identified, a need to manipulate synaptic proteins became imperative. Organotypic hippocampal cultures offer the possibility for easy gene manipulation and precise pharmacological intervention but maintain synaptic organization that is critical to understanding synapse function in a more naturalistic context than routine culture dissociated neurons methods.
Here we present a method to prepare and culture hippocampal slices that can be easily adapted to other brain regions. This method allows easy access to the slices for genetic manipulation using different approaches like viral infection 5,6 or biolistics 7. In addition, slices can be easily recovered for biochemical assays 8, or transferred to microscopes for imaging 9 or electrophysiological experiments 10.

We describe a method to prepare organotypic hippocampal slices that can be easily adapted to other brain regions. Brain slices are laid on porous membranes and culture media is allowed to form an interface. This method preserves the gross architecture of the hippocampus for up to 2 weeks in culture.

Cultures organotypiques d&#39;hippocampe Slice

The hippocampus, a component of the limbic system, plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation 1. Hippocampal neurons can modify the ...

Organotypic Cerebellar Cultures: Apoptotic Challenges and Detection

Organotypic cultures of neuronal tissue were first introduced by Hogue in 1947 1,2 and have constituted a major breakthrough in the field of neuroscience. Since then, the technique was developed further and currently there are many different ways to prepare organotypic cultures. The method presented here was adapted from the one described by Stoppini et al. for the preparation of the slices and from Gogolla et al. for the staining procedure 3,4.
A unique feature of this technique is that it allows you to study different parts of the brain such as hippocampus or cerebellum in their original structure, providing a big advantage over dissociated cultures in which all the cellular organization and neuronal networks are disrupted. In the case of the cerebellum it is even more advantageous because it allows the study of Purkinje cells, extremely difficult to obtain as dissociated primary culture. This method can be used to study certain developmental features of the cerebellum in vitro, as well as for electrophysiological and pharmacological experiments in both wild type and mutant mice.
The method described here was designed to study the effect of apoptotic stimuli such as Fas ligand in the developing cerebellum, using TUNEL staining to measure apoptotic cell death. If TUNEL staining is combined with cell type specific markers, such as Calbindin for Purkinje cells, it is possible to evaluate cell death in a cell population specific manner. The Calbindin staining also serves the purpose of evaluating the quality of the cerebellar cultures.

This method describes the generation of organotypic cerebellar cultures and the effect of certain apoptotic stimuli on the viability of different cerebellar cell types.

Cultures organotypiques cérébelleuse: Défis apoptotiques et détection

Organotypic cultures of neuronal tissue were first introduced by Hogue in 1947 1,2 and have constituted a major breakthrough in the field of neuroscience. ...

Whole Cell Recording from an Organotypic Slice Preparation of Neocortex

We have been studying the expression and functional roles of voltage-gated potassium channels in pyramidal neurons from rat neocortex. Because of the lack of specific pharmacological agents for these channels, we have taken a genetic approach to manipulating channel expression. We use an organotypic culture preparation (16) in order to maintain cell morphology and the laminar pattern of cortex. We typically isolate acute neocortical slices at postnatal days 8-10 and maintain the slices in culture for 3-7 days. This allows us to study neurons at a similar age to those in our work with acute slices and minimizes the development of exuberant excitatory connections in the slice. We record from visually-identified pyramidal neurons in layers II/III or V using infrared illumination (IR-) and differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC) with whole cell patch clamp in current- or voltage-clamp. We use biolistic (Gene gun) transfection of wild type or mutant potassium channel DNA to manipulate expression of the channels to study their function. The transfected cells are easily identified by epifluorescence microscopy after co-transfection with cDNA for green fluorescent protein (GFP). We compare recordings of transfected cells to adjacent, untransfected neurons in the same layer from the same slice.

This is a protocol to prepare and maintain a neocortical slice preparation in organotypic culture for the purpose of making electrical recordings from pyramidal neurons.

Enregistrement à partir de cellules entières une préparation de tranches organotypiques du néocortex

We have been studying the expression and functional roles of voltage-gated potassium channels in pyramidal neurons from rat neocortex.  Because of the ...

Multi-electrode Array Recordings of Neuronal Avalanches in Organotypic Cultures

The cortex is spontaneously active, even in the absence of any particular input or motor output. During development, this activity is important for the migration and differentiation of cortex cell types and the formation of neuronal connections1. In the mature animal, ongoing activity reflects the past and the present state of an animal into which sensory stimuli are seamlessly integrated to compute future actions. Thus, a clear understanding of the organization of ongoing i.e. spontaneous activity is a prerequisite to understand cortex function. 
Numerous recording techniques revealed that ongoing activity in cortex is comprised of many neurons whose individual activities transiently sum to larger events that can be detected in the local field potential (LFP) with extracellular microelectrodes, or in the electroencephalogram (EEG), the magnetoencephalogram (MEG), and the BOLD signal from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The LFP is currently the method of choice when studying neuronal population activity with high temporal and spatial resolution at the mesoscopic scale (several thousands of neurons). At the extracellular microelectrode, locally synchronized activities of spatially neighbored neurons result in rapid deflections in the LFP up to several hundreds of microvolts. When using an array of microelectrodes, the organizations of such deflections can be conveniently monitored in space and time. 
Neuronal avalanches describe the scale-invariant spatiotemporal organization of ongoing neuronal activity in the brain2,3. They are specific to the superficial layers of cortex as established in vitro4,5, in vivo in the anesthetized rat 6, and in the awake monkey7. Importantly, both theoretical and empirical studies2,8-10 suggest that neuronal avalanches indicate an exquisitely balanced critical state dynamics of cortex that optimizes information transfer and information processing.
In order to study the mechanisms of neuronal avalanche development, maintenance, and regulation, in vitro preparations are highly beneficial, as they allow for stable recordings of avalanche activity under precisely controlled conditions. The current protocol describes how to study neuronal avalanches in vitro by taking advantage of superficial layer development in organotypic cortex cultures, i.e. slice cultures, grown on planar, integrated microelectrode arrays (MEA; see also 11-14).

A robust way to study neuronal avalanches, i.e. scale-invariant spatio-temporal activity bursts, indicative of critical state dynamics in cortex. Avalanches emerge spontaneously in developing superficial layers of cultured cortex which allows for long-term measurements of the activity with planar integrated multi-electrode arrays (MEA) under precisely controlled conditions.

Enregistrements tableau multi-électrodes des Avalanches neuronale dans des cultures organotypiques

The cortex is spontaneously active, even in the absence of any particular input or motor output.  During development, this activity is important for the ...

Derivation of Enriched Oligodendrocyte Cultures and Oligodendrocyte/Neuron Myelinating Co-cultures from Post-natal Murine Tissues

Identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying OL development is not only critical to furthering our knowledge of OL biology, but also has implications for understanding the pathogenesis of demyelinating diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Cellular development is commonly studied with primary cell culture models. Primary cell culture facilitates the evaluation of a given cell type by providing a controlled environment, free of the extraneous variables that are present in vivo. While OL cultures derived from rats have provided a vast amount of insight into OL biology, similar efforts at establishing OL cultures from mice has been met with major obstacles. Developing methods to culture murine primary OLs is imperative in order to take advantage of the available transgenic mouse lines. 
Multiple methods for extraction of OPCs from rodent tissue have been described, ranging from neurosphere derivation, differential adhesion purification and immunopurification 1-3. While many methods offer success, most require extensive culture times and/or costly equipment/reagents. To circumvent this, purifying OPCs from murine tissue with an adaptation of the method originally described by McCarthy &amp; 
de Vellis 2 is preferred. This method involves physically separating OPCs from a mixed glial culture derived from neonatal rodent cortices. The result is a purified OPC population that can be differentiated into an OL-enriched culture. This approach is appealing due to its relatively short culture time and the unnecessary requirement for growth factors or immunopanning antibodies. 
While exploring the mechanisms of OL development in a purified culture is informative, it does not provide the most physiologically relevant environment for assessing myelin sheath formation. Co-culturing OLs with neurons would lend insight into the molecular underpinnings regulating OL-mediated myelination of axons. For many OL/neuron co-culture studies, dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs) have proven to be the neuron type of choice. They are ideal for co-culture with OLs due to their ease of extraction, minimal amount of contaminating cells, and formation of dense neurite beds. While studies using rat/mouse myelinating xenocultures have been published 4-6, a method for the derivation of such OL/DRGN myelinating co-cultures from post-natal murine tissue has not been described. Here we present detailed methods on how to effectively produce such cultures, along with examples of expected results. These methods are useful for addressing questions relevant to OL development/myelinating function, and are useful tools in the field of neuroscience.

This article describes methods to derive enriched populations of murine oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in primary culture, which differentiate to produce mature oligodendrocytes (OLs). In addition, this report describes techniques to produce murine myelinating co-cultures by seeding mouse OPCs onto a neurite bed of mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs).

Dérivation des cultures enrichies en oligodendrocytes et Oligodendrocyte / Neuron myélinisantes co-cultures de post-natal tissus murins

Identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying OL development is not only critical to furthering our knowledge of OL biology, but also has implications ...

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

The mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the developing mouse brain is not suitable for easy manipulation and imaging in vivo since the mouse embryo is inaccessible and opaque. Organotypic slice cultures of embryonic brains are therefore widely used to study murine brain development in vitro. Ex-vivo manipulation or the use of transgenic mice allows the modification of gene expression so that subpopulations of neuronal or glial cells can be labeled with fluorescent proteins. The behavior of labeled cells can then be observed using time-lapse imaging. Time-lapse imaging has been particularly successful for studying cell behaviors that underlie the development of the cerebral cortex at late embryonic stages 1-2. Embryonic organotypic slice culture systems in brain regions outside of the forebrain are less well established. Therefore, the wealth of time-lapse imaging data describing neuronal cell migration is restricted to the forebrain 3,4. It is still not known, whether the principles discovered for the dorsal brain hold true for ventral brain areas. In the ventral brain, neurons are organized in neuronal clusters rather than layers and they often have to undergo complicated migratory trajectories to reach their final position. The ventral midbrain is not only a good model system for ventral brain development, but also contains neuronal populations such as dopaminergic neurons that are relevant in disease processes. While the function and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons has been investigated in great detail in the adult and ageing brain, little is known about the behavior of these neurons during their differentiation and migration phase 5. We describe here the generation of slice cultures from the embryonic day (E) 12.5 mouse ventral midbrain. These slice cultures are potentially suitable for monitoring dopaminergic neuron development over several days in vitro. We highlight the critical steps in generating brain slices at these early stages of embryonic development and discuss the conditions necessary for maintaining normal development of dopaminergic neurons in vitro. We also present results from time lapse imaging experiments. In these experiments, ventral midbrain precursors (including dopaminergic precursors) and their descendants were labeled in a mosaic manner using a Cre/loxP based inducible fate mapping system 6.

Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Ventral Midbrain: A System to Study Dopaminergic Neuronal Development in vitro

A method to generate organotypic slices from the E12.5 murine embryonic midbrain is described. The organotypic slice cultures can be used to observe the behavior of dopaminergic neurons or other ventral midbrain neurons.

Cultures organotypique de mésencéphale ventral embryonnaire: Un système pour étudier le développement neuronal dopaminergique In vitro</em

The  mouse is an excellent model organism to study mammalian brain development due  to the abundance of molecular and genetic data. However, the ...

The Analysis of Purkinje Cell Dendritic Morphology in Organotypic Slice Cultures

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly oriented in the sagittal plane and develops mostly in the postnatal period in small rodents 3. Furthermore, several antibodies are available which selectively and intensively label Purkinje cells including all processes, with anti-Calbindin D28K being the most widely used. For viewing of dendrites in living cells, mice expressing EGFP selectively in Purkinje cells 11 are available through Jackson labs. Organotypic cerebellar slice cultures cells allow easy experimental manipulation of Purkinje cell dendritic development because most of the dendritic expansion of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is actually taking place during the culture period 4. We present here a short, reliable and easy protocol for viewing and analyzing the dendritic morphology of Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. For many purposes, a quantitative evaluation of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree is desirable. We focus here on two parameters, dendritic tree size and branch point numbers, which can be rapidly and easily determined from anti-calbindin stained cerebellar slice cultures. These two parameters yield a reliable and sensitive measure of changes of the Purkinje cell dendritic tree. Using the example of treatments with the protein kinase C (PKC) activator PMA and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) we demonstrate how differences in the dendritic development are visualized and quantitatively assessed. The combination of the presence of an extensive dendritic tree, selective and intense immunostaining methods, organotypic slice cultures which cover the period of dendritic growth and a mouse model with Purkinje cell specific EGFP expression make Purkinje cells a powerful model system for revealing the mechanisms of dendritic development.

We present a protocol that permits to view and to quantitatively asses the morphology of the dendritic tree of individual Purkinje cells grown in organotypic cerebellar slice cultures. This protocol is intended to promote studies on the mechanisms of Purkinje cell dendritic development.

L&#39;analyse de la morphologie de Purkinje cellules dendritiques dans les cultures organotypique

Purkinje cells are an attractive model system for studying dendritic development, because they have an impressive dendritic tree which is strictly ...

The Analysis of Neurovascular Remodeling in Entorhino-hippocampal Organotypic Slice Cultures

Ischemic brain injury is among the most common and devastating conditions compromising proper brain function and often leads to persisting functional deficits in the affected patients. Despite intensive research efforts, there is still no effective treatment option available that reduces neuronal injury and protects neurons in the ischemic areas from delayed secondary death. Research in this area typically involves the use of elaborate and problematic animal models. Entorhino-hippocampal organotypic slice cultures challenged with oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) are established in&#160;vitro models which mimic cerebral ischemia. The novel aspect of this study is that changes of the brain blood vessels are studied in addition to neuronal changes and the reaction of both the neuronal compartment and the vascular compartment can be compared and correlated. The methods presented in this protocol substantially broaden the potential applications of the organotypic slice culture approach. The induction of OGD or hypoxia alone can be applied by rather simple means in organotypic slice cultures and leads to reliable and reproducible damage in the neural tissue. This is in stark contrast to the complicated and problematic animal experiments inducing stroke and ischemia in vivo. By broadening the analysis to include the study of the reaction of the vasculature could provide new ways on how to preserve and restore brain functions. The slice culture approach presented here might develop into an attractive and important tool for the study of ischemic brain injury and might be useful for testing potential therapeutic measures aimed at neuroprotection.

A protocol for entorhino-hippocampal organotypic slice cultures, which allows reproducing many aspects of ischemic brain injury, is presented. By studying changes of the neurovasculature in addition to changes in the neurons, this protocol is a versatile tool to study plastic changes in neural tissue after injury.

L&#39;analyse de neurovasculaire Rénovation dans Entorhino-hippocampe cultures organotypique de tranche

Ischemic brain injury is among the most common and devastating conditions compromising proper brain function and often leads to persisting functional ...

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures As a Model to Study Neuroprotection and Invasiveness of Tumor Cells

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. This model is suitable for addressing different research questions that involve studies on neuroprotection, electrophysiological experiments on neurons, neuronal networks or tumor invasion. The hippocampal architecture and neuronal activity in multisynaptic circuits are well conserved in OHSC, even though the slicing procedure itself initially lesions and leads to formation of a glial scar. The scar formation alters presumably the mechanical properties and diffusive behavior of small molecules, etc. Slices allow the monitoring of time dependent processes after brain injury without animal surgery, and studies on interactions between various brain-derived cell types, namely astrocytes, microglia and neurons under both physiological and pathological conditions. An ambivalent aspect of this model is the absence of blood flow and immune blood cells. During the progression of the neuronal injury, migrating immune cells from the blood play an important role. As those cells are missing in slices, the intrinsic processes in the culture may be observed without external interference. Moreover, in OHSC the composition of the medium-external environment is precisely controlled. A further advantage of this method is the lower number of sacrificed animals compared to standard preparations. Several OHSC can be obtained from one animal making simultaneous studies with multiple treatments in one animal possible. For these reasons, OHSC are well suited to analyze the effects of new protective therapeutics after tissue damage or during tumor invasion. 
The protocol presented here describes a preparation method of OHSC that allows generating highly reproducible, well preserved slices that can be used for a variety of experimental research, like neuroprotection or tumor invasion studies.

Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) represent an in vitro model that simulates the in vivo situation very well. Here we describe a vibratome-based improved slicing protocol to obtain high quality slices for use in assessing the neuroprotective potential of novel substances or the biological behavior of tumor cells.

Hippocampe organotypiques comme modèle d’étude Neuroprotection et son caractère invasif des cellules tumorales

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. ...