Nous tenons à remercier le Fonds FCCC des animaux de laboratoire pour leur soutien dans ce projet. Nous remercions Wolfe Laboratories, Inc. pour leur aide dans l&#39;analyse des niveaux de paclitaxel dans le plasma et les tissus. Ce travail a été soutenu par les Instituts nationaux de la santé accorde K01CA120091 à EHB et CA06927 à Fox Chase Cancer Center.

<ol>
	<li>Gallo, J. M., Li, S., Guo, P., Ma Reed, K., J, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Effect+of+P-Glycoprotein+on+Paclitaxel+Brain+and+Brain+Tumor+Distribution+in+Mice.">The Effect of P-Glycoprotein on Paclitaxel Brain and Brain Tumor Distribution in Mice.</a> Cancer Research. 63 (16), 5114-5117 (2003).</li><li>Sonnichen, D. S., Relling, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+Pharmacokinetics+of+Paclitaxel.">Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Paclitaxel.</a> Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 27 (4), 256-269 (1994).</li><li>Gianni, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonlinear+Pharmacokinetics+and+Metabolism+of+Paclitaxel+and+Its+Pharmacokinetic+/+Pharmacodynamic+Relationship+in+Humans.">Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Paclitaxel and Its Pharmacokinetic / Pharmacodynamic Relationship in Humans.</a> Journal Clinical Oncology. 13 (1), 180-190 (1995).</li><li>Sparreboom, A., Van Tellingen, O., Nooijen, W. J., Beijnen, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonlinear+Pharmacokinetics+of+Paclitaxel+in+Mice+Results+from+the+Pharmaceutical+Vehicle+Cremophor+EL.">Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics of Paclitaxel in Mice Results from the Pharmaceutical Vehicle Cremophor EL.</a> Cancer Research. 56 (9), 2112-2115 (1996).</li><li>Sparreboom, A., Van Tellingen, O., Nooijen, W. J., Beijnen, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+paclitaxel+and+metabolites+in+mouse+plasma,+tissues,+urine+and+faeces+by+semi-automated+reversed-phase+high-performance+liquid+chromatography.">Determination of paclitaxel and metabolites in mouse plasma, tissues, urine and faeces by semi-automated reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.</a> Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications. 664, 383-391 (1995).</li><li>Bradshaw-Peirce, E. L., Eckhardt, S. G., Gustafson, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Physiologically+Based+Pharmacokinetic+Model+of+Docetaxel+Disposition:+from+Mouse+to+Man.">A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Docetaxel Disposition: from Mouse to Man.</a> Clinical Cancer Research. 13, 2768-2778 (2007).</li><li>Eiseman, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasma+Pharmacokinetics+and+Tissue+Distribution+of+Paclitaxel+in+CD2F1+Mice.">Plasma Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Paclitaxel in CD2F1 Mice.</a> Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 34 (6), 465-471 (1994).</li><li>Schinkel, A. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Normal+Viability+and+Altered+Pharmacokinetics+in+Mice+Lacking+mdr1-type+(drug-transporting)+P-glycoproteins.">Normal Viability and Altered Pharmacokinetics in Mice Lacking mdr1-type (drug-transporting) P-glycoproteins.</a> Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 94, 4028-4033 (1997).</li><li>Fraser, I. J., Dear, G. J., Plumb, R., L&#8217;Affineur, M., Fraser, D., Skippen, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Use+of+Capillary+High+Performance+Liquid+Chromatography+with+Electrospray+Mass+Spectrometry+for+the+Analysis+of+Small+Volume+Blood+Samples+from+Serially+Bled+Mice+to+Determine+the+Pharmacokinetics+of+Early+Discovery+Compounds.">The Use of Capillary High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electrospray Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Small Volume Blood Samples from Serially Bled Mice to Determine the Pharmacokinetics of Early Discovery Compounds.</a> Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 13 (23), 2366-2375 (1999).</li><li>Bateman, K. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduction+of+Animal+Usage+by+Serial+Bleeding+of+Mice+for+Pharmacokinetic+Studies:+Application+of+Robotic+Sample+Preparation+and+Fast+Liquid+Chromatography+&#8211;+Mass+Spectrometry.">Reduction of Animal Usage by Serial Bleeding of Mice for Pharmacokinetic Studies: Application of Robotic Sample Preparation and Fast Liquid Chromatography &#8211; Mass Spectrometry.</a> Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications. 754 (1), 245-251 (2001).</li><li>Berndt, K., Vogel, J., Buehler, C., Vogt, P., Born, W., Fuchs, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+method+for+repeated+drug+infusion+into+the+femoral+artery+of+mice.">A new method for repeated drug infusion into the femoral artery of mice.</a> J. Am. Assoc. Lab Animal Sci. 51 (6), 825-831 (2012).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Squibb+&amp;+Sons,+L.L.C..">Squibb &amp; Sons, L.L.C..</a> Drug Information for TAXOL (Paclitaxel) Injection. , (2011).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abraxis+BioScience+L.L.C.">Abraxis BioScience L.L.C.</a> Full Prescribing Information ABRAXANE for Injectable suspension (paclitaxel protein-bound particles for injectable suspension) (albumin-bound). , (2013).</li><li>Fergusson, G., Ethier, M., Zarrouki, B., Font&#233;s, G., Poitout, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Model+of+Chronic+Nutrient+Infusion+in+the+Rat.">A Model of Chronic Nutrient Infusion in the Rat.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (78), (2013).</li></ol>

Les auteurs ont rien à divulguer.

Perfusion de l&#39;artère carotide est une technique importante dans cette étude de pharmacocinétique du paclitaxel. Perfusion de l&#39;artère carotide est une méthode pour distribuer rapidement drogue dans tout le système circulatoire 14. La perfusion de 3 heures est un synoptique plus proche de l&#39;administration clinique des médicaments tels que les taxanes que les injections de bolus. La chirurgie peut être réalisée de manière fiable par une seule personne, le temps de chirurgie est relativem...

perfusion de médicament à travers la carotide peut être effectuée de manière fiable et reproductible en optimisant l&#39;équipement et la technique. La procédure est complexe pas, même si elle ne nécessite un contrôle précis et une attention aux détails. Soins de qualité supérieure et la dextérité sont nécessaires pour isoler l&#39;artère carotide et insérer le cathéter, qui peuvent généralement être acquis par la pratique. Chirurgie par un technicien expérimenté ne doit pas dépasser une heure. Après une chirurgie réussie, la souris doit être normal et en bonne santé (bien que la souris peut réagir à la perfusion réelle de la drogue), et la drogue (s) peut être administré dans un dosage continu uniforme contrôlée. Les échantillons de sang doivent être prélevés sur un site autre que l&#39;artère carotide; saignements rétro-orbitaire été facile de recueillir et satisfaisante pour l&#39;analyse des concentrations de médicament. Cathéters de taille optimale et la forme sont un atout précieux dans la réalisation d&#39;une perfusion de succès 11. Nous avons trouvé la cathéters disponible commercially souvent d&#39;être trop grande et / ou trop souple pour permettre un accès facile à l&#39;artère carotide de souris. Il est avéré préférable de cathéters de mode du tube de polyéthylène utilisé pour connecter la souris à la seringue de perfusion. Ainsi, tous les tubes, raccords et les aiguilles étaient de dimensions cohérentes, qui a simplifié ensemble d&#39;infusion. En utilisant cette technique, il est nécessaire de pousser la pointe du cathéter dans l&#39;artère au-delà du point où il est encore visible, et le flux sanguin dans l&#39;artère carotide est pas restauré avant que le cathéter est initialement fixé. Cela réduit les risques de perforation de l&#39;artère ou d&#39;avoir le cathéter poussé par la haute pression du flux sanguin. La conception de cathéter document ne comporte pas de &quot;bosse&quot; pour le maintenir en place, en assurant ainsi le cathéter bien avec des sutures et ruban chirurgical est une priorité. Infusions peuvent être préférables aux injections en bolus iv communs, comme un meilleur imitateur de l&#39;administration clinique deles médicaments tels que les taxanes 3, 12, 13. La technique décrite ici a été initialement mis au point pour permettre une perfusion dans des modèles de souris, dans lequel l&#39;accès à la veine jugulaire ou fémorale a été empêchée par la croissance de la tumeur mammaire et / ou la vascularisation excessive de la zone d&#39;insertion. Cette méthode peut souvent être appropriée, même chez les souris sans tumeur: bien isoler et cathétérisme de la carotide est légèrement plus invasive, nous avons trouvé qu&#39;il est préférable de la jugulaire, car la propension de la paroi jugulaire de ripper abouti à des insertions et des échecs pour mener à bien plus défaillants l&#39;évolution dans le temps de trois heures. Bien que les résultats présentés ici sont de C57BL / 6J (dans maison de race-) souris, nous avons utilisé cette technique pour insuffler avec succès paclitaxel dans plusieurs souches de souris, y compris FVB et mixtes souches, de suivre la pharmacocinétique chez des modèles de souris transgénique manipulés à réguler à la baisse fonctions transporteurs cellulaires. Les échantillons de sang et de tissus prélevés ont montré des niveaux attendus de paclitaxel, dans la gamme des niveaux observés après une perfusion jugulaire 1. Cette technique peut être appelé à travailler aussi bien dans d&#39;autres modèles de souris et avec d&#39;autres solutions pour perfusion.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="846">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:293px;">Table of specific reagents and equipment:</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Source:</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Polyethylene tubing 0.024&#8221;OD X 0.011&#8221;ID&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Braintree Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">PE10</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Stainless steel port plug (30 gauge)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Braintree Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NB-30</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">2 Stainless steel connector plugs (28 gauge)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Braintree Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">PP-28</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">Slightly larger than PE tubing ID, to fit snugly and keep a tight seal.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">3 Blunted needles (30 gauge)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Braintree Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">C-30</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">3 1cc syringes</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Becton, Dickinson and Co.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">309659</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Sterile 0.9% Saline solution</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Hospira</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">0409-7984-37</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Cath-Loc HGS Heparin/Glycerol Solution&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Braintree Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">HGS</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Silk suture</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Braintree Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">SUT-S&#160;113</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Vanna Scissors (micro-scissors)</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">14122</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">This model has a curved tip, but straight-tip scissors work as well.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Hartman Mesquito Hemostatic Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">501705</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Betadine Swabsticks</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Perdue Products L.P.</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">BSWS1S</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Bupivacaine</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Hospira</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">0409-1160-01</td>
			<td style="width:259px;">May be replaced with Lidocaine, or similar local anesthesia.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Paclitaxel</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">LC Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">P-9600</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">32213</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">Micro-Hematocrit Capillary Tubes, Heparinized</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">22-362-566</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">&#160;Capillary Tube Sealant&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">02-678</td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="70">
			<td height="70" style="height:70px;width:293px;">C57BL/6J mice</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Fox Chase Cancer Center, Laboratory Animal Facility in-house-bred</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="48">
			<td height="48" style="height:48px;width:293px;">API 4000 Q-Trap mass spetrometer</td>
			<td style="width:185px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:259px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

carotid artery infusions for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of taxanes in mice

Au moment de proposer l&#39;utilisation d&#39;un médicament, la combinaison de médicaments, ou l&#39;administration de médicaments dans un nouveau système, il faut évaluer la pharmacocinétique du médicament dans le modèle d&#39;étude. Parce que l&#39;utilisation de modèles de souris sont souvent une étape essentielle dans la découverte de médicaments préclinique et le développement de médicaments 1-8, il est nécessaire de concevoir un système pour introduire des médicaments dans des souris dans une manière uniforme, reproductible. Idéalement, le système devrait permettre la collecte des échantillons de sang à intervalles réguliers au cours d&#39;une évolution dans le temps de consigne. La capacité de mesurer les concentrations de médicament par spectrométrie de masse, a permis aux enquêteurs de suivre les changements dans les niveaux plasmatiques du médicament au fil du temps chez les souris individu 1, 9, 10. Dans cette étude, le paclitaxel a été introduit dans des souris transgéniques comme une perfusion artérielle continue sur trois heures, tandis que les échantillons de sang ont été prélevés en même temps par des saignements rétro-orbital à des instants de consigne. Infusions de l&#39;artère carotide sont une alternative potentielle aux perfusions de veine jugulaire, lorsque des facteurs tels quetumeurs mammaires et d&#39;autres obstacles infusions jugulaires impraticable. En utilisant cette technique, les concentrations de paclitaxel dans le plasma et les tissus ont atteint des niveaux similaires à celles obtenues à perfusion jugulaire. Dans ce tutoriel, nous allons démontrer comment son cathéter avec succès l&#39;artère carotide par la préparation d&#39;un cathéter optimisé pour chaque modèle de la souris, puis montrer comment insérer et fixer le cathéter dans l&#39;artère carotide de souris, passer la fin du cathéter à travers l&#39;arrière du cou de la souris, et brancher la souris à une pompe pour fournir une vitesse contrôlée de médicament afflux. Saignements rétro-orbital à faible volume multiples permettent l&#39;analyse des concentrations plasmatiques du médicament au fil du temps.

<html> Répartition de paclitaxel suit modèles prévisibles pendant 3 heures un schéma posologique d&#39;une injection à grande vitesse 15 min, suivie d&#39;une perfusion à faible vitesse de 165 min. La figure 1 montre une comparaison de la veine-perfusion de paclitaxel concentrations de plasma jugulaire et l&#39;artère carotide-infusions. Les concentrations de paclitaxel tombent rapidement dans les 15 premières minutes après une perfusion de grand volume initial, puis...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice at JoVE.com

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

Cette méthode a été développée dans le but de fournir une solution stable de médicament via l&#39;artère carotide, pour évaluer la pharmacocinétique de nouveaux médicaments dans des modèles murins.

Infusions de l&#39;artère carotide pour pharmacocinétiques et pharmacodynamiques Analyse des taxanes chez la souris

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

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Pharmacokinetic Models

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22.7K vues.  Fox Chase Cancer Center.  Cette méthode a été développée dans le but de fournir une solution stable de médicament via l'artère carotide, pour évaluer la pharmacocinétique de nouveaux médicaments dans des modèles murins. 

Vidéo: Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

A Model of Disturbed Flow-Induced Atherosclerosis in Mouse Carotid Artery by Partial Ligation and a Simple Method of RNA Isolation from Carotid Endothelium

Despite the well-known close association, direct evidence linking disturbed flow to atherogenesis has been lacking. We have recently used a modified version of carotid partial ligation methods [1,2] to show that it acutely induces low and oscillatory flow conditions, two key characteristics of disturbed flow, in the mouse common carotid artery. Using this model, we have provided direct evidence that disturbed flow indeed leads to rapid and robust atherosclerosis development in Apolipoprotein E knockout mouse [3]. We also developed a method of endothelial RNA preparation with high purity from the mouse carotid intima [3]. Using this mouse model and method, we found that partial ligation causes endothelial dysfunction in a week, followed by robust and rapid atheroma formation in two weeks in a hyperlipidemic mouse model along with features of complex lesion formation such as intraplaque neovascularization by four weeks. This rapid in vivo model and the endothelial RNA preparation method could be used to determine molecular mechanisms underlying flow-dependent regulation of vascular biology and diseases. Also, it could be used to test various therapeutic interventions targeting endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in considerably reduced study duration.

This describes a partial carotid ligation surgery, which causes disturbed flow conditions and subsequent atherosclerosis development (in two weeks) with intraplaque neo-vascularization (in four weeks) in the mouse common carotid artery. We also describe a novel method of RNA isolation from the carotid intima, providing high purity endothelial RNA.

Un modèle de Disturbed flux athérosclérose induite chez la souris artère carotide par ligature partielle et une méthode simple d&#39;isolement d&#39;ARN de l&#39;endothélium carotidienne

Despite the well-known close association, direct evidence linking disturbed flow to atherogenesis has been lacking. We have recently used a modified ...

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Modeling Stroke in Mice - Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion with the Filament Model

Stroke is among the most frequent causes of death and adult disability, especially in highly developed countries. However, treatment options to date are very limited. To meet the need for novel therapeutic approaches, experimental stroke research frequently employs rodent models of focal cerebral ischaemia. Most researchers use permanent or transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) in mice or rats.
Proximal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) via the intraluminal suture technique (so called filament or suture model) is probably the most frequently used model in experimental stroke research. The intraluminal MCAO model offers the advantage of inducing reproducible transient or permanent ischaemia of the MCA territory in a relatively non-invasive manner. Intraluminal approaches interrupt the blood flow of the entire territory of this artery. Filament occlusion thus arrests flow proximal to the lenticulo-striate arteries, which supply the basal ganglia. Filament occlusion of the MCA results in reproducible lesions in the cortex and striatum and can be either permanent or transient. In contrast, models inducing distal (to the branching of the lenticulo-striate arteries) MCA occlusion typically spare the striatum and primarily involve the neocortex. In addition these models do require craniectomy. In the model demonstrated in this article, a silicon coated filament is introduced into the common carotid artery and advanced along the internal carotid artery into the Circle of Willis, where it blocks the origin of the middle cerebral artery. In patients, occlusions of the middle cerebral artery are among the most common causes of ischaemic stroke. Since varying ischemic intervals can be chosen freely in this model depending on the time point of reperfusion, ischaemic lesions with varying degrees of severity can be produced. Reperfusion by removal of the occluding filament at least partially models the restoration of blood flow after spontaneous or therapeutic (tPA) lysis of a thromboembolic clot in humans.
In this video we will present the basic technique as well as the major pitfalls and confounders which may limit the predictive value of this model.

Filamentous occlusion of the Middle cerebral artery is a common model for studying ischemic stroke in mice.

Course de modélisation chez la souris - Moyen-occlusion artérielle cérébrale avec le modèle filamentaire

Stroke is among the most frequent causes of death and adult disability, especially in highly developed countries. However, treatment options to date are ...

Modified Technique for Coronary Artery Ligation in Mice

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most important causes of mortality in humans1-3. In order to improve morbidity and mortality in patients with MI we need better knowledge about pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia. This knowledge may be valuable to define new therapeutic targets for innovative cardiovascular therapies4. Experimental MI model in mice is an increasingly popular small-animal model in preclinical research in which MI is induced by means of permanent or temporary ligation of left coronary artery (LCA)5. In this video, we describe the step-by-step method of how to induce experimental MI in mice.
The animal is first anesthetized with 2% isoflurane. The unconscious mouse is then intubated and connected to a ventilator for artificial ventilation. The left chest is shaved and 1.5 cm incision along mid-axillary line is made in the skin. The left pectoralis major muscle is bluntly dissociated until the ribs are exposed. The muscle layers are pulled aside and fixed with an eyelid-retractor. After these preparations, left thoracotomy is performed between the third and fourth ribs in order to visualize the anterior surface of the heart and left lung. The proximal segment of LCA artery is then ligated with a 7-0 ethilon suture which typically induces an infarct size ~40% of left ventricle. At the end, the chest is closed and the animals receive postoperative analgesia (Temgesic, 0.3 mg/50 ml, ip). The animals are kept in a warm cage until spontaneous recovery.

The surgical procedure used to induce experimental myocardial infarction in mice begins with left thoracotomy between the third and the fourth ribs in order to visualize the anterior surface of the heart and left lung. The left coronary artery is ligated, the chest is closed and the mouse is allowed to recover spontaneously.

Technique de modification de ligature de l&#39;artère coronaire chez la souris

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most important causes of mortality in humans1-3. In order to improve morbidity and mortality in patients with MI ...

Implantation of a Carotid Cuff for Triggering Shear-stress Induced Atherosclerosis in Mice

It is widely accepted that alterations in vascular shear stress trigger the expression of inflammatory genes in endothelial cells and thereby induce atherosclerosis (reviewed in 1 and 2). The role of shear stress has been extensively studied in vitro investigating the influence of flow dynamics on cultured endothelial cells 1,3,4 and in vivo in larger animals and humans 1,5,6,7,8. However, highly reproducible small animal models allowing systematic investigation of the influence of shear stress on plaque development are rare. Recently, Nam et al. 9 introduced a mouse model in which the ligation of branches of the carotid artery creates a region of low and oscillatory flow. Although this model causes endothelial dysfunction and rapid formation of atherosclerotic lesions in hyperlipidemic mice, it cannot be excluded that the observed inflammatory response is, at least in part, a consequence of endothelial and/or vessel damage due to ligation.
In order to avoid such limitations, a shear stress modifying cuff has been developed based upon calculated fluid dynamics, whose cone shaped inner lumen was selected to create defined regions of low, high and oscillatory shear stress within the common carotid artery 10. By applying this model in Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout mice fed a high cholesterol western type diet, vascular lesions develop upstream and downstream from the cuff. Their phenotype is correlated with the regional flow dynamics 11 as confirmed by in vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 12: Low and laminar shear stress upstream of the cuff causes the formation of extensive plaques of a more vulnerable phenotype, whereas oscillatory shear stress downstream of the cuff induces stable atherosclerotic lesions 11. In those regions of high shear stress and high laminar flow within the cuff, typically no atherosclerotic plaques are observed.
 
In conclusion, the shear stress-modifying cuff procedure is a reliable surgical approach to produce phenotypically different atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE-deficient mice.

The constricting cuff presented in this article is designed to induce atherosclerosis in the murine common carotid artery. Due to the conical shape of its inner lumen the implanted cuff generates well-defined regions of low, high and oscillatory shear stress triggering the development of atherosclerotic lesions of different inflammatory phenotypes.

Implantation d&#39;une manchette carotidienne pour le déclenchement de cisaillement-stress athérosclérose induite chez la souris

It is widely accepted that alterations in vascular shear stress trigger the expression of inflammatory genes in endothelial cells and thereby induce ...

A Murine Model of Stent Implantation in the Carotid Artery for the Study of Restenosis

Despite the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades, cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western countries. Beside the benefits offered by the development of different drug-eluting stents, the coronary revascularization bears also the life-threatening risks of in-stent thrombosis and restenosis. Research on new therapeutic strategies is impaired by the lack of appropriate methods to study stent implantation and restenosis processes. Here, we describe a rapid and accessible procedure of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery, which offers the possibility to study in a convenient way the molecular mechanisms of vessel remodeling and the effects of different drug coatings.

A model of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery is described. Compared to other similar methods, this procedure is very rapid, simple and accessible, offering the possibility to study in a convenient way the vascular wall reaction to different drug-eluting stents and the molecular mechanisms of restenosis.

Un modèle murin d&#39;implantation d&#39;une endoprothèse dans l&#39;artère carotide pour l&#39;étude de la resténose

Despite  the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades,  cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western ...

Adult Mouse Venous Hypertension Model: Common Carotid Artery to External Jugular Vein Anastomosis.

The understanding of the pathophysiology of brain arteriovenous malformations and arteriovenous fistulas has improved thanks to animal models. A rat model creating an artificial fistula between the common carotid artery (CCA) and the external jugular vein (EJV) has been widely described and proved technically feasible. This construct provokes a consistent cerebral venous hypertension (CVH), and therefore has helped studying the contribution of venous hypertension to formation, clinical symptoms, and prognosis of brain AVMs and dural AVFs. Equivalent mice models have been only scarcely described and have shown trouble with stenosis of the fistula. An established murine model would allow the study of not only pathophysiology but also potential genetic therapies for these cerebrovascular diseases.
We present a model of arteriovenous fistula that produces a durable intracranial venous hypertension in the mouse. Microsurgical anastomosis of the murine CCA and EJV can be difficult due to diminutive anatomy and frequently result in a non-patent fistula. In this step-by-step protocol we address all the important challenges encountered during this procedure. Avoiding excessive retraction of the vein during the exposure, using 11-0 sutures instead of 10-0, and making a carefully planned end-to-side anastomosis are some of the critical steps. Although this method requires advanced microsurgical skills and a longer learning curve that the equivalent in the rat, it can be consistently developed.
This novel model has been designed to integrate transgenic mouse techniques with a previously well-established experimental system that has proved useful to study brain AVMs and dural AVFs. By opening the possibility of using transgenic mice, a broader spectrum of valid models can be achieved and genetic treatments can also be tested. The experimental construct could also be further adapted to the study of other cerebrovascular diseases related with venous hypertension such as migraine, transient global amnesia, transient monocular blindness, etc.

We describe a method for creating a reliable model of cerebral venous hypertension in the adult mouse. This model has been widely described and tested in the rat. This new counterpart in the mice opens the possibility of using genetic modified animals and thereby broadens the applications of the model.

Adulte souris veineuse Modèle d&#39;hypertension: l&#39;artère carotide commune à externe Veine jugulaire anastomose.

The understanding of the pathophysiology of brain arteriovenous malformations and arteriovenous fistulas has improved thanks to animal models. A rat model ...

Modeling Stroke in Mice: Permanent Coagulation of the Distal Middle Cerebral Artery

Stroke is the third most common cause of death and a main cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. Only very limited therapeutical options are available for a small proportion of stroke patients in the acute phase. Current research is intensively searching for novel therapeutic strategies and is increasingly focusing on the sub-acute and chronic phase after stroke because more patients might be eligible for therapeutic interventions in a prolonged time window. These delayed mechanisms include important pathophysiological pathways such as post-stroke inflammation, angiogenesis, neuronal plasticity and regeneration. In order to analyze these mechanisms and to subsequently evaluate novel drug targets, experimental stroke models with clinical relevance, low mortality and high reproducibility are sought after. Moreover, mice are the smallest mammals in which a focal stroke lesion can be induced and for which a broad spectrum of transgenic models are available. Therefore, we describe here the mouse model of transcranial, permanent coagulation of the middle cerebral artery via electrocoagulation distal of the lenticulostriatal arteries, the so-called &#8220;coagulation model&#8221;. The resulting infarct in this model is located mainly in the cortex; the relative infarct volume in relation to brain size corresponds to the majority of human strokes. Moreover, the model fulfills the above-mentioned criteria of reproducibility and low mortality. In this video we demonstrate the surgical methods of stroke induction in the &#8220;coagulation model&#8221; and report histological and functional analysis tools.

Various murine models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) are widely used in experimental brain research. Here, we demonstrate the model of transcranial permanent distal MCAO which produces consistent cortical infarction of a size corresponding to damage imposed by the majority of human ischemic strokes.

Modélisation des maladies chez les souris: Coagulation permanente de l&#39;artère cérébrale moyenne distale

Stroke is the third most common cause of death and a main cause of acquired adult disability in developed countries. Only very limited therapeutical ...

Catheterization of the Carotid Artery and Jugular Vein to Perform Hemodynamic Measures, Infusions and Blood Sampling in a Conscious Rat Model

The success of a small animal model to study critical illness is, in part, dependent on the ability of the model to simulate the human condition. Intra-tracheal inoculation of a known amount of bacteria has been successfully used to reproduce the pathogenesis of pneumonia which then develops into sepsis. Monitoring hemodynamic parameters and providing standard clinical treatment including infusion of antibiotics, fluids and drugs to maintain blood pressure is critical to simulate routine supportive care in this model but to do so requires both arterial and venous vascular access. The video details the surgical technique for implanting carotid artery and common jugular vein catheters in an anesthetized rat. Following a 72 hr recovery period, the animals will be re-anesthetized and connected to a tether and swivel setup attached to the rodent housing which connects the implanted catheters to the hemodynamic monitoring system. This setup allows free movement of the rat during the study while continuously monitoring pressures, infusing fluids and drugs (antibiotics, vasopressors) and performing blood sampling.

Vascular accesses to measure hemodynamics, provide fluids and perform blood sampling are important to any small animal model study. We present a technique for implanting catheters into the carotid artery and the common jugular vein in an anesthetized rat for connecting to a system to perform monitoring, infusions and sampling.

Cathétérisme de l&#39;artère carotide et Veine jugulaire faire pour effectuer des mesures hémodynamiques, Infusions et prélèvement sanguin dans un modèle de rat Conscients

The success of a small animal model to study critical illness is, in part, dependent on the ability of the model to simulate the human condition. ...

Vascular Balloon Injury and Intraluminal Administration in Rat Carotid Artery

The carotid artery balloon injury model in rats has been well established for over two decades. It remains an important method to study the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in vascular smooth muscle dedifferentiation, neointima formation and vascular remodeling. Male Sprague-Dawley rats are the most frequently employed animals for this model. Female rats are not preferred as female hormones are protective against vascular diseases and thus introduce a variation into this procedure. The left carotid is typically injured with the right carotid serving as a negative control. Left carotid injury is caused by the inflated balloon that denudes the endothelium and distends the vessel wall. Following injury, potential therapeutic strategies such as the use of pharmacological compounds and either gene or shRNA transfer can be evaluated. Typically for gene or shRNA transfer, the injured section of the vessel lumen is locally transduced for 30 min with viral particles encoding either a protein or shRNA for delivery and expression in the injured vessel wall. Neointimal thickening representing proliferative vascular smooth muscle cells usually peaks at 2 weeks after injury. Vessels are mostly harvested at this time point for cellular and molecular analysis of cell signaling pathways as well as gene and protein expression. Vessels can also be harvested at earlier time points to determine the onset of expression and/or activation of a specific protein or pathway, depending on the experimental aims intended. Vessels can be characterized and evaluated using histological staining, immunohistochemistry, protein/mRNA assays, and activity assays. The intact right carotid artery from the same animal is an ideal internal control. Injury-induced changes in molecular and cellular parameters can be evaluated by comparing the injured artery to the internal right control artery. Likewise, therapeutic modalities can be evaluated by comparing the injured and treated artery to the control injured only artery.

This protocol uses a balloon catheter to cause an intraluminal injury on the rat carotid artery and henceforth elicit neointimal hyperplasia. This is a well-established model for studying the mechanisms of vascular remodeling in response to injury. It is also widely used to determine the validity of potential therapeutic approaches.

Vasculaire Balloon blessures et de l&#39;administration chez le rat Intraluminal artère carotide

The carotid artery balloon injury model in rats has been well established for over two decades. It remains an important method to study the molecular and ...

Ferric Chloride-induced Thrombosis Mouse Model on Carotid Artery and Mesentery Vessel

Severe thrombosis and its ischemic consequences such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and stroke are major worldwide health issues. The ferric chloride injury is now a well-established technique to rapidly and accurately induce the formation of thrombi in exposed veins or artery of small and large diameter. This model has played a key role in the study of the pathophysiology of thrombosis, in the discovery and validation of novel antithrombotic drugs and in the understanding of the mechanism of action of these new agents. Here, the implementation of this technique on a mesenteric vessel and carotid artery in mice is presented. The method describes how to label circulating leukocytes and platelets with a fluorescent dye and to observe, by intravital microscopy on the exposed mesentery, their accumulation at the injured vessel wall which leads to the formation of a thrombus. On the carotid artery, the occlusion caused by the clot formation is measured by monitoring the blood flow with a Doppler probe.

The FeCl3 induced thrombosis model in mice is described herein. A method to monitor thrombus growth by intravital microscopy observation on a mesenteric vessel and by blood flow measurement in the carotid artery is presented.

Chlorure ferrique induite souris thrombose type sur l&#39;artère carotide et Mesentery navire

Severe thrombosis and its ischemic consequences such as myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism and stroke are major worldwide health issues. The ferric ...