This work has been funded by the National Research Foundation grant NRF-CRP4-2008-02 (J.T.) and Tier 1 grant RG 51/13.

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Ce document fournit un protocole expérimental pour la préparation et l&#39;analyse d&#39;oligomérisation d&#39;une petite protéine membranaire dans un détergent en utilisant l&#39;équilibre sédimentation échantillon. Le protocole décrit est également valable pour simpler- -et protéines solubles, comme l&#39;étape d&#39;adaptation de la densité ne est pas nécessaire. En effet, le système est constitué par un mélange de détergent et de protéines. Pour réaliser des études de sédimentation, le déterge...

Ultracentrifugation analytique 1-5 est une des méthodes les plus importantes pour étudier les interactions des macromolécules dans des conditions physiologiques, étant accessibles à la fois aux interactions faibles et forts. Le procédé est sans marqueur et utilise l&#39;absorption de lumière ou d&#39;interférences, et même des systèmes optiques de fluorescence peut être utilisée pour accéder à des plages de concentration de plusieurs ordres de magnitude 6. Cette méthode est particulièrement utile étant donné que la plupart des processus biochimiques dépendent des interactions réversibles. La stoechiométrie et la force de ces interactions doivent être caractérisée quantitativement à comprendre des processus biologiques, et un certain nombre de méthodes existent à cette fin 7, 8. Cependant, les interactions transitoires sont difficiles à étudier neuf. Le choix d&#39;une méthode pour caractériser les interactions macromoléculaires dépend de sa nature statique ou dynamique. Dans le premier cas, Sedim<html> vitesse de entation (SV) est utilisé, où le taux de transport radial est mesuré et complexes sont fractionné sur la base des différences de masse flottante et la forme. En revanche, les associations dynamiques qui sont réversibles sur l&#39;échelle de temps de l&#39;expérience ne peuvent pas être physiquement séparés. Dans ce cas, l&#39;auto-hétéro ou interactions conduisant à des interactions non covalentes sont dans un équilibre qui dépend de la concentration totale en protéines. Ces interactions dynamiques peuvent être étudiés à la fois l&#39;équilibre de sédimentation (SE) et de la vitesse de sédimentation (SV) 10. Toutefois, le premier procédé est plus simple à réaliser et est décrite ici. Dans SE, la centrifugation est réalisée à une vitesse suffisamment basse de sorte qu&#39;un équilibre est atteint entre la diffusion et la sédimentation. À ce stade, le profil d&#39;équilibre d&#39;un signal optique (UV-VIS) en fonction de la distance radiale, peut être analysé en utilisant des modèles thermodynamiques prédéfinis pour les associations 11. ve_content &quot;&gt; Dans le présent document, une étude de sédimentation à l&#39;équilibre est présenté de l&#39;auto-association d&#39;une protéine de membrane virale qui forme canaux ioniques. En raison de son caractère hydrophobe, l&#39;expérience est conduite en présence d&#39;un détergent, et dans ce cas, la densité de solvant doit être adaptée à celle du détergent. Cependant, le protocole décrit serait identique dans le cas d&#39;une protéine soluble dans l&#39;eau, à l&#39;exception qu&#39;aucun solvant de recherche de densité serait nécessaire. La protéine utilisée est codé dans le virus respiratoire syncytial humain (hRSV), un pneumovirus enveloppé dans la famille de paramyxoviridae qui cause la maladie des voies respiratoires inférieures chez les nourrissons, les personnes âgées et les populations immunodéprimées dans le monde entier 12. Jusqu&#39;à 64 millions de cas déclarés d&#39;infection hRSV et 160 000 décès surviennent chaque année. Le génome de hRSV transcrit 11 protéines, y compris les trois protéines membranaires F, G, et petite hydrophobe (SH). protéine SH est impliquédans la pathogenèse de l&#39;infection par le VRS. RSV dépourvu du gène SH (de RSVΔSH) était viable, a provoqué la formation de syncytia et a grandi ainsi que le type sauvage (WT) virus 13-16. Cependant, le virus RSVΔSH reproduit 10 fois moins efficace que le WT dans le tractus respiratoire supérieur 15, 16. En outre, le virus a été atténuée dans RSVΔSH chez la souris in vivo et des modèles de chimpanzés 13, 17. La protéine SH est un groupe (sous-groupe de RSV A) 64 ou 65 (VRS sous-groupe B) acides aminés II protéine de membrane intégrale qui se accumule principalement dans les membranes de Golgi le compartiment 18 de type long. protéine SH a une seule prédit une hélice transmembranaire (TM) domaine 19 qui est hautement conservée 20,21. Les domaines de extramembrane C- et N-terminales sont orientées lumenally / extracellulaire et cytoplasmique, respectivement. Les deux domaines TM synthétique (résidus 18-43) Et pleine longueur de protéine SH ont été représentés pour former homopentamers dans une variété de détergents. La forme homopentameric est responsable de l&#39;activité du canal dans des bicouches lipidiques planes 22,23. L&#39;orientation correcte des monomères de TM dans la bicouche lipidique a été déterminée en utilisant le site dichroïsme infrarouge spécifique 23, qui a montré Sa-22 pour être dans un luminal, près de inter-hélicoïdale, l&#39;orientation. Le même domaine TM orientation a été confirmée par des études de RMN qui reconstruit le pentamère un faisceau en hélice de la protéine de pleine longueur dans dodécylphosphocholine (DPC) 22 micelles. Dans ce modèle de «micelles», un seul domaine de TM hélicoïdale a- était flanqué N-terminale par une hélice, et C-terminale par un b-épingle prolongée. Les deux résidus protonables de protéine SH, His-22 et His-51, se trouvent dans le domaine TM (orienté lumenally), et à l&#39;extrémité de la extramembrane β épingle C-terminal (loin du pore du canal), respectivement. Dans un enviro bicellarnement, cependant, la TM α-hélice se étend jusqu&#39;à His-51, et les deux résidus His, sont disponibles à la lumière du canal 24. Structure de canal adopte une architecture en forme d&#39;entonnoir 22, où la région étroite (Ser-29 à Cys-45) 22 est revêtu avec des chaînes latérales hydrophobes (Ile-32, Ile-36 Ile-40 et Leu-44), et Ile-36 définit le point le plus étroit dans la lumière du canal. His-22 est située à la plus grande ouverture de cet entonnoir, alors que His-51 est à l&#39;extrémité de la plus petite ouverture. Dans le présent document, la centrifugation analytique dans un mode de sédimentation à l&#39;équilibre a été utilisée pour déterminer si sa protonation affecte la stabilité de la protéine pentamère SH. Dans ce cas, la protéine SH a été solubilisé dans un détergent C14-bétaïne, qui a été utilisé précédemment pour montrer que les formes de la protéine SH oligomères 22 pentamères.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1345">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:448px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">3-(N,N-dimethylmyristylammonio)propanesulfonate</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T0807</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Deuterium oxide 99.8%</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Cambridge Isotope</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DLM-4-99.8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">An-50 Ti Rotor, Analytical, 8-Place</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">363782</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">An-60 Ti Rotor, Analytical, 4-Place</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">361964</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Cell housing</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">334784</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">12 mm six-channel centerpiece, epon charcoal-filled</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">331376</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Window holder</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">305037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Window gasket</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">327021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Window liner</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">362329</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Sapphire window</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">307177</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Quartz window</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">301730</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Screw-ring washer</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">362328</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Screw ring</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">301922</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Spinkote</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">306812</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Torque stand assembly</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">361318</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Counterbalance</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">360219</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:632px;">Cell alignment tool</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">362340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SEDNTERP</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>http://bitcwiki.sr.unh.edu/index.php/Main_Page</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HeteroAnalysis&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>http://www.biotech.uconn.edu/auf/?i=aufftp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SEDFIT</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>http://www.analyticalultracentrifugation 
			.com/sedfit.htm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SEDPHAT</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>http://www.analyticalultracentrifugation 
			.com/sedphat/default.htm</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

sedimentation equilibrium of a small oligomer-forming membrane protein: effect of histidine protonation on pentameric stability

Ultracentrifugation analytique (AUC) peut être utilisé pour étudier les interactions entre macromolécules réversible sur une large gamme de forces d&#39;interaction et dans des conditions physiologiques. Cela rend AUC une méthode de choix pour évaluer quantitativement stoechiométrie et thermodynamique des homo- et hétéro-association qui sont transitoires et réversibles dans les processus biochimiques. Dans la modalité de l&#39;équilibre de sédimentation (SE), un équilibre entre la diffusion et la sédimentation présente un profil en fonction de la distance radiale qui dépend d&#39;un modèle d&#39;association spécifique. Ici, un protocole détaillé est décrit SE afin de déterminer la taille et de monomère-monomère association énergie d&#39;une petite oligomère de protéine de membrane en utilisant une ultracentrifugeuse analytique. AUC-ES-étiquette est libre, basé uniquement sur des principes physiques, et peut être utilisé sur les deux protéines solubles et membranaires eau. Un exemple est illustré de celle-ci, la petite hydrophobe (SH) à la protéine de virus syncytial respiratoire humain (hRSV), Un polypeptide de 65 acides aminés avec un seul transmembranaire (TM) de domaine α-hélicoïdale qui forme des canaux ioniques pentamères. Sur la base des données de structure RMN montre que la protéine SH a deux résidus His protonable dans son domaine transmembranaire qui sont orientés face de la lumière du canal. SE expériences ont été conçues pour déterminer comment le pH affecte constante d&#39;association et de la taille oligomères de la protéine SH. Bien que la forme pentamérique a été préservée dans tous les cas, sa constante d&#39;association a été réduite à un pH faible. Ces données sont en accord avec un pH dépendance similaire observée pour l&#39;activité des canaux SH, conformément à une orientation luminale des deux résidus His dans la protéine SH. Ce dernier peut éprouver une répulsion électrostatique et la stabilité d&#39;oligomères réduite à faible pH. En résumé, cette méthode est applicable à chaque fois que des informations quantitatives sur les changements subtils association protéine-protéine dans des conditions physiologiques doivent être mesurés.

Le profil radial de distribution de C14SB micelles de détergent dans du Tris 50 mM, NaCl 100 mM pH 7,3, forme un exponentielles très peu profonde qui pourrait être montée sur un modèle linéaire (figure 7A). La pente de cette distribution est inversement corrélée à la concentration de D 2 O (Figure 7B). Le point où la pente est nulle, ce est à dire l&#39;appariement D 2 O concentration, se est révélée être de 32,3%. <p class="jove_content...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sedimentation Equilibrium of a Small Oligomer-forming Membrane Protein: Effect of Histidine Protonation on Pentameric Stability at JoVE.com

Sedimentation Equilibrium of a Small Oligomer-forming Membrane Protein: Effect of Histidine Protonation on Pentameric Stability

Sedimentation equilibrium (SE) can be used to study protein-protein interactions in a physiological environment. This manuscript describes the use of this technique to determine the effect of pH on the stability of a homo-pentamer formed by the small hydrophobic (SH) protein encoded by the human syncytial respiratory virus (hRSV).

L&#39;équilibre de sédimentation d&#39;une Membrane Protein Petit Oligomer formation: Effet de l&#39;histidine Protonation sur pentamériques stabilité

Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) can be used to study reversible interactions between macromolecules over a wide range of interaction strengths and ...

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10.5K vues.  Nanyang Technological University. Sedimentation equilibrium (SE) can be used to study protein-protein interactions in a physiological environment. This manuscript describes the use of this technique to determine the effect of pH on the stability of a homo-pentamer formed by the small hydrophobic (SH) protein encoded by the human syncytial respiratory virus (hRSV).

Vidéo: Sedimentation Equilibrium of a Small Oligomer-forming Membrane Protein: Effect of Histidine Protonation on Pentameric Stability

Iridium(III) Luminescent Probe for Detection of the Malarial Protein Biomarker Histidine Rich Protein-II

This work outlines the synthesis of a non-emissive, cyclometalated Ir(III) complex, Ir(ppy)2(H2O)2+ (Ir1), which elicits a rapid, long-lived phosphorescent signal when coordinated to a histidine-containing protein immobilized on the surface of a magnetic particle. Synthesis of Ir1, in high yields,is complete O/N&#160;and involves splitting of the parent cyclometalated Ir(III) chloro-bridged dimer into two equivalents of the solvated complex. To confirm specificity, several amino acids were probed for coordination activity when added to the synthesized probe, and only histidine elicited a signal response. Using BNT-II, a branched peptide mimic of the malarial biomarker Histidine Rich Protein II (pfHRP-II), the iridium probe was validated as a tool for HRP-II detection. Quenching effects were noted in the BNT-II/Ir1 titration when compared to L-Histidine/Ir1, but these were attributed to steric hindrance and triplet state quenching. Biolayer interferometry was used to determine real-time kinetics of interaction of Ir1 with BNT-II. Once the system was optimized, the limit of detection of rcHRP-II using the probe was found to be 12.8 nM in solution. When this protein was immobilized on the surface of a 50 &#181;m magnetic agarose particle, the limit of detection was 14.5 nM. The robust signal response of this inorganic probe, as well as its flexibility of use in solution or immobilized on a surface, can lend itself toward a variety of applications, from diagnostic use to imaging.

IridiumIII Luminescent Probe for Detection of the Malarial Protein Biomarker Histidine Rich Protein-II

Robust detection reagents are of increasing necessity for developing new malaria diagnostic tools. An iridium(III) probe was designed that emits long-lasting luminescent signal in the presence of a histidine-rich malarial protein biomarker. Detection of the protein either in solution or immobilized on a magnetic particle affords flexibility in application.

Iridium (III) luminescent sonde pour la détection de la protéine riche en histidine Malarial biomarqueurs protéines-II

This work outlines the synthesis of a non-emissive, cyclometalated Ir(III) complex, Ir(ppy)2(H2O)2+ (Ir1), which elicits a rapid, long-lived ...

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Dynamic Electrochemical Measurement of Chloride Ions

This protocol describes the dynamic measurement of chloride ions using the transition time of a silver silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode. Silver silver chloride electrode is used extensively for potentiometric measurement of chloride ions concentration in electrolyte. In this measurement, long-term and continuous monitoring is limited due to the inherent drift and the requirement of a stable reference electrode. We utilized the chronopotentiometric approach to minimize drift and avoid the use of a conventional reference electrode. A galvanostatic pulse is applied to an Ag/AgCl electrode which initiates a faradic reaction depleting the Cl&#713; ions near the electrode surface. The transition time, which is the time to completely deplete the ions near the electrode surface, is a function of the ion concentration, given by the Nernst equation. The square root of the transition time is in linear relation to the chloride ion concentration. Drift of the response over two weeks is negligible (59 &#181;M/day) when measuring 1 mM [Cl&#713;]using a current pulse of 10 Am-2. This is a dynamic measurement where the moment of transition time determines the response and thus is independent of the absolute potential. Any metal wire can be used as a pseudo-reference electrode, making this approach feasible for long-term measurement inside concrete structures.

Dynamic measurement of chloride ions is presented. Transition time of an Ag/AgCl electrode, during a chronopotentiometric technique, can give the concentration of chloride ions in electrolyte. This method does not require a stable conventional reference electrode.

Dynamic électrochimique Mesure des ions chlorure

This protocol describes the dynamic measurement of chloride ions using the transition time of a silver silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrode. Silver silver ...

Site Directed Spin Labeling and EPR Spectroscopic Studies of Pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Ion channel gating is a stimulus-driven orchestration of protein motions that leads to transitions between closed, open, and desensitized states. Fundamental to these transitions is the intrinsic flexibility of the protein, which is critically modulated by membrane lipid-composition. To better understand the structural basis of channel function, it is necessary to study protein dynamics in a physiological membrane environment. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is an important tool to characterize conformational transitions between functional states. In comparison to NMR and X-ray crystallography, the information obtained from EPR is intrinsically of lower resolution. However, unlike in other techniques, in EPR there is no upper-limit to the molecular weight of the protein, the sample requirements are significantly lower, and more importantly the protein is not constrained by the crystal lattice forces. Therefore, EPR is uniquely suited for studying large protein complexes and proteins in reconstituted systems. In this article, we will discuss general protocols for site-directed spin labeling and membrane reconstitution using a prokaryotic proton-gated pentameric Ligand-Gated Ion Channel (pLGIC) from Gloeobacter violaceus (GLIC) as an example. A combination of steady-state Continuous Wave (CW) and Pulsed (Double Electron Electron Resonance-DEER) EPR approaches will be described that will enable a complete quantitative characterization of channel dynamics.

This article describes methods for site-directed spin labeling and reconstitution of pentameric ligand-gated channels for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance studies. This protocol can be adapted for any membrane protein. The reconstitution method described here can also be used for patch-clamp measurements of macroscopic and single-channel currents in a defined lipid system.

Site Réalisé Étiquetage Spin et EPR spectroscopiques études de pentamères Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

Ion channel gating is a stimulus-driven orchestration of protein motions that leads to transitions between closed, open, and desensitized states. ...

Original Experimental Approach for Assessing Transport Fuel Stability

The study of fuel oxidation stability is an important issue for the development of future fuels. Diesel and kerosene fuel systems have undergone several technological changes to fulfill environmental and economic requirements. These developments have resulted in increasingly severe operating conditions whose suitability for conventional and alternative fuels needs to be addressed. For example, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) introduced as biodiesel are more prone to oxidation and may lead to deposit formation. Although several methods exist to evaluate fuel stability (induction period, peroxides, acids, and insolubles), no technique allows one to monitor the real-time oxidation mechanism and to measure the formation of oxidation intermediates that may lead to deposit formation. In this article, we developed an advanced oxidation procedure (AOP) based on two existing reactors. This procedure allows the simulation of different oxidation conditions and the monitoring of the oxidation progress by the means of macroscopic parameters, such as total acid number (TAN) and advanced analytical methods like gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared - Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR). We successfully applied AOP to gain an in-depth understanding of the oxidation kinetics of a model molecule (methyl oleate) and commercial diesel and biodiesel fuels. These developments represent a key strategy for fuel quality monitoring during logistics and on-board utilization.

Oxidation stability of transport fuels has become a concern for future fuel development. This work presents an original methodology developed by IFP Energies Nouvelles for assessing fuel stability using two different reactors. This methodology was successfully applied to gain an in-depth understanding of the oxidation kinetics and pathways of model molecules and commercial fuels.

Approche expérimentale originale pour l&#39;évaluation des transports Stabilité carburant

The study of fuel oxidation stability is an important issue for the development of future fuels. Diesel and kerosene fuel systems have undergone several ...

Application and Methodology of the Non-destructive 19F Time-domain NMR Technique to Measure the Content in Fluorine-containing Drug Products

Here, we describe a protocol developed by our group that uses low-field fluorine-19 (19F) time-domain (TD) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to measure the average content of fluorinated drugs in their formulated drug product forms: tablets or capsules. This method is specific to fluorinated drugs because it detects only the content of fluorine, avoiding interference from the excipients that lack fluorine. The advantages of measuring the active content of fluorinated drugs using low-field 19F TD-NMR versus high-field 19F solid-state (SS) NMR are the simplicity of the method; the low cost; and the non-destructive nature of the technique, with all samples recoverable in intact forms (e.g., powders, tablets, and capsules), making this technique affordable for any laboratory.
We have tested the method with three fluorinated drug products available on the market - cinacalcet, lansoprazole, and ciprofloxacin - with doses ranging from 15 to 500 mg. The results of the analyses, measured by low-field 19F TD-NMR, supported the reported label claims for the average drug content.
Based on the simplicity and reproducibility of the analysis, we envision this methodology being implemented in any laboratory, including manufacturing plants, as a process analytical technology (PAT) tool in the pharmaceutical industry.

Application and Methodology of the Non-destructive 19F Time-domain NMR Technique to Measure the Content in Fluorine-containing Drug Products

A simple and non-destructive technique that measures the average content of drug substances in formulated drug products containing fluorine using low-field fluorine-19 (19F) time-domain (TD) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is presented here. The technique can be applied to the development and manufacturing of drugs in the pharmaceutical industry.

Application et la méthodologie de la Technique de RMN Non destructifs 19F domaine temporel pour mesurer le contenu dans les produits contenant du fluor

Here, we describe a protocol developed by our group that uses low-field fluorine-19 (19F) time-domain (TD) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to measure the ...

The Effect of Interfacial Chemical Bonding in TiO2-SiO2 Composites on Their Photocatalytic NOx Abatement Performance

The chemical bonding of particulate photocatalysts to supporting material surfaces is of great importance in engineering more efficient and practical photocatalytic structures. However, the influence of such chemical bonding on the optical and surface properties of the photocatalyst and thus its photocatalytic activity/reaction selectivity behavior has not been systematically studied. In this investigation, TiO2 has been supported on the surface of SiO2 by means of two different methods: (i) by the in situ formation of TiO2 in the presence of sand quartz via a sol-gel method employing tetrabutyl orthotitanium (TBOT); and (ii) by binding the commercial TiO2 powder to quartz on a surface silica gel layer formed from the reaction of quartz with tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). For comparison, TiO2 nanoparticles were also deposited on the surfaces of a more reactive SiO2 prepared by a hydrolysis-controlled sol-gel technique as well as through a sol-gel route from TiO2 and SiO2 precursors. The combination of TiO2 and SiO2, through interfacial Ti-O-Si bonds, was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and the photocatalytic activities of the obtained composites were tested for photocatalytic degradation of NO according to the ISO standard method (ISO 22197&#8722;1). The electron microscope images of the obtained materials showed that variable photocatalyst coverage of the support surface can successfully be achieved but the photocatalytic activity towards NO removal was found to be affected by the preparation method and the nitrate selectivity is adversely affected by Ti-O-Si bonding.

The Effect of Interfacial Chemical Bonding in TiO2-SiO2 Composites on Their Photocatalytic NOx Abatement Performance

The focus of the present work is to establish means to generate and quantify levels of Ti-O-Si linkages and to correlate these with the photocatalytic properties of the supported TiO2.

L&#39;effet de la liaison chimique interfaciale dans le TiO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; -SiO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; Composites sur leur performance de réduction des NOx photocatalytiques

The chemical bonding of particulate photocatalysts to supporting material surfaces is of great importance in engineering more efficient and practical ...

The Effect of Charging and Discharging Lithium Iron Phosphate-graphite Cells at Different Temperatures on Degradation

The effect of charging and discharging lithium iron phosphate-graphite cells at different temperatures on their degradation is evaluated systematically. The degradation of the cells is assessed by using 10 charging and discharging temperature permutations ranging from -20 &#176;C to 30 &#176;C. This allows an analysis of the effect of charge and discharge temperatures on aging, and their associations. A total of 100 charge/discharge cycles were carried out. Every 25 cycles a reference cycle was performed to assess the reversible and irreversible capacity degradation. A multi-factor analysis of variance was used, and the experimental results were fitted showing: i) a quadratic relationship between the rate of degradation and the temperature of charge, ii) a linear relationship with the temperature of discharge, and iii) a correlation between the temperature of charge and discharge. It was found that the temperature combination for charging at +30 &#176;C and discharging at -5 &#176;C led to the highest rate of degradation. On the other hand, the cycling in a temperature range from -20 &#176;C to 15 &#176;C (with various combinations of temperatures of charge and discharge), led to a much lower degradation. Additionally, when the temperature of charge is 15 &#176;C, it was found that the degradation rate is nondependent on the temperature of discharge.

This article describes the effect of dissimilar charging/discharging temperatures on the degradation of lithium iron phosphate-graphite pouch cells, aiming at simulating close to real case scenarios. In total, 10 temperature combinations are investigated in the range -20 to 30 &#176;C in order to analyze the impact of temperature on degradation.

L’effet de chargement et déchargement au Lithium fer Phosphate-graphite cellules à différentes températures sur la dégradation des

The effect of charging and discharging lithium iron phosphate-graphite cells at different temperatures on their degradation is evaluated systematically. ...

The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Chemical Bath Deposition of Bis(thiourea) Cadmium Chloride Crystals and the Subsequent CdS Obtention

In this work, the effects on the preparation of bis(thiourea) cadmium chloride crystals when illuminated with ultraviolet (UV) light at a wavelength of 367 nm using the chemical bath deposition technique are studied comparatively. Two experiments are performed to make a comparison: one without UV light and the other with the aid of UV light. Both experiments are performed under equal conditions, at a temperature of 343 K and with a pH of 3.2. The precursors used are cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and thiourea [CS(NH2)2], which are dissolved in 50 mL of deionized water with an acidic pH. In this experiment, the interaction of electromagnetic radiation is sought at the moment the chemical reaction is carried out. The results demonstrate the existence of an interaction between the crystals and the UV light; the UV light assistance causes crystal growths in an acicular shape. Also, the final product obtained is cadmium sulfide and shows no evident difference when synthesized with or without the use of UV light.

The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on the Chemical Bath Deposition of Bisthiourea Cadmium Chloride Crystals and the Subsequent CdS Obtention

This article presents a protocol for the synthesis of bis(thiourea) cadmium chloride crystals by chemical bath deposition. Two experiments are described: one aided by ultraviolet light compared to one without ultraviolet light.

L’effet du rayonnement Ultraviolet sur la déposition de bain chimique de Bis(thiourea) cristaux de chlorure de Cadmium et de l’Obtention ultérieure de la CdS

In this work, the effects on the preparation of bis(thiourea) cadmium chloride crystals when illuminated with ultraviolet (UV) light at a wavelength of ...

Extraction of Lignin with High &#946;-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the emerging elegant procedures to obtain specific aromatic products rely on the lignin substrate having a high content of the readily cleavable &#946;-O-4 linkage as present in the native lignin structure. This provides a miss-match with typical technical lignins that are highly degraded and therefore are low in &#946;-O-4 linkages. Therefore, the extraction yields, and the quality of the obtained lignin are of utmost importance to access new lignin valorization pathways. In this manuscript, a simple protocol is presented to obtain lignins with high &#946;-O-4 content by relatively mild ethanol extraction that can be applied to different lignocellulose sources. Furthermore, analysis procedures to determine the quality of the lignins are presented together with a depolymerization protocol that yields specific phenolic 2-arylmethyl-1,3-dioxolanes, which can be used to evaluate the obtained lignins. The presented results demonstrate the link between lignin quality and potential for the lignins to be depolymerized into specific monomeric aromatic chemicals. Overall, the extraction and depolymerization demonstrates a trade-off between the lignin extraction yield and the retention of the native aryl-ether structure and thus the potential of the lignin to be used as the substrate for the production of chemicals for higher-value applications.

Extraction of Lignin with High &amp;#946;-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Here, we present a protocol to perform ethanol extraction of lignin from several biomass sources. The effect of the extraction conditions on the lignin yield and &#946;-O-4 content are presented. Selective depolymerization is performed on the obtained lignins to obtain high aromatic monomer products.

Extraction de la lignine à forte teneur en β-O-4 par l’Extraction de l’éthanol doux et son effet sur le rendement de la dépolymérisation

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the ...

Niobium Oxide Films Deposited by Reactive Sputtering: Effect of Oxygen Flow Rate

Reactive sputtering is a versatile technique used to form compact films with excellent homogeneity. In addition, it allows easy control over deposition parameters such as gas flow rate that results in changes on composition and thus in the film required properties. In this report, reactive sputtering is used to deposit niobium oxide films. A niobium target is used as metal source and different oxygen flow rates to deposit niobium oxide films. The oxygen flow rate was changed from 3 to 10 sccm. The films deposited under low oxygen flow rates show higher electrical conductivity and provide better perovskite solar cells when used as electron transport layer.

Here, we present a protocol for niobium oxide films deposition by reactive sputtering with different oxygen flow rates for use as an electron transport layer in perovskite solar cells.

Films d'oxyde de niobium déposés par Reactive Sputtering: Effect of Oxygen Flow Rate

Reactive sputtering is a versatile technique used to form compact films with excellent homogeneity. In addition, it allows easy control over deposition ...