Nous sommes reconnaissants à M. Roger Ackroyd, M. Andrew Wyman et M. Chris Stoddard, Consultant chirurgiens à Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, pour leur aide dans l&#39;acquisition des échantillons de tissus de l&#39;oesophage et leur soutien de notre travail. Nous remercions Ashraful Haque pour son aide incorporant des lignes de cellules tumorales dans le modèle. Nous reconnaissons avec gratitude le soutien financier pour cette étude par des subventions de la recherche et de l&#39;Education Trust Bardhan (de BRET) et recherche sur le cancer Yorkshire (YCR).

<ol>
	<li>Pera, M., Manterola, C., Vidal, O., Grande, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemiology+of+esophageal+adenocarcinoma.">Epidemiology of esophageal adenocarcinoma.</a> J. Surg. Oncol. 92 (3), 151-159 (2005).</li><li>Manea, G. S., Lupusoru, C., Caruntu, I. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+study+on+the+effect+of+bile,+and+bile+and+hydrochloric+acid+mixture+on+the+esophageal+mucosa.">Experimental study on the effect of bile, and bile and hydrochloric acid mixture on the esophageal mucosa.</a> Rom. J. Morphol. Embryol. 50 (1), 61-66 (2009).</li><li>Andl, C. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidermal+growth+factor+receptor+mediates+increased+cell+proliferation,+migration,+and+aggregation+in+esophageal+keratinocytes+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">Epidermal growth factor receptor mediates increased cell proliferation, migration, and aggregation in esophageal keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 278 (3), 1824-1830 (2003).</li><li>Underwood, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+primary+oesophageal+squamous+epithelial+cells+with+HET-1A+in+organotypic+culture.">A comparison of primary oesophageal squamous epithelial cells with HET-1A in organotypic culture.</a> Biol. Cell. 102 (12), 635-644 (2010).</li><li>Nystrom, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+quantitative+method+to+analyse+tumour+cell+invasion+in+organotypic+culture.">Development of a quantitative method to analyse tumour cell invasion in organotypic culture.</a> J. Pathol. 205 (4), 468-475 (2005).</li><li>Okawa, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+functional+interplay+between+EGFR+overexpression,+hTERT+activation,+and+p53+mutation+in+esophageal+epithelial+cells+with+activation+of+stromal+fibroblasts+induces+tumor+development,+invasion,+and+differentiation.">The functional interplay between EGFR overexpression, hTERT activation, and p53 mutation in esophageal epithelial cells with activation of stromal fibroblasts induces tumor development, invasion, and differentiation.</a> Genes &amp; Development. 21 (21), 2788-2803 (2007).</li><li>Green, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+and+characterization+of+an+organotypic+tissue-engineered+human+esophageal+mucosal+model.">The development and characterization of an organotypic tissue-engineered human esophageal mucosal model.</a> Tissue Eng Part A. 16 (3), 1053-1064 (2010).</li><li>Harada, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomerase+induces+immortalization+of+human+esophageal+keratinocytes+without+p16INK4a+inactivation.">Telomerase induces immortalization of human esophageal keratinocytes without p16INK4a inactivation.</a> Mol. Cancer Res. 1 (10), 729-738 (2003).</li><li>Bhargava, S., Chapple, C. R., Bullock, A. J., Layton, C., MacNeil, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue-engineered+buccal+mucosa+for+substitution+urethroplasty.">Tissue-engineered buccal mucosa for substitution urethroplasty.</a> BJU. Int. 93 (6), 807-811 (2004).</li><li>Ralston, D. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Keratinocytes+contract+human+dermal+extracellular+matrix+and+reduce+soluble+fibronectin+production+by+fibroblasts+in+a+skin+composite+model.">Keratinocytes contract human dermal extracellular matrix and reduce soluble fibronectin production by fibroblasts in a skin composite model.</a> Br. J. Plast. Surg. 50 (6), 408-415 (1997).</li><li>Green, N. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulsatile+exposure+to+simulated+reflux+leads+to+changes+in+gene+expression+in+a+3D+model+of+oesophageal+mucosa.">Pulsatile exposure to simulated reflux leads to changes in gene expression in a 3D model of oesophageal mucosa.</a> Int. J. Exp. Pathol. 95 (3), 216-228 (2014).</li><li>Wang, C. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+culture+of+epithelial+cells+from+primary+breast+carcinomas+using+irradiated+3T3+cells+as+feeder+layer.">Selective culture of epithelial cells from primary breast carcinomas using irradiated 3T3 cells as feeder layer.</a> Pathol. Res. Pract. 197 (3), 175-181 (2001).</li><li>Ricardo, R., Phelan, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trypsinizing+and+subculturing+mammalian+cells.">Trypsinizing and subculturing mammalian cells.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (16), e755 (2008).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+a+Hemacytometer+to+Count+Cells.">Using a Hemacytometer to Count Cells.</a> Basic Methods in Cellular and Molecular Biology. , (2014).</li><li>Mahmood, T., Yang, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Western+blot:+technique,+theory,+and+trouble+shooting.">Western blot: technique, theory, and trouble shooting.</a> N. Am. J. Med. Sci. 4 (9), 429-434 (2012).</li><li>Streit, S., Michalski, C. W., Erkan, M., Kleeff, J., Friess, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Northern+blot+analysis+for+detection+and+quantification+of+RNA+in+pancreatic+cancer+cells+and+tissues.">Northern blot analysis for detection and quantification of RNA in pancreatic cancer cells and tissues.</a> Nat. Protoc. 4 (1), 37-43 (2009).</li><li>Morgan, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytometric+bead+array:+a+multiplexed+assay+platform+with+applications+in+various+areas+of+biology.">Cytometric bead array: a multiplexed assay platform with applications in various areas of biology.</a> Clin. Immunol. 110 (3), 252-266 (2004).</li><li>Xu, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+abnormal+expression+of+retinoic+acid+receptor-beta,+p+53+and+Ki67+protein+in+normal,+premalignant+and+malignant+esophageal+tissues.">The abnormal expression of retinoic acid receptor-beta, p 53 and Ki67 protein in normal, premalignant and malignant esophageal tissues.</a> World J. Gastroenterol. 8 (2), 200-202 (2002).</li><li>Moll, R., Divo, M., Langbein, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+human+keratins:+biology+and+pathology.">The human keratins: biology and pathology.</a> Histochem. Cell Biol. 129 (6), 705-733 (2008).</li><li>Rice, R. H., Green, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Presence+in+human+epidermal+cells+of+a+soluble+protein+precursor+of+the+cross-linked+envelope:+activation+of+the+cross-linking+by+calcium+ions.">Presence in human epidermal cells of a soluble protein precursor of the cross-linked envelope: activation of the cross-linking by calcium ions.</a> Cell. 18 (3), 681-694 (1979).</li><li>Eves, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Melanoma+invasion+in+reconstructed+human+skin+is+influenced+by+skin+cells+-+investigation+of+the+role+of+proteolytic+enzymes.">Melanoma invasion in reconstructed human skin is influenced by skin cells - investigation of the role of proteolytic enzymes.</a> Clin. Exp. Metastasis. 20 (8), 685-700 (2003).</li></ol>

Les auteurs ont rien à révéler.

Ce manuscrit décrit la production et la caractérisation d&#39;un modèle de la muqueuse oesophagienne humaine biologiquement pertinente peut être utilisé comme une plate-forme expérimentale pour étudier l&#39;impact de l&#39;exposition aux facteurs de stress environnementaux sur l&#39;épithélium de l&#39;œsophage. Les étapes les plus critiques pour la production réussie d&#39;un modèle de la muqueuse de l&#39;œsophage humain sont: veiller à ce que la majorité des cellules épi...

La muqueuse de l&#39;œsophage comprend, un épithélium malpighien-dessus d&#39;une couche de tissu conjonctif, la lamina propria, et est l&#39;un des premiers sites à rencontrer facteurs de stress environnementaux ingérés. L&#39;exposition à des toxines alimentaires est impliqué dans le développement du carcinome épidermoïde de l&#39;oesophage, tandis que duodenogastro-oesophagien reflux est un facteur critique dans la pathogenèse de la métaplasie de Barrett, qui est associé à un risque accru de progression de l&#39;adénocarcinome de l&#39;oesophage. Cancer de l&#39;œsophage sont la 8 ème tumeur maligne la plus fréquente chez les hommes au Royaume-Uni et l&#39;adénocarcinome oesophagien augmente rapidement dans le monde occidental 1. En outre, il ya eu peu d&#39;amélioration dans le pronostic de la maladie, avec un taux de survie globale à 5 ans de l&#39;ordre de 15%. Par conséquent, il existe un besoin pour des plates-formes expérimentales pour étudier l&#39;impact de l&#39;exposition aux facteurs de stress environnementaux sur cette épithélium oesophagien et leur implication potentielle dans le développement de la métaplasie ou néoplasie. Bien que des lignées cellulaires immortalisées ou tumorales permettent aux chercheurs d&#39;étudier la réponse des cellules épithéliales à ces facteurs de stress in vitro, ils restent proliferative et ne parviennent pas à se différencier en cellules épithéliales matures présents sur les couches supérieures de la muqueuse de l&#39;oesophage. En outre, les lignées cellulaires qui ont déjà subi la tumorigenèse peuvent fournir que des informations limitées concernant les réponses initiales de cellules normales dans l&#39;épithélium à des facteurs environnementaux; et ceci est l&#39;étape où le potentiel pour une intervention thérapeutique peut être plus élevé. Enfin, les systèmes de culture cellulaire classiques ne parviennent pas à saisir les interactions potentiellement importantes entre les cellules epitheliales et mésenchymateuses et entre ces cellules et la matrice environnante qui se produisent dans les tissus in vivo. Des modèles animaux fournissent un micro-environnement plus réaliste pour l&#39;étude des réponses des epitheli oesophagienum et peut incorporer l&#39;induction artificielle de reflux gastro-oesophagien maladie 2. Toutefois, il peut être plus difficile à manipuler les facteurs de stress environnementaux dans ces modèles et ils ne peuvent pas représenter pleinement la réponse dans l&#39;œsophage humain. D&#39;autres modèles expérimentaux œsophagienne humains ont été développés qui utilisent des cellules primaires, des cellules immortalisées ou des lignées de cellules tumorales sur un collagène, le collagène ou combiné / Matrigel, échafaud contenant des fibroblastes 3,4. Il est moins de travail pour générer ces échafaudages que l&#39;échafaud de l&#39;œsophage acellulaire décrit dans ce manuscrit, et ces modèles organotypiques fournir un outil utile, en particulier dans l&#39;étude de l&#39;invasion tumorale 5,6, où l&#39;infiltration des cellules tumorales dans le gel du collagène peut être facilement observée. Toutefois, ces gels de collagène ont des propriétés mécaniques non-indigènes et manquent certaines caractéristiques du tissu d&#39;origine, y compris une membrane basale spécifique et le appropriate topographie de la surface. Cela peut influencer le comportement des cellules résultant, par exemple, l&#39;adhésion plus pauvres entre l&#39;épithélium et échafaudage lors de l&#39;utilisation d&#39;un échafaudage de collagène gel 7. En conséquence, l&#39;échafaudage de l&#39;œsophage porcine acellulaire a été développé, avec l&#39;avantage d&#39;être un échafaudage biologiquement plus réaliste et donc plus appropriée pour une utilisation comme une plate-forme expérimentale. Il a également été montré qu&#39;il est préférable d&#39;incorporer des cellules primaires dans les produits d&#39;assemblage de l&#39;œsophage que des lignées cellulaires immortalisées épithéliales de l&#39;œsophage, tels que Het-1A, étant donné que ces cellules forment un épithélium multicouches mais ne parviennent pas à stratifier ou 4,7,8 différencier . Par conséquent, ce protocole a été adapté à partir d&#39;une méthode déjà utilisée dans le laboratoire pour la fabrication de tissus MacNeil peau ingénierie et la muqueuse buccale 9,10 et intègre un échafaudage oesophagien porcine de-cellularisée combinée avec des cellules humaines oesophagiennes épithéliales et les fibroblastes primaires. This protocole produit, un épithélium stratifié mature, similaire à celle de l&#39;oesophage humain normal comme démontré par CK4, CK14, Ki67 et involucrine coloration. Le modèle qui en résulte fournit une plate-forme expérimentale pour étudier les réponses aux facteurs de stress environnementaux, et a été utilisé efficacement pour étudier les changements dans l&#39;expression des gènes dans l&#39;épithélium de l&#39;œsophage en réponse à reflué composants 11.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right">215240</td>
			<td>Prepare 0.1% w/v solution in PBS and filter sterilise. Warm in 37&#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Labtech</td>
			<td>LM-D1112</td>
			<td>Warm in 37&#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ham&#39;s F12</td>
			<td>Labtech</td>
			<td>LM-H1236</td>
			<td>Warm in 37&#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foetal Calf Serum</td>
			<td>Labtech</td>
			<td>FB-1090</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epidermal Growth Factor</td>
			<td>R+D Systems</td>
			<td>236-EG-200</td>
			<td>Prepare 200 &#181;g/ml stock solution in 10 mM acetic acid, 1% FCS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydorcortisone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H0396</td>
			<td>Prepare stock solution in PBS and filter sterilise before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adenine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2786</td>
			<td>Prepare stock solution in PBS and filter sterilise before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I2767</td>
			<td>Prepare 10 mg/ml solution in 0.01M HCl, dilute 1:10 in distilled water and filter sterilise before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transferrin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T2036</td>
			<td>Prepare stock solution in distilled water and filter sterilise before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triiodothyronine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T2752</td>
			<td>Prepare stock solution in distilled water and filter sterilise before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cholera toxin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C8052</td>
			<td>Prepare stock solution in water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P0781</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amphotericin B</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15290-026</td>
			<td>Brand name Fungizone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Oxoid</td>
			<td>BR0014</td>
			<td>Dissolve 1 tablet in 100 ml water and autoclave to sterilise</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase A</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td align="right">10103578001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Povidone-iodine solution</td>
			<td>Ecolab</td>
			<td>10830E</td>
			<td>Brand name Videne</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E7023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right">433209</td>
			<td>Prepare 1M solution and autoclave to sterilise before use (121 &#730;C for 15 min)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G2025</td>
			<td>Autoclave to sterilise before use (121 &#730;C for 15 min)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chelex 100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C7901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Newborn calf serum</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td align="right">26010074</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Progesterone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P8783</td>
			<td>Prepare stock solution in DMEM and filter sterilise before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanolamine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E9508</td>
			<td>Prepare stock solution in DMEM and filter sterilise before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrocortisone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H0888</td>
			<td>Prepare stock solution in DMEM and filter sterilise before use use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>O-phosphorylethanolamine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P0503</td>
			<td>Prepare stock solution in DMEM and filter sterilise before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ITS (insulin, transferrin, selenium)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>17-838Z</td>
			<td>Used for composite media preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T3924</td>
			<td>Warm in 37&#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA 0.02% solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E8008</td>
			<td>Warm in 37&#176;C water bath before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T75 culture flask</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>734-2313</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td align="right">11819650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml universal tube</td>
			<td>SLS</td>
			<td>SLS7504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>180 ml pot</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>216-2603</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish</td>
			<td>SLS</td>
			<td align="right">150350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 well plate</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>734-2323</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>stainless steel rings</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Manufactured in house - medical grade stainless steel, internal diameter 10 mm, external diameter 20 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>steel mesh grids</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Manufactured in house - sheets have 0.3 cm diameter holes, bent to produce grid 2cm (w) x2 cm (d) x 0.5 cm (h)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ki67</td>
			<td>Novocastra</td>
			<td>KI67-MM1-L-CE</td>
			<td>Clone MM1 Use at 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CK4</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab9004</td>
			<td>Clone 6B10 Use at 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CK14</td>
			<td>Novocastra</td>
			<td>LL002-L-CE</td>
			<td>Clone LL002 Use at 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Involucrin</td>
			<td>Novocastra</td>
			<td>INV</td>
			<td>Clone&#160; SY5 Use at 1:100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OE21</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right">96062201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OE33</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right">96070808</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Het-1A</td>
			<td>ATCC-LGC</td>
			<td>CRL-2692</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse 3T3 fibroblasts</td>
			<td>ATCC-LGC</td>
			<td>CRL-1658</td>
			<td>previously growth arrested by irradiation (60 Gy)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

production, characterization and potential uses of a 3d tissue-engineered human esophageal mucosal model

L&#39;incidence à la fois de l&#39;adénocarcinome oesophagien et son précurseur, métaplasie de Barrett, augmentent rapidement dans le monde occidental. En outre adénocarcinome oesophagien a généralement un mauvais pronostic, avec peu d&#39;amélioration dans les taux de survie au cours des dernières années. Ces conditions sont difficiles à étudier et il ya eu un manque de plates-formes expérimentales appropriées pour enquêter sur les troubles de la muqueuse œsophagienne. Un modèle de la muqueuse de l&#39;oesophage humain a été développé dans le laboratoire MacNeil qui, à la différence des systèmes de culture de cellules 2D conventionnelles, récapitule les interactions cellule-cellule et cellule-matrice présents in vivo et produit un mature, épithélium stratifié semblable à celui de l&#39;être humain normal œsophage. En résumé, le modèle utilise des cellules non transformées normales de fibroblastes primaires humains de l&#39;œsophage et epitheliales cultivées dans un échafaud oesophagien acellulaire dérivée de porc. La caractérisation immunohistochimique de ce modèlepar CK4, CK14, Ki67 et involucrine coloration montre récapitulation approprié de l&#39;histologie de la muqueuse de l&#39;œsophage humain normal. Ce modèle fournit un robuste modèle expérimental, biologiquement pertinente de la muqueuse œsophagienne humaine. Il peut facilement être manipulée pour enquêter sur un certain nombre de questions de recherche, y compris l&#39;efficacité des agents pharmacologiques et l&#39;impact de l&#39;exposition à des facteurs environnementaux tels que l&#39;alcool, les toxines, à haute température ou des composants de produit de reflux gastro-oesophagien. Le modèle facilite également les périodes de culture prolongées pas réalisables avec la culture cellulaire classique en 2D, permettant, entre autres, l&#39;étude de l&#39;impact de l&#39;exposition répétée d&#39;un épithélium mature pour l&#39;agent d&#39;intérêt pour un maximum de 20 jours. En outre, une variété de lignées cellulaires, telles que celles dérivées de tumeurs de l&#39;oesophage ou métaplasie de Barrett, peut être incorporé dans le modèle pour étudier des processus tels que l&#39;invasion tumorale et le médicament responsiveness dans un environnement plus biologiquement pertinente.

Ce manuscrit décrit le processus requis, indiqué sous forme schématique à la figure 1, à la culture des modèles 3D de l&#39;épithélium oesophagien humaine succès. Pour confirmer la pertinence du modèle en tant que plate-forme histologique expérimental et des études immunohistochimiques ont été réalisées en comparant les tissus cultivés avec muqueuse épidermoïde de l&#39;oesophage humain normal. Évaluation histologique de l&#39;épithélium produite par le...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Production, Characterization and Potential Uses of a 3D Tissue-engineered Human Esophageal Mucosal Model at JoVE.com

Production, Characterization and Potential Uses of a 3D Tissue-engineered Human Esophageal Mucosal Model

Ce manuscrit décrit la production, la caractérisation et les utilisations potentielles d&#39;une ingénierie tissulaire de construction de l&#39;œsophage 3D préparé à partir de fibroblastes humains primaires normale de l&#39;œsophage et les cellules épithéliales squameuses ensemencées dans un échafaudage porcine de-cellularisée. Les résultats mettent en évidence la formation d&#39;un épithélium stratifié mûr similaire à l&#39;oesophage humain normal.

Production, la caractérisation et utilisations potentielles d&#39;un humain de l&#39;oesophage muqueux modèle 3D de l&#39;ingénierie tissulaire

The incidence of both esophageal adenocarcinoma and its precursor, Barrett&#8217;s Metaplasia, are rising rapidly in the western world. Furthermore ...

production-characterization-potential-uses-3d-tissue-engineered-human

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

10.4K vues.  University of Sheffield.  Ce manuscrit décrit la production, la caractérisation et les utilisations potentielles d'une ingénierie tissulaire de construction de l'œsophage 3D préparé à partir de fibroblastes humains primaires normale de l'œsophage et les cellules épithéliales squameuses ensemencées dans un échafaudage porcine de-cellularisée. Les résultats mettent en évidence la formation d'un épithélium stratifié mûr similaire à l'oesophage humain normal. 

Vidéo: Production, Characterization and Potential Uses of a 3D Tissue-engineered Human Esophageal Mucosal Model

Protocol for Relative Hydrodynamic Assessment of Tri-leaflet Polymer Valves

Limitations of currently available prosthetic valves, xenografts, and homografts have prompted a recent resurgence of developments in the area of tri-leaflet polymer valve prostheses. However, identification of a protocol for initial assessment of polymer valve hydrodynamic functionality is paramount during the early stages of the design process. Traditional in vitro pulse duplicator systems are not configured to accommodate flexible tri-leaflet materials; in addition, assessment of polymer valve functionality needs to be made in a relative context to native and prosthetic heart valves under identical test conditions so that variability in measurements from different instruments can be avoided. Accordingly, we conducted hydrodynamic assessment of i) native (n = 4, mean diameter, D = 20 mm), ii) bi-leaflet mechanical (n= 2, D = 23 mm) and iii) polymer valves (n = 5, D = 22 mm) via the use of a commercially available pulse duplicator system (ViVitro Labs Inc, Victoria, BC) that was modified to accommodate tri-leaflet valve geometries. Tri-leaflet silicone valves developed at the University of Florida comprised the polymer valve group. A mixture in the ratio of 35:65 glycerin to water was used to mimic blood physical properties. Instantaneous flow rate was measured at the interface of the left ventricle and aortic units while pressure was recorded at the ventricular and aortic positions. Bi-leaflet and native valve data from the literature was used to validate flow and pressure readings. The following hydrodynamic metrics were reported: forward flow pressure drop, aortic root mean square forward flow rate, aortic closing, leakage&#160;and regurgitant volume, transaortic closing, leakage, and total energy losses. Representative results indicated that hydrodynamic metrics from the three valve groups could be successfully obtained by incorporating a custom-built assembly into a commercially available pulse duplicator system and subsequently, objectively compared to provide insights on functional aspects of polymer valve design.

There has been renewed interest in developing polymer valves. Here, the objectives are to demonstrate the feasibility of modifying a commercial pulse duplicator to accommodate tri-leaflet geometries and to define a protocol to present polymer valve hydrodynamic data in comparison to native and prosthetic valve data collected under near-identical conditions.

Protocole pour l&#39;évaluation hydrodynamique relative de Vannes polymères tri-leaflet

Limitations of currently available prosthetic valves, xenografts, and homografts have prompted a recent resurgence of developments in the area of ...

Recherche

Bio-ingénierie

Generation and Grafting of Tissue-engineered Vessels in a Mouse Model

The construction of vascular conduits is a fundamental strategy for surgical repair of damaged and injured vessels resulting from cardiovascular diseases. The current protocol presents an efficient and reproducible strategy in which functional tissue engineered vessel grafts can be generated using partially induced pluripotent stem cell (PiPSC) from human fibroblasts. We designed a decellularized vessel scaffold bioreactor, which closely mimics the matrix protein structure and blood flow that exists within a native vessel, for seeding of PiPSC-endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells prior to grafting into mice. This approach was demonstrated to be advantageous because immune-deficient mice engrafted with the PiPSC-derived grafts presented with markedly increased survival rate 3 weeks after surgery. This protocol represents a valuable tool for regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and potentially patient-specific cell-therapy in the near future.

Here, we present a protocol to generate tissue engineered vessel grafts that are functional for grafting into mice by double seeding partially induced pluripotent stem cell (PiPSC) - derived smooth muscle cells and PiPSC - derived endothelial cells on a decellularized vessel scaffold bioreactor.

Génération et greffage des navires par ingénierie tissulaire dans un modèle de souris

The construction of vascular conduits is a fundamental strategy for surgical repair of damaged and injured vessels resulting from cardiovascular diseases. ...

A Hormone-responsive 3D Culture Model of the Human Mammary Gland Epithelium

The process of mammary epithelial morphogenesis is influenced by hormones. The study of hormone action on the breast epithelium using 2D cultures is limited to cell proliferation and gene expression endpoints. However, in the organism, mammary morphogenesis occurs in a 3D environment. 3D culture systems help bridge the gap between monolayer cell culture (2D) and the complexity of the organism. Herein, we describe a 3D culture model of the human breast epithelium that is suitable to study hormone action. It uses the commercially available hormone-responsive human breast epithelial cell line, T47D, and rat tail collagen type 1 as a matrix. This 3D culture model responds to the main mammotropic hormones: estradiol, progestins and prolactin. The influence of these hormones on epithelial morphogenesis can be observed after 1- or 2-week treatment according to the endpoint. The 3D cultures can be harvested for analysis of epithelial morphogenesis, cell proliferation and gene expression.

We describe a 3D culture model of the human breast epithelium that is suitable to study hormone action.

Un modèle 3D Culture hormone-sensibles de la glande mammaire humaine épithélium

The process of mammary epithelial morphogenesis is influenced by hormones. The study of hormone action on the breast epithelium using 2D cultures is ...

A Combined 3D Tissue Engineered In Vitro/In Silico Lung Tumor Model for Predicting Drug Effectiveness in Specific Mutational Backgrounds

In the present study, we combined an in vitro 3D lung tumor model with an in silico model to optimize predictions of drug response based on a specific mutational background. The model is generated on a decellularized porcine scaffold that reproduces tissue-specific characteristics regarding extracellular matrix composition and architecture including the basement membrane. We standardized a protocol that allows artificial tumor tissue generation within 14 days including three days of drug treatment. Our article provides several detailed descriptions of 3D read-out screening techniques like the determination of the proliferation index Ki67 staining&#39;s, apoptosis from supernatants by M30-ELISA and assessment of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), which are helpful tools for evaluating the effectiveness of therapeutic compounds. We could show compared to 2D culture a reduction of proliferation in our 3D tumor model that is related to the clinical situation. Despite of this lower proliferation, the model predicted EGFR-targeted drug responses correctly according to the biomarker status as shown by comparison of the lung carcinoma cell lines HCC827 (EGFR -mutated, KRAS wild-type) and A549 (EGFR wild-type, KRAS-mutated) treated with the tyrosine-kinase inhibitor (TKI) gefitinib. To investigate drug responses of more advanced tumor cells, we induced EMT by long-term treatment with TGF-beta-1 as assessed by vimentin/pan-cytokeratin immunofluorescence staining. A flow-bioreactor was employed to adjust culture to physiological conditions, which improved tissue generation. Furthermore, we show the integration of drug responses upon gefitinib treatment or TGF-beta-1 stimulation - apoptosis, proliferation index and EMT - into a Boolean in silico model. Additionally, we explain how drug responses of tumor cells with a specific mutational background and counterstrategies against resistance can be predicted. We are confident that our 3D in vitro approach especially with its in silico expansion provides an additional value for preclinical drug testing in more realistic conditions than in 2D cell culture.

A Combined 3D Tissue Engineered In Vitro/In Silico Lung Tumor Model for Predicting Drug Effectiveness in Specific Mutational Backgrounds

We present a three-dimensional (3D) lung cancer model based on a biological collagen scaffold to study sensitivity towards non-small-cell-lung-cancer-(NSCLC)-targeted therapies. We demonstrate different read-out techniques to determine the proliferation index, apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) status. Collected data are integrated into an in silico model for prediction of drug sensitivity.

Un tissu combiné 3D Conçu<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; /<em&gt; In Silico</em&gt; Lung Tumor modèle de prévision de l&#39;efficacité des médicaments dans le Fond mutationnelles spécifiques

In the present study, we combined an in vitro 3D lung tumor model with an in silico model to optimize predictions of drug response based on a specific ...

Development of a Multicellular Three-dimensional Organotypic Model of the Human Intestinal Mucosa Grown Under Microgravity

Because cells growing in a three-dimensional (3-D) environment have the potential to bridge many gaps of cell cultivation in 2-D environments (e.g., flasks or dishes). In fact, it is widely recognized that cells grown in flasks or dishes tend to de-differentiate and lose specialized features of the tissues from which they were derived. Currently, there are mainly two types of 3-D culture systems where the cells are seeded into scaffolds mimicking the native extracellular matrix (ECM): (a) static models and (b) models using bioreactors. The first breakthrough was the static 3-D models. 3-D models using bioreactors such as the rotating-wall-vessel (RWV) bioreactors are a more recent development. The original concept of the RWV bioreactors was developed at NASA&#39;s Johnson Space Center in the early 1990s and is believed to overcome the limitations of static models such as the development of hypoxic, necrotic cores. The RWV bioreactors might circumvent this problem by providing fluid dynamics that allow the efficient diffusion of nutrients and oxygen. These bioreactors consist of a rotator base that serves to support and rotate two different formats of culture vessels that differ by their aeration source type: (1) Slow Turning Lateral Vessels (STLVs) with a co-axial oxygenator in the center, or (2) High Aspect Ratio Vessels (HARVs) with oxygenation via a flat, silicone rubber gas transfer membrane. These vessels allow efficient gas transfer while avoiding bubble formation and consequent turbulence. These conditions result in laminar flow and minimal shear force that models reduced gravity (microgravity) inside the culture vessel. Here we describe the development of a multicellular 3-D organotypic model of the human intestinal mucosa composed of an intestinal epithelial cell line and primary human lymphocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts cultured under microgravity provided by the RWV bioreactor.

Cells growing in a three-dimensional (3-D) environment represent a marked improvement over cell cultivation in 2-D environments (e.g., flasks or dishes). Here we describe the development of a multicellular 3-D organotypic model of the human intestinal mucosa cultured under microgravity provided by rotating-wall-vessel (RWV) bioreactors.

Développement d&#39;un modèle organotypique multicellulaire en trois dimensions de la muqueuse intestinale humaine Grown Sous microgravité

Because cells growing in a three-dimensional (3-D) environment have the potential to bridge many gaps of cell cultivation in 2-D environments (e.g., ...

A Novel Tenorrhaphy Suture Technique with Tissue Engineered Collagen Graft to Repair Large Tendon Defects

Surgical management of large tendon defects with tendon grafts is challenging, as there are a finite number of sites where donors can be readily identified and used. Currently, this gap is filled with tendon auto-, allo-, xeno-, or artificial grafts, but clinical methods to secure them are not necessarily translatable to animals because of the scale. In order to evaluate new biomaterials or study a tendon graft made up of collagen type 1, we have developed a modified suture technique to help maintain the engineered tendon in alignment with the tendon ends. Mechanical properties of these grafts are inferior to the native tendon. To incorporate engineered tendon into clinically relevant models of loaded repair, a strategy was adopted to offload the tissue engineered tendon graft and allow for the maturation and integration of the engineered tendon in vivo until a mechanically sound neo-tendon was formed. We describe this technique using incorporation of the collagen type 1 tissue engineered tendon construct.

In this paper, we present an in vitro and in situ protocol to repair a tendon gap of up to 1.5 cm by filling it with engineered collagen graft. This was performed by developing a modified suture technique to take the mechanical load until the graft matures into the host tissue.

Une nouvelle technique de suture Tenorrhaphy avec greffe de collagène issue d’une ingénierie tissulaire pour réparer les gros défauts tendineux

Surgical management of large tendon defects with tendon grafts is challenging, as there are a finite number of sites where donors can be readily ...

Production of Elastin-like Protein Hydrogels for Encapsulation and Immunostaining of Cells in 3D

Two-dimensional (2D) tissue culture techniques have been essential for our understanding of fundamental cell biology. However, traditional 2D tissue culture systems lack a three-dimensional (3D) matrix, resulting in a significant disconnect between results collected in vitro and in vivo. To address this limitation, researchers have engineered 3D hydrogel tissue culture platforms that can mimic the biochemical and biophysical properties of the in vivo cell microenvironment. This research has motivated the need to develop material platforms that support 3D cell encapsulation and downstream biochemical assays. Recombinant protein engineering offers a unique toolset for 3D hydrogel material design and development by allowing for the specific control of protein sequence and therefore, by extension, the potential mechanical and biochemical properties of the resultant matrix. Here, we present a protocol for the expression of recombinantly-derived elastin-like protein (ELP), which can be used to form hydrogels with independently tunable mechanical properties and cell-adhesive ligand concentration. We further present a methodology for cell encapsulation within ELP hydrogels and subsequent immunofluorescent staining of embedded cells for downstream analysis and quantification.

Recombinant protein-engineered hydrogels are advantageous for 3D cell culture as they allow for complete tunability of the polymer backbone and therefore, the cell microenvironment. Here, we describe the process of recombinant elastin-like protein purification and its application in 3D hydrogel cell encapsulation.

Production de protéine élastine Hydrogels pour Encapsulation et immunomarquage des cellules en 3D

Two-dimensional (2D) tissue culture techniques have been essential for our understanding of fundamental cell biology. However, traditional 2D tissue ...

Seeding and Implantation of a Biosynthetic Tissue-engineered Tracheal Graft in a Mouse Model

Treatment options for congenital or secondary long segment tracheal defects have historically been limited due to an inability to replace functional tissue. Tissue engineering holds great promise as a potential solution with its ability to integrate cells and signaling molecules into a 3-dimensional scaffold. Recent work with tissue engineered tracheal grafts (TETGs) has seen some success but their translation has been limited by graft stenosis, graft collapse, and delayed epithelialization. In order to investigate the mechanisms driving these issues, we have developed a mouse model for tissue engineered tracheal graft implantation. TETGs were constructed using electrospun polymers polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyurethane (PU) in a mixture of PET and PU (20:80 percent weight). Scaffolds were then seeded using bone marrow mononuclear cells isolated from 6-8 week-old C57BL/6 mice by gradient centrifugation. Ten million cells per graft were seeded onto the lumen of the scaffold and allowed to incubate overnight before implantation between the third and seventh tracheal rings. These grafts were able to recapitulate the findings of stenosis and delayed epithelialization as demonstrated by histological analysis and lack of Keratin 5 and Keratin 14 basal epithelial cells on immunofluorescence. This model will serve as a tool for investigating cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in host remodeling.

Graft stenosis poses a critical obstacle in tissue engineered airway replacement. To investigate cellular mechanisms underlying stenosis, we utilize a murine model of tissue engineered tracheal replacement with seeded bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNC). Here, we detail our protocol, including scaffold manufacturing, BM-MNC isolation, graft seeding, and implantation.

Ensemencement et Implantation d’un greffon biosynthétique de trachéale tissulaire dans un modèle murin

Treatment options for congenital or secondary long segment tracheal defects have historically been limited due to an inability to replace functional ...

Tissue-Engineered Graft for Circumferential Esophageal Reconstruction in Rats

The use of biocompatible materials for circumferential esophageal reconstruction is a technically challenging task in rats and requires an optimal implant technique with nutritional support. Recently, there have been many attempts at esophageal tissue engineering, but the success rate has been limited due to difficulty in early epithelization in the special environment of peristalsis. Here, we developed an artificial esophagus that can improve the regeneration of the esophageal mucosa and muscle layers through a two-layered tubular scaffold, a mesenchymal stem cell-based bioreactor system, and a bypass feeding technique with modified gastrostomy. The scaffold is made of polyurethane (PU) nanofibers in a cylindrical shape with a three-dimensional (3D) printed polycaprolactone strand wrapped around the outer wall. Prior to transplantation, human-derived mesenchymal stem cells were seeded into the lumen of the scaffold, and bioreactor cultivation was performed to enhance cellular reactivity. We improved the graft survival rate by applying surgical anastomosis and covering the implanted prosthesis with a thyroid gland flap, followed by temporary nonoral gastrostomy feeding. These grafts were able to recapitulate the findings of initial epithelialization and muscle regeneration around the implanted sites, as demonstrated by histological analysis. In addition, increased elastin fibers and neovascularization were observed in the periphery of the graft. Therefore, this model presents a potential new technique for circumferential esophageal reconstruction.

Esophageal reconstruction is a challenging procedure, and development of a tissue-engineered esophagus that enables regeneration of esophageal mucosa and muscle and that can be implanted as an artificial graft is necessary. Here, we present our protocol to generate an artificial esophagus, including scaffold manufacturing, bioreactor cultivation, and various surgical techniques.

Greffe tissulaire pour la reconstruction oesophagielle circonférence chez les rats

The use of biocompatible materials for circumferential esophageal reconstruction is a technically challenging task in rats and requires an optimal implant ...

A Human 3D Extracellular Matrix-Adipocyte Culture Model for Studying Matrix-Cell Metabolic Crosstalk

The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a central role in regulating tissue homeostasis, engaging in crosstalk with cells and regulating multiple aspects of cellular function. The ECM plays a particularly important role in adipose tissue function in obesity, and alterations in adipose tissue ECM deposition and composition are associated with metabolic disease in mice and humans. Tractable in vitro models that permit dissection of the roles of the ECM and cells in contributing to global tissue phenotype are sparse. We describe a novel 3D in vitro model of human ECM-adipocyte culture that permits study of the specific roles of the ECM and adipocytes in regulating adipose tissue metabolic phenotype. Human adipose tissue is decellularized to isolate ECM, which is subsequently repopulated with preadipocytes that are then differentiated within the ECM into mature adipocytes. This method creates ECM-adipocyte constructs that are metabolically active and retain characteristics of the tissues and patients from which they are derived. We have used this system to demonstrate disease-specific ECM-adipocyte crosstalk in human adipose tissue. This culture model provides a tool for dissecting the roles of the ECM and adipocytes in contributing to global adipose tissue metabolic phenotype and permits study of the role of the ECM in regulating adipose tissue homeostasis.

We describe a 3D human extracellular matrix-adipocyte in vitro culture system that permits dissection of the roles of the matrix and adipocytes in contributing to adipose tissue metabolic phenotype.

Un modèle de culture matrix-adipocyte extracellulaire humaine 3D pour étudier matrix-Cell Metabolic Crosstalk

The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a central role in regulating tissue homeostasis, engaging in crosstalk with cells and regulating multiple aspects of ...