This work was supported by the Alzheimer&#8217;s Association (NIRG-10-171721; to U.H.), National Institute of Mental Health (MH096702; to U.H.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS081333; to C.M.T.), and pilot study awards from the National Institute on Aging-funded Alzheimer&#8217;s Disease Research Center at Columbia University (AG008702; to J.B. and Y.Y.J.) that also supports the New York Brain Bank. We thank members of the Hengst laboratory for comments and discussions

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Dans ce rapport, nous décrivons l&#39;utilisation d&#39;une technologie de ISH haute résolution dans la détection de l&#39;ARNm axonaux localisée ATF4. Ces précédentes et les études publiées montrent que cette technologie est compatible avec la détection de protéines à base d&#39;anticorps dans les tissus ou même des embryons entiers 33. Surtout, il a été récemment utilisée pour la détection de l&#39;ARNm de l&#39;arc à l&#39;intérieur de dendrites des neurones de l&#39;hi...

Le recrutement d&#39;ARNm axonale et la traduction locale permettent axones à répondre à des stimuli extracellulaires d&#39;une manière temporellement et spatialement aiguë 1. La synthèse des protéines intra-axonal est mieux compris dans le contexte de développement neurologique où elle joue un rôle crucial dans la croissance cône comportement 8.2, 11.9 et des axones signalisation rétrograde 12,13. Mais loin en sait moins sur la signification fonctionnelle de la synthèse des protéines axonale dans les neurones post-développement lorsque les niveaux d&#39;ARNm et de ribosome axonales sont considérablement réduits 14,15. Axones vertébrés matures ont longtemps été pensé pour être inactive translation 16. Cependant, des études récentes indiquent que la traduction locale est réactivé dans les axones matures dans des conditions pathologiques. Par exemple, un sous-ensemble des ARNm est recruté pour axones après une lésion du nerf et de la synthèse des protéines intra-axonal est nécessaire pour la régénération correcte de ces axones 17. En outre, notre ha de groupes a montré que les ARNm spécifiques sont recrutés pour des axones après une exposition locale à la maladie d&#39;Alzheimer peptide Aß 1-42, et de la traduction locale ATF4 facteur de transcription est nécessaire pour propager les effets neurodégénératifs de Aß 1-42 de axones au soma neuronal 18. Enfin, les analyses à haut débit ont révélé que les axones matures ont un transcriptome plus complexe et dynamique que prévu 18-21, en ​​particulier dans des conditions pathologiques. À la lumière de ces études, une méthode hautement sensible et spécifique pour détecter les ARNm axonaux localisées dans le système nerveux adulte est nécessaire. Une grande partie du travail sur le recrutement de l&#39;ARNm et la traduction locale dans les axones matures a été effectuée sur des neurones en culture. Cela est particulièrement vrai pour les analyses de transcriptome car les méthodes de culture spécialisés existent qui permettent l&#39;isolement des axones de la somato-dendritique compartiment 18-20. Bien que ces études ont donné ins précieusesight dans le rôle de la traduction locale dans les axones matures, la question de savoir si des neurones en culture représentent fidèlement la situation in vivo ou si le recrutement ARNm est une réponse adaptative des axones à conditions de culture est toujours ouverte. Peu d&#39;études ont fourni des preuves de recrutement d&#39;ARNm de mûrir axones in vivo. Par exemple, la transcription codant pour la protéine de marquage olfactif a été détectée dans les axones des neurones sensoriels adultes 22. Un transgène contenant l&#39;extrémité 3 &#39;UTR de l&#39;ARNm de β-actine est transporté vers les axones des neurones du système nerveux central et périphérique chez des souris et se traduit localement après 23 périodes de développement. Lamin de l&#39;ARNm est localisée aux axones de la rétine dans Xenopues laevis têtards et son épuisement affecte l&#39;entretien de l&#39;axone après le développement des axones 21. Interférence avec le transport axonal de l&#39;ARNm codant pour la cytochrome C oxydase IV modifie le comportement de la souris 24. Enfin, ATF4 ARNm se trouve dans un adulteXons des souris et des cerveaux humains dans le contexte de Aß 1-42 induite par la neurodégénérescence 18. Analyses du transcriptome à haut débit se sont avérées utiles pour identifier les profils d&#39;ARNm dans les axones isolés in vitro, mais avoir des limites pour des études in vivo depuis dans les tissus entiers axones ne se trouvent jamais dans l&#39;isolement, mais entremêlées avec les organes de cellules neuronales, cellules gliales et d&#39;autres types de cellules. Ainsi, de telles analyses doivent être combinées avec des techniques d&#39;imagerie qui confirment la localisation subcellulaire des ARNm. Hybridation in situ de l&#39;ARN (ARN ISH) en permet la détection et la visualisation des séquences d&#39;ARN spécifiques dans les cellules et les tissus. Cependant, les tests ARN ISH originaux étaient conviennent que pour l&#39;identification des ARN très abondantes 25, ce qui est rarement le cas pour les ARNm axonaux localisées. Pour les dernières décennies des efforts accrus ont été mis en développant de nouvelles technologies qui permettent la détection des ARNm au niveau d&#39;une seule molécule <sup&gt; 25,26. Par exemple, Singer et ses collègues ont mis au point des sondes ISH pour détecter des ARNm dans des cellules individuelles, consistant à 5 non-chevauchement marqué par fluorescence 50-mères (pour plus de détails se réfèrent à 27). La principale différence entre les techniques mentionnées ci-dessus et celle décrite ici est que le plus tard, utilise 20 à double Z-structure (pas linéaire) sondes qui ciblent typiquement ~ 1 kb région de l&#39;ARN d&#39;intérêt assurant la spécificité et faible niveau de fond. Les sondes sont ensuite hybridées avec préamplificateur et l&#39;amplificateur des séquences qui sont finalement marqué par fluorescence ou conjugués avec des enzymes qui permettent des réactions chromogènes. Ces étapes d&#39;amplification d&#39;améliorer le rapport signal-bruit par rapport à d&#39;autres technologies de ISH 28. Nous décrivons ici deux protocoles utilisant RNAscope associée, soit à fluorescence immunocytochimie ou avec des colorants histologiques permettant contre-coloration axonale. Les deux protocoles sont appropriés pour visualiser la localisation axonale des ATF4 ARNm dans mo adultesutiliser et les cerveaux humains.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>custom probe targeting residues 20-1381 of the mouse Atf4 mRNA (NM_009716)</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>custom probe targeting residues 15-1256 of the human ATF4 mRNA (NM_001675.2)</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>negative control probe-DapB</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td align="right">310043</td>
			<td>probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>positive control probe-mouse Polr2A (optional)</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td align="right">312471</td>
			<td>probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>positive control probe-human PPIB (optional)</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td align="right">313901</td>
			<td>probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAscope Fluorescent Multiplex Reagent Kit (for fluorescence detection)</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td align="right">320850</td>
			<td>In situ hybridization kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAscope 2.0 HD Reagent Kit - BROWN (for chromogenic detection)</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td align="right">310035</td>
			<td>In situ hybridization kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat polyclonal anti-ChAT antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>AB144P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luxol Fast Blue-Cresyl Echt Violet Stain Kit</td>
			<td>American MasterTech</td>
			<td>KTLFB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clearify clearing agent (xylene substitute)</td>
			<td>American MasterTech</td>
			<td>CACLEGAL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ProLong Gold mounting&#160; medium with DAPI</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>P36935</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPX mounting medium</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td align="right">6522</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

detection of axonally localized mrnas in brain sections using high-resolution in situ hybridization

ARNm sont souvent localisées aux axones vertébrés et leur traduction locale est nécessaire pour pathfinding axone ou de branchement pendant le développement et pour l&#39;entretien, la réparation ou la neurodégénérescence dans les périodes postdevelopmental. Analyses à haut débit ont récemment révélé que les axones ont un transcriptome plus dynamique et plus complexe que prévu. Ces analyses, mais ont été principalement fait dans des neurones en culture, où les axones peuvent être isolées à partir des compartiments de somato-dendritique. Il est pratiquement impossible de réaliser une telle isolation dans les tissus entiers in vivo. Ainsi, afin de vérifier le recrutement d&#39;ARNm et leur pertinence fonctionnelle dans un animal entier, les analyses de transcriptome devraient idéalement être combinées avec des techniques qui permettent la visualisation des ARNm in situ. Récemment, de nouvelles technologies de l&#39;ISH qui détectent ARN au niveau d&#39;une seule molécule ont été développés. Ceci est particulièrement important lors de l&#39;analyse de la localisation subcellulaire de l&#39;ARNm, ARN depuis localisées se trouvent généralement à des niveaux faibles. Nous décrivons ici deux protocoles pour la détection des ARNm axonaux-localisées en utilisant une technologie ultrasensible nouvel ARN ISH. Nous avons combiné RNAscope ISH avec de contraste axonale par immunohistochimie de fluorescence ou des colorants histologiques de vérifier le recrutement de ATF4 ARNm aux axones in vivo chez la souris adulte et les cerveaux humains.

Un bref résumé des procédures décrites ci-dessus est représentée sur la figure 1. Détection optimale des ATF4 ARNm granules dans les axones cholinergiques utilisant démasquage induite par la chaleur Lors de l&#39;évaluation localisation axonale des ARNm, il est essentiel de pouvoir identifier les axones et d&#39;être en mesure de visualiser faibles ARN abondantes. La technologie de l&#39;ARN ISH décrit ici permet la détection...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of Axonally Localized mRNAs in Brain Sections Using High-Resolution In Situ Hybridization at JoVE.com

Detection of Axonally Localized mRNAs in Brain Sections Using High-Resolution In Situ Hybridization

RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) enables the visualization of RNAs in cells and tissues. Here we show how combination of RNAscope ISH with immunohistochemistry or histological dyes can be successfully used to detect mRNAs localized to axons in sections of mouse and human brains.

Détection de axonaux localisée ARNm dans les sections de cerveau en utilisant haute résolution<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Hybridation

mRNAs are frequently localized to vertebrate axons and their local translation is required for axon pathfinding or branching during development and for ...

detection-axonally-localized-mrnas-brain-sections-using-high

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Detection of Axonally Localized mRNAs in Brain Sections Using High-Resolution In Situ Hybridization

11.7K vues.  Columbia University. RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) enables the visualization of RNAs in cells and tissues. Here we show how combination of RNAscope ISH with immunohistochemistry or histological dyes can be successfully used to detect mRNAs localized to axons in sections of mouse and human brains.

Vidéo: Detection of Axonally Localized mRNAs in Brain Sections Using High-Resolution In Situ Hybridization

Double Fluorescence in situ Hybridization in Fresh Brain Sections

Here we describe a modified version of a double fluorescence in situ hybridization (dFISH) method optimized for detecting two mRNAs of interest in fresh frozen brain sections. Our group has successfully used this approach to study gene co-regulation. More specifically, we have used this dFISH method to explore the anatomical organization, neurochemical properties, and the impact of sensory experience in central sensory circuits, at single cell resolution. This protocol has been validated in brain tissue from mice, rats and songbirds but is expected to be easily adaptable to other vertebrate species, as well as to an array of non-neural tissues. In this film we provide a detailed demonstration of the main steps of this procedure.

Double Fluorescence in situ Hybridization in Fresh Brain Sections

This protocol involves a non-radioactive in-situ hybridization procedure that enables the simultaneous identification of two transcript species, at a single cell resolution, in thin sections of the vertebrate brain.

Double fluorescence In situ</emHybridation> dans des coupes de cerveau frais

Here we describe a modified version of a double fluorescence in situ hybridization (dFISH) method optimized for detecting two mRNAs of interest in fresh ...

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Neurosciences

Combining Lipophilic dye, in situ Hybridization, Immunohistochemistry, and Histology

Going beyond single gene function to cut deeper into gene regulatory networks requires multiple mutations combined in a single animal. Such analysis of two or more genes needs to be complemented with in situ hybridization of other genes, or immunohistochemistry of their proteins, both in whole mounted developing organs or sections for detailed resolution of the cellular and tissue expression alterations. Combining multiple gene alterations requires the use of cre or flipase to conditionally delete genes and avoid embryonic lethality. Required breeding schemes dramatically enhance effort and cost proportional to the number of genes mutated, with an outcome of very few animals with the full repertoire of genetic modifications desired. Amortizing the vast amount of effort and time to obtain these few precious specimens that are carrying multiple mutations necessitates tissue optimization. Moreover, investigating a single animal with multiple techniques makes it easier to correlate gene deletion defects with expression profiles. We have developed a technique to obtain a more thorough analysis of a given animal; with the ability to analyze several different histologically recognizable structures as well as gene and protein expression all from the same specimen in both whole mounted organs and sections. Although mice have been utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique it can be applied to a wide array of animals. To do this we combine lipophilic dye tracing, whole mount in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and histology to extract the maximal possible amount of data.

Combining Lipophilic dye, in situ Hybridization, Immunohistochemistry, and Histology

A combination of different techniques to maximize data collection from mouse tissue is presented.

Combinant colorant lipophile, In situ</emHybridation>, immunohistochimie et l&#39;histologie

Going beyond single gene function to cut deeper into gene regulatory networks requires multiple mutations combined in a single animal.  Such analysis of ...

Detection of the Genome and Transcripts of a Persistent DNA Virus in Neuronal Tissues by Fluorescent In situ Hybridization Combined with Immunostaining

Single cell codetection of a gene, its RNA product and cellular regulatory proteins is critical to study gene expression regulation. This is a challenge in the field of virology; in particular for nuclear-replicating persistent DNA viruses that involve animal models for their study. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) establishes a life-long latent infection in peripheral neurons. Latent virus serves as reservoir, from which it reactivates and induces a new herpetic episode. The cell biology of HSV-1 latency remains poorly understood, in part due to the lack of methods to detect HSV-1 genomes in situ in animal models. We describe a DNA-fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) approach efficiently detecting low-copy viral genomes within sections of neuronal tissues from infected animal models. The method relies on heat-based antigen unmasking, and directly labeled home-made DNA probes, or commercially available probes. We developed a triple staining approach, combining DNA-FISH with RNA-FISH&#160;and immunofluorescence, using peroxidase based signal amplification to accommodate each staining requirement. A major improvement is the ability to obtain, within 10 &#181;m tissue sections, low-background signals that can be imaged at high resolution by confocal microscopy and wide-field conventional epifluorescence. Additionally, the triple staining worked with a wide range of antibodies directed against cellular and viral proteins. The complete protocol takes 2.5 days to accommodate antibody and probe penetration within the tissue.

Detection of the Genome and Transcripts of a Persistent DNA Virus in Neuronal Tissues by Fluorescent In situ Hybridization Combined with Immunostaining

We established a fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for the detection of a persistent DNA virus genome within tissue sections of animal models. This protocol enables studying infection process by codetection of the viral genome, its RNA products, and viral or cellular proteins within single cells.

Détection du génome et des transcriptions d&#39;un virus à ADN persistant dans neuronaux tissus par fluorescence In situ L&#39;hybridation combinée avec immunocoloration

Single cell codetection of a gene, its RNA product and cellular regulatory proteins is critical to study gene expression regulation. This is a challenge ...

Complete Spinal Cord Injury and Brain Dissection Protocol for Subsequent Wholemount In Situ Hybridization in Larval Sea Lamprey

After a complete spinal cord injury, sea lampreys at first are paralyzed below the level of transection. However, they recover locomotion after several weeks, and this is accompanied by short distance regeneration (a few mm) of propriospinal axons and spinal-projecting axons from the brainstem. Among the 36 large identifiable spinal-projecting neurons, some are good regenerators and others are bad regenerators. These neurons can most easily be identified in wholemount CNS preparations. In order to understand the neuron-intrinsic mechanisms that favor or inhibit axon regeneration after injury in the vertebrates CNS, we determine differences in gene expression between the good and bad regenerators, and how expression is influenced by spinal cord transection. This paper illustrates the techniques for housing larval and recently transformed adult sea lampreys in fresh water tanks, producing complete spinal cord transections under microscopic vision, and preparing brain and spinal cord wholemounts for in situ hybridization. Briefly, animals are kept at 16&#160;&#176;C and anesthetized in 1% Benzocaine in lamprey Ringer. The spinal cord is transected with iridectomy scissors via a dorsal approach and the animal is allowed to recover in fresh water tanks at 23 &#176;C. For in situ hybridization, animals are reanesthetized and the brain and cord removed via a dorsal approach.

Complete Spinal Cord Injury and Brain Dissection Protocol for Subsequent Wholemount In Situ Hybridization in Larval Sea Lamprey

Lampreys recover locomotion after a complete spinal cord injury. However, some spinal-projecting neurons are good regenerators and others are not. This paper illustrates the techniques for housing sea lamprey larvae (and recently transformed adults), producing complete spinal cord transections and preparing wholemount brains and spinal cords for in situ hybridization.

Spinal Cord Injury complète et cerveau Protocole Dissection pour Wholemount suite<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Hybridation dans des larves de la lamproie marine

After a complete spinal cord injury, sea lampreys at first are paralyzed below the level of transection. However, they recover locomotion after several ...

High-resolution In Vivo Manual Segmentation Protocol for Human Hippocampal Subfields Using 3T Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The human hippocampus has been broadly studied in the context of memory and normal brain function and its role in different neuropsychiatric disorders has been heavily studied. While many imaging studies treat the hippocampus as a single unitary neuroanatomical structure, it is, in fact, composed of several subfields that have a complex three-dimensional geometry. As such, it is known that these subfields perform specialized functions and are differentially affected through the course of different disease states. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can be used as a powerful tool to interrogate the morphology of the hippocampus and its subfields. Many groups use advanced imaging software and hardware (&#62;3T) to image the subfields; however this type of technology may not be readily available in most research and clinical imaging centers. To address this need, this manuscript provides a detailed step-by-step protocol for segmenting the full anterior-posterior length of the hippocampus and its subfields: cornu ammonis (CA) 1, CA2/CA3, CA4/dentate gyrus (DG), strata radiatum/lacunosum/moleculare (SR/SL/SM), and subiculum. This protocol has been applied to five subjects (3F, 2M; age 29-57, avg. 37). Protocol reliability is assessed by resegmenting either the right or left hippocampus of each subject and computing the overlap using the Dice&#39;s kappa metric. Mean Dice&#39;s kappa (range) across the five subjects are: whole hippocampus, 0.91 (0.90-0.92); CA1, 0.78 (0.77-0.79); CA2/CA3, 0.64 (0.56-0.73); CA4/dentate gyrus, 0.83 (0.81-0.85); strata radiatum/lacunosum/moleculare, 0.71 (0.68-0.73); and subiculum 0.75 (0.72-0.78). The segmentation protocol presented here provides other laboratories with a reliable method to study the hippocampus and hippocampal subfields in vivo using commonly available MR tools.

High-resolution In Vivo Manual Segmentation Protocol for Human Hippocampal Subfields Using 3T Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The goal of this manuscript is to study the hippocampus and hippocampal subfields using MRI. The manuscript describes a protocol for segmenting the hippocampus and five hippocampal substructures: cornu ammonis (CA) 1, CA2/CA3, CA4/dentate gyrus, strata radiatum/lacunosum/moleculare, and subiculum.

Haute résolution<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Protocole de segmentation manuelle pour les sous-zones de l&#39;hippocampe humain Utilisation 3T imagerie par résonance magnétique

The human hippocampus has been broadly studied in the context of memory and normal brain function and its role in different neuropsychiatric disorders has ...

Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) toxicity may cause region-specific changes in serotonergic mRNA expression due to acute serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) syndrome. This hypothesis can be tested using in situ hybridization to detect the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a. In the past, such procedures, utilizing radioactive riboprobe, were difficult because of the complicated workflow that needs several days to perform and the added difficulty that the technique required the use of fresh frozen tissues maintained in an RNase-free environment. Recently, the development of short oligonucleotide probes has simplified in situ hybridization procedures and allowed the use of paraformaldehyde-prefixed brain sections, which are more widely available in laboratories. Here, we describe a detailed protocol using non-radioactive oligonucleotide probes on the prefixed brain tissues. Hybridization probes used for this study include dapB (a bacterial gene coding for dihydrodipicolinate reductase), ppiB (a housekeeping gene coding for peptidylprolyl isomerase B), and htr2a (a serotonin gene coding for 5-HT2A receptors). This method is relatively simply, cheap, reproducible and requires less than two days to complete.

Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome

This protocol describes a rapid and simplified in situ hybridization method ideal forparaformaldehyde-prefixed brain, thus reducing the need for prolonged complex steps while using fresh frozen tissues. The method is validated using the identification of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a in rats.

Rapid<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Hybridation utilisant sondes oligonucléotidiques sur Brain Paraformaldéhyde préfixée de rats avec syndrome sérotoninergique

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) toxicity may cause region-specific changes in serotonergic mRNA expression due to acute serotonin ...

Combining Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Immunolabelling for Detection of the Expression of Three Genes in Mouse Brain Sections

Detection of gene expression in different types of brain cells e.g., neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursors and microglia, can be hampered by the lack of specific primary or secondary antibodies for immunostaining. Here we describe a protocol to detect the expression of three different genes in the same brain section using double fluorescence in situ hybridization with two gene-specific probes followed by immunostaining with an antibody of high specificity directed against the protein encoded by a third gene. The Aspartoacyclase (ASPA) gene, mutations of which can lead to a rare human white matter disease - Canavan disease - is thought to be expressed in oligodendrocytes and microglia but not in astrocytes and neurons. However, the precise expression pattern of ASPA in the brain has yet to be established. This protocol has allowed us to determine that ASPA is expressed in a subset of mature oligodendrocytes and it can be generally applied to a wide range of gene expression pattern studies.

Combining Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Immunolabelling for Detection of the Expression of Three Genes in Mouse Brain Sections

Localizing gene expression to specific cell types can be challenging due to the lack of specific antibodies. Here we describe a protocol for simultaneous triple detection of gene expression by combining double fluorescence RNA in situ hybridization with immunostaining.

Combinant Double Fluorescence<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Hybridation avec Immunomarquage pour la détection de l&#39;expression de trois gènes chez la souris Sections du cerveau

Detection of gene expression in different types of brain cells e.g., neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursors and microglia, can ...

Localization of Odorant Receptor Genes in Locust Antennae by RNA In Situ Hybridization

Insects have evolved sophisticated olfactory reception systems to sense exogenous chemical signals. These chemical signals are transduced by Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs) housed in hair-like structures, called chemosensilla, of the antennae. On the ORNs&#39; membranes, Odorant Receptors (ORs) are believed to be involved in odor coding. Thus, being able to identify genes localized to the ORNs is necessary to recognize OR genes, and provides a fundamental basis for further functional in situ studies. The RNA expression levels of specific ORs in insect antennae are very low, and preserving insect tissue for histology is challenging. Thus, it is difficult to localize an OR to a specific type of sensilla using RNA in situ hybridization. In this paper, a detailed and highly effective RNA in situ hybridization protocol particularly for lowly expressed OR genes of insects, is introduced. In addition, a specific OR gene was identified by conducting double-color fluorescent in situ hybridization experiments using a co-expressing receptor gene, Orco, as a marker.

Localization of Odorant Receptor Genes in Locust Antennae by RNA In Situ Hybridization

This paper describes a detailed and highly effective RNA in situ hybridization protocol particularly for low-level expressed Odorant Receptor (OR) genes, as well as other genes, in insect antennae using digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled or biotin-labeled probes.

Localisation des gènes des récepteurs odorants dans les antennes acridiennes par ARN<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Hybridation

Insects have evolved sophisticated olfactory reception systems to sense exogenous chemical signals. These chemical signals are transduced by Olfactory ...

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

In the central nervous system, the D1-alpha subtype receptor (Drd1&#945;) is the most abundant dopamine (DA) receptor, which plays a vital role in regulating neuronal growth and development. However, the mechanisms underlying Drd1&#945; receptor abnormalities mediating behavioral responses and modulating working memory function are still unclear. Using a novel RNA in situ hybridization assay, the current study identified dopamine Drd1&#945; receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) RNA expression from DA-related circuitry in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) area and substantia nigra region (SNR), respectively. Drd1&#945; expression in the NAc shows a &#34;discrete dot&#34; staining pattern. Clear sex differences in Drd1&#945; expression were observed. In contrast, TH shows a &#34;clustered&#34; staining pattern. Regarding TH expression, female rats displayed a higher signal expression per cell relative to male animals. The methods presented here provide a novel in situ hybridization technique for investigating changes in dopamine system dysfunction during the progression of central nervous system diseases.

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

Identification of dopamine D1-alpha receptor in the nucleus accumbens is critical for clarifying D1 receptor dysfunction during a central nervous system disease. We performed a novel RNA in situ hybridization assay to visualize single RNA molecules in a specific brain area.

Identification de la Dopamine D1-Alpha du récepteur au sein de rongeurs noyau Accumbens par une ARN innovantes In Situ la technologie de détection

In the central nervous system, the D1-alpha subtype receptor (Drd1&#945;) is the most abundant dopamine (DA) receptor, which plays a vital role in ...

High-Resolution 3D Imaging of Rabies Virus Infection in Solvent-Cleared Brain Tissue

The visualization of infection processes in tissues and organs by immunolabeling is a key method in modern infection biology. The ability to observe and study the distribution, tropism, and abundance of pathogens inside of organ tissues provides pivotal data on disease development and progression. Using conventional microscopy methods, immunolabeling is mostly restricted to thin sections obtained from paraffin-embedded or frozen samples. However, the limited 2D image plane of these thin sections may lead to the loss of crucial information on the complex structure of an infected organ and the cellular context of the infection. Modern multicolor, immunostaining-compatible tissue clearing techniques now provide a relatively fast and inexpensive way to study high-volume 3D image stacks of virus-infected organ tissue. By exposing the tissue to organic solvents, it becomes optically transparent. This matches the sample&#8217;s refractive indices and eventually leads to a significant reduction of light scattering. Thus, in combination with long free working distance objectives, large tissue sections up to 1 mm in size can be imaged by conventional confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) at high resolution. Here, we describe a protocol to apply deep-tissue imaging after tissue clearing to visualize rabies virus distribution in infected brains in order to study topics like virus pathogenesis, spread, tropism, and neuroinvasion.

Novel, immunostaining-compatible tissue clearing techniques like the ultimate 3D imaging of solvent-cleared organs allow the 3D visualization of rabies virus brain infection and its complex cellular environment. Thick, antibody-labeled brain tissue slices are made optically transparent to increase imaging depth and to enable 3D analysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy.

Imagerie 3D haute résolution de l'infection par le virus de la rage dans un tissu cérébral éclairci par solvant

The visualization of infection processes in tissues and organs by immunolabeling is a key method in modern infection biology. The ability to observe and ...