This work was supported by the Alzheimer&#8217;s Association (NIRG-10-171721; to U.H.), National Institute of Mental Health (MH096702; to U.H.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS081333; to C.M.T.), and pilot study awards from the National Institute on Aging-funded Alzheimer&#8217;s Disease Research Center at Columbia University (AG008702; to J.B. and Y.Y.J.) that also supports the New York Brain Bank. We thank members of the Hengst laboratory for comments and discussions

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

このレポートでは、軸索ローカライズATF4 mRNAの検出で高解像度のISH技術の使用を記載しています。これらおよび以前発表された研究は、この技術は、組織中の抗体ベースのタンパク質検出、あるいは胚全体33と互換性があることを示しています。重要なことは、最近34海馬ニューロンの樹状突起内のアークのmRNAの検出のために使用されてきました。また、組織染?...

軸索のmRNAの募集とローカル翻訳は、時間的および空間的に急性様式1に細胞外刺激に応答する軸索を可能にします。イントラ軸索タンパク質合成は、最良の軸索は、9-11を経路探索し、逆行12,13シグナリング 、それは成長円錐の動作2-8において重要な役割を果たしている神経発達の文脈で理解されています。軸索のmRNAとリボソームのレベルが大幅に14,15に減少している場合にははるかに少ないが、ポスト発達神経細胞における軸索タンパク質合成の機能的意義について知られています。成熟した脊椎動物の軸索は、長い16翻訳不活性であると考えられてきました。しかし、最近の研究では、地元の翻訳は、病理学的条件の下で成熟した軸索に再活性化されることを示しています。例えば、mRNAのサブセットは、神経損傷およびイントラ軸索タンパク質合成は、これらの軸索17の正確な再生のために必要とされる以下の再生軸索に補充されます。さらに、当社グループヘクタールSは、特定のmRNAがアルツハイマー病ペプチドAβ1-42へのローカルの暴露後に軸索に動員されることを実証し、転写因子ATF4のローカル翻訳は軸索のニューロンの細胞体18へのAβ1-42の神経変性作用を伝播するために必要です。最後に、ハイスループット分析は、成熟した軸索は、特に病理学的条件下で、18-21予想以上に複雑で動的なトランスクリプトームを持っていることを明らかにしました。これらの研究に照らして、成体の神経系において軸索局在化するmRNAを検出するための高感度かつ特異的な方法が必要とされています。 成熟した軸索におけるmRNA動員およびローカル翻訳の作業の多くは培養ニューロンに行われています。特殊な培養方法はsomato樹状区画18-20からの軸索の単離を可能にする存在するため、トランスクリプトーム解析のために、これは特にそうです。このような研究は、貴重なインを与えているが、成熟した軸索の現地翻訳の役割にIGHTは、培養神経細胞を忠実に生体内でまたはmRNAの募集は、培養条件への軸索の適応応答である場合は、状況を表しているかどうかの質問はまだ開いています。いくつかの研究は、in vivoで軸索を成熟mRNAの動員の証拠を提供しました。例えば、嗅覚マーカータンパク質をコードする転写物は、成人の感覚ニューロンにおける軸索22で検出されています。 βアクチンのmRNAの3 &#39;UTRを含む導入遺伝子は、マウスにおいて、末梢および中枢神経系ニューロンにおける軸索に輸送され、局所的に発達期間23の後に翻訳されます。ラミンB2 mRNAはXenopuesにおける網膜軸索に局在しているオタマジャクシをアフリカツメガエル、その枯渇は軸索の開発21た後、軸索の維持に影響を与えます。チトクロームCオキシダーゼIVをコードするmRNAの軸索輸送との干渉は、マウスの動作24を変化させます。最後に、ATF4 mRNAが成人aで発見されましたAβ1-42との関連で、マウスとヒトの脳のxonsは、神経変性18を誘発しました。 ハイスループットのトランスクリプトーム分析は、 インビトロで 、単離された軸索中のmRNAプロファイルを同定するために有用であることが証明さが、全体の組織の軸索における以降のインビボ研究は単独で見つからないが、神経細胞体、グリア細胞および他の細胞型と混在んために限界があるています。したがって、このような分析は、mRNAの細胞内局在を確認する画像技術と組み合わせされなければなりません。 in situハイブリダイゼーション （RNA ISH） における RNAは、細胞および組織中の特定のRNA配列の検出および視覚化を可能にします。ただし、元のRNA ISHアッセイは、まれにしか軸索ローカライズされたmRNAのためのケースではありません非常に豊富RNAを25の同定に適していました。努力を増加させる最後の数十年のために、単一分子レベルでのmRNAの検出を可能にする新たな技術の開発に置かれています<suP&gt; 25,26。例えば、歌手らは5蛍光非重複50マーを（詳細は27を参照）、標識されたことからなる、単一細胞でのmRNAを検出するためのISHプローブを開発しました。上記の技術と、ここで説明したものとの主な違いは、後者は20ダブルZ-構造（ないリニア）は、典型的には、関心を保証する特異性と低いバックグラウンドレベルのRNAの約1 kbの領域を標的プローブを使用していることです。プローブは、最終的に蛍光標識または発色反応を可能にする酵素と結合しているプリアンプやアンプの配列とハイブリダイズさせます。これらの増幅ステップは、他のISH技術28に比べて、信号対雑音比を改善します。ここでは、蛍光免疫細胞化学または軸索対比を可能にする組織学的染料のいずれかを組み合わせRNAscopeを使用して2つのプロトコルを記述します。両方のプロトコルは、大人のMOにATF4 mRNAの軸索の局在を可視化するのに適しています使用して、人間の脳。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>custom probe targeting residues 20-1381 of the mouse Atf4 mRNA (NM_009716)</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>custom probe targeting residues 15-1256 of the human ATF4 mRNA (NM_001675.2)</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>negative control probe-DapB</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td align="right">310043</td>
			<td>probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>positive control probe-mouse Polr2A (optional)</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td align="right">312471</td>
			<td>probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>positive control probe-human PPIB (optional)</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td align="right">313901</td>
			<td>probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAscope Fluorescent Multiplex Reagent Kit (for fluorescence detection)</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td align="right">320850</td>
			<td>In situ hybridization kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAscope 2.0 HD Reagent Kit - BROWN (for chromogenic detection)</td>
			<td>Advanced Cell Diagnostics</td>
			<td align="right">310035</td>
			<td>In situ hybridization kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat polyclonal anti-ChAT antibody</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>AB144P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luxol Fast Blue-Cresyl Echt Violet Stain Kit</td>
			<td>American MasterTech</td>
			<td>KTLFB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clearify clearing agent (xylene substitute)</td>
			<td>American MasterTech</td>
			<td>CACLEGAL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ProLong Gold mounting&#160; medium with DAPI</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>P36935</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPX mounting medium</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td align="right">6522</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

detection of axonally localized mrnas in brain sections using high-resolution in situ hybridization

mRNAはしばしば、脊椎動物軸索に局在していると、地元の翻訳は、軸索の経路探索やpostdevelopmental期間中、開発中の分岐やメンテナンスのため、修理または神経変性のために必要とされます。ハイスループット分析は最近、軸索は、以前に予想以上にダイナミックで複雑なトランスクリプトームを持っていることを明らかにしました。これらの分析は、しかし、主に軸索はsomato樹状コンパートメントから単離することができる培養神経細胞で行われてきました。これは、in vivoでの組織全体でそのような分離を達成することは事実上不可能です。したがって、mRNAの採用や、動物全体におけるそれらの機能的関連性を検証するために、トランスクリプトーム解析は、理想的には、 その場でのmRNAの可視化を可能にする技術と組み合わせる必要があります。最近では、単一分子レベルでのRNAを検出する新規なISH技術が開発されています。 mRNAの細胞内局在を分析する際に特に重要です、ローカライズされたRNAは、典型的には、低レベルで見出されているからです。ここでは、新規の超RNA ISH技術を使用して、軸索に局在するmRNAの検出のための2つのプロトコルを記述します。我々は、成熟したマウスとヒトの脳におけるin vivoでの軸索にATF4 mRNAの募集を検証するために、蛍光免疫組織化学または組織学的染料を使用して軸索対比でRNAscope ISHを組み合わせています。

上記の手順の概要は図1に示されています。 ATF4 mRNAの最適な検出は、熱誘導アンマスキングを使用して、コリン作動性軸索に顆粒 mRNAの軸索の局在を評価する際には、軸索を識別することができるように、低豊富なRNAを可視化できることが重要です。ここで説明するRNA ISH技術は、単一分子分解能でのRNAの検出を可能に?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of Axonally Localized mRNAs in Brain Sections Using High-Resolution In Situ Hybridization at JoVE.com

Detection of Axonally Localized mRNAs in Brain Sections Using High-Resolution In Situ Hybridization

RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) enables the visualization of RNAs in cells and tissues. Here we show how combination of RNAscope ISH with immunohistochemistry or histological dyes can be successfully used to detect mRNAs localized to axons in sections of mouse and human brains.

高解像度を使用した脳切片における軸索のローカライズされたmRNAの検出<em&gt;その場での</em&gt;ハイブリダイゼーション

mRNAs are frequently localized to vertebrate axons and their local translation is required for axon pathfinding or branching during development and for ...

detection-axonally-localized-mrnas-brain-sections-using-high

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Detection of Axonally Localized mRNAs in Brain Sections Using High-Resolution In Situ Hybridization

11.7K ビュー.  Columbia University. RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) enables the visualization of RNAs in cells and tissues. Here we show how combination of RNAscope ISH with immunohistochemistry or histological dyes can be successfully used to detect mRNAs localized to axons in sections of mouse and human brains.

ビデオ: Detection of Axonally Localized mRNAs in Brain Sections Using High-Resolution In Situ Hybridization

Double Fluorescence in situ Hybridization in Fresh Brain Sections

Here we describe a modified version of a double fluorescence in situ hybridization (dFISH) method optimized for detecting two mRNAs of interest in fresh frozen brain sections. Our group has successfully used this approach to study gene co-regulation. More specifically, we have used this dFISH method to explore the anatomical organization, neurochemical properties, and the impact of sensory experience in central sensory circuits, at single cell resolution. This protocol has been validated in brain tissue from mice, rats and songbirds but is expected to be easily adaptable to other vertebrate species, as well as to an array of non-neural tissues. In this film we provide a detailed demonstration of the main steps of this procedure.

Double Fluorescence in situ Hybridization in Fresh Brain Sections

This protocol involves a non-radioactive in-situ hybridization procedure that enables the simultaneous identification of two transcript species, at a single cell resolution, in thin sections of the vertebrate brain.

二重蛍光その場で</em新鮮な脳切片における>ハイブリダイゼーション

Here we describe a modified version of a double fluorescence in situ hybridization (dFISH) method optimized for detecting two mRNAs of interest in fresh ...

神経科学

Combining Lipophilic dye, in situ Hybridization, Immunohistochemistry, and Histology

Going beyond single gene function to cut deeper into gene regulatory networks requires multiple mutations combined in a single animal. Such analysis of two or more genes needs to be complemented with in situ hybridization of other genes, or immunohistochemistry of their proteins, both in whole mounted developing organs or sections for detailed resolution of the cellular and tissue expression alterations. Combining multiple gene alterations requires the use of cre or flipase to conditionally delete genes and avoid embryonic lethality. Required breeding schemes dramatically enhance effort and cost proportional to the number of genes mutated, with an outcome of very few animals with the full repertoire of genetic modifications desired. Amortizing the vast amount of effort and time to obtain these few precious specimens that are carrying multiple mutations necessitates tissue optimization. Moreover, investigating a single animal with multiple techniques makes it easier to correlate gene deletion defects with expression profiles. We have developed a technique to obtain a more thorough analysis of a given animal; with the ability to analyze several different histologically recognizable structures as well as gene and protein expression all from the same specimen in both whole mounted organs and sections. Although mice have been utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique it can be applied to a wide array of animals. To do this we combine lipophilic dye tracing, whole mount in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and histology to extract the maximal possible amount of data.

Combining Lipophilic dye, in situ Hybridization, Immunohistochemistry, and Histology

A combination of different techniques to maximize data collection from mouse tissue is presented.

親油性色素を組み合わせることで、その場でハイブリダイゼーション、免疫組織化学、および組織学

Going beyond single gene function to cut deeper into gene regulatory networks requires multiple mutations combined in a single animal.  Such analysis of ...

A Rapid Approach to High-Resolution Fluorescence Imaging in Semi-Thick Brain Slices

A fundamental goal to both basic and clinical neuroscience is to better understand the identities, molecular makeup, and patterns of connectivity that are characteristic to neurons in both normal and diseased brain. Towards this, a great deal of effort has been placed on building high-resolution neuroanatomical maps1-3. With the expansion of molecular genetics and advances in light microscopy has come the ability to query not only neuronal morphologies, but also the molecular and cellular makeup of individual neurons and their associated networks4. Major advances in the ability to mark and manipulate neurons through transgenic and gene targeting technologies in the rodent now allow investigators to 'program' neuronal subsets at will5-6. Arguably, one of the most influential contributions to contemporary neuroscience has been the discovery and cloning of genes encoding fluorescent proteins (FPs) in marine invertebrates7-8, alongside their subsequent engineering to yield an ever-expanding toolbox of vital reporters9. Exploiting cell type-specific promoter activity to drive targeted FP expression in discrete neuronal populations now affords neuroanatomical investigation with genetic precision.
Engineering FP expression in neurons has vastly improved our understanding of brain structure and function. However, imaging individual neurons and their associated networks in deep brain tissues, or in three dimensions, has remained a challenge. Due to high lipid content, nervous tissue is rather opaque and exhibits auto fluorescence. These inherent biophysical properties make it difficult to visualize and image fluorescently labelled neurons at high resolution using standard epifluorescent or confocal microscopy beyond depths of tens of microns. To circumvent this challenge investigators often employ serial thin-section imaging and reconstruction methods10, or 2-photon laser scanning microscopy11. Current drawbacks to these approaches are the associated labor-intensive tissue preparation, or cost-prohibitive instrumentation respectively.
Here, we present a relatively rapid and simple method to visualize fluorescently labelled cells in fixed semi-thick mouse brain slices by optical clearing and imaging. In the attached protocol we describe the methods of: 1) fixing brain tissue in situ via intracardial perfusion, 2) dissection and removal of whole brain, 3) stationary brain embedding in agarose, 4) precision semi-thick slice preparation using new vibratome instrumentation, 5) clearing brain tissue through a glycerol gradient, and 6) mounting on glass slides for light microscopy and z-stack reconstruction (Figure 1).
For preparing brain slices we implemented a relatively new piece of instrumentation called the 'Compresstome' VF-200 (http://www.precisionary.com/products_vf200.html). This instrument is a semi-automated microtome equipped with a motorized advance and blade vibration system with features similar in function to other vibratomes. Unlike other vibratomes, the tissue to be sliced is mounted in an agarose plug within a stainless steel cylinder. The tissue is extruded at desired thicknesses from the cylinder, and cut by the forward advancing vibrating blade. The agarose plug/cylinder system allows for reproducible tissue mounting, alignment, and precision cutting. In our hands, the 'Compresstome' yields high quality tissue slices for electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry, and direct fixed-tissue mounting and imaging. Combined with optical clearing, here we demonstrate the preparation of semi-thick fixed brain slices for high-resolution fluorescent imaging.

Here we describe a rapid and simple method to image fluorescently labeled cells in semi-thick brain slices. By fixing, slicing, and optically clearing brain tissue we describe how standard epifluorescent or confocal imaging can be used to visualize individual cells and neuronal networks within intact nervous tissue.

セミ厚い脳スライスにおける高解像度蛍光イメージングへの迅速なアプローチ

A fundamental goal to both basic and clinical neuroscience is to better understand the identities, molecular makeup, and patterns of connectivity that are ...

Complete Spinal Cord Injury and Brain Dissection Protocol for Subsequent Wholemount In Situ Hybridization in Larval Sea Lamprey

After a complete spinal cord injury, sea lampreys at first are paralyzed below the level of transection. However, they recover locomotion after several weeks, and this is accompanied by short distance regeneration (a few mm) of propriospinal axons and spinal-projecting axons from the brainstem. Among the 36 large identifiable spinal-projecting neurons, some are good regenerators and others are bad regenerators. These neurons can most easily be identified in wholemount CNS preparations. In order to understand the neuron-intrinsic mechanisms that favor or inhibit axon regeneration after injury in the vertebrates CNS, we determine differences in gene expression between the good and bad regenerators, and how expression is influenced by spinal cord transection. This paper illustrates the techniques for housing larval and recently transformed adult sea lampreys in fresh water tanks, producing complete spinal cord transections under microscopic vision, and preparing brain and spinal cord wholemounts for in situ hybridization. Briefly, animals are kept at 16&#160;&#176;C and anesthetized in 1% Benzocaine in lamprey Ringer. The spinal cord is transected with iridectomy scissors via a dorsal approach and the animal is allowed to recover in fresh water tanks at 23 &#176;C. For in situ hybridization, animals are reanesthetized and the brain and cord removed via a dorsal approach.

Complete Spinal Cord Injury and Brain Dissection Protocol for Subsequent Wholemount In Situ Hybridization in Larval Sea Lamprey

Lampreys recover locomotion after a complete spinal cord injury. However, some spinal-projecting neurons are good regenerators and others are not. This paper illustrates the techniques for housing sea lamprey larvae (and recently transformed adults), producing complete spinal cord transections and preparing wholemount brains and spinal cords for in situ hybridization.

その後のホールマウントのための完全な脊髄損傷や脳解剖プロトコル<em&gt;その場で</em&gt;幼虫海ヤツメウナギにおけるハイブリダイゼーション

After a complete spinal cord injury, sea lampreys at first are paralyzed below the level of transection. However, they recover locomotion after several ...

High-resolution In Vivo Manual Segmentation Protocol for Human Hippocampal Subfields Using 3T Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The human hippocampus has been broadly studied in the context of memory and normal brain function and its role in different neuropsychiatric disorders has been heavily studied. While many imaging studies treat the hippocampus as a single unitary neuroanatomical structure, it is, in fact, composed of several subfields that have a complex three-dimensional geometry. As such, it is known that these subfields perform specialized functions and are differentially affected through the course of different disease states. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging can be used as a powerful tool to interrogate the morphology of the hippocampus and its subfields. Many groups use advanced imaging software and hardware (&#62;3T) to image the subfields; however this type of technology may not be readily available in most research and clinical imaging centers. To address this need, this manuscript provides a detailed step-by-step protocol for segmenting the full anterior-posterior length of the hippocampus and its subfields: cornu ammonis (CA) 1, CA2/CA3, CA4/dentate gyrus (DG), strata radiatum/lacunosum/moleculare (SR/SL/SM), and subiculum. This protocol has been applied to five subjects (3F, 2M; age 29-57, avg. 37). Protocol reliability is assessed by resegmenting either the right or left hippocampus of each subject and computing the overlap using the Dice&#39;s kappa metric. Mean Dice&#39;s kappa (range) across the five subjects are: whole hippocampus, 0.91 (0.90-0.92); CA1, 0.78 (0.77-0.79); CA2/CA3, 0.64 (0.56-0.73); CA4/dentate gyrus, 0.83 (0.81-0.85); strata radiatum/lacunosum/moleculare, 0.71 (0.68-0.73); and subiculum 0.75 (0.72-0.78). The segmentation protocol presented here provides other laboratories with a reliable method to study the hippocampus and hippocampal subfields in vivo using commonly available MR tools.

High-resolution In Vivo Manual Segmentation Protocol for Human Hippocampal Subfields Using 3T Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The goal of this manuscript is to study the hippocampus and hippocampal subfields using MRI. The manuscript describes a protocol for segmenting the hippocampus and five hippocampal substructures: cornu ammonis (CA) 1, CA2/CA3, CA4/dentate gyrus, strata radiatum/lacunosum/moleculare, and subiculum.

高解像度<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt; 3T磁気共鳴画像を用いたヒト海馬サブフィールドのためのマニュアルセグメンテーションプロトコル

The human hippocampus has been broadly studied in the context of memory and normal brain function and its role in different neuropsychiatric disorders has ...

Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) toxicity may cause region-specific changes in serotonergic mRNA expression due to acute serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) syndrome. This hypothesis can be tested using in situ hybridization to detect the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a. In the past, such procedures, utilizing radioactive riboprobe, were difficult because of the complicated workflow that needs several days to perform and the added difficulty that the technique required the use of fresh frozen tissues maintained in an RNase-free environment. Recently, the development of short oligonucleotide probes has simplified in situ hybridization procedures and allowed the use of paraformaldehyde-prefixed brain sections, which are more widely available in laboratories. Here, we describe a detailed protocol using non-radioactive oligonucleotide probes on the prefixed brain tissues. Hybridization probes used for this study include dapB (a bacterial gene coding for dihydrodipicolinate reductase), ppiB (a housekeeping gene coding for peptidylprolyl isomerase B), and htr2a (a serotonin gene coding for 5-HT2A receptors). This method is relatively simply, cheap, reproducible and requires less than two days to complete.

Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome

This protocol describes a rapid and simplified in situ hybridization method ideal forparaformaldehyde-prefixed brain, thus reducing the need for prolonged complex steps while using fresh frozen tissues. The method is validated using the identification of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a in rats.

ラピッド<em&gt;その場で</emセロトニン症候群のラットのパラホルムアルデヒド接頭辞脳にオリゴヌクレオチドプローブを使用して&gt;ハイブリダイゼーション

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) toxicity may cause region-specific changes in serotonergic mRNA expression due to acute serotonin ...

Combining Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Immunolabelling for Detection of the Expression of Three Genes in Mouse Brain Sections

Detection of gene expression in different types of brain cells e.g., neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursors and microglia, can be hampered by the lack of specific primary or secondary antibodies for immunostaining. Here we describe a protocol to detect the expression of three different genes in the same brain section using double fluorescence in situ hybridization with two gene-specific probes followed by immunostaining with an antibody of high specificity directed against the protein encoded by a third gene. The Aspartoacyclase (ASPA) gene, mutations of which can lead to a rare human white matter disease - Canavan disease - is thought to be expressed in oligodendrocytes and microglia but not in astrocytes and neurons. However, the precise expression pattern of ASPA in the brain has yet to be established. This protocol has allowed us to determine that ASPA is expressed in a subset of mature oligodendrocytes and it can be generally applied to a wide range of gene expression pattern studies.

Combining Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Immunolabelling for Detection of the Expression of Three Genes in Mouse Brain Sections

Localizing gene expression to specific cell types can be challenging due to the lack of specific antibodies. Here we describe a protocol for simultaneous triple detection of gene expression by combining double fluorescence RNA in situ hybridization with immunostaining.

ダブル蛍光を組み合わせます<em&gt;その場で</em&gt;マウス脳切片の3遺伝子の発現を検出するための免疫標識とのハイブリダイゼーション

Detection of gene expression in different types of brain cells e.g., neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursors and microglia, can ...

Localization of Odorant Receptor Genes in Locust Antennae by RNA In Situ Hybridization

Insects have evolved sophisticated olfactory reception systems to sense exogenous chemical signals. These chemical signals are transduced by Olfactory Receptor Neurons (ORNs) housed in hair-like structures, called chemosensilla, of the antennae. On the ORNs&#39; membranes, Odorant Receptors (ORs) are believed to be involved in odor coding. Thus, being able to identify genes localized to the ORNs is necessary to recognize OR genes, and provides a fundamental basis for further functional in situ studies. The RNA expression levels of specific ORs in insect antennae are very low, and preserving insect tissue for histology is challenging. Thus, it is difficult to localize an OR to a specific type of sensilla using RNA in situ hybridization. In this paper, a detailed and highly effective RNA in situ hybridization protocol particularly for lowly expressed OR genes of insects, is introduced. In addition, a specific OR gene was identified by conducting double-color fluorescent in situ hybridization experiments using a co-expressing receptor gene, Orco, as a marker.

Localization of Odorant Receptor Genes in Locust Antennae by RNA In Situ Hybridization

This paper describes a detailed and highly effective RNA in situ hybridization protocol particularly for low-level expressed Odorant Receptor (OR) genes, as well as other genes, in insect antennae using digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled or biotin-labeled probes.

Locust AntennaeにおけるRNAによる嗅覚受容体遺伝子の局在<em&gt;現場で</em&gt;ハイブリダイゼーション

Insects have evolved sophisticated olfactory reception systems to sense exogenous chemical signals. These chemical signals are transduced by Olfactory ...

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

In the central nervous system, the D1-alpha subtype receptor (Drd1&#945;) is the most abundant dopamine (DA) receptor, which plays a vital role in regulating neuronal growth and development. However, the mechanisms underlying Drd1&#945; receptor abnormalities mediating behavioral responses and modulating working memory function are still unclear. Using a novel RNA in situ hybridization assay, the current study identified dopamine Drd1&#945; receptor and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) RNA expression from DA-related circuitry in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) area and substantia nigra region (SNR), respectively. Drd1&#945; expression in the NAc shows a &#34;discrete dot&#34; staining pattern. Clear sex differences in Drd1&#945; expression were observed. In contrast, TH shows a &#34;clustered&#34; staining pattern. Regarding TH expression, female rats displayed a higher signal expression per cell relative to male animals. The methods presented here provide a novel in situ hybridization technique for investigating changes in dopamine system dysfunction during the progression of central nervous system diseases.

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

Identification of dopamine D1-alpha receptor in the nucleus accumbens is critical for clarifying D1 receptor dysfunction during a central nervous system disease. We performed a novel RNA in situ hybridization assay to visualize single RNA molecules in a specific brain area.

検出技術その場で革新的な RNA 側坐齧歯動物の核内ドーパミン D1-アルファ受容体の同定

In the central nervous system, the D1-alpha subtype receptor (Drd1&#945;) is the most abundant dopamine (DA) receptor, which plays a vital role in ...

High-Resolution 3D Imaging of Rabies Virus Infection in Solvent-Cleared Brain Tissue

The visualization of infection processes in tissues and organs by immunolabeling is a key method in modern infection biology. The ability to observe and study the distribution, tropism, and abundance of pathogens inside of organ tissues provides pivotal data on disease development and progression. Using conventional microscopy methods, immunolabeling is mostly restricted to thin sections obtained from paraffin-embedded or frozen samples. However, the limited 2D image plane of these thin sections may lead to the loss of crucial information on the complex structure of an infected organ and the cellular context of the infection. Modern multicolor, immunostaining-compatible tissue clearing techniques now provide a relatively fast and inexpensive way to study high-volume 3D image stacks of virus-infected organ tissue. By exposing the tissue to organic solvents, it becomes optically transparent. This matches the sample&#8217;s refractive indices and eventually leads to a significant reduction of light scattering. Thus, in combination with long free working distance objectives, large tissue sections up to 1 mm in size can be imaged by conventional confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) at high resolution. Here, we describe a protocol to apply deep-tissue imaging after tissue clearing to visualize rabies virus distribution in infected brains in order to study topics like virus pathogenesis, spread, tropism, and neuroinvasion.

Novel, immunostaining-compatible tissue clearing techniques like the ultimate 3D imaging of solvent-cleared organs allow the 3D visualization of rabies virus brain infection and its complex cellular environment. Thick, antibody-labeled brain tissue slices are made optically transparent to increase imaging depth and to enable 3D analysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy.

溶媒クリア脳組織における狂犬病ウイルス感染の高解像度3Dイメージング

The visualization of infection processes in tissues and organs by immunolabeling is a key method in modern infection biology. The ability to observe and ...