This work was supported by Adelphi University faculty development grant and grant R15GM113156 from NIGMS awarded to EVC, grant R01GM067862 from NIGMS and grant R01AG027849 from NIA awarded to DMR.

1. Réactifs et solutions <ol><li> Préparation de la nourriture à la mouche et les médias <ol><li> Chaleur mouche ingrédients 11% de sucre, 2% de levure autolysée, 5,2% de farine de maïs, de l&#39;agar 0,79% p / v dans l&#39;eau dans une plaque fixée à 90 ° C. Remuez régulièrement jusqu&#39;à obtention d&#39;un mélange homogène légèrement dense. Préparer un volume final de 550 ml de nourriture à la mouche pour un total de 100 flacons de 5 ml voler la nourriture dans chaque. </li><li> Retirer de la source de chaleur, remuer de temps en temps jusqu&#39;à ce que la nourriture refroidit à 80 ° C et ajouter 0,2% tegosept-méthyl 4-hydroxybenzoate dissous dans 95% d&#39;éthanol. </li><li> Diviser la nourriture en deux volumes égaux. Ajouter 1,1 ml de 50 mM dissous dans de l&#39;éthanol rapamycine à un volume et 1,1 ml d&#39;éthanol à l&#39;autre volume. Agiter la rapamycine et les solutions d&#39;éthanol dans l&#39;aliment. Assurez-vous que la température diminue à 50 ° C avant d&#39;ajouter des médicaments. </li></ol></li><li> Isolement Buffer <ol><li> Préparez 500 ml d&#39;isolement tampon [mM mannitol 225 mM, saccharose 75, 10 mM 3- (N &lt;/ em&gt;-morpholino) propanesulfonique (MOPS) et 1 mM d&#39;acide éthylènediaminetétraacétique (EDTA), 2,5 mg / ml d&#39;albumine de sérum bovin (BSA)] dans l&#39;eau. </li><li> Ajuster le pH à 7,2 en utilisant de l&#39;hydroxyde de sodium. Le pH initial sera acide. </li><li> Utilisez des bouteilles de stockage de filtre stériles avec une taille de pores de 0,22 um pour stériliser la solution et de le stocker à 4 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> Wash Buffer <ol><li> Préparer 500 ml de tampon de lavage [225 mM de mannitol, saccharose 75 mM, KCl 10 mM, Tris-HCl 10 mM et 5 mM de KH 2 PO 4] dans l&#39;eau. </li><li> Ajuster le pH à 7,2 en utilisant de l&#39;hydroxyde de sodium. Le pH initial sera acide. </li><li> Utilisez des bouteilles de stockage de filtre stériles avec une taille de pores de 0,22 um pour stériliser la solution et de le stocker à 4 ° C. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Elevage des souches de drosophile <ol><li> Pour contrôler la densité des larves au cours du développement, placer 25 paires de parents dans un flacon de culture et de leur permettre pondent des œufs pendant 48 heures. </li> &lt;li&gt; Supprimer parents après 48 h pour réguler la densité des œufs. </li><li> Répétez les étapes 2.1 et 2.2 en utilisant la F1 progéniture émergents, de sorte que deux générations de ce contrôle de la densité est atteint. </li><li> Pour collecter des adultes, anesthésier les mouches utilisant du dioxyde de carbone (CO 2) et séparée par sexe. <ol><li> Utilisez un régulateur en une seule étape à livré CO 2 pur à partir d&#39;un réservoir sous pression élevée à un flux continu de 5 psi. Pour éviter l&#39;électricité statique, utiliser des tubes en plastique pour catalyser la CO 2 dans un flacon de 500 ml de filtrage avec de l&#39;eau. </li><li> Utiliser un bouchon en caoutchouc avec un trou pour sceller le flacon. Utiliser un tube en plastique pour relier l&#39;ouverture latérale du ballon à un pad de CO 2. </li><li> Placez les mouches dans le pad pour pas plus de 10-15 minutes. Laisser remettre de l&#39;anesthésie pendant 24 heures avant de les placer dans des conditions expérimentales. </li></ol></li><li> Pour générer suffisamment de métabolites de fractions enrichies mitochondriales, utiliser 300 mouches par échantillon. Ici, utiliser les femelles, mais Gender peut être différent dans d&#39;autres expériences. Transférer 150 mouches à une maison 1 L démographie cage. Autoriser l&#39;accès à 5 ml de nourriture à la mouche dans un flacon. </li><li> Transférer les 150 restants vol à une autre cage L. Ne pas surpeupler cages avec plus de 150 mouches. </li><li> Utilisez six échantillons répétés par condition expérimentale. Depuis des extraits d&#39;animaux entiers donnent plus de métabolites, pour générer 1 échantillon de l&#39;animal entier isole, transférer 50 mouches femelles une cage. Comme pour les isolats mitochondriales, utilisez six échantillons répétés par condition expérimentale. </li><li> La place des cages à 25 ° C avec un cycle de 12 heures de lumière et 12 h foncé. </li><li> Fournir de la nourriture fraîche tous les 2 ou 3 jours dans un flacon de 5 ml de nourriture pour maintenir la qualité des aliments. </li><li> Maintenir des mouches sur la nourriture pendant 10 jours. Cette étape est nécessaire pour le traitement de la rapamycine 7. D&#39;autres traitements ou conditions seront différentes. </li></ol> 3. Isolation des fractions mitochondriales <ol><li> Dump vole d&#39;une cage (150 mouches) dans unverre-téflon homogénéisateur Dounce rempli avec 1 ml de tampon d&#39;isolement froid. </li><li> Homogénéiser en déplaçant le pilon de haut en bas pour 15 coups. Gardez le mortier sur la glace pour garder intacte mitochondries. </li><li> Transfert homogénat à un tube de 1,5 ml et centrifuger à 300 g pendant 5 min à 4 ° C. </li><li> Prendre le surnageant et centrifuger à 6000 g pendant 10 min à 4 ° C pour enrichir en mitochondries. </li><li> Comme le surnageant contient la fraction cytosolique, jeter le surnageant ou de l&#39;utiliser pour des expériences alternatives. Reprendre le culot dans 300 pl de tampon de lavage. </li><li> Répétez les étapes 3.1 à 3.5 pour la deuxième cage. Combiner les culots remis en suspension de deux cages dans un tube à centrifuger cryogénique. </li><li> Centrifugeuse à 6000 g pendant 10 min à 4 ° C. </li><li> Jeter le surnageant et flash-geler le culot dans de l&#39;azote liquide. </li><li> Stocker les fractions enrichies mitochondriales à -80 ° C ou une température plus basse. <ol><li> Sinon, pour le pré de l&#39;animal entierparation, placer les adultes dans un tube à centrifuger cryogénique. Flash geler le flacon dans de l&#39;azote liquide et stocker des adultes à -80 ° C ou plus basse température. </li></ol></li></ol>

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	<li>Scheffler, I. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Mitochondria (Scheffler, Mitochondria). , 484 (2007).</li><li>Guarente, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondria--a+nexus+for+aging,+calorie+restriction,+and+sirtuins.">Mitochondria--a nexus for aging, calorie restriction, and sirtuins.</a> Cell. 132 (2), 171-176 (2008).</li><li>Raimundo, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+pathology:+stress+signals+from+the+energy+factory.">Mitochondrial pathology: stress signals from the energy factory.</a> Trends in molecular medicine. 20 (5), 282-292 (2014).</li><li>Embley, T. M., Martin, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eukaryotic+evolution,+changes+and+challenges.">Eukaryotic evolution, changes and challenges.</a> Nature. 440 (7084), 623-630 (2006).</li><li>Lane, N., , <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Power, Sex, Suicide: Mitochondria and the Meaning of Life. 368, (2006).</li><li>Montooth, K. L., Meiklejohn, C. D., Abt, D. N., Rand, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial-nuclear+epistasis+affects+fitness+within+species+but+does+not+contribute+to+fixed+incompatibilities+between+species+of+Drosophila.">Mitochondrial-nuclear epistasis affects fitness within species but does not contribute to fixed incompatibilities between species of Drosophila.</a> Evolution; international journal of organic evolution. 64 (12), 3364-3379 (2010).</li><li>Villa-Cuesta, E., Holmbeck, M. A., Rand, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapamycin+increases+mitochondrial+efficiency+by+mtDNA-dependent+reprogramming+of+mitochondrial+metabolism+in+Drosophila.">Rapamycin increases mitochondrial efficiency by mtDNA-dependent reprogramming of mitochondrial metabolism in Drosophila.</a> Journal of cell science. 127 (Pt 10), 2282-2290 (2014).</li><li>Zhu, C. -. T., Ingelmo, P., Rand, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=G&#215;G&#215;E+for+Lifespan+in+Drosophila:+Mitochondrial,+Nuclear,+and+Dietary+Interactions+that+Modify+Longevity.">G&#215;G&#215;E for Lifespan in Drosophila: Mitochondrial, Nuclear, and Dietary Interactions that Modify Longevity.</a> PLoS genetics. 10 (5), e1004354 (2014).</li><li>Madala, N. E., Piater, L. A., Steenkamp, P. A., Dubery, I. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multivariate+statistical+models+of+metabolomic+data+reveals+different+metabolite+distribution+patterns+in+isonitrosoacetophenone-elicited+Nicotiana+tabacum+and+Sorghum+bicolor+cells.">Multivariate statistical models of metabolomic data reveals different metabolite distribution patterns in isonitrosoacetophenone-elicited Nicotiana tabacum and Sorghum bicolor cells.</a> SpringerPlus. 3, 254 (2014).</li><li>Hogeboom, G. H., Schneider, W. C., Pallade, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytochemical+Studies+Of+Mammalian+Tissues+I+.+Isolation+Of+Intact+Mitochondria+From+Rat+Liver+Some+Biochemical+Properties+Of+Mitochondria+And+Submicroscopic+Particulate+Material.">Cytochemical Studies Of Mammalian Tissues I . Isolation Of Intact Mitochondria From Rat Liver Some Biochemical Properties Of Mitochondria And Submicroscopic Particulate Material.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 172, 619-635 (1948).</li><li>Frezza, C., Cipolat, S., Scorrano, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organelle+isolation:+functional+mitochondria+from+mouse+liver,+muscle+and+cultured+fibroblasts.">Organelle isolation: functional mitochondria from mouse liver, muscle and cultured fibroblasts.</a> Nature protocols. 2 (2), 287-295 (2007).</li><li>Corcelli, A., Saponetti, M. 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Les auteurs ont rien à révéler.

Les étapes les plus critiques de ce protocole sont les suivants: 1) l&#39;élevage suffisamment vol dans l&#39;espace en abondance. Il est très important de ne pas surpeupler les cages de la démographie de plus de 150 chaque vol; 2) modification de la nourriture des cages fréquemment pour éviter la concurrence alimentaire et le stress nutritionnel; et 3) le maintien de tous les échantillons à 4 ° C pour assurer l&#39;intégrité lors de l&#39;isolement de la fraction mitochondriale. Il est également recommandé...

Le but de cette procédure est de développer des fractions mitochondriales enrichis qui donnent suffisamment de métabolites mitochondriaux pour les études de métabolomique utilisant Drosophila melanogaster. Dans notre expérience, la métabolomique analyse en utilisant des méthodes d&#39;extraction cellulaire entiers sont incapables de détecter les changements subtils de métabolites mitochondriaux chez la drosophile. Cependant, fractionnement mitochondrial avant l&#39;analyse métabolomique augmente la sensibilité pour identifier les changements de métabolites mitochondriaux. Les mitochondries sont des organelles cellulaires responsables de fournir 90% de l&#39;énergie que les cellules ont besoin pour une fonction normale. Au cours des dernières années, il a été reconnu que les mitochondries jouent un rôle beaucoup plus dynamique dans la fonction cellulaire et organismique que de simplement produire de l&#39;adénosine triphosphate (ATP), et sont maintenant reconnus comme des plaques tournantes pour la régulation de l&#39;homéostasie métabolique 2,3. Les mitochondries sont le résultat d&#39;un processus d&#39;endosymbiose dans laquelle DISlignées microbiennes tinctes fusionné ~ il ya 1,5 milliards d&#39;années 4. Comme les mitochondries ont évolué en véritables organites, les gènes de la endosymbiote ont été incorporés dans le génome nucléaire émergents. Chez les animaux aujourd&#39;hui, environ 1500 protéines mitochondriales sont dotés d&#39;codée tandis que 37 gènes restent dans la ADNmt, 13 qui codent pour des protéines mitochondriales qui sont des sous-unités des complexes enzymatiques de la phosphorylation oxydative 5. La coordination entre les mitochondries et les compartiments nucléaires est nécessaire pour maintenir la fonction mitochondriale appropriée. En utilisant les méthodes décrites ici, nous avons pu détecter des changements métaboliques mitochondriales chez la drosophile qui résultent de la manipulation de la coordination entre les génomes mitochondriaux et nucléaires. Nous avons utilisé une souche de Drosophila dans lequel l&#39;ADNmt de son espèce sœur D. simulans a été placé sur un seul D. melanogaster fond nucléaire 6. Cette mitonuclear «perturbé»génotype a été comparé au génotype mitonuclear «natif», ou co-évolué de D. melanogaster portant le même génome nucléaire avec son D. natif melanogaster ADNmt. Le D. D. melanogaster et simulans ADNmt différer de ~ 100 acides aminés et&gt; 500 substitutions synonymes qui affectent la communication mitonuclear 7,8. Nous avons généré des extraits de mouches entiers et des extraits enrichis mitochondrial pour étudier les changements de métabolites en réponse au stress pharmacologique. Ici, nous montrons que lorsque vous utilisez mitochondriales enrichi fractions nous détectons des changements marqués dans métabolites mitochondriaux entre le génotype de co-évolué natif portant le D. ADNmt melanogaster et le génotype perturbé transportant D. simulans ADNmt. En revanche, les modifications des métabolites entre ces deux génotypes sont subtiles en utilisant des procédés qui utilisent des normales à la mouche extrait entier. Par conséquent, cette méthode a fourni un trajet de comprendre comment ADNmt médiation modifications mitochondriales dansréponse à différents médicaments.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2% tegosept -methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>AAA14289</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>792799</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mannitol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M4125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S9378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M1254&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>38057&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>5470</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCL</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P9333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris HCL&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>RES3098T-B7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>1551139</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 pads to anesthetize flies</td>
			<td>Tritech Research</td>
			<td>MINJ-DROS-FP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 liter cage&#160;</td>
			<td>Web Restaurant Store</td>
			<td>999RD32</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 liter cage lid&#160;</td>
			<td>Web Restaurant Store</td>
			<td>999LRD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>a glass-teflon dounce homogenizer&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9661231</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S8045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rapamycin&#160;</td>
			<td>LC Laboratories&#160;</td>
			<td>R-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-porin</td>
			<td>MitoSciences</td>
			<td>MSA03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-alpha tubulin</td>
			<td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td>
			<td>12G10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce&#8482; BCA Protein Assay Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 pad</td>
			<td>Tritech Research, Inc</td>
			<td>MINJ-DROS-FP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>filter flask</td>
			<td>enasco</td>
			<td>SB08184M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rubber stopper</td>
			<td>enasco</td>
			<td>S08512M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of mitochondrial enriched fractions for metabolic analysis in drosophila

Since mitochondria play roles in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and fatty acid oxidation, defects in mitochondrial function often compromise the lives of those who suffer from these complex diseases. Detecting mitochondrial metabolic changes is vital to the understanding of mitochondrial disorders and mitochondrial responses to pharmacological agents. Although mitochondrial metabolism is at the core of metabolic regulation, the detection of subtle changes in mitochondrial metabolism may be hindered by the overrepresentation of other cytosolic metabolites obtained using whole organism or whole tissue extractions. 
Here we describe an isolation method that detected pronounced mitochondrial metabolic changes in Drosophila that were distinct between whole-fly and mitochondrial enriched preparations. To illustrate the sensitivity of this method, we used a set of Drosophila harboring genetically diverse mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) and exposed them to the drug rapamycin. Using this method we showed that rapamycin modifies mitochondrial metabolism in a mitochondrial-genotype-dependent manner. However, these changes are much more distinct in metabolomics studies when metabolites were extracted from mitochondrial enriched fractions. In contrast, whole tissue extracts only detected metabolic changes mediated by the drug rapamycin independently of mtDNAs.

En utilisant le protocole exposé ci-dessus, nous avons effectué une analyse métabolomique fractions enrichies en mitochondrie et des extraits d&#39;animaux entiers de tester l&#39;effet du médicament sur ​​la rapamycine ADNmt 7 divergentes. Nous avons livré 200 uM de rapamycine par dissolution du médicament dans la nourriture des mouches. Les mouches ont été exposés à la rapamycine pendant 10 jours. Métabolites à partir d&#39;extraits de mouches entières ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila at JoVE.com

Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila

Mitochondria play central roles in the regulation of metabolism and homeostasis. Subtle changes in mitochondrial metabolism that affect organismal physiology could be difficult to detect in whole organism metabolomics studies. Here we describe an isolation method that enhances the detection of subtle metabolic shifts in Drosophila melanogaster.

Préparation de mitochondriales fractions enrichies pour métabolique Analyse en<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Since mitochondria play roles in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and fatty acid oxidation, defects in mitochondrial function often ...

preparation-mitochondrial-enriched-fractions-for-metabolic-analysis

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila

9.5K vues.  Adelphi University. Mitochondria play central roles in the regulation of metabolism and homeostasis. Subtle changes in mitochondrial metabolism that affect organismal physiology could be difficult to detect in whole organism metabolomics studies. Here we describe an isolation method that enhances the detection of subtle metabolic shifts in Drosophila melanogaster. 

Vidéo: Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila

Analysis of Zebrafish Larvae Skeletal Muscle Integrity with Evans Blue Dye

The zebrafish model is an emerging system for the study of neuromuscular disorders. In the study of neuromuscular diseases, the integrity of the muscle membrane is a critical disease determinant. To date, numerous neuromuscular conditions display degenerating muscle fibers with abnormal membrane integrity; this is most commonly observed in muscular dystrophies. Evans Blue Dye (EBD) is a vital, cell permeable dye that is rapidly taken into degenerating, damaged, or apoptotic cells; in contrast, it is not taken up by cells with an intact membrane. EBD injection is commonly employed to ascertain muscle integrity in mouse models of neuromuscular diseases. However, such EBD experiments require muscle dissection and/or sectioning prior to analysis. In contrast, EBD uptake in zebrafish is visualized in live, intact preparations. Here, we demonstrate a simple and straightforward methodology for performing EBD injections and analysis in live zebrafish. In addition, we demonstrate a co-injection strategy to increase efficacy of EBD analysis. Overall, this video article provides an outline to perform EBD injection and characterization in zebrafish models of neuromuscular disease.

In this study, we describe a straightforward method to perform Evans Blue Dye (EBD) analysis on zebrafish larvae. This technique is a powerful tool for the characterization of skeletal muscle integrity and delineation of zebrafish models of muscular dystrophy, and is a valuable method for the development of novel therapeutics.

Analyse des Muscle intégrité poisson zèbre larves squelettique avec colorant bleu Evans

The zebrafish model is an emerging system for the study of neuromuscular disorders.  In the study of neuromuscular diseases, the integrity of the muscle ...

Recherche

Biologie du développement

Medium-scale Preparation of Drosophila Embryo Extracts for Proteomic Experiments

Analysis of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) has become an indispensable approach to study biological processes and mechanisms, such as cell signaling, organism development, and disease. It is often desirable to obtain PPI information using in vivo material, to gain the most natural and unbiased view of the interaction networks. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent platform to study PPIs in vivo, and lends itself to straightforward approaches to isolating material for biochemical experiments. In particular, fruit fly embryos represent a convenient type of tissue to study PPIs, due to the ease of collecting animals at this developmental stage and the fact that the majority of proteins are expressed in embryogenesis, thus providing a relevant environment to reveal most PPIs. Here we present a protocol for collection of Drosophila embryos at medium scale (0.5-1 g), which is an ideal amount for a wide range of proteomic applications, including analysis of PPIs by affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS). We describe our designs for 1 L and 5 L cages for embryo collections that can be easily and inexpensively set up in any laboratory. We also provide a general protocol for embryo collection and protein extraction to generate lysates that can be directly used in downstream applications such as AP-MS. Our goal is to provide an accessible means for all researchers to carry out the analyses of PPIs in vivo.

Medium-scale Preparation of Drosophila Embryo Extracts for Proteomic Experiments

The goal of this protocol is to provide a straightforward and inexpensive approach to collecting Drosophila embryos at medium scale (0.5-1 g) and preparing protein extracts that can be used in downstream proteomic applications, such as affinity purification-mass spectrometry (AP-MS).

Préparation à moyen terme de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Extraits d&#39;embryons pour les expériences protéomiques

Analysis of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) has become an indispensable approach to study biological processes and mechanisms, such as cell signaling, ...

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the proteins involved in these pathways are evolutionarily conserved between mammals and other eukaryotes, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, suggesting that similar organizing principles exist during the development of these organisms. Importantly, Drosophila has been used extensively to identify cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating processes that are required in mammals including neurogenesis, differentiation, axonal guidance, and synaptogenesis. Flies have also been used successfully to model a variety of human neurodevelopmental diseases. Here we describe a protocol for the step-by-step microdissection, fixation, and immunofluorescent localization of proteins within the adult Drosophila brain. This protocol focuses on two example neuronal populations, mushroom body neurons and retinal photoreceptors, and includes optional steps to trace individual mushroom body neurons using Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. Example data from both wild-type and mutant brains are shown along with a brief description of a scoring criteria for axonal guidance defects. While this protocol highlights two well-established antibodies for investigating the morphology of mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons, other Drosophila brain regions and the localization of proteins within other brain regions can also be investigated using this protocol.

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

This protocol describes the dissection and immunostaining of adult Drosophila melanogaster brain tissues. Specifically, this protocol highlights the use of Drosophila mushroom body and photoreceptor neurons as example neuronal subsets that can be accurately used to uncover general principles underlying many aspects of neuronal development.

Dissection et immunofluorescence souillant de champignon corps et photorécepteur de neurones dans le cerveau adulte Drosophila melanogaster

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

Preparing Developing Peripheral Olfactory Tissue for Molecular and Immunohistochemical Analysis in Drosophila

The olfactory system of Drosophila is a widely used system in developmental neurobiology, systems neuroscience, as well as neurophysiology, behavior, and behavioral evolution. Drosophila olfactory tissues house the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) that detect volatile chemical cues in addition to hydro- and thermo-sensory neurons. In this protocol, we describe the dissection of developing peripheral olfactory tissue of the adult Drosophila species. We first describe how to stage and age Drosophila larvae, followed by the dissection of the antennal disc from early pupal stages, followed by the dissection of the antennae from mid-pupal stages and adults. We also show methods where preparations can be utilized in molecular techniques, such as the RNA extraction for qRT-PCR, RNAseq, or immunohistochemistry. These methods can also be applied to other Drosophila species after species-specific pupal development times are determined, and respective stages are calculated for appropriate aging.

Preparing Developing Peripheral Olfactory Tissue for Molecular and Immunohistochemical Analysis in Drosophila

Here, we present a protocol to stage and dissect developing olfactory tissue from Drosophila species. The dissected tissue can later be used for molecular analyses, such as quantitative RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction) or RNA sequencing (RNAseq), as well as in vivo analyses such as immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization.

Préparer le développement de tissu olfactif périphérique pour moléculaire et analyse Immunohistochemical chez la drosophile

The olfactory system of Drosophila is a widely used system in developmental neurobiology, systems neuroscience, as well as neurophysiology, behavior, and ...

Preparation of Drosophila Larval Samples for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)-based Metabolomics

Recent advances in the field of metabolomics have established the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a powerful genetic model for studying animal metabolism. By combining the vast array of Drosophila genetic tools with the ability to survey large swaths of intermediary metabolism, a metabolomics approach can reveal complex interactions between diet, genotype, life-history events, and environmental cues. In addition, metabolomics studies can discover novel enzymatic mechanisms and uncover previously unknown connections between seemingly disparate metabolic pathways. In order to facilitate more widespread use of this technology among the Drosophila community, here we provide a detailed protocol that describes how to prepare Drosophila larval samples for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomic analysis. Our protocol includes descriptions of larval sample collection, metabolite extraction, chemical derivatization, and GC-MS analysis. Successful completion of this protocol will allow users to measure the relative abundance of small polar metabolites, including amino acids, sugars, and organic acids involved in glycolysis and the TCA cycles.

Preparation of Drosophila Larval Samples for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry GC-MS-based Metabolomics

This protocol describes how to prepare Drosophila larvae for GC-MS-based metabolomic analysis.

Préparation des échantillons de larves de drosophile pour chromatographie en phase gazeuse-spectrométrie de masse (GC-MS)-base de métabolomique

Recent advances in the field of metabolomics have established the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a powerful genetic model for studying animal ...

Dissection of the Drosophila Pupal Retina for Immunohistochemistry, Western Analysis, and RNA Isolation

The Drosophila pupal retina provides an excellent model system for the study of morphogenetic processes during development. In this paper, we present a reliable protocol for the dissection of the delicate Drosophila pupal retina. Our surgical approach utilizes readily-available microdissection tools to open pupae and precisely extract eye-brain complexes. These can be fixed, subjected to immunohistochemistry, and retinas then mounted onto microscope slides and imaged if the goal is to detect cellular or subcellular structures. Alternatively, unfixed retinas can be isolated from brain tissue, lysed in appropriate buffers and utilized for protein gel electrophoresis or mRNA extraction (to assess protein or gene expression, respectively). Significant practice and patience may be required to master the microdissection protocol described, but once mastered, the protocol enables relatively quick isolation of mainly undamaged retinas.

Dissection of the Drosophila Pupal Retina for Immunohistochemistry, Western Analysis, and RNA Isolation

This paper presents a surgical method for dissecting Drosophila pupal retinas along with protocols for the processing of tissue for immunohistochemistry, western analysis, and RNA-extraction.&#160;

Dissection de la rétine de pupes de drosophile pour immunohistochimie, analyse occidentale et isolement d’ARN

The Drosophila pupal retina provides an excellent model system for the study of morphogenetic processes during development. In this paper, we present a ...

Live Imaging and Analysis of Muscle Contractions in Drosophila Embryo

Coordinated muscle contractions are a form of rhythmic behavior seen early during development in Drosophila embryos. Neuronal sensory feedback circuits are required to control this behavior. Failure to produce the rhythmic pattern of contractions can be indicative of neurological abnormalities. We previously found that defects in protein O-mannosylation, a posttranslational protein modification, affect the axon morphology of sensory neurons and result in abnormal coordinated muscle contractions in embryos. Here, we present a relatively simple method for recording and analyzing the pattern of peristaltic muscle contractions by live imaging of late stage embryos up to the point of hatching, which we used to characterize the muscle contraction phenotype of protein O-mannosyltransferase mutants. Data obtained from these recordings can be used to analyze muscle contraction waves, including frequency, direction of propagation and relative amplitude of muscle contractions at different body segments. We have also examined body posture and taken advantage of a fluorescent marker expressed specifically in muscles to accurately determine the position of the embryo midline. A similar approach can also be utilized to study various other behaviors during development, such as embryo rolling and hatching.

Live Imaging and Analysis of Muscle Contractions in Drosophila Embryo

Here, we present a method to record embryonic muscle contractions in Drosophila embryos in a non-invasive and detail-oriented manner.

Imagerie et analyse en direct des contractions musculaires dans l'embryon de Drosophila

Coordinated muscle contractions are a form of rhythmic behavior seen early during development in Drosophila embryos. Neuronal sensory feedback circuits ...

Thawing, Culturing, and Cryopreserving Drosophila Cell Lines

There are currently over 160 distinct Drosophila cell lines distributed by the Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC). With genome engineering, the number of novel cell lines is expected to increase. The DGRC aims to familiarize researchers with using Drosophila cell lines as an experimental tool to complement and drive their research agenda. Procedures for working with a variety of Drosophila cell lines with distinct characteristics are provided, including protocols for thawing, culturing, and cryopreserving cell lines. Importantly, this publication demonstrates the best practices required to work with Drosophila cell lines to minimize the risk of contaminations from adventitious microorganisms or from other cell lines. Researchers who become familiar with these procedures will be able to delve into the many applications that use Drosophila cultured cells including biochemistry, cell biology and functional genomics.

Thawing, Culturing, and Cryopreserving Drosophila Cell Lines

Drosophila cell lines are important reagents for both fundamental and biomedical research. This article provides protocols for thawing, subculturing, and the cryopreservation of commonly used Drosophila cell lines to assist researchers in incorporating the use of these reagents in their research.

Dégel, cultivant et cryoconservation des lignées de cellules de drosophile

There are currently over 160 distinct Drosophila cell lines distributed by the Drosophila Genomics Resource Center (DGRC). With genome engineering, the ...

Preparation of Drosophila Larval and Pupal Testes for Analysis of Cell Division in Live, Intact Tissue

Experimental analysis of cells dividing in living, intact tissues and organs is essential to our understanding of how cell division integrates with development, tissue homeostasis, and disease processes. Drosophila spermatocytes undergoing meiosis are ideal for this analysis because (1) whole Drosophila testes containing spermatocytes are relatively easy to prepare for microscopy, (2) the spermatocytes&#8217; large size makes them well suited for high resolution imaging, and (3) powerful Drosophila genetic tools can be integrated with in vivo analysis. Here, we present a readily accessible protocol for the preparation of whole testes from Drosophila third instar larvae and early pupae. We describe how to identify meiotic spermatocytes in prepared whole testes and how to image them live by time-lapse microscopy. Protocols for fixation and immunostaining whole testes are also provided. The use of larval testes has several advantages over available protocols that use adult testes for spermatocyte analysis. Most importantly, larval testes are smaller and less crowded with cells than adult testes, and this greatly facilitates high resolution imaging of spermatocytes. To demonstrate these advantages and the applications of the protocols, we present results showing the redistribution of the endoplasmic reticulum with respect to spindle microtubules during cell division in a single spermatocyte imaged by time-lapse confocal microscopy. The protocols can be combined with expression of any number of fluorescently tagged proteins or organelle markers, as well as gene mutations and other genetic tools, making this approach especially powerful for analysis of cell division mechanisms in the physiological context of whole tissues and organs.

Preparation of Drosophila Larval and Pupal Testes for Analysis of Cell Division in Live, Intact Tissue

The goal of this protocol is to analyze cell division in intact tissue by live and fixed cell microscopy using Drosophila meiotic spermatocytes. The protocol demonstrates how to isolate whole, intact testes from Drosophila larvae and early pupae, and how to process and mount them for microscopy.

Préparation de Drosophila Larval et Pupal Testes pour l’analyse de la division cellulaire en direct, Tissu intact

Experimental analysis of cells dividing in living, intact tissues and organs is essential to our understanding of how cell division integrates with ...

Use of Bisection to Reduce Mitochondrial DNA in the Bovine Oocyte

Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) may be used to rescue endangered species, but two distinct populations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) exist within the reconstructed embryo: one within the recipient ooplasm and one within the donor somatic cell. This mitochondrial heteroplasmy can lead to developmental issues in the embryo and the fetus. Handmade cloning protocols include oocyte bisection, which can be used to decrease the mtDNA copy number, reducing the degree of mitochondrial heteroplasmy in a reconstructed embryo. Centrifugation of denuded, mature bovine oocytes produced a visible mitochondria-dense fraction at one pole of the oocyte. Oocytes&#39; zonae pellucidae were removed by exposure to a pronase solution. Bisection was performed using a microblade to remove the visible mitochondria fraction. qPCR was used to quantify the mtDNA present in DNA samples extracted from whole oocytes and bisected ooplasts, providing a comparison of mtDNA copy numbers before and after bisection. Copy numbers were calculated using cycle threshold values, a standard curve&#39;s regression line formula, and a ratio that included the respective sizes of mtDNA PCR products and genomic PCR products. One bovine oocyte had an average mtDNA copy number (&#177; standard deviation) of 137,904 &#177; 94,768 (n = 38). One mitochondria-depleted ooplast had an average mtDNA copy number of 8,442 &#177; 13,806 (n = 33). Average mtDNA copies present in a mitochondria-rich ooplast were 79,390 &#177; 58,526 mtDNA copies (n = 28). The differences between these calculated averages indicate that the centrifugation and subsequent bisection can significantly decrease the mtDNA copy numbers present in the mitochondria-depleted ooplast when compared to the original oocyte (P &#60; 0.0001, determined by one-way ANOVA). The reduction in mtDNA should decrease the degree of mitochondrial heteroplasmy in a reconstructed embryo, possibly fostering standard embryonic and fetal development. Supplementation with mitochondrial extract from the somatic donor cell may also be essential to achieve successful embryonic development.

Here, we present a protocol to significantly reduce the mitochondrial DNA copy numbers in a bovine oocyte (P &lt; 0.0001). This method utilizes centrifugation and bisection to substantially reduce oocyte mitochondria and may allow for an increased chance of development in the reconstructed interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos.

Utilisation de la bisection pour réduire l’ADN mitochondrial dans l’ovocyte bovin

Interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer (iSCNT) may be used to rescue endangered species, but two distinct populations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ...