Name: preparation of mitochondrial enriched fractions for metabolic analysis in drosophila
Uploaded: 2015-09-30T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 22 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila at JoVE.com

This work was supported by Adelphi University faculty development grant and grant R15GM113156 from NIGMS awarded to EVC, grant R01GM067862 from NIGMS and grant R01AG027849 from NIA awarded to DMR.

1. Reagentes e Soluções <ol><li> Preparação do alimento mosca e mídia <ol><li> Mosca calor ingredientes de açúcar 11%, 2% de levedura autolisada, 5,2% de farinha de milho, agar de 0.79% w / v em água em uma placa fixada em 90 ° C. Agita-se regularmente até uma mistura ligeiramente densa homogénea. Preparar um volume final de 550 ml de alimento mosca para um total de 100 tubos de ensaio com 5 ml em cada mosca alimentos. </li><li> Remover a partir da fonte de calor, agita-se ocasionalmente até que o alimento tiver arrefecido até 80 ° C e adicionar 0,2% tegosept-metil 4-hidroxibenzoato de metilo Dissolveu-se em etanol a 95%. </li><li> Dividir a comida em dois volumes iguais. Adicionar 1,1 ml de 50 mM de rapamicina dissolvidos em etanol para um volume e 1,1 ml de etanol para o outro volume. Agita-se a rapamicina e as soluções de etanol para a comida. Certifique-se de que a temperatura cai para 50 ° C antes da adição de drogas. </li></ol></li><li> Tampão de isolamento <ol><li> Preparar 500 ml de tampão de isolamento [Manitol 225 mM, sacarose 75 mM, 10 mM de ácido 3- (N &lt;/ em&gt;-morfolino) propanossulf único (MOPS) e 1 mM de ácido etilenodiaminotetracético (EDTA), 2,5 mg / ml de albumina de soro bovino (BSA)] em água. </li><li> Ajustar o pH para 7,2 utilizando hidróxido de sódio. O pH inicial irá ser ácido. </li><li> Use garrafas de armazenamento filtro estéril com poros de 0,22 um para esterilização da solução e armazená-lo a 4 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> Tampão de Lavagem <ol><li> Preparar 500 ml de tampão de lavagem [Manitol 225 mM, sacarose 75 mM, KCl 10 mM, Tris HCl 10 mM e 5 mM de KH 2 PO 4] em água. </li><li> Ajustar o pH para 7,2 utilizando hidróxido de sódio. O pH inicial irá ser ácido. </li><li> Use garrafas de armazenamento filtro estéril com poros de 0,22 um para esterilização da solução e armazená-lo a 4 ° C. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Criação de as estirpes de Drosophila <ol><li> Para controlar a densidade larval durante o desenvolvimento, coloque 25 pares de pais em um frasco de cultura e permitir-lhes a pôr ovos durante 48 horas. </li> &lt;li&gt; Remova os pais depois de 48 horas para regular a densidade dos ovos. </li><li> Repita os passos 2.1 e 2.2 utilizando a prole F1 emergentes, de modo duas gerações deste controle de densidade é atingida. </li><li> Para a coleta de adultos, anestesiar as moscas que utilizam o dióxido de carbono (CO 2) e separados por sexo. <ol><li> Usar um único regulador de fase pura para entrega de CO 2 a partir de um tanque de alta pressão com um fluxo contínuo de 5 psi. Para evitar a electricidade estática, utilizar um tubo de plástico para catalisar a CO 2 em um frasco de 500 ml com água de filtragem. </li><li> Usar uma rolha de borracha com um orifício para selar o frasco. Utilize tubos de plástico para ligar a abertura lateral do balão a uma almofada de CO 2. </li><li> Coloque as moscas na almofada para não mais de 10-15 min. Deixa-se recuperar da anestesia durante 24 h antes de colocá-los em condições experimentais. </li></ol></li><li> Para gerar metabólitos suficientes para fracções enriquecidas mitocondriais, use 300 moscas por amostra. Aqui, use as fêmeas, mas gendeR pode ser diferente em outras experiências. Transferir 150 moscas caseiras 1 L gaiola demografia. Permitir o acesso a 5 ml de alimentos num frasco de mosca. </li><li> Transferir os restantes 150 moscas para outro 1 L gaiola. Não overpopulate gaiolas com mais de 150 moscas. </li><li> Use seis amostras idênticas, por condição experimental. Desde extratos de animais inteiros render mais metabolitos, para gerar uma amostra de toda animais isolados, transferir 50 fêmea voa para uma gaiola. Como para os isolados mitocondriais, utilize seis amostras idênticas, por condição experimental. </li><li> Coloque gaiolas a 25 ° C, com ciclo de 12 horas de luz e 12 horas escuro. </li><li> Fornecer fresco a cada 2 ou 3 dias num frasco com 5 ml de alimento para manter a qualidade dos alimentos. </li><li> Manter moscas em comida para 10 dias. Este passo é necessário para o tratamento de rapamicina 7. Outros tratamentos ou condições serão diferentes. </li></ol> 3. Isolamento de fracções mitocondriais <ol><li> Dump voa de uma gaiola (150 moscas) em umvidro-Teflon homogeneizador Dounce cheio com 1 ml de tampão de isolamento arrefecido. </li><li> Homogeneizar movendo o pilão cima e para baixo por 15 tacadas. Mantenha a argamassa em gelo para manter mitocôndrias intactas. </li><li> Transferência homogeneizado para um tubo de 1,5 ml e centrifugar a 300 xg durante 5 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Tome-se o sobrenadante e centrifuga-se a 6000 xg durante 10 min a 4 ° C para enriquecer para mitocôndrias. </li><li> Como o sobrenadante contém a fracção citosólica, desprezar o sobrenadante ou usá-la para experiências alternativas. Ressuspender o sedimento em 300 ul de tampão de lavagem. </li><li> Repita os passos de 3,1-3,5 para a segunda gaiola. Combinam-se as peletes ressuspensas de duas gaiolas num tubo de microcentrífuga criogénico. </li><li> Centrifugar a 6.000 xg durante 10 min a 4 ° C. </li><li> Descartar o sobrenadante e congelar o Flash-o sedimento em azoto líquido. </li><li> Armazenar as fracções enriquecidas mitocondriais a -80 ° C ou temperatura inferior. <ol><li> Como alternativa, para animais pré inteiroparation, colocar os adultos em um tubo de microcentrífuga criogénico. Flash congelar o frasco em azoto líquido e armazenar adultos a -80 ° C ou temperatura inferior. </li></ol></li></ol>

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Os passos mais críticos neste protocolo são: 1) criação de moscas suficientes no espaço abundante. É muito importante para as gaiolas não overpopulate demografia com mais de 150 moscas cada; 2) mudando a comida das gaiolas com freqüência para evitar a concorrência alimentar e estresse nutricional; e 3) a manutenção de todas as amostras a 4 ° C para assegurar a integridade durante o isolamento da fracção mitocondrial. Também é recomendado para relaxar o tampão de isolamento, o tampão de lavagem, e o ho...

O objetivo deste procedimento é desenvolver frações mitocondriais enriquecidos que produzem metabólitos mitocondriais suficientes para metabolômica estudos utilizando Drosophila melanogaster. Em nossa experiência, metabolômica análise usando métodos de extração celular inteiras são incapazes de detectar mudanças sutis metabólitos mitocondriais em Drosophila. No entanto, fracionamento mitocondrial antes da análise metabolômicas aumenta a sensibilidade para identificar mudanças de metabolitos mitocondriais. As mitocôndrias são organelas celulares responsáveis ​​pelo fornecimento de 90% da energia que as células precisam para a função normal 1. Nos últimos anos, tem sido reconhecido que as mitocôndrias desempenhar um papel muito mais dinâmico na função celular e do organismo do que simplesmente produzir trifosfato de adenosina (ATP), e são agora reconhecidos como hubs para a regulação da homeostase metabólica 2,3. As mitocôndrias são o resultado de um processo em que endosymbiotic dislinhagens microbianas tinct fundiu ~ 1,5 bilhões de anos atrás 4. Como as mitocôndrias evoluíram para verdadeiras organelas, genes da endosymbiont foram incorporados no genoma nuclear emergente. Em animais, hoje, cerca de 1.500 proteínas mitocondriais são codificados nuclear enquanto 37 genes permanecem na mtDNA, 13 dos quais codificam proteínas mitocondriais que são subunidades dos complexos de enzimas de fosforilação oxidativa 5. A coordenação entre as mitocôndrias e compartimentos nucleares é necessária para manter a função mitocondrial adequada. Usando os métodos descritos aqui, fomos capazes de detectar alterações metabólicas mitocondriais em Drosophila que resultam da manipulação da coordenação entre os genomas mitocondriais e nucleares. Nós usamos uma linhagem de Drosophila em que mtDNA de suas espécies irmãs D. simulans foi colocada sobre um único D. melanogaster fundo nuclear 6. Este mitonuclear &#39;interrompido&#39;genótipo foi comparado com o genótipo mitonuclear &quot;nativo&quot;, ou co-evoluiu de D. melanogaster transportando a mesma com o seu genoma nuclear nativa D. melanogaster mtDNA. O D. melanogaster e D. simulans mtDNAs diferem por ~ 100 aminoácidos e&gt; 500 substituições sinônimas que afetam mitonuclear 7,8 comunicação. Geramos extratos mosca integrais e extratos enriquecidos mitocondriais para estudar mudanças de metabolitos em resposta ao estresse farmacológico. Aqui nós mostramos que, ao usar frações mitocondriais enriquecido detectamos mudanças acentuadas em metabólitos mitocondriais entre o genótipo nativa, co-evoluído levando a D. mtDNAs melanogaster e as genótipo rompidas transportando D. simulans mtDNA. Em contraste, as modificações do metabolito entre estes dois genótipos são subtis usando métodos normais que utilizam extracto mosca todo. Por conseguinte, este método forneceu um caminho para entender como mtDNAs mediar alterações mitocondriais emresposta a diferentes drogas.

<table><tbody><tr><td>0.2% tegosept-methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate</td><td>VWR</td><td>AAA14289</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>792799</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mannitol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M4125</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S9378</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3-(&lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M1254&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>38057&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>5470</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P9333</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris HCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>RES3098T-B7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>1551139</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; pads to anesthetize flies</td><td>Tritech Research</td><td>MINJ-DROS-FP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 L cage</td><td>Web Restaurant Store</td><td>999RD32</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 L cage lid</td><td>Web Restaurant Store</td><td>999LRD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>a glass-teflon dounce homogenizer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>NC9661231</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium hydroxide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S8045</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>rapamycin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>LC Laboratories&amp;nbsp;</td><td>R-5000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-porin</td><td>MitoSciences</td><td>MSA03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-alpha tubulin</td><td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td><td>12G10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Thermo Scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>23225</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; pad</td><td>Tritech Research, Inc</td><td>MINJ-DROS-FP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>filter flask</td><td>enasco</td><td>SB08184M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>rubber stopper</td><td>enasco</td><td>S08512M</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation of mitochondrial enriched fractions for metabolic analysis in drosophila

Since mitochondria play roles in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and fatty acid oxidation, defects in mitochondrial function often compromise the lives of those who suffer from these complex diseases. Detecting mitochondrial metabolic changes is vital to the understanding of mitochondrial disorders and mitochondrial responses to pharmacological agents. Although mitochondrial metabolism is at the core of metabolic regulation, the detection of subtle changes in mitochondrial metabolism may be hindered by the overrepresentation of other cytosolic metabolites obtained using whole organism or whole tissue extractions. 
Here we describe an isolation method that detected pronounced mitochondrial metabolic changes in Drosophila that were distinct between whole-fly and mitochondrial enriched preparations. To illustrate the sensitivity of this method, we used a set of Drosophila harboring genetically diverse mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) and exposed them to the drug rapamycin. Using this method we showed that rapamycin modifies mitochondrial metabolism in a mitochondrial-genotype-dependent manner. However, these changes are much more distinct in metabolomics studies when metabolites were extracted from mitochondrial enriched fractions. In contrast, whole tissue extracts only detected metabolic changes mediated by the drug rapamycin independently of mtDNAs.

Usando o protocolo acima referido, foi realizada a análise fracções enriquecidas em metabolômico mitocondriais e extractos de animais inteiros para testar o efeito do fármaco rapamicina em mtDNAs divergentes 7. Obtivemos 200 uM de rapamicina por dissolução da droga no alimento mosca. As moscas foram expostos a rapamicina durante 10 dias. Os metabolitos de extractos de mosca inteiras e extractos de mitocondriais foram obtidos utilizando um espectrómetro de massa de...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila at JoVE.com

Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila

Mitochondria play central roles in the regulation of metabolism and homeostasis. Subtle changes in mitochondrial metabolism that affect organismal physiology could be difficult to detect in whole organism metabolomics studies. Here we describe an isolation method that enhances the detection of subtle metabolic shifts in Drosophila melanogaster.

Preparação de mitocondriais frações enriquecidas para Análise metabólica em<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Since mitochondria play roles in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and fatty acid oxidation, defects in mitochondrial function often ...

preparation-mitochondrial-enriched-fractions-for-metabolic-analysis

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila

9.5K visualizações.  Adelphi University. Mitochondria play central roles in the regulation of metabolism and homeostasis. Subtle changes in mitochondrial metabolism that affect organismal physiology could be difficult to detect in whole organism metabolomics studies. Here we describe an isolation method that enhances the detection of subtle metabolic shifts in Drosophila melanogaster. 

Vídeo: Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila

Measurement of Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption in Permeabilized Fibers of Drosophila Using Minimal Amounts of Tissue

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, represents an emerging model for the study of metabolism. Indeed, drosophila have structures homologous to human organs, possess highly conserved metabolic pathways and have a relatively short lifespan that allows the study of different fundamental mechanisms in a short period of time. It is, however, surprising that one of the mechanisms essential for cellular metabolism, the mitochondrial respiration, has not been thoroughly investigated in this model. It is likely because the measure of the mitochondrial respiration in Drosophila usually requires a very large number of individuals and the results obtained are not highly reproducible. Here, a method allowing the precise measurement of mitochondrial oxygen consumption using minimal amounts of tissue from Drosophila is described. In this method, the thoraxes are dissected and permeabilized both mechanically with sharp forceps and chemically with saponin, allowing different compounds to cross the cell membrane and modulate the mitochondrial respiration. After permeabilization, a protocol is performed to evaluate the capacity of the different complexes of the electron transport system (ETS) to oxidize different substrates, as well as their response to an uncoupler and to several inhibitors. This method presents many advantages compared to methods using mitochondrial isolations, as it is more physiologically relevant because the mitochondria are still interacting with the other cellular components and the mitochondrial morphology is conserved. Moreover, sample preparations are faster, and the results obtained are highly reproducible. By combining the advantages of Drosophila as a model for the study of metabolism with the evaluation of mitochondrial respiration, important new insights can be unveiled, especially when the flies are experiencing different environmental or pathophysiological conditions.

In this paper, a method to measure oxygen consumption using high-resolution respirometry in permeabilized thoraxes of Drosophila is described. This technique requires a minimal amount of tissue compared to the classic mitochondrial isolation technique and the results obtained are more physiologically relevant.

Medição do consumo de oxigênio mitocondrial nas fibras Permeabilized da drosófila usando quantidades mínimas de tecido

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, represents an emerging model for the study of metabolism. Indeed, drosophila have structures homologous to human ...

Bioquímica

A Colorimetric Assay of Citrate Synthase Activity in Drosophila Melanogaster

Mitochondria play the most prominent roles in cellular metabolism by producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation and regulating a variety of physiological processes. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a primary cause of a number of metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Intact mitochondria are critical for their proper functioning. The enzyme citrate synthase is localized in the mitochondrial matrix and thus can be used as a quantitative enzyme marker of intact mitochondrial mass. Given that many molecules and pathways that have important functions in mitochondria are highly conserved between humans and Drosophila, and that an array of powerful genetic tools are available in Drosophila, Drosophila serves as a good model system for studying mitochondrial function. Here, we present a protocol for fast and simple measurement of citrate synthase activity in tissue homogenate from adult flies without isolating mitochondria. This protocol is also suitable for measuring citrate synthase activity in larvae, cultured cells, and mammalian tissues.

A Colorimetric Assay of Citrate Synthase Activity in Drosophila Melanogaster

We present a protocol for a colorimetric assay of citrate synthase activity for quantification of intact mitochondrial mass in Drosophila tissue homogenates.

Um ensaio colorimétrico da atividade de sinteta de citrato em Drosophila Melanogaster

Mitochondria play the most prominent roles in cellular metabolism by producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation and regulating a variety of ...

Preparation of Drosophila Larval Samples for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)-based Metabolomics

Recent advances in the field of metabolomics have established the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a powerful genetic model for studying animal metabolism. By combining the vast array of Drosophila genetic tools with the ability to survey large swaths of intermediary metabolism, a metabolomics approach can reveal complex interactions between diet, genotype, life-history events, and environmental cues. In addition, metabolomics studies can discover novel enzymatic mechanisms and uncover previously unknown connections between seemingly disparate metabolic pathways. In order to facilitate more widespread use of this technology among the Drosophila community, here we provide a detailed protocol that describes how to prepare Drosophila larval samples for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomic analysis. Our protocol includes descriptions of larval sample collection, metabolite extraction, chemical derivatization, and GC-MS analysis. Successful completion of this protocol will allow users to measure the relative abundance of small polar metabolites, including amino acids, sugars, and organic acids involved in glycolysis and the TCA cycles.

Preparation of Drosophila Larval Samples for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry GC-MS-based Metabolomics

This protocol describes how to prepare Drosophila larvae for GC-MS-based metabolomic analysis.

Preparação de amostras de larvas de Drosophila por cromatografia gasosa / espectrometria de massa (GC-MS)-com base em metabolómica

Recent advances in the field of metabolomics have established the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a powerful genetic model for studying animal ...

Biologia do Desenvolvimento

Purification of Mitochondria from Yeast Cells

Mitochondria are the main site of ATP production during aerobic metabolism in eukaryotic non-photosynthetic cells1. These complex organelles also play essential roles in apoptotic cell death2, cell survival3, mammalian development4, neuronal development and function4, intracellular signalling5, and longevity regulation6. Our understanding of these complex biological processes controlled by mitochondria relies on robust methods for assessing their morphology, their protein and lipid composition, the integrity of their DNA, and their numerous vital functions. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a genetically and biochemically manipulable unicellular eukaryote with annotated genome and well-defined proteome, is a valuable model for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying essential biological functions of mitochondria. For these types of studies, it is crucial to have highly pure mitochondria. Here we present a detailed description of a rapid and effective method for purification of yeast mitochondria. This method enables the isolation of highly pure mitochondria that are essentially free of contamination by other organelles and retain their structural and functional integrity after their purification. Mitochondria purified by this method are suitable for cell-free reconstitution of essential mitochondrial processes and can be used for the analysis of mitochondrial structure and functions, mitochondrial proteome and lipidome, and mitochondrial DNA.

We describe a rapid and effective method for purification of mitochondria from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This method enables the high-yield isolation of pure mitochondria that are essentially free of contamination by other organelles and retain their structural and functional integrity after their purification.

Purificação de mitocôndrias de células de levedura

Mitochondria are the main site of ATP production during aerobic metabolism in eukaryotic non-photosynthetic cells1. These complex organelles also play ...

Biologia

An Affordable and Efficient "Homemade" Platform for Drosophila Behavioral Studies, and an Accompanying Protocol for Larval Mitochondrial Respirometry

The usefulness of Drosophila as a model organism for the study of human diseases, behaviors and basic biology is unquestionable. Although practical, Drosophila research lacks popularity in developing countries, possibly due to the misinformed idea that establishing a lab and performing relevant experiments with such tiny insects is difficult and requires expensive, specialized apparatuses. Here, we describe how to build an affordable flylab to quantitatively analyze a myriad of behavioral parameters in D. melanogaster, by 3D-printing many of the necessary pieces of equipment. We provide protocols to build in-house vial racks, courtship arenas, apparatuses for locomotor assays, etc., to be used for general fly maintenance and to perform behavioral experiments using adult flies and larvae. We also provide protocols on how to use more sophisticated systems, such as a high resolution oxygraph, to measure mitochondrial oxygen consumption in larval samples, and show its association with behavioral changes in the larvae upon the xenotopic expression of the mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX). AOX increases larval activity and mitochondrial leak respiration, and accelerates development at low temperatures, which is consistent with a thermogenic role for the enzyme. We hope these protocols will inspire researchers, especially from developing countries, to use Drosophila to easily combine behavior and mitochondrial metabolism data, which may lead to information on genes and/or environmental conditions that may also regulate human physiology and disease states.

An Affordable and Efficient "Homemade" Platform for Drosophila Behavioral Studies, and an Accompanying Protocol for Larval Mitochondrial Respirometry

We provide protocols for anyone with a "maker culture" mind to start building a flylab for quantitative analysis of a myriad of behavioral parameters in Drosophila melanogaster, by 3D-printing many of the necessary pieces of equipment. We also describe a high resolution respirometry protocol using larvae to combine behavioral and mitochondrial metabolism data.

The usefulness of Drosophila as a model organism for the study of human diseases, behaviors and basic biology is unquestionable. Although practical, ...

Comportamento

Analisando a fisiologia mitocondrial e a bioenergética em moscas-das-frutas

Analyzing Mitochondrial Function in a Drosophila melanogaster PINK1B9-Null Mutant Using High-resolution Respirometry

Neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD), and cellular disturbances such as cancer are some of the disorders that disrupt energy metabolism with impairment of mitochondrial functions. Mitochondria are organelles that control both energy metabolism and cellular processes involved in cell survival and death. For this reason, approaches to evaluate mitochondrial function can offer important insights into cellular conditions in pathological and physiological processes. In this regard, high-resolution respirometry (HRR) protocols allow evaluation of the whole mitochondrial respiratory chain function or the activity of specific mitochondrial complexes. Furthermore, studying mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics requires genetically and experimentally tractable models such as Drosophila melanogaster.
This model presents several advantages, such as its similarity to human physiology, its rapid life cycle, easy maintenance, cost-effectiveness, high throughput capabilities, and a minimized number of ethical concerns. These attributes collectively establish it as an invaluable tool for dissecting complex cellular processes. The present work explains how to analyze mitochondrial function using the Drosophila melanogaster PINK1B9-null mutant. The pink1 gene is responsible for encoding PTEN-induced putative kinase 1, through a process recognized as mitophagy, which is crucial for the removal of dysfunctional mitochondria from the mitochondrial network. Mutations in this gene have been associated with an autosomal recessive early-onset familial form of PD. This model can be used to study mitochondrial dysfunction involved in the pathophysiology of PD.

Autor em destaque: Explorando a função mitocondrial e a toxicidade química usando Drosophila melanogaster 

Here we present a high-resolution respirometry protocol to analyze bioenergetics in PINK1B9-null mutant fruit flies. The method uses the Substrate-Uncoupler-Inhibitor-Titration (SUIT) protocol.

Analisando a função mitocondrial em um mutanteB9-nulo de Drosophila melanogaster PINK1 usando respirometria de alta resolução

Neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD), and cellular disturbances such as cancer are some of the disorders that disrupt energy ...

Metabolic Analysis of Drosophila melanogaster Larval and Adult Brains

This protocol describes a method for measuring the metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster larval and adult brains. Quantifying metabolism in whole organs provides a tissue-level understanding of energy utilization that cannot be captured when analyzing primary cells and cell lines. While this analysis is ex vivo, it allows for the measurement from a number of specialized cells working together to perform a function in one tissue and more closely models the in vivo organ. Metabolic reprogramming has been observed in many neurological diseases, including neoplasia, and neurodegenerative diseases. This protocol was developed to assist the D. melanogaster community&#39;s investigation of metabolism in neurological disease models using a commercially available metabolic analyzer. Measuring metabolism of whole brains in the metabolic analyzer is challenging due to the geometry of the brain. This analyzer requires samples to remain at the bottom of a 96-well plate. Cell samples and tissue punches can adhere to the surface of the cell plate or utilize spheroid plates, respectively. However, the spherical, three-dimensional shape of D. melanogaster brains prevents the tissue from adhering to the plate. This protocol requires a specially designed and manufactured micro-tissue restraint that circumvents this problem by preventing any movement of the brain while still allowing metabolic measurements from the analyzer&#39;s two solid-state sensor probes. Oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates are reproducible and sensitive to a treatment with metabolic inhibitors. With a minor optimization, this protocol can be adapted for use with any whole tissue and/or model system, provided that the sample size does not exceed the chamber generated by the restraint. While basal metabolic measurements and an analysis after a treatment with mitochondrial inhibitors are described within this protocol, countless experimental conditions, such as energy source preference and rearing environment, could be interrogated.

Metabolic Analysis of Drosophila melanogaster Larval and Adult Brains

We present a protocol for measuring oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification in Drosophila melanogaster larval and adult brains. A metabolic analyzer is utilized with an adapted and optimized protocol. Micro-tissue restraints are a critical component of this protocol and were designed and created specifically for their use in this analysis.

Análise metabólica do melanogaster da drosófila Larval e adulto cérebros

This protocol describes a method for measuring the metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster larval and adult brains. Quantifying metabolism in whole organs ...

Neurociência

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

For the last decade, we have tried to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration using Drosophila as a model organism. Although fruit flies provide obvious experimental advantages, research on neurodegenerative diseases has mostly relied on traditional techniques, including genetic interaction, histology, immunofluorescence, and protein biochemistry. These techniques are effective for mechanistic, hypothesis-driven studies, which lead to a detailed understanding of the role of single genes in well-defined biological problems. However, neurodegenerative diseases are highly complex and affect multiple cellular organelles and processes over time. The advent of new technologies and the omics age provides a unique opportunity to understand the global cellular perturbations underlying complex diseases. Flexible model organisms such as Drosophila are ideal for adapting these new technologies because of their strong annotation and high tractability. One challenge with these small animals, though, is the purification of enough informational molecules (DNA, mRNA, protein, metabolites) from highly relevant tissues such as fly brains. Other challenges consist of collecting large numbers of flies for experimental replicates (critical for statistical robustness) and developing consistent procedures for the purification of high-quality biological material. Here, we describe the procedures for collecting thousands of fly heads and the extraction of transcripts and metabolites to understand how global changes in gene expression and metabolism contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. These procedures are easily scalable and can be applied to the study of proteomic and epigenomic contributions to disease.

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

We describe here the procedures for the extraction and purification of mRNA and metabolites from Drosophila heads. We are applying these techniques to better understand the cellular perturbations underlying neuronal degeneration. These methodologies can be easily scaled and adapted for other "omic" projects.

Purificação de Transcrições e metabolitos de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Cabeças

For the last decade, we have tried to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration using Drosophila as a model organism. ...

Preparação de mitocondriais frações enriquecidas para Análise metabólica em

Resumo

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