Name: preparation of mitochondrial enriched fractions for metabolic analysis in drosophila
Uploaded: 2015-09-30T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 22 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila at JoVE.com

This work was supported by Adelphi University faculty development grant and grant R15GM113156 from NIGMS awarded to EVC, grant R01GM067862 from NIGMS and grant R01AG027849 from NIA awarded to DMR.

1. Reagenzien und Lösungen <ol><li> Vorbereitung der Fliege Essen und Medien <ol><li> Wärme fly Inhaltsstoffe 11% Zucker, 2% autolysierte Hefe, 5,2% Maismehl, Agar 0,79% w / v in Wasser in einer Heizplatte bei 90 ° C eingestellt. Rühren regelmäßig, bis eine homogene leicht dichte Mischung erhalten wird. Bereiten Sie ein Endvolumen von 550 ml Fliege Nahrung für insgesamt 100 Fläschchen mit 5 ml Essen Fliegen in jedem. </li><li> Von der Wärmequelle zu entfernen, gelegentlich umrühren, bis das Essen kühlt auf 80 ° C abgekühlt und 0,2% tegosept-Methyl-4-hydroxybenzoat in 95% Ethanol gelöst. </li><li> Teilen Sie die Lebensmittel in zwei gleiche Volumina. Hinzuzufügen 1,1 ml 50 mM Rapamycin in Ethanol zu einem Volumen gelöst und 1,1 ml Ethanol zu dem Teil des Films. Rühren Sie die Rapamycin und die Ethanollösungen in das Lebensmittel. Seien Sie sicher, dass die Temperatur fällt auf 50 ° C, bevor Drogen. </li></ol></li><li> Isolierungspuffer <ol><li> Bereiten Sie 500 ml Isolationspuffer [225 mM Mannitol, 75 mM Sucrose, 10 mM 3- (N &lt;/ em&gt; morpholino) propansulfonsäure (MOPS) und 1 mM Ethylendiamintetraessigsäure (EDTA), 2,5 mg / ml Rinderserumalbumin (BSA)] in Wasser. </li><li> Den pH-Wert auf 7,2 unter Verwendung von Natriumhydroxid. Der anfängliche pH-Wert sauer sein. </li><li> Verwenden Sterilfilter Vorratsflaschen mit 0,22 um Porengröße, um Lösung zu sterilisieren, und speichern Sie sie bei 4 ° C. </li></ol></li><li> Wash Buffer <ol><li> Vorbereitung 500 ml Waschpuffer [225 mM Mannitol, 75 mM Saccharose, 10 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris HCl und 5 mM KH 2 PO 4] in Wasser. </li><li> Den pH-Wert auf 7,2 unter Verwendung von Natriumhydroxid. Der anfängliche pH-Wert sauer sein. </li><li> Verwenden Sterilfilter Vorratsflaschen mit 0,22 um Porengröße, um Lösung zu sterilisieren, und speichern Sie sie bei 4 ° C. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Durchführung der Aufzucht der Drosophila-Stämmen <ol><li> Um Larvendichte während der Entwicklung zu steuern, legen Sie 25 Paare von Eltern zu einer Kulturflasche und es ihnen ermöglichen, um Eier für 48 Stunden lag. </li> &lt;li&gt; Eltern entfernen nach 48 h auf Eierdichte zu regulieren. </li><li> Wiederholen Sie die Schritte 2.1 und 2.2 unter Verwendung des Schwellen F1-Nachkommen, also zwei Generationen von dieser Dichtesteuerung erreicht wird. </li><li> Zu den Erwachsenen zu sammeln, zu betäuben die Fliegen unter Verwendung von Kohlendioxid (CO 2) und separatem nach Geschlecht. <ol><li> Verwenden Sie eine einzige Stufenregler geliefert reinen CO 2 von einem hohen Druck Tank bei einem kontinuierlichen Fluss von 5 psi. Um statische Elektrizität zu vermeiden, Kunststoffschlauch, um das CO 2 in einen 500 ml Saugflasche mit Wasser zu katalysieren. </li><li> Verwenden Sie einen Gummistopfen mit einem Loch, um den Kolben zu versiegeln. Verwenden Sie Kunststoffschlauch, um die seitliche Öffnung des Kolbens zu einer CO 2-Pad zu verbinden. </li><li> Legen Sie die Fliegen in der Unterlage für nicht mehr als 10-15 Minuten. Lassen Sie sich von der Anästhesie während 24 Stunden zu erholen, bevor Sie sie in experimentellen Bedingungen. </li></ol></li><li> Um genügend Metaboliten für mitochondriale angereicherten Fraktionen zu erzeugen, verwenden Sie 300 Fliegen je Probe. Hier verwenden Weibchen, aber gender kann in anderen Experimenten abweichen. Übertragen Sie 150 Fliegen auf einen hausgemachten 1 L Demographie Käfig. Ermöglichen den Zugang zu 5 ml Fliege Essen in einem Fläschchen. </li><li> Übertragen Sie die verbleibenden 150 Fliegen auf einen anderen 1 L Käfig. Käfige übervölkern nicht mit mehr als 150 Fliegen. </li><li> Verwenden Sie sechs Parallelproben pro Versuchsbedingung. Seit gesamte tierische Extrakte liefern weitere Stoffwechselprodukte, zu erzeugen 1 Probe von Voll Tier isoliert, übertragen 50 weibliche fliegt in einem Käfig. Wie für die mitochondriale Isolate, verwenden sechs Parallelproben pro Versuchsbedingung. </li><li> Ort Käfigen bei 25 ° C mit dem Zyklus von 12 Stunden Licht und 12 Stunden Dunkelheit. </li><li> Für Frischnahrungs alle 2 oder 3 Tage in einem Fläschchen mit 5 ml von Lebensmitteln, um die Lebensmittelqualität aufrecht zu erhalten. </li><li> Pflegen Fliegen auf Nahrung für 10 Tage. Dieser Schritt wird für die Rapamycin-Behandlung 7 notwendig. Andere Behandlungen oder Bedingungen unterscheiden. </li></ol> 3. Isolierung der mitochondrialen Fraktionen <ol><li> Dump fliegt von einem Käfig (150 Linie) in eineGlas-Dounce-Homogenisator mit Teflon mit 1 ml gekühltem Isolationspuffer gefüllt. </li><li> Homogenisieren, indem Sie den Stößel nach oben und unten für 15 Schlägen. Halten Sie den Mörtel auf Eis, um Mitochondrien intakt zu halten. </li><li> Übertragungs Homogenisat in ein 1,5-ml-Röhrchen und zentrifugiert bei 300 g für 5 min bei 4 ° C. </li><li> Nehmen den Überstand und zentrifugieren bei 6.000 × g für 10 min bei 4 ° C für Mitochondrien zu bereichern. </li><li> Da der Überstand enthält die cytosolische Fraktion, den Überstand verwerfen oder verwenden sie für alternative Experimente. Das Pellet in 300 ul Waschpuffer. </li><li> Wiederholen Sie die Schritte 3,1-3,5 für den zweiten Käfig. Kombinieren Sie die resuspendierten Pellets beider Käfige in einer Tieftemperatur-Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen. </li><li> Zentrifuge bei 6000 × g für 10 min bei 4 ° C. </li><li> Überstand verwerfen und Flash-einfrieren das Pellet in flüssigem Stickstoff. </li><li> Bewahren Sie die mitochondriale angereicherten Fraktionen bei -80 ° C oder niedriger Temperatur. <ol><li> Alternativ können für ganze Tiervorgereitung, legen Sie die Erwachsenen in einer Tieftemperatur-Mikrozentrifugenröhrchen. Flash-einfrieren Die Durchstechflasche im flüssigen Stickstoff und speichern Erwachsenen bei -80 ° C oder niedriger Temperatur. </li></ol></li></ol>

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Die Autoren haben nichts zu offenbaren.

Die wichtigsten Schritte in diesem Protokoll sind: 1) die Aufzucht genug Fliegen in reichlich Platz. Es ist sehr wichtig, um die Demographie Käfigen mit mehr als 150 Fliegen je nicht übervölkern; 2) Veränderung der Lebensmittel der Käfige häufig Nahrungskonkurrenz und Ernährungs Stress zu vermeiden; und 3) die Beibehaltung aller Proben bei 4 ° C, um die Integrität während der Isolierung der mitochondrialen Fraktion zu gewährleisten. Es wird auch empfohlen, den Isolationspuffer, der Waschpuffer und das Glas-Do...

Das Ziel dieses Verfahrens ist es, angereicherten mitochondriale Fraktionen, die genug mitochondrialen Metaboliten für Metabolomics-Studien mit Drosophila melanogaster Ausbeute zu entwickeln. Nach unserer Erfahrung Metabolomics-Analyse unter Verwendung von Vollzellextraktionsverfahren sind nicht imstande, subtile mitochondrialen Stoffwechselveränderungen in Drosophila zu erkennen. , Mitochondriale Fraktionierung vor der Metabolomics-Analyse erhöht jedoch die Empfindlichkeit auf der mitochondrialen Metaboliten Verschiebungen zu identifizieren. Mitochondrien sind Organellen zur Bereitstellung 90% der Energie, die Zellen brauchen für die normale Funktion 1 verantwortlich. In den letzten Jahren hat man erkannt, dass Mitochondrien spielen in zellulären und organismischen Funktion eine viel dynamischere Rolle als nur die Herstellung Adenosintriphosphat (ATP) und sind nun als Knotenpunkte für die Regulierung der metabolischen Homöostase 2,3 angesetzt. Mitochondrien sind das Ergebnis eine endosymbiontische Verfahren, bei dem distinct mikrobiellen Linien verschmolzen ~ Vor 1500000000 Jahre 4. Als Mitochondrien in wahre Organellen entwickelt wurden Gene aus der Endosymbionten in der entstehenden Kerngenom integriert. Bei Tieren heute sind ca. 1500 mitochondriale Proteine ​​kerncodierten während 37 Gene in der mtDNA, von denen 13 kodieren mitochondriale Proteine, die Untereinheiten der Enzymkomplexe der oxidativen Phosphorylierung 5 bleibt. Die Koordinierung zwischen den Mitochondrien und Kernfächer benötigt wird, um die ordnungsgemäße Funktion der Mitochondrien zu halten. Mit den hier beschriebenen Methoden konnten wir mitochondriale Stoffwechselveränderungen in Drosophila, die von Manipulation der Abstimmung zwischen mitochondrialer und nuklearer Genome führen zu erkennen. Wir verwendeten einen Stamm von Drosophila, in der mtDNA von ihrer Schwesterarten D. simulans wurde an einem einzigen D. platziert melanogaster Kern Hintergrund 6. Diese &#39;gestört&#39; mitonuclearGenotyp wurde auf die &quot;native&quot;, oder co-entwickelt mitonuclear Genotyp D. Vergleich melanogaster, die dasselbe Kerngenom mit seiner nativen D. melanogaster mtDNA. Die D. melanogaster und D. simulans mtDNAs unterscheiden sich um ~ 100 Aminosäuren und&gt; 500 auch Substitutionen, die mitonuclear Kommunikations 7,8 beeinflussen. Wir erzeugten gesamten Fliegenextrakten und mitochondriale angereicherte Extrakte Metabolit Verschiebungen als Reaktion auf pharmakologische Stress zu studieren. Hier zeigen wir, dass bei der Verwendung der mitochondrialen angereicherten Fraktionen wir erkennen ausgeprägte Veränderungen in der mitochondrialen Metaboliten zwischen dem nativen, co-entwickelt Genotyp tragenden D. melanogaster mtDNAs und die aufgebrochenen Genotyp tragen D. simulans mtDNA. Im Gegensatz dazu sind die Stoffwechselveränderungen zwischen diesen beiden Genotypen subtile Verwendung normaler Verfahren, die gesamte fly Extrakt zu verwenden. Daher, sofern diese Methode einen Weg, um zu verstehen, wie mtDNAs vermitteln mitochondrialen VeränderungenReaktion auf verschiedene Medikamente.

<table><tbody><tr><td>0.2% tegosept-methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate</td><td>VWR</td><td>AAA14289</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>792799</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mannitol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M4125</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S9378</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3-(&lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M1254&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>38057&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>5470</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P9333</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris HCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>RES3098T-B7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>1551139</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; pads to anesthetize flies</td><td>Tritech Research</td><td>MINJ-DROS-FP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 L cage</td><td>Web Restaurant Store</td><td>999RD32</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 L cage lid</td><td>Web Restaurant Store</td><td>999LRD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>a glass-teflon dounce homogenizer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>NC9661231</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium hydroxide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S8045</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>rapamycin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>LC Laboratories&amp;nbsp;</td><td>R-5000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-porin</td><td>MitoSciences</td><td>MSA03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-alpha tubulin</td><td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td><td>12G10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Thermo Scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>23225</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; pad</td><td>Tritech Research, Inc</td><td>MINJ-DROS-FP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>filter flask</td><td>enasco</td><td>SB08184M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>rubber stopper</td><td>enasco</td><td>S08512M</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation of mitochondrial enriched fractions for metabolic analysis in drosophila

Since mitochondria play roles in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and fatty acid oxidation, defects in mitochondrial function often compromise the lives of those who suffer from these complex diseases. Detecting mitochondrial metabolic changes is vital to the understanding of mitochondrial disorders and mitochondrial responses to pharmacological agents. Although mitochondrial metabolism is at the core of metabolic regulation, the detection of subtle changes in mitochondrial metabolism may be hindered by the overrepresentation of other cytosolic metabolites obtained using whole organism or whole tissue extractions. 
Here we describe an isolation method that detected pronounced mitochondrial metabolic changes in Drosophila that were distinct between whole-fly and mitochondrial enriched preparations. To illustrate the sensitivity of this method, we used a set of Drosophila harboring genetically diverse mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) and exposed them to the drug rapamycin. Using this method we showed that rapamycin modifies mitochondrial metabolism in a mitochondrial-genotype-dependent manner. However, these changes are much more distinct in metabolomics studies when metabolites were extracted from mitochondrial enriched fractions. In contrast, whole tissue extracts only detected metabolic changes mediated by the drug rapamycin independently of mtDNAs.

Verwendung des Protokolls oben erläutert, metabolomic Analyse führten wir auf die mitochondriale angereicherten Fraktionen und ganzen Tierextrakten, um die Wirkung des Medikaments auf Rapamycin abweichenden mtDNAs 7 testen. Wir lieferten 200 uM von Rapamycin durch Lösen des Arzneistoffs in der Flug Nahrung. Fliegen wurden Rapamycin für 10 Tage ausgesetzt. Stoffwechselprodukte aus Vollfliegenextrakten und von mitochondrialen Extrakte wurden mit Hilfe der Gaschromatogra...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila at JoVE.com

Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila

Mitochondria play central roles in the regulation of metabolism and homeostasis. Subtle changes in mitochondrial metabolism that affect organismal physiology could be difficult to detect in whole organism metabolomics studies. Here we describe an isolation method that enhances the detection of subtle metabolic shifts in Drosophila melanogaster.

Vorbereitung der Mitochondrial angereicherten Fraktionen für die Stoffwechselanalyse in<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Since mitochondria play roles in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and fatty acid oxidation, defects in mitochondrial function often ...

preparation-mitochondrial-enriched-fractions-for-metabolic-analysis

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila

9.5K Aufrufe.  Adelphi University. Mitochondria play central roles in the regulation of metabolism and homeostasis. Subtle changes in mitochondrial metabolism that affect organismal physiology could be difficult to detect in whole organism metabolomics studies. Here we describe an isolation method that enhances the detection of subtle metabolic shifts in Drosophila melanogaster. 

Serie: Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila

Measurement of Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption in Permeabilized Fibers of Drosophila Using Minimal Amounts of Tissue

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, represents an emerging model for the study of metabolism. Indeed, drosophila have structures homologous to human organs, possess highly conserved metabolic pathways and have a relatively short lifespan that allows the study of different fundamental mechanisms in a short period of time. It is, however, surprising that one of the mechanisms essential for cellular metabolism, the mitochondrial respiration, has not been thoroughly investigated in this model. It is likely because the measure of the mitochondrial respiration in Drosophila usually requires a very large number of individuals and the results obtained are not highly reproducible. Here, a method allowing the precise measurement of mitochondrial oxygen consumption using minimal amounts of tissue from Drosophila is described. In this method, the thoraxes are dissected and permeabilized both mechanically with sharp forceps and chemically with saponin, allowing different compounds to cross the cell membrane and modulate the mitochondrial respiration. After permeabilization, a protocol is performed to evaluate the capacity of the different complexes of the electron transport system (ETS) to oxidize different substrates, as well as their response to an uncoupler and to several inhibitors. This method presents many advantages compared to methods using mitochondrial isolations, as it is more physiologically relevant because the mitochondria are still interacting with the other cellular components and the mitochondrial morphology is conserved. Moreover, sample preparations are faster, and the results obtained are highly reproducible. By combining the advantages of Drosophila as a model for the study of metabolism with the evaluation of mitochondrial respiration, important new insights can be unveiled, especially when the flies are experiencing different environmental or pathophysiological conditions.

In this paper, a method to measure oxygen consumption using high-resolution respirometry in permeabilized thoraxes of Drosophila is described. This technique requires a minimal amount of tissue compared to the classic mitochondrial isolation technique and the results obtained are more physiologically relevant.

Messung der mitochondrialen Sauerstoffverbrauch in Permeabilized Fasern von Drosophila mit minimalen Mengen von Gewebe

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, represents an emerging model for the study of metabolism. Indeed, drosophila have structures homologous to human ...

Forschung

Biochemie

A Colorimetric Assay of Citrate Synthase Activity in Drosophila Melanogaster

Mitochondria play the most prominent roles in cellular metabolism by producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation and regulating a variety of physiological processes. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a primary cause of a number of metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Intact mitochondria are critical for their proper functioning. The enzyme citrate synthase is localized in the mitochondrial matrix and thus can be used as a quantitative enzyme marker of intact mitochondrial mass. Given that many molecules and pathways that have important functions in mitochondria are highly conserved between humans and Drosophila, and that an array of powerful genetic tools are available in Drosophila, Drosophila serves as a good model system for studying mitochondrial function. Here, we present a protocol for fast and simple measurement of citrate synthase activity in tissue homogenate from adult flies without isolating mitochondria. This protocol is also suitable for measuring citrate synthase activity in larvae, cultured cells, and mammalian tissues.

A Colorimetric Assay of Citrate Synthase Activity in Drosophila Melanogaster

We present a protocol for a colorimetric assay of citrate synthase activity for quantification of intact mitochondrial mass in Drosophila tissue homogenates.

Ein kolorimetrischer Test der Citrat-Synthase-Aktivität in Drosophila Melanogaster

Mitochondria play the most prominent roles in cellular metabolism by producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation and regulating a variety of ...

Preparation of Drosophila Larval Samples for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)-based Metabolomics

Recent advances in the field of metabolomics have established the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a powerful genetic model for studying animal metabolism. By combining the vast array of Drosophila genetic tools with the ability to survey large swaths of intermediary metabolism, a metabolomics approach can reveal complex interactions between diet, genotype, life-history events, and environmental cues. In addition, metabolomics studies can discover novel enzymatic mechanisms and uncover previously unknown connections between seemingly disparate metabolic pathways. In order to facilitate more widespread use of this technology among the Drosophila community, here we provide a detailed protocol that describes how to prepare Drosophila larval samples for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomic analysis. Our protocol includes descriptions of larval sample collection, metabolite extraction, chemical derivatization, and GC-MS analysis. Successful completion of this protocol will allow users to measure the relative abundance of small polar metabolites, including amino acids, sugars, and organic acids involved in glycolysis and the TCA cycles.

Preparation of Drosophila Larval Samples for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry GC-MS-based Metabolomics

This protocol describes how to prepare Drosophila larvae for GC-MS-based metabolomic analysis.

Vorbereitung von Drosophila Larven Proben für Gaschromatographie-Massenspektrometrie (GC-MS)-basierte Metabolomik

Recent advances in the field of metabolomics have established the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a powerful genetic model for studying animal ...

Entwicklungsbiologie

Purification of Mitochondria from Yeast Cells

Mitochondria are the main site of ATP production during aerobic metabolism in eukaryotic non-photosynthetic cells1. These complex organelles also play essential roles in apoptotic cell death2, cell survival3, mammalian development4, neuronal development and function4, intracellular signalling5, and longevity regulation6. Our understanding of these complex biological processes controlled by mitochondria relies on robust methods for assessing their morphology, their protein and lipid composition, the integrity of their DNA, and their numerous vital functions. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a genetically and biochemically manipulable unicellular eukaryote with annotated genome and well-defined proteome, is a valuable model for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying essential biological functions of mitochondria. For these types of studies, it is crucial to have highly pure mitochondria. Here we present a detailed description of a rapid and effective method for purification of yeast mitochondria. This method enables the isolation of highly pure mitochondria that are essentially free of contamination by other organelles and retain their structural and functional integrity after their purification. Mitochondria purified by this method are suitable for cell-free reconstitution of essential mitochondrial processes and can be used for the analysis of mitochondrial structure and functions, mitochondrial proteome and lipidome, and mitochondrial DNA.

We describe a rapid and effective method for purification of mitochondria from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This method enables the high-yield isolation of pure mitochondria that are essentially free of contamination by other organelles and retain their structural and functional integrity after their purification.

Reinigung von Mitochondrien aus Hefezellen

Mitochondria are the main site of ATP production during aerobic metabolism in eukaryotic non-photosynthetic cells1. These complex organelles also play ...

Biologie

An Affordable and Efficient "Homemade" Platform for Drosophila Behavioral Studies, and an Accompanying Protocol for Larval Mitochondrial Respirometry

The usefulness of Drosophila as a model organism for the study of human diseases, behaviors and basic biology is unquestionable. Although practical, Drosophila research lacks popularity in developing countries, possibly due to the misinformed idea that establishing a lab and performing relevant experiments with such tiny insects is difficult and requires expensive, specialized apparatuses. Here, we describe how to build an affordable flylab to quantitatively analyze a myriad of behavioral parameters in D. melanogaster, by 3D-printing many of the necessary pieces of equipment. We provide protocols to build in-house vial racks, courtship arenas, apparatuses for locomotor assays, etc., to be used for general fly maintenance and to perform behavioral experiments using adult flies and larvae. We also provide protocols on how to use more sophisticated systems, such as a high resolution oxygraph, to measure mitochondrial oxygen consumption in larval samples, and show its association with behavioral changes in the larvae upon the xenotopic expression of the mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX). AOX increases larval activity and mitochondrial leak respiration, and accelerates development at low temperatures, which is consistent with a thermogenic role for the enzyme. We hope these protocols will inspire researchers, especially from developing countries, to use Drosophila to easily combine behavior and mitochondrial metabolism data, which may lead to information on genes and/or environmental conditions that may also regulate human physiology and disease states.

An Affordable and Efficient "Homemade" Platform for Drosophila Behavioral Studies, and an Accompanying Protocol for Larval Mitochondrial Respirometry

We provide protocols for anyone with a "maker culture" mind to start building a flylab for quantitative analysis of a myriad of behavioral parameters in Drosophila melanogaster, by 3D-printing many of the necessary pieces of equipment. We also describe a high resolution respirometry protocol using larvae to combine behavioral and mitochondrial metabolism data.

The usefulness of Drosophila as a model organism for the study of human diseases, behaviors and basic biology is unquestionable. Although practical, ...

Verhalten

Analyse der mitochondrialen Physiologie und Bioenergetik bei Fruchtfliegen

Analyzing Mitochondrial Function in a Drosophila melanogaster PINK1B9-Null Mutant Using High-resolution Respirometry

Neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD), and cellular disturbances such as cancer are some of the disorders that disrupt energy metabolism with impairment of mitochondrial functions. Mitochondria are organelles that control both energy metabolism and cellular processes involved in cell survival and death. For this reason, approaches to evaluate mitochondrial function can offer important insights into cellular conditions in pathological and physiological processes. In this regard, high-resolution respirometry (HRR) protocols allow evaluation of the whole mitochondrial respiratory chain function or the activity of specific mitochondrial complexes. Furthermore, studying mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics requires genetically and experimentally tractable models such as Drosophila melanogaster.
This model presents several advantages, such as its similarity to human physiology, its rapid life cycle, easy maintenance, cost-effectiveness, high throughput capabilities, and a minimized number of ethical concerns. These attributes collectively establish it as an invaluable tool for dissecting complex cellular processes. The present work explains how to analyze mitochondrial function using the Drosophila melanogaster PINK1B9-null mutant. The pink1 gene is responsible for encoding PTEN-induced putative kinase 1, through a process recognized as mitophagy, which is crucial for the removal of dysfunctional mitochondria from the mitochondrial network. Mutations in this gene have been associated with an autosomal recessive early-onset familial form of PD. This model can be used to study mitochondrial dysfunction involved in the pathophysiology of PD.

Autor im Rampenlicht: Erforschung der mitochondrialen Funktion und chemischen Toxizität mit Drosophila melanogaster 

Here we present a high-resolution respirometry protocol to analyze bioenergetics in PINK1B9-null mutant fruit flies. The method uses the Substrate-Uncoupler-Inhibitor-Titration (SUIT) protocol.

Analyse der Mitochondrienfunktion in einer Drosophila melanogaster PINK1 B9-Null-Mutante mittels hochauflösender Respirometrie

Neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD), and cellular disturbances such as cancer are some of the disorders that disrupt energy ...

Metabolic Analysis of Drosophila melanogaster Larval and Adult Brains

This protocol describes a method for measuring the metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster larval and adult brains. Quantifying metabolism in whole organs provides a tissue-level understanding of energy utilization that cannot be captured when analyzing primary cells and cell lines. While this analysis is ex vivo, it allows for the measurement from a number of specialized cells working together to perform a function in one tissue and more closely models the in vivo organ. Metabolic reprogramming has been observed in many neurological diseases, including neoplasia, and neurodegenerative diseases. This protocol was developed to assist the D. melanogaster community&#39;s investigation of metabolism in neurological disease models using a commercially available metabolic analyzer. Measuring metabolism of whole brains in the metabolic analyzer is challenging due to the geometry of the brain. This analyzer requires samples to remain at the bottom of a 96-well plate. Cell samples and tissue punches can adhere to the surface of the cell plate or utilize spheroid plates, respectively. However, the spherical, three-dimensional shape of D. melanogaster brains prevents the tissue from adhering to the plate. This protocol requires a specially designed and manufactured micro-tissue restraint that circumvents this problem by preventing any movement of the brain while still allowing metabolic measurements from the analyzer&#39;s two solid-state sensor probes. Oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates are reproducible and sensitive to a treatment with metabolic inhibitors. With a minor optimization, this protocol can be adapted for use with any whole tissue and/or model system, provided that the sample size does not exceed the chamber generated by the restraint. While basal metabolic measurements and an analysis after a treatment with mitochondrial inhibitors are described within this protocol, countless experimental conditions, such as energy source preference and rearing environment, could be interrogated.

Metabolic Analysis of Drosophila melanogaster Larval and Adult Brains

We present a protocol for measuring oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification in Drosophila melanogaster larval and adult brains. A metabolic analyzer is utilized with an adapted and optimized protocol. Micro-tissue restraints are a critical component of this protocol and were designed and created specifically for their use in this analysis.

Stoffwechselanalyse von Drosophila Melanogaster Schildzecken und erwachsenen Gehirn

This protocol describes a method for measuring the metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster larval and adult brains. Quantifying metabolism in whole organs ...

Neurowissenschaften

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

For the last decade, we have tried to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration using Drosophila as a model organism. Although fruit flies provide obvious experimental advantages, research on neurodegenerative diseases has mostly relied on traditional techniques, including genetic interaction, histology, immunofluorescence, and protein biochemistry. These techniques are effective for mechanistic, hypothesis-driven studies, which lead to a detailed understanding of the role of single genes in well-defined biological problems. However, neurodegenerative diseases are highly complex and affect multiple cellular organelles and processes over time. The advent of new technologies and the omics age provides a unique opportunity to understand the global cellular perturbations underlying complex diseases. Flexible model organisms such as Drosophila are ideal for adapting these new technologies because of their strong annotation and high tractability. One challenge with these small animals, though, is the purification of enough informational molecules (DNA, mRNA, protein, metabolites) from highly relevant tissues such as fly brains. Other challenges consist of collecting large numbers of flies for experimental replicates (critical for statistical robustness) and developing consistent procedures for the purification of high-quality biological material. Here, we describe the procedures for collecting thousands of fly heads and the extraction of transcripts and metabolites to understand how global changes in gene expression and metabolism contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. These procedures are easily scalable and can be applied to the study of proteomic and epigenomic contributions to disease.

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

We describe here the procedures for the extraction and purification of mRNA and metabolites from Drosophila heads. We are applying these techniques to better understand the cellular perturbations underlying neuronal degeneration. These methodologies can be easily scaled and adapted for other "omic" projects.

Reinigung von Transcripts und Metaboliten aus<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Köpfe

For the last decade, we have tried to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration using Drosophila as a model organism. ...

Vorbereitung der Mitochondrial angereicherten Fraktionen für die Stoffwechselanalyse in

Zusammenfassung

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Reinigung von Mitochondrien aus Hefezellen

An Affordable and Efficient "Homemade" Platform for Drosophila Behavioral Studies, and an Accompanying Protocol for Larval Mitochondrial Respirometry

Analyse der Mitochondrienfunktion in einer Drosophila melanogaster PINK1 B9-Null-Mutante mittels hochauflösender Respirometrie

Analyse der Mitochondrienfunktion in einer Drosophila melanogaster PINK1 B9-Null-Mutante mittels hochauflösender Respirometrie

Analyse der Mitochondrienfunktion in einer Drosophila melanogaster PINK1 B9-Null-Mutante mittels hochauflösender Respirometrie

Stoffwechselanalyse von Drosophila Melanogaster Schildzecken und erwachsenen Gehirn

Reinigung von Transcripts und Metaboliten aus