Name: tethered bilayer lipid membranes to monitor heat transfer between gold nanoparticles and lipid membranes
Uploaded: 2020-12-08T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Tethered Bilayer Lipid Membranes to Monitor Heat Transfer between Gold Nanoparticles and Lipid Membranes at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Program (DP150101065) and the ARC Research Hub for Integrated Device for End-user Analysis at Low-levels (IDEAL) (IH150100028).

1.&#160;tBLMs electrodes preparation
<ol>
	<li>Preparation of first monolayer coating
	<ol>
		<li>Immerse a freshly sputtered gold patterned electrode microscope slide in an ethanolic solution comprised of a 3 mM 1:9 ratio of benzyl-disulfide-tetra-ethyleneglycol-OH &#34;spacer&#34; molecules (benzyl disulfide comprised a four oxygen-ethylene glycol spacer, terminated with an OH group) and benzyl-disulfide (tetra-ethyleneglycol) n=2 C20-phytanyl &#34;tethered&#34; molecules. This creates the first laye...

<ol>
	<li>Her, S., Jaffray, D. A., Allen, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gold+nanoparticles+for+applications+in+cancer+radiotherapy:+Mechanisms+and+recent+advancements.">Gold nanoparticles for applications in cancer radiotherapy: Mechanisms and recent advancements.</a> Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 109, 84-101 (2017).</li><li>Pissuwan, D., Valenzuela, S. M., Killingsworth, M. C., Xu, X., Cortie, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+destruction+of+murine+macrophage+cells+with+bioconjugated+gold+nanorods.">Targeted destruction of murine macrophage cells with bioconjugated gold nanorods.</a> Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 9 (6), 1109-1124 (2007).</li><li>Pissuwan, D., Valenzuela, S. M., Miller, C. M., Cortie, M. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+golden+bullet?+Selective+targeting+of+Toxoplasma+gondii+tachyzoites+using+antibody-functionalized+gold+nanorods.">A golden bullet? Selective targeting of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites using antibody-functionalized gold nanorods.</a> Nano Letters. 7 (12), 3808-3812 (2007).</li><li>Zhang, H. -. G., Mehta, K., Cohen, P., Guha, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperthermia+on+immune+regulation:+a+temperature's+story.">Hyperthermia on immune regulation: a temperature's story.</a> Cancer Letters. 271 (2), 191-204 (2008).</li><li>Gobin, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Near-infrared+resonant+nanoshells+for+combined+optical+imaging+and+photothermal+cancer+therapy.">Near-infrared resonant nanoshells for combined optical imaging and photothermal cancer therapy.</a> Nano Letters. 7 (7), 1929-1934 (2007).</li><li>Jackson, J. B., Halas, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface-enhanced+Raman+scattering+on+tunable+plasmonic+nanoparticle+substrates.">Surface-enhanced Raman scattering on tunable plasmonic nanoparticle substrates.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (52), 17930-17935 (2004).</li><li>Emelianov, S. Y., Li, P. -. C., O'Donnell, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoacoustics+for+molecular+imaging+and+therapy.">Photoacoustics for molecular imaging and therapy.</a> Physics Today. 62 (8), 34 (2009).</li><li>Dimitriou, N. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gold+nanoparticles,+radiations+and+the+immune+system:+Current+insights+into+the+physical+mechanisms+and+the+biological+interactions+of+this+new+alliance+towards+cancer+therapy.">Gold nanoparticles, radiations and the immune system: Current insights into the physical mechanisms and the biological interactions of this new alliance towards cancer therapy.</a> Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics. 178, 1-17 (2017).</li><li>Mueller, P., Rudin, D. O., Tien, H. T., Wescott, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reconstitution+of+cell+membrane+structure+in+vitro+and+its+transformation+into+an+excitable+system.">Reconstitution of cell membrane structure in vitro and its transformation into an excitable system.</a> Nature. 194 (4832), 979 (1962).</li><li>Tamm, L. K., McConnell, H. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Supported+phospholipid+bilayers.">Supported phospholipid bilayers.</a> Biophysical Journal. 47 (1), 105-113 (1985).</li><li>Plant, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Supported+hybrid+bilayer+membranes+as+rugged+cell+membrane+mimics.">Supported hybrid bilayer membranes as rugged cell membrane mimics.</a> Langmuir. 15 (15), 5128-5135 (1999).</li><li>Sackmann, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Supported+membranes:+scientific+and+practical+applications.">Supported membranes: scientific and practical applications.</a> Science. 271 (5245), 43-48 (1996).</li><li>Alghalayini, A., Garcia, A., Berry, T., Cranfield, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Use+of+Tethered+Bilayer+Lipid+Membranes+to+Identify+the+Mechanisms+of+Antimicrobial+Peptide+Interactions+with+Lipid+Bilayers.">The Use of Tethered Bilayer Lipid Membranes to Identify the Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Peptide Interactions with Lipid Bilayers.</a> Antibiotics. 8 (1), 12 (2019).</li><li>Khan, M. S., Dosoky, N. S., Williams, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+lipid+bilayer+membranes+for+protein+studies.">Engineering lipid bilayer membranes for protein studies.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 14 (11), 21561-21597 (2013).</li><li>Urban, P., Kirchner, S. R., M&#252;hlbauer, C., Lohm&#252;ller, T., Feldmann, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+control+of+current+across+lipid+membranes+by+local+heating.">Reversible control of current across lipid membranes by local heating.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 22686 (2016).</li><li>Palankar, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoplasmonically-induced+defects+in+lipid+membrane+monitored+by+ion+current:+transient+nanopores+versus+membrane+rupture.">Nanoplasmonically-induced defects in lipid membrane monitored by ion current: transient nanopores versus membrane rupture.</a> Nano Letters. 14 (8), 4273-4279 (2014).</li><li>Bendix, P. M., Reihani, S. N. S., Oddershede, L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+measurements+of+heating+by+electromagnetically+trapped+gold+nanoparticles+on+supported+lipid+bilayers.">Direct measurements of heating by electromagnetically trapped gold nanoparticles on supported lipid bilayers.</a> ACS Nano. 4 (4), 2256-2262 (2010).</li><li>Plaksin, M., Shapira, E., Kimmel, E., Shoham, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+transients+excite+neurons+through+universal+intramembrane+mechanoelectrical+effects.">Thermal transients excite neurons through universal intramembrane mechanoelectrical effects.</a> Physical Review X. 8 (1), 011043 (2018).</li><li>Alghalayini, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+monitoring+of+heat+transfer+between+gold+nanoparticles+and+tethered+bilayer+lipid+membranes.">Real-time monitoring of heat transfer between gold nanoparticles and tethered bilayer lipid membranes.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes. , 183334 (2020).</li><li>Moradi-Monfared, S., Krishnamurthy, V., Cornell, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+molecular+machine+biosensor:+construction,+predictive+models+and+experimental+studies.">A molecular machine biosensor: construction, predictive models and experimental studies.</a> Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 34 (1), 261-266 (2012).</li><li>Hoiles, W., Gupta, R., Cornell, B., Cranfield, C., Krishnamurthy, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+tethers+on+artificial+cell+membranes:+A+coarse-grained+molecular+dynamics+study.">The effect of tethers on artificial cell membranes: A coarse-grained molecular dynamics study.</a> PloS One. 11 (10), 0162790 (2016).</li><li>Cranfield, C. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+potential+gradients+and+impedance+measures+of+tethered+bilayer+lipid+membranes:+pore-forming+peptide+insertion+and+the+effect+of+electroporation.">Transient potential gradients and impedance measures of tethered bilayer lipid membranes: pore-forming peptide insertion and the effect of electroporation.</a> Biophysical Journal. 106 (1), 182-189 (2014).</li><li>Dombrovsky, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Radiation heat transfer in disperse systems. , (1996).</li><li>Cornell, B. A., Braach-Maksvytis, V., King, L., Osman, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+biosensor+that+uses+ion-channel+switches.">A biosensor that uses ion-channel switches.</a> Nature. 387 (6633), 580 (1997).</li><li>Maccarini, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanostructural+determination+of+a+lipid+bilayer+tethered+to+a+gold+substrate.">Nanostructural determination of a lipid bilayer tethered to a gold substrate.</a> The European Physical Journal E. 39 (12), 123 (2016).</li><li>Beugin-Deroo, S., Ollivon, M., Lesieur, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bilayer+stability+and+impermeability+of+nonionic+surfactant+vesicles+sterically+stabilized+by+PEG-cholesterol+conjugates.">Bilayer stability and impermeability of nonionic surfactant vesicles sterically stabilized by PEG-cholesterol conjugates.</a> Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 202 (2), 324-333 (1998).</li><li>Kendall, J. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+the+Structure+of+Cholesterol-Based+Tethered+Bilayer+Lipid+Membranes+on+Ionophore+Activity.">Effect of the Structure of Cholesterol-Based Tethered Bilayer Lipid Membranes on Ionophore Activity.</a> ChemPhysChem. 11 (10), 2191-2198 (2010).</li><li>Jiang, W., Kim, B. Y., Rutka, J. T., Chan, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoparticle-mediated+cellular+response+is+size-dependent.">Nanoparticle-mediated cellular response is size-dependent.</a> Nature Nanotechnology. 3 (3), 145 (2008).</li><li>He, C., Hu, Y., Yin, L., Tang, C., Yin, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+particle+size+and+surface+charge+on+cellular+uptake+and+biodistribution+of+polymeric+nanoparticles.">Effects of particle size and surface charge on cellular uptake and biodistribution of polymeric nanoparticles.</a> Biomaterials. 31 (13), 3657-3666 (2010).</li><li>Wang, F. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+and+bulk+contributions+to+the+second-order+nonlinear+optical+response+of+a+gold+film.">Surface and bulk contributions to the second-order nonlinear optical response of a gold film.</a> Physical Review B. 80 (23), 233402 (2009).</li></ol>

This protocol describes the use of tBLM model with a coplanar electrode substrate in conjunction with a horizontal laser alignment set up that enables the real-time electrical impedance recording in response to laser irradiation of gold nanoparticles. The method of EIS recording presented here constructs a minimal list of experiments necessary to provide recording of ion current changes across the membrane, which corresponds to the heat generated by the coupled laser and gold nanoparticle...

The hyperthermic performance of irradiated gold nanomaterials offers a new class of minimally invasive, selective, targeted treatment for infections and tumors1. The employment of nanoparticles that can be heated by a laser has been used to selectively destroy diseased cells as well as providing a means for selective drug delivery2,3. A consequence of the photothermolysis phenomena of heated plasmonic nanoparticles is damage to the cell membranes. The fluid lipid bilayer membrane is considered a particularly vulnerable site for cells undergoing such treatments because denaturation of intrinsic membrane proteins as well as membrane damage can also lead to cell death4, as many proteins are there to maintain the ionic potential gradient across cell membranes. While the ability to determine and monitor heat transfer at the nanoscale is of key interest to the study and application of irradiated GNPs1,5,6,7, assessment and understanding of the molecular interactions between GNPs and bio-membranes, as well as the direct consequences of the laser-induced heating phenomena of embedded GNPs in biological tissues, are yet to be fully elucidated8. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the hyperthermia process of irradiated GNPs remains a challenge. As such, the development of a nanomaterial-electrode interface that mimics the natural surroundings of cells could provide a means by which to undertake an in-depth investigation of the heat transfer characteristics of irradiated gold nanoparticles within biological systems.
The complexity of native cell membranes is one of the significant challenges in understanding the irradiated GNPs interactions in cells. There have been various artificial membrane platforms developed to provide close simple bio-mimetic versions of natural lipid membrane architecture and functionality, including, but not limited to, black lipid membranes9, supported planar bilayer membranes10, hybrid bilayer membranes11, polymer-cushioned lipid bilayer membranes12&#160;and tethered bilayer lipid membranes13. Each artificial lipid membrane model has distinct advantages and limitations with respect to mimicking the natural lipid membranes14.
This study describes the employment of lipid membrane-coated electrodes as a sensor for assessing gold nanoparticle and lipid membrane interactions, using the tBLM model. The tBLM based biosensor detection scheme provides inherent stability and sensitivity13&#160;as tethered membranes can self-repair, unlike other systems (such as membranes formed by patch-clamp or liposomes) in which only a small amount of membrane damage results in their collapse15,16,17,18. Further, because tBLMs are of mm2&#160;dimensions, the background impedance is orders of magnitude lower than patch-clamp recording techniques, which enables a recording of changes in basal membrane ionic flux due to nanoparticle interactions. As a result of this, the present protocol can contrast changes in membrane conductance by bound GNPs that are excited by lasers whose powers are as low as 135 nW/&#181;m2.
The system presented here provides a sensitive and reproducible method for determining precise laser parameters, particle size, particle coatings and composition needed to design and develop thermal therapies. This is critical for the refinement of emerging photothermal therapies, as well as offering valuable information for detailed mechanisms of heat transfer within biological systems. The presented protocol is based on previously published work19. An outline of the protocol is as follows: the first section defines the tBLM formation; the second section outlines how to construct the setup and align the excitation laser source; the final section illustrates how to extract information from the electrical impedance spectroscopy data.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>30 nm diameter streptavidin-conjugated gold nanoparticles</td>
			<td>Cytodiagnostics</td>
			<td>AC-30-04-05</td>
			<td>This is a streptavidin-conjugated GNPs product ready for use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30 nm diameter bare gold nanoparticles</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>753629</td>
			<td>This is a bare GNPs product ready for use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cholesterol-PEG-Biotin (MW1000)</td>
			<td>NANOCS</td>
			<td>PG2-BNCS-10k</td>
			<td>Dissolved in highly pure ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C20 Diphytanyl-Glycero-Phosphatidylcholine lipids</td>
			<td>SDx Tethered Membranes Pty. Ltd.</td>
			<td>SDx-S1</td>
			<td>1 ml glass vial containing 70% C16 diphytanyl phosphatidylcholine (DPEPC) and 30% C16 diphytanyl glycerol (GDPE) in 99.9% ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benzyl-disulfide-tetra-ethyleneglycol-OH</td>
			<td>SDx Tethered Membranes Pty. Ltd.</td>
			<td>SDx-S2</td>
			<td>Spacer molecules</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benzyl-disulfide (tetra-ethyleneglycol) n=2 C20-phytanyl&#160;</td>
			<td>SDx Tethered Membranes Pty. Ltd.</td>
			<td>SDx-S2</td>
			<td>Tethered molecules</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>532 nm green laser continuous light</td>
			<td>OBIS LS/OBIS CORE LS, China</td>
			<td>ND-1000</td>
			<td>The power of this laser was ~135&#160;mW&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tethaPod EIS reader</td>
			<td>SDx Tethered Membranes Pty. Ltd.</td>
			<td>SDx-R1</td>
			<td>A reader of conductance and capacitance on six channels simultaneously</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tethaPlate cartridge assembly</td>
			<td>SDx Tethered Membranes Pty. Ltd.</td>
			<td>SDx-BG</td>
			<td>Materials to attach the slide with electrodes to the flow cell cartridge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clamp and slide assembly jig</td>
			<td>SDx Tethered Membranes Pty. Ltd.</td>
			<td>SDx-A1</td>
			<td>Materials to attach the slide with electrodes to the flow cell cartridge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipid coated coplanar gold electrodes</td>
			<td>SDx Tethered Membranes Pty. Ltd.</td>
			<td>SDx-T10</td>
			<td>Coplanar&#160; gold electrodes are made from 25 mm x 75&#160;mm x&#160;1&#160;mm polycarbonate base substrate with patterned gold arrays layout, then coated with benzyldisulphide, bis-tetraethylene glycol C16 phytanyl half membrane spanning tethers in a tether ratio of 10%&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tethaQuick software</td>
			<td>SDx Tethered Membranes Pty. Ltd.</td>
			<td>SDx-B1</td>
			<td>Software for use with tethaPod to process data and display conductance, impedance and capacitance measurements from the tethaPlate electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;99.9% Pure ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich&#160;</td>
			<td>34963</td>
			<td>Absolute,&#160; 99.9%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4417</td>
			<td>pH 7</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

tethered bilayer lipid membranes to monitor heat transfer between gold nanoparticles and lipid membranes

Here we report a protocol to investigate the heat transfer between irradiated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and bilayer lipid membranes by electrochemistry using tethered bilayer lipid membranes (tBLMs) assembled on gold electrodes. Irradiated modified GNPs, such as streptavidin-conjugated GNPs, are embedded in tBLMs containing target molecules, such as biotin. By using this approach, the heat transfer processes between irradiated GNPs and model bilayer lipid membrane with entities of interest are mediated by a horizontally focused laser beam. The thermal predictive computational model is used to confirm the electrochemically induced conductance changes in the tBLMs. Under the specific conditions used, detecting heat pulses required specific attachment of the gold nanoparticles to the membrane surface, while unbound gold nanoparticles failed to elicit a measurable response. This technique serves as a powerful detection biosensor which can be directly utilized for the design and development of strategies for thermal therapies that permits optimization of the laser parameters, particle size, particle coatings and composition.

The gold substrate upon which tBLMs can be created is shown in&#160;Figure 1. A schematic of the experimental setup is presented in&#160;Figure 2.
Coplanar gold electrodes, as shown in&#160;Figure 1A, are made from 25 mm x 75 mm x 1 mm polycarbonate base substrate with patterned gold arrays. A transparent adhesive layer defines the six individual measuring chambers. The coplanar gold electrode allows the ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Tethered Bilayer Lipid Membranes to Monitor Heat Transfer between Gold Nanoparticles and Lipid Membranes at JoVE.com

Tethered Bilayer Lipid Membranes to Monitor Heat Transfer between Gold Nanoparticles and Lipid Membranes (Video) | JoVE

This work outlines a protocol to achieve dynamic, non-invasive monitoring of heat transfer from laser-irradiated gold nanoparticles to tBLMs. The system combines impedance spectroscopy for the real-time measurement of conductance changes across the tBLMs, with a horizontally focused laser beam that drives gold nanoparticle illumination, for heat production.

Tethered Bilayer Lipid Membranes to Monitor Heat Transfer between Gold Nanoparticles and Lipid Membranes

Here we report a protocol to investigate the heat transfer between irradiated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and bilayer lipid membranes by electrochemistry ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Method for the Isolation of Francisella tularensis Outer Membranes

Method for the Isolation of Francisella tularensis Outer Membranes (Video) | JoVE

Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative intracellular coccobacillus and the causative agent of the zoonotic disease tularemia. When compared with other ...

Gramicidin-based Fluorescence Assay; for Determining Small Molecules Potential for Modifying Lipid Bilayer Properties

Gramicidin-based Fluorescence Assay; for Determining Small Molecules Potential for Modifying Lipid Bilayer Properties (Video) | JoVE

Many drugs and other small molecules used to modulate biological function are amphiphiles that adsorb at the bilayer/solution interface and thereby alter ...

Modeling Biological Membranes with Circuit Boards and Measuring Electrical Signals in Axons: Student Laboratory Exercises

Modeling Biological Membranes with Circuit Boards and Measuring Electrical Signals in Axons: Student Laboratory Exercises (Video) | JoVE

This is a demonstration of how electrical models can be used to characterize biological membranes. This exercise also introduces biophysical terminology ...

Lipid Vesicle-mediated Affinity Chromatography using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (LIMACS): a Novel Method to Analyze Protein-lipid Interaction

Lipid Vesicle-mediated Affinity Chromatography using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting LIMACS: a Novel Method to Analyze Protein-lipid Interaction (Video) | JoVE

The analysis of lipid protein interaction is difficult because lipids are embedded in cell membranes and therefore, inaccessible to most purification ...

Reconstitution of a Kv Channel into Lipid Membranes for Structural and Functional Studies

Reconstitution of a Kv Channel into Lipid Membranes for Structural and Functional Studies (Video) | JoVE

To study the lipid-protein interaction in a reductionistic fashion, it is necessary to incorporate the membrane proteins into membranes of well-defined ...

Using Caco-2 Cells to Study Lipid Transport by the Intestine

Using Caco-2 Cells to Study Lipid Transport by the Intestine (Video) | JoVE

Studies of dietary fat absorption are generally conducted by using an animal model equipped with a lymph cannula. Although this animal model is widely ...

Isolation and Compositional Analysis of Plant Cuticle Lipid Polyester Monomers

Isolation and Compositional Analysis of Plant Cuticle Lipid Polyester Monomers (Video) | JoVE

Terrestrial plants produce extracellular aliphatic biopolyesters that modify cell walls of specific tissues. Epidermal cells synthesize cutin, a polyester ...

Quantification of Lipid Abundance and Evaluation of Lipid Distribution in Caenorhabditis elegans by Nile Red and Oil Red O Staining

Quantification of Lipid Abundance and Evaluation of Lipid Distribution in Caenorhabditis elegans by Nile Red and Oil Red O Staining (Video) | JoVE

Caenorhabditis elegans is an exceptional model organism in which to study lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. Many of its lipid genes are conserved ...

Measurement of Energy Metabolism in Explanted Retinal Tissue Using Extracellular Flux Analysis

Measurement of Energy Metabolism in Explanted Retinal Tissue Using Extracellular Flux Analysis (Video) | JoVE

High acuity vision is a heavily energy-consuming process, and the retina has developed several unique adaptations to precisely meet such demands while ...

Dissection and Lipid Droplet Staining of Oenocytes in Drosophila Larvae

Dissection and Lipid Droplet Staining of Oenocytes in Drosophila Larvae (Video) | JoVE

Lipids are essential for animal development and physiological homeostasis. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism results in various developmental defects and ...