העבודה נתמכה בחלקה על ידי שירות הבריאות הציבורי מענק 1R01AI081568 מ NIAID ל י.ו. ועל ידי תרומות נדיבות של תורמים הרוכבים של רייד 2009 איידס NYCDC מאורגן על ידי מ &#39;רוזן Day2 בע&quot;מ

1. Transfection של פלסמידים עבור הפקה של Rev-מותנה חלקיקים lentiviral הגדרת: Rev-GFP תלוי וקטור lentiviral, pNL-GFP-RRE-SA, תוארה בעבר 4,5,6. כדי להרכיב לתוך חלקיק נגיפי, הפלסמיד היה contransfected לתוך HEK293 בתאי T לבנות עם HIV-1 אריזה, pCMVΔ8.2 (בתנאי בחביבות על ידי ד&quot;ר Dider Trono), וכן פלסמיד שנשא את גליקופרוטאין VSV-G (pHCMV-G) . Transfection בוצע בשיטת סידן פוספט. הכנת מאגרים: 10 X בהרוורד (Hepes בופר) הוכנה על ידי המסת 5 גרם של Hepes, 8 גרם של NaCl, 0.37 גרם של KCl, 1 גרם דקסטרוז, 0.103 גרם Na 2 HPO 4 (anhydrous) ב 100 מ&quot;ל של H 2 O. The10 Aliquot X בהרוורד חיץ לתוך 1 מ&quot;ל aliquots ולאחסן ב -20 ° C. בזמן transfection, להמיר את 10 X 2 X בהרוורד כדי בהרוורד עם H 2 O (1: 5 דילול), ולהתאים את ה-pH על בין 7.05-7.12. (ל -10 מ&quot;ל 2 X בהרוורד, זה בדרך כלל דורש כ 50 μL של 1M NaOH). סנן לעקר את החיץ 2X בהרוורד על ידי עובר דרך 0.22 מיקרומטר Millipore הסינון. חיץ CaCl 2 נעשתה על ידי המסת CaCl 2 ב 10 Hepes מ&quot;מ עד 2M ריכוז הסופי. התאם ל-pH 5.8, מסנן לעקר את החיץ ולאחסן ב 4 ° C. נוהל: <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> יום אחד לפני transfection, זרע 2 x 10 6 תאים HEK293T ב 100 מ&quot;מ, צלחת פטרי, ולגדל תאים לילה 10 מ&quot;ל DMEM + 10% FBS על 37 מעלות צלזיוס, 5% CO 2. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> למחרת, להסיר supernatant מתאי ולהחליף עם 5 מ&quot;ל טרי DMEM + 10% FBS, התרבות תאים ברציפות במשך 4 שעות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בתוך צינור קלקר 5 מ&quot;ל, להוסיף 480 μL חיץ 2X בהרוורד. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בתוך צינור פוליסטירן השני 5 מ&quot;ל, להוסיף 60 μL 2M CaCl 2 חיץ, ה-DNA פלסמיד, ו transfection TE חיץ (1 mM טריס, 25 mM EDTA, pH 8.0) עד נפח כולל של 480 μL. עבור צלחת פטרי כל פלסמידים יש להוסיף ביחס של 10 מיקרוגרם של pNL-GFP-RRE-SA, 7.5 מיקרוגרם של pCMVΔR8.3, ו 2.5 מ&quot;ג של pHCMV-G. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מוסיפים את פלסמיד דנ&quot;א CaCl 2 dropwise תערובת של הצינור 2 בהרוורד X, דגירה בטמפרטורת החדר למשך 30 דקות. המשקע בסדר יהוו. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מוסיפים את μL 960 של התערובת dropwise ידי פיפטה אל התאים. לדגור על 37 ° C CO, 5% 2 לילה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> למחרת, להסיר את supernatant ולהוסיף טרי 10 מ&quot;ל DMEM + 10% FBS, ברציפות דגירה התאים ב 37 ° C CO, 5% 2 לילה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בשלב transfection 48 שעות לכתוב, הקציר וירוס על ידי הסרת supernatant והעברתו לתוך צינורות 50 מ&quot;ל סטרילי. הוסף 10 מ&quot;ל טרי טרי DMEM FBS + 10% לתוך צלחת פטרי כל ולהמשיך תרבות בין לילה. חנות supernatant וירוס ב 4 ° C. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> המשך הקציר transfection 72 שעות שלאחר ידי איסוף supernatant. מערבבים את כל supernatants ו בצנטריפוגה supernatants XG ב 500 במשך 15 דקות כדי גלולה ולסלק פסולת התא. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Supernatant נאספו מסונן באמצעות מסנן Millipore 0.22 מיקרומטר. הווירוס היה מרוכז יותר באמצעות גודל הדרה עמודות. </li></ol> 2. תתרכז חלקיקים נגיפיים ולקבוע titer ויראלי <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חלקיקים נגיפיים רוכזו על ידי טור בגודל הרחקה (100,000 מגוואט מנותקים, Centricoin). Supernatant ויראלי נטען לתוך הטור, ו centrifuged XG ב 6000 ב 4 מעלות צלזיוס במשך 15 דקות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Supernatant ויראלי מרוכז נאסף, aliquoted, ומאוחסנים ב -80 ° C. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Titer ויראלי נקבע על ידי זיהום של TNF-שטופלו, HIV-1 קו התא חיובי Jacket, J1.1 7. היו תאים בתרבית בצלחת 96 גם ב 2.5 x 10 5 תאים לכל מ&quot;ל (100 מ&quot;ל סה&quot;כ נפח), וכן נגוע 100 מ&quot;ל של דילול סדרתי vNL-GFP-RRE-SA במשך שבוע. כייל (TCID50) של החלקיקים הוערך על ידי ספירת בארות GFP חיובית בעקבות השיטה של ​​ריד Muench 8. </li></ol> 3. סימון HIV-1 תאים חיובי עם החלקיקים lentiviral, vNL-GFP-RRE-SA הגדרת: תא T מסוג CD4 אנושי קו, CEM-SS, היה נגוע הראשון עם HIV-1. ב 48 השעות שלאחר הזיהום, התאים היו superinfected עם חלקיקי lentiviral, vNL-GFP-RRE-SA. בעקבות superinfection עוד יומיים, GFP חיובי תאים נותחו על ידי cytometry הזרימה. כמו שליטה, HIV-1 נגוע CEM-SS התאים נדבקו זהה עם vNL-GFP-RRE-SA. רק ב-HIV-1-נגועים CEM-SS תאים הולידה את ה-GFP בתאים חיוביים אך לא HIV-1 נגוע CEM-SS תאים. נוהל: <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שעתיים לפני ההדבקה, להוסיף polybrane לריכוז סופי 4 מ&quot;ג / מ&quot;ל. ספירת תאים ולקחת 2 x 10 5 תאים עבור כל זיהום. להדביק תאים עם נ&quot;ג 200 (p24) של HIV-1-3 NL4 למשך 2 שעות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כביסה תאים על ידי צנטריפוגה XG ב 300 במשך 10 דקות, resuspendתאים לתוך 2 x 10 5 תאים / מ&quot;ל, והתרבות 37 מעלות צלזיוס למשך 48 שעות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ספירת תאים ולקחת 2 x 10 5 תאים לכל זיהום vNL-GFP-RRE-SA. מוסיפים 100 מ&quot;ל של vNL-GFP-RRE-SA ו לדגור על 37 מעלות צלזיוס למשך הלילה. שטפו תאים resuspend לתוך 2 x 10 5 תאים / מ&quot;ל. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בצע ניתוח תזרים cytometry ב superinfection 48 שעות הודעה. תאים נגועים היו pelleted ו resuspended לתוך paraformaldehede 500 מ&quot;ל 1%, מודגרות בטמפרטורת החדר למשך 20 דקות, ניתח אז על נתח FACScan (בקטון דיקנסון). </li></ol> 4. נציג תוצאות אם הניסויים מבוצעים בהצלחה, אוכלוסייה גדולה של GFP יזוהו בתאים HIV-1-נגועים CEM-SS על ידי cytometer את הזרימה, בעוד שליטה, התאים GFP חיובי לא יזוהו ב HIV-1 נגוע CEM-SS תאים. אם הניסויים מבוצעים בהצלחה, וקטור Rev-מותנה lentiviral, vNL-GFP-RRE-SA, יאפשר זיהוי ספציפי מאוד של איידס משכפלים לחיות אוכלוסיות תאים, באמצעות מדידה של חלבון פלואורסצנטי ירוק הביטוי (GFP). בדוגמה זו, שנקטפו CEM-SS תאים הוכתמו נוגדן PE-שכותרתו עכברוש חד שבטי כנגד CD24 העכבר, HSA, ונותחו לאחר מכן על cytometer זרימה הן HSA וביטוי GFP. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2198/2198fig1.jpg" alt="איור 1" /> באיור 1. כפי שמוצג כאן, אוכלוסייה גדולה של GFP זוהה HIV-1-נגועים בתאי superinfected עם vNL-GFP-RRE-SA (איור 1 ג&#39;). לעומת זאת, התאים GFP חיובי לא התגלו או CEM-SS תאים HIV-1 נגוע ללא superinfection lentiviral (איור 1 א) או HIV-1 לתאים נגוע עם superinfection lentiviral (איור 1b).

<ol>
	<li>Garcia, J. A., Wu, F. K., Mitsuyasu, R., Gaynor, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interactions+of+cellular+proteins+involved+in+the+transcriptional+regulation+of+the+human+immunodeficiency+virus.">Interactions of cellular proteins involved in the transcriptional regulation of the human immunodeficiency virus.</a> EMBO Journal. 6, 3761-3770 (1987).</li><li>Merzouki, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-1+gp120/160+expressing+cells+upregulate+HIV-1+LTR+directed+gene+expression+in+a+cell+line+transfected+with+HIV-1+LTR-reporter+gene+constructs.">HIV-1 gp120/160 expressing cells upregulate HIV-1 LTR directed gene expression in a cell line transfected with HIV-1 LTR-reporter gene constructs.</a> Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand. 41, 445-452 (1995).</li><li>Aguilar-Cordova, E., Chinen, J., Donehower, L., Lewis, D. E., Belmont, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+sensitive+reporter+cell+line+for+HIV-1+tat+activity,+HIV-1+inhibitors,+and+T+cell+activation+effects.">A sensitive reporter cell line for HIV-1 tat activity, HIV-1 inhibitors, and T cell activation effects.</a> AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 10, 295-301 (1994).</li><li>Wu, Y., Beddall, M. H., Marsh, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rev-dependent+lentiviral+expression+vector.">Rev-dependent lentiviral expression vector.</a> Retrovirology. 4, 12-12 (2007).</li><li>Wu, Y., Beddall, M. H., Marsh, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rev-dependent+indicator+T+cell+line.">Rev-dependent indicator T cell line.</a> Current HIV Research. 5, 395-403 (2007).</li><li>Young, J., Tang, Z., Yu, Q., Yu, D., Wu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+killing+of+HIV-1-positive+macrophages+and+T+Cells+by+the+Rev-dependent+lentivirus+carrying+anthrolysin+O+from+Bacillus+anthracis.">Selective killing of HIV-1-positive macrophages and T Cells by the Rev-dependent lentivirus carrying anthrolysin O from Bacillus anthracis.</a> Retrovirology. 5, 36-36 (2008).</li><li>Perez, V. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+HIV-1-infected+T+cell+clone+defective+in+IL-2+production+and+Ca2++mobilization+after+CD3+stimulation.">An HIV-1-infected T cell clone defective in IL-2 production and Ca2+ mobilization after CD3 stimulation.</a> Journal of Immunology. 147, 3145-3148 (1991).</li><li>Reed, L. J., Muench, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+of+estimating+fifty+percent+endpoints.">A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints.</a> American Journal of Hygiene. 27, 493-497 (1938).</li></ol>

אין ניגודי אינטרסים הכריז.

כמו עם תאת תלויי וקטורים התפתחה בשלב מוקדם יותר ביטוי, מערכת Rev המתואר כאן הוא ניצול של תהליך התפתח HIV. הכללת Rev-התלות הופכת את וקטור מבוססי LTR הביטוי תלויה מאוד בנוכחות של שכפול ה-HIV. היישום של וקטור זה כפי שדווח כאן, וירוס ה-HIV תלויי הכתב, מציעה גישה חדשה הרומן לזהות נשאי HIV לתאים. וקטור מאפשר בדיקה של תאים חיים, יכול לבטא את כל הגן לניסויים בסיסי או קליני, כמו lentivirus פסאודו הקלדת יש גישה סוגי תאים ורקמות ביותר.

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		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Biosafety Cabinet</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>37&deg;C 5%CO2 incubator</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Flow cytometer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FACSCalibur</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Centrifuge</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Beckman</td>
<td>Allega&trade;6KR</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>4&deg;C regrigerator</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>-20&deg;C refrigerator</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td> -80&deg;C refrigerator</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Cell counter</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Nexcelom</td>
<td>Cellometer&trade; AutoT4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>HEK293T cell line</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>NIH</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>CEM-SS cell line</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>NIH</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Jurkat cell line J1.1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>NIH</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>DMEM</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>11965-118</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>RPMI 1640</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>21870</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>HI FBS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>10438-018</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>HIV-1NL4-3</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>prepared by tranfsection of HeLa cells with cloned proviral DNA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pNL-GFP-RRE</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>copmlete deletion of all HIV ORFs of pNL4-3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pNL-GFP-RRE-SA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Insert HIV-1 A5 and D4 into pNL-GFP-RRE</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pCMV&Delta;8.2</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>provided by Dr. Dider Trono</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>pHCMV-G</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>10 x HBS (Hepes Buffered Saline)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>11344-041</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>2M CaCl2 buffer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>S-013-154-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>1% paraformaldehy</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>158127</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Bleach</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>50ml Falcon tubes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD Bioscience</td>
<td>358206</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>5ml round bottom tubes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD Bioscience</td>
<td>352063</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>0.45&mu;M Millipore filter</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Millipore</td>
<td>SLHA033SS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>0.20&mu;M Millipore filter</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Millipore</td>
<td>SLFG85000</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>100mm Petri-dish</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>CLS430588</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Size-exclusion column (100,000MW cut off)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>SartoriuStedim biotech</td>
<td>VS2041</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>2ml frozen tube</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Axygen</td>
<td>SCT-200</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>96-well plate</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD Bioscience</td>
<td>353227</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>1.7mL Microcentrifuge Tube</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Axygen</td>
<td>MCT- 175-C</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
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specific marking of hiv-1 positive cells using a rev-dependent lentiviral vector expressing the green fluorescent protein

רוב HIV-תגובה וקטורים ביטוי מבוססים על האמרגן HIV, לחזור מסוף ארוך (LTR). בעוד מגיבים חלבון ה-HIV מוקדם, תאת, LTR הוא גם מגיב למצבים ההפעלה הסלולרית לפעילות הכרומטין המקומי שבו האינטגרציה התרחשה. זה יכול לגרום ל-HIV פעילות עצמאית גבוהה, הגביל את השימושיות של הכתב LTR מבוססי תאים סימן נשאיות 1,2,3. הנה, אנחנו נבנה וקטור ביטוי lentiviral שיש לה, בנוסף LTR תאת-תגובה, מספר רב של רצפי דנ&quot;א HIV הכוללים את אלמנט Rev-HIV בתגובה אתרי שחבור 4,5,6. וקטור שולב וירוס כתב lentiviral, המתיר גילוי ספציפי מאוד של שכפול ה-HIV בקרב אוכלוסיות תא חי. הפעילות של וקטור נמדדה על ידי ביטוי של חלבון פלואורסצנטי ירוק (GFP). היישום של וקטור זה כפי שדווח כאן מציעה גישה חלופית הרומן השיטות הקיימות, כגון PCR באתרו או מכתים HIV אנטיגן, לזהות נשאי HIV לתאים. וקטור יכול גם לבטא גנים טיפוליים לניסויים קליניים בסיסיים או למקד נשאי HIV לתאים.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Specific Marking of HIV-1 Positive Cells using a Rev-dependent Lentiviral Vector Expressing the Green Fluorescent Protein at JoVE.com

Specific Marking of HIV-1 Positive Cells using a Rev-dependent Lentiviral Vector Expressing the Green Fluorescent Protein

פיתחנו וקטור lentiviral שיש לה, בנוסף LTR תאת מגיב, את אלמנט Rev-תגובה (RRE) כי ניתן לווסת את ביטוי הגן הכתב בצורה HIV-1 ו-תאת Rev-מותנה. וקטור מאפשר את זיהוי ספציפי של שכפול HIV בתאים חיים באמצעות ביטוי ה-GFP.

סימון ספציפיות של HIV-1 תאים חיוביים באמצעות וקטור Rev-מותנה lentiviral מבטא את חלבון פלואורסצנטי ירוק

Most of HIV-responsive expression vectors are based on the HIV promoter, the long terminal repeat (LTR). While responsive to an early HIV protein, Tat, ...

specific-marking-hiv-1-positive-cells-using-rev-dependent-lentiviral

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

12.8K Views.  George Mason University. פיתחנו וקטור lentiviral שיש לה, בנוסף LTR תאת מגיב, את אלמנט Rev-תגובה (RRE) כי ניתן לווסת את ביטוי הגן הכתב בצורה HIV-1 ו-תאת Rev-מותנה. וקטור מאפשר את זיהוי ספציפי של שכפול HIV בתאים חיים באמצעות ביטוי ה-GFP.

Video: Specific Marking of HIV-1 Positive Cells using a Rev-dependent Lentiviral Vector Expressing the Green Fluorescent Protein

Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Background: Prior to receiving a drug from CCR5-antagonist class in HIV therapy, a patient must undergo an HIV tropism test to confirm that his or her viral population uses the CCR5 coreceptor for cellular entry, and not an alternative coreceptor. One approach to tropism testing is to examine the sequence of the V3 region of the HIV envelope, which interacts with the coreceptor.
Methods: Viral RNA is extracted from blood plasma. The V3 region is amplified in triplicate with nested reverse transcriptase-PCR. The amplifications are then sequenced and analyzed using the software, RE_Call. Sequences are then submitted to a bioinformatic algorithm such as geno2pheno to infer viral tropism from the V3 region. Sequences are inferred to be non-R5 if their geno2pheno false positive rate falls below 5.75%. If any one of the three sequences from a sample is inferred to be non-R5, the patient is unlikely to respond to a CCR5-antagonist.

HIV tropism can be inferred from the V3 region of the viral envelope. V3 is PCR amplified in triplicate using nested RT-PCR, sequenced, and interpreted using bioinformatic software. Samples with with 1 or more sequence(s) with low g2P scores are classified as non-R5 virus.

הסקה Genotypic של כמיהות HIV-1 שימוש אוכלוסייה מבוססת רצף של V3

Background: Prior to receiving a drug from CCR5-antagonist class in HIV therapy, a patient must undergo an HIV tropism test to confirm that his or her ...

Prediction of HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage (Tropism) by Sequence Analysis using a Genotypic Approach

Maraviroc (MVC) is the first licensed antiretroviral drug from the class of coreceptor antagonists. It binds to the host coreceptor CCR5, which is used by the majority of HIV strains in order to infect the human immune cells (Fig. 1). Other HIV isolates use a different coreceptor, the CXCR4. Which receptor is used, is determined in the virus by the Env protein (Fig. 2). Depending on the coreceptor used, the viruses are classified as R5 or X4, respectively. MVC binds to the CCR5 receptor inhibiting the entry of R5 viruses into the target cell. During the course of disease, X4 viruses may emerge and outgrow the R5 viruses. Determination of coreceptor usage (also called tropism) is therefore mandatory prior to administration of MVC, as demanded by EMA and FDA. 
The studies for MVC efficiency MOTIVATE, MERIT and 1029 have been performed with the Trofile assay from Monogram, San Francisco, U.S.A. This is a high quality assay based on sophisticated recombinant tests. The acceptance for this test for daily routine is rather low outside of the U.S.A., since the European physicians rather tend to work with decentralized expert laboratories, which also provide concomitant resistance testing. These laboratories have undergone several quality assurance evaluations, the last one being presented in 20111.
For several years now, we have performed tropism determinations based on sequence analysis from the HIV env-V3 gene region (V3)2. This region carries enough information to perform a reliable prediction. 
The genotypic determination of coreceptor usage presents advantages such as: shorter turnover time (equivalent to resistance testing), lower costs, possibility to adapt the results to the patients' needs and possibility of analysing clinical samples with very low or even undetectable viral load (VL), particularly since the number of samples analysed with VL&lt;1000 copies/&mu;l roughly increased in the last years (Fig. 3).
The main steps for tropism testing (Fig. 4) demonstrated in this video: 
1. Collection of a blood sample 
 2. Isolation of the HIV RNA from the plasma and/or HIV proviral DNA from blood mononuclear cells 
 3. Amplification of the env region 
 4. Amplification of the V3 region 
 5. Sequence reaction of the V3 amplicon 
 6. Purification of the sequencing samples 
 7. Sequencing the purified samples 
 8. Sequence editing 
 9. Sequencing data interpretation and tropism prediction

Prediction of HIV-1 Coreceptor Usage Tropism by Sequence Analysis using a Genotypic Approach

The prediction of the coreceptor usage of HIV-1 is required for the administration of a new class of antiretroviral drugs, i.e. coreceptor antagonists. It can be performed by sequence analysis of the env gene and subsequent interpretation through an internet based interpretation system (geno2pheno[coreceptor]).

ניבוי של שימוש בנגיף HIV-1 Coreceptor (זיקה) על ידי ניתוח רצף באמצעות גישת genotypic

Maraviroc (MVC) is the first licensed antiretroviral drug from the class of coreceptor antagonists. It binds to the host coreceptor CCR5, which is used by ...

In vitro Uncoating of HIV-1 Cores

The genome of the retroviruses is encased in a capsid surrounded by a lipid envelope. For lentiviruses, such as HIV-1, the conical capsid shell is composed of CA protein arranged as a lattice of hexagon. The capsid is closed by 7 pentamers at the broad end and 5 at the narrow end of the cone1, 2. Encased in this capsid shell is the viral ribonucleoprotein complex, and together they comprise the core.
Following fusion of the viral membrane with the target cell membrane, the HIV-1 is released into the cytoplasm. The capsid then disassembles releasing free CA in the soluble form3 in a process referred to as uncoating. The intracellular location and timing of HIV-1 uncoating are poorly understood. Single amino-acid substitutions in CA that alter the stability of the capsid also impair the ability of HIV-1 to infect cells4. This indicates that the stability of the capsid is critical for HIV-1 infection.
HIV-1 uncoating has been difficult to study due to lack of availability of sensitive and reliable assays for this process. Here we describe a quantitative method for studying uncoating in vitro using cores isolated from infectious HIV-1 particles. The approach involves isolation of cores by sedimentation of concentrated virions through a layer of detergent and into a linear sucrose gradient, in the cold. To quantify uncoating, the isolated cores are incubated at 37&deg;C for various timed intervals and subsequently pelleted by ultracentrifugation. The extent of uncoating is analyzed by quantifying the fraction of CA in the supernatant. This approach has been employed to analyze effects of viral mutations on HIV-1 capsid stability4, 5, 6. It should also be useful for studying the role of cellular factors in HIV-1 uncoating.

In vitro Uncoating of HIV-1 Cores

Uncoating is an essential step in the early phase of the HIV-1 life cycle and is defined as the disassembly of the capsid shell and the release of the viral ribonucleoprotein complex (vRNP). Here, we demonstrate techniques for isolating intact cores from HIV-1 virions and for quantifying their uncoating in vitro.

ב Uncoating במבחנה של HIV-1 ליבות

The genome of the retroviruses is encased in a capsid surrounded by a lipid envelope. For lentiviruses, such as HIV-1, the conical capsid shell is ...

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the protocols described here use freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to sense infections in either T cell line (MT4) or heterologous primary CD4+ T cells. In order to ensure proper sensing, it is essential that PBMC are isolated immediately after blood collection and that optimal percentage of infected T cells are used. Furthermore, multi-parametric flow cytometric staining can be used to confirm that PBMC samples contain the different cell lineages at physiological ratios. A number of controls can also be included to evaluate viability and functionality of pDCs. These include, the presence of specific surface markers, assessing cellular responses to known agonist of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) pathways, and confirming a lack of spontaneous type-I interferon (IFN) production. In this system, freshly isolated PBMCs or pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected cells in 96 well plates for 18-22 hr. Supernatants from these co-cultures are then used to determine the levels of bioactive type-I IFNs by monitoring the activation of the ISGF3 pathway in HEK-Blue IFN-&#945;/&#946; cells. Prior and during co-culture conditions, target cells can be subjected to flow cytometric analysis to determine a number of parameters, including the percentage of infected cells, levels of specific surface markers, and differential killing of infected cells. Although, these protocols were initially developed to follow type-I IFN production, they could potentially be used to study other imuno-modulatory molecules released from pDCs and to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms governing HIV-1 innate sensing.

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Unlike cell-free HIV-1 particles, infected CD4+ T cells are effectively sensed by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). This manuscript describes a method where peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or isolated pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected T cells to evaluate innate sensing by pDCs as assessed by release of type-I IFN.

הערכת חישה המולדת של CD4 הנגוע ב- HIV-1<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; T תאים על ידי תאים דנדריטים Plasmacytoid שימוש<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; עמית תרבות מערכת.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the ...

Conformational Evaluation of HIV-1 Trimeric Envelope Glycoproteins Using a Cell-based ELISA Assay

HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) mediate viral entry into target cells and are essential to the infectious cycle. Understanding how those glycoproteins are able to fuel the fusion process through their conformational changes could lead to the design of better, more effective immunogens for vaccine strategies. Here we describe a cell-based ELISA assay that allows studying the recognition of trimeric HIV-1 Env by monoclonal antibodies. Following expression of HIV-1 trimeric Env at the surface of transfected cells, conformation specific anti-Env antibodies are incubated with the cells. A horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody and a simple chemiluminescence reaction are then used to detect bound antibodies. This system is highly flexible and can detect Env conformational changes induced by soluble CD4 or cellular proteins. It requires minimal amount of material and no highly-specialized equipment or know-how. Thus, this technique can be established for medium to high throughput screening of antigens and antibodies, such as newly-isolated antibodies.

Understanding viral surface antigens conformations is required to evaluate antibody neutralization and guide the design of effective vaccine immunogens. Here we describe a cell-based ELISA assay that allows the study of the recognition of trimeric HIV-1 Env expressed at the surface of transfected cells by specific anti-Env antibodies.

הערכת קונפורמציה של HIV-1 trimeric מעטפת גליקופרוטאינים שימוש ELISA Assay מבוסס Cell

HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) mediate viral entry into target cells and are essential to the infectious cycle. Understanding how those glycoproteins ...

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals

Exosomes are small vesicles ranging in size from 30 nm to 100 nm that are released both constitutively and upon stimulation from a variety of cell types. They are found in a number of biological fluids and are known to carry a variety of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid molecules. Originally thought to be little more than reservoirs for cellular debris, the roles of exosomes regulating biological processes and in diseases are increasingly appreciated.
Several methods have been described for isolating exosomes from cellular culture media and biological fluids. Due to their small size and low density, differential ultracentrifugation and/or ultrafiltration are the most commonly used techniques for exosome isolation. However, plasma of HIV-1 infected individuals contains both exosomes and HIV viral particles, which are similar in size and density. Thus, efficient separation of exosomes from HIV viral particles in human plasma has been a challenge.
To address this limitation, we developed a procedure modified from Cantin et. al., 2008 for purification of exosomes from HIV particles in human plasma. Iodixanol velocity gradients were used to separate exosomes from HIV-1 particles in the plasma of HIV-1 positive individuals. Virus particles were identified by p24 ELISA. Exosomes were identified on the basis of exosome markers acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and the CD9, CD63, and CD45 antigens. Our gradient procedure yielded exosome preparations free of virus particles. The efficient purification of exosomes from human plasma enabled us to examine the content of plasma-derived exosomes and to investigate their immune modulatory potential and other biological functions.

Techniques describing a gradient procedure to separate exosomes from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) particles are described. This procedure was used to isolate exosomes away from HIV particles in human plasma from HIV-infected individuals. The isolated exosomes were analyzed for cytokine/chemokine content.

בידוד של Exosomes מהפלזמה של HIV-1 אנשים חיוביים

Exosomes are small vesicles ranging in size from 30 nm to 100 nm that are released both constitutively and upon stimulation from a variety of cell types. ...

SILAC Based Proteomic Characterization of Exosomes from HIV-1 Infected Cells

Proteomics is the large-scale analysis of proteins. Proteomic techniques, such as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS), can characterize thousands of proteins at a time. These powerful techniques allow us to have a systemic understanding of cellular changes, especially when cells are subjected to various stimuli, such as infections, stresses, and specific test conditions. Even with recent developments, analyzing the exosomal proteome is time-consuming and often involves complex methodologies. In addition, the resultant large dataset often needs robust and streamlined analysis in order for researchers to perform further downstream studies. Here, we describe a SILAC-based protocol for characterizing the exosomal proteome when cells are infected with HIV-1. The method is based on simple isotope labeling, isolation of exosomes from differentially labeled cells, and mass spectrometry analysis. This is followed by detailed data mining and bioinformatics analysis of the proteomic hits. The resultant datasets and candidates are easy to understand and often offer a wealth of information that is useful for downstream analysis. This protocol is applicable to other subcellular compartments and a wide range of test conditions.

Here, we describe a quantitative proteomics method using the technique of stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to analyze the effects of HIV-1 infection on host exosomal proteomes. This protocol can be easily adapted to cells under different stress or infection conditions.

אפיון proteomic SILAC מבוסס של Exosomes מ- HIV-1 תאים נגועים

Proteomics is the large-scale analysis of proteins. Proteomic techniques, such as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS), can ...

Dextran Enhances the Lentiviral Transduction Efficiency of Murine and Human Primary NK Cells

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining the role of the gene of interest in the development, differentiation, and function of NK cells. Recent advances related to chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in cancer immunotherapy accentuate the need for an efficient method to deliver exogenous genes to effector lymphocytes. The efficiencies of lentiviral-mediated gene transductions into primary human or mouse NK cells remain significantly low, which is a major limiting factor. Recent advances using cationic polymers, such as polybrene, show an improved gene transduction efficiency in T cells. However, these products failed to improve the transduction efficiencies of NK cells. This work shows that dextran, a branched glucan polysaccharide, significantly improves the transduction efficiency of human and mouse primary NK cells. This highly reproducible transduction methodology provides a competent tool for transducing human primary NK cells, which can vastly improve clinical gene delivery applications and thus NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.

The goal of this study was to formulate technologies that allow for successful gene transduction in primary natural killer (NK) cells. The dextran-mediated lentiviral transduction of human or mouse primary NK cells results in higher gene expression efficiencies. This method of gene transduction will vastly improve NK cell genetic manipulation.

לתוספי משפר את היעילות התמרה חושית Lentiviral של תאי NK העיקרי מאתר ואנושי

The efficient transduction of specific genes into natural killer (NK) cells has been a major challenge. Successful transductions are critical to defining ...

Using Enhanced Green Fluorescence Protein-expressing Escherichia Coli to Assess Mouse Peritoneal Macrophage Phagocytosis

This manuscript describes a simple and reproducible method to perform a phagocytosis assay. The first part of this method involves building a pET-SUMO-EGFP vector (SUMO = small ubiquitin-like modifier) and expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) in Escherichia coli (BL21DE). EGFP-expressing E. coli is coincubated with macrophages for 1 h at 37 &#176;C; the negative control group is incubated on ice for the same amount of time. Then, the macrophages are ready for assessment. The advantages of this technique include its simple and straightforward steps, and phagocytosis can be measured by both flow cytometer and fluorescence microscope. The EGFP-expressing E. coli are stable and display a strong fluorescence signal even after the macrophages are fixed with paraformaldehyde. This method is not only suitable for the assessment of macrophage cell lines or primary macrophages in vitro but also suitable for the evaluation of granulocyte and monocyte phagocytosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The results show that the phagocytic capability of peritoneal macrophages from young (eight-week-old) mice is higher than that of macrophages from aged (16-month-old) mice. In summary, this method measures macrophage phagocytosis and is suitable for studying the innate immune system function.

Using Enhanced Green Fluorescence Protein-expressing Escherichia Coli to Assess Mouse Peritoneal Macrophage Phagocytosis

Here, we present a protocol to assess mouse peritoneal macrophage phagocytosis using enhanced green fluorescence protein-expressing Escherichia coli.

שימוש משופרת פלורסצנטיות ירוק חלבון-הבעת Escherichia Coli כדי להעריך את העכבר מקרופאג הצפק Phagocytosis

This manuscript describes a simple and reproducible method to perform a phagocytosis assay. The first part of this method involves building a ...

Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry

The HIV-1 infectious cycle requires viral protein interactions with host factors to facilitate viral replication, packaging, and release. The infectious cycle further requires the formation of viral/host protein complexes with HIV-1 RNA to regulate the splicing and enable nucleocytoplasmic transport. The HIV-1 Rev protein accomplishes the nuclear export of HIV-1 mRNAs through multimerization with intronic cis-acting targets - the Rev response element (RRE). A nucleolar localization signal (NoLS) exists within the COOH-terminus of the Rev arginine-rich motif (ARM), allowing the accumulation of Rev/RRE complexes in the nucleolus. Nucleolar factors are speculated to support the HIV-1 infectious cycle through various other functions in addition to mediating mRNA-independent nuclear export and splicing. We describe an immunoprecipitation method of wild-type (WT) Rev in comparison to Rev nucleolar mutations (deletion and single-point Rev-NoLS mutations) in the presence of HIV-1 replication for mass spectrometry. Nucleolar factors implicated in the nucleocytoplasmic transport (nucleophosmin B23 and nucleolin C23), as well as cellular splicing factors, lose interaction with Rev in the presence of Rev-NoLS mutations. Various other nucleolar factors, such as snoRNA C/D box 58, are identified to lose interaction with Rev mutations, yet their function in the HIV-1 replication cycle remain unknown. The results presented here demonstrate the use of this approach for the identification of viral/host nucleolar factors that maintain the HIV-1 infectious cycle. The concepts used in this approach are applicable to other viral and disease models requiring the characterization of understudied pathways.

Here we describe Rev immunoprecipitation in the presence of HIV-1 replication for mass spectrometry. The methods described can be used for the identification of nucleolar factors involved in the HIV-1 infectious cycle and are applicable to other disease models for the characterization of understudied pathways.

זיהוי של גורמי הנוקלאוולאר במהלך שכפול HIV-1 באמצעות Rev Immunoprecipitation וספקטרומטר מסה

The HIV-1 infectious cycle requires viral protein interactions with host factors to facilitate viral replication, packaging, and release. The infectious ...