עבודה זו נתמכה בחלקה על ידי המכונים הלאומיים לבריאות (GM093282 אל PW; 3U54AI057158-06S1 כדי RDS) וקרנות ההפעלה של אלברט איינשטיין לרפואה.

1. ביצה איסוף Dechorionation <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> איסוף והעברת ביצי דג הזברה על צלחת פטרי 35mm, להסיר כמו מים רב ככל האפשר ולאחר מכן להוסיף 1 מ&quot;ג / מ&quot;ל E Pronease במדיום העובר E3 (5 mM NaCl, KCl mM 0.17, 0.33 mM CaCl 2 · 2H 2 O, 0.33 mM MgSO 4, pH = 7.4) לעכל את סיסית. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אחרי 3-5 דקות, למזג את המנה לתוך כוס מלא מים ודגים (60 מ&quot;ג &quot;אושן מיידית&quot; לליטר מזוקקים H 2 O), בעדינות להעביר את הביצים כוס ולאפשר ביצים כדי &quot;ליפול&quot; לתוך המים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> יש לשטוף את הביצים במים דגים שלוש פעמים. רוב הביצים ישוחרר מן סיסית שלהם. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> באמצעות אש זכוכית מלוטשת פיפטה פסטר, להעביר את הביצים dechorionated כדי agarose מצופה בצלחות פטרי מלאות בינוני העובר E3. </li></ol> 2. Microinjection עם תוצר FucAl <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכן את הכלים הבאים הזרקה פרוטוקול דיווח 7. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> העברת ביצים dechorionated לתוך הזרקת מנות מלאות בינוני העובר E3. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכן את המחט, עומס פתרון 2 הזרקה μL. פתרון זה מכיל 20 מ&quot;מ תוצר FucAl מסונתז chemoenzymatically 8 ו או פלואוריד אלקסה 594-dextran (5% w / v) כמו נותב או פנול טעינה צבע אדום (0.1% w / v) ב 0.2 M KCl. כביקורת שלילית, ולהחליף תוצר FucAl עם תוצר fucose בפתרון ההזרקה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לשבור את המחט ולהתאים את הלחץ הזרקת ומשך להניב ירידה 1 NL 9. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הזרק את הביצים עם 1 NL של פתרון או. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מעבירים את הביצים לתוך agarose מצופה בצלחות פטרי מלאות בינוני העובר E3. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לדגור על ביצים 28 ° C ו להסיר את הביצים מופרית בתוך שלוש עד ארבע שעות לאחר ההפריה. </li></ol> 3. BTTES-Cu (אני)-catalyzed התגובה לכימיה לחץ <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כאשר עוברים את הטווח הרצוי שלבי ההתפתחות (gastrula מאוחר למשל, פילוח רקמות זחל מוקדם), מעיל בסיס צלחת 96-agarose היטב. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הוסף 92 העובר μL בינוני E3 היטב לכל, ואחריו תוספת של 4 μL אזיד Alexa-488 פלואוריד (ממלאי 2.5 מ&quot;מ H 2 O), 2 μL BTTES-CuSO 4 06:01 מורכבת, ללחוץ בעדינות לתערובת. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> העברת עוברים לבאר המכיל את הכימיה לחץ מגיב באמצעות אש זכוכית מלוטשת פיפטה פסטר. כל טוב צריך להכיל פחות מחמישה עוברים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הוסף 2.5 נתרן μL ascorbate מוכן טרי (ממלאי 100 מ&quot;מ H 2 O) ליזום את תגובת לחץ על 3. הריכוז הסופי של כל אחד מגיב: Alexa פלואוריד-488 אזיד: 100 מיקרומטר; CuSO 4: 50 מיקרומטר; BTTES: 300 מיקרומטר; ascorbate נתרן: 2.5 מ&quot;מ. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר 3 דקות, להוסיף 2 bathocuproine sulphonate μL (50 מניות מ&quot;מ H 2 O), chelator נחושת ביולוגית, כדי להרוות את התגובה ואז לדלל מיד עם 100 בינוני E3 μL העובר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מעבירים את העוברים על צלחת זכוכית פטרי ולשטוף את העוברים שטופלו 2 פעמים עם 15 בינוני העובר E3 מ&quot;ל. </li></ol> 4. הדמיה <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מניחים ירידה של נקודת התכה ultralow agarose (1.2% (w / v) במדיום העובר E3) על צלחת תחתית זכוכית MatTek microwell, והמקום עובר לתוך הירידה agarose. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מקם את העוברים dorsally או רוחבית המקום צלחת על הקרח במשך 5 דקות כדי לחזק את הירידה agarose. הוסף בינוני העובר E3 בעדינות כדי בצלחת עד שהוא מכסה את הירידה agarose. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> תמונות שדה הקרינה ובהיר נרכשים ברצף באמצעות מיקרוסקופ confocal. כל התמונות העובר נרכשים באמצעות מרווח צעד 5 מיקרומטר. דמויות Composite מוכנים באמצעות תוכנת ImageJ. </li></ol> 5. נציג תוצאות איור 1 מציג את זרימת העבודה של האסטרטגיה שלנו שני שלבים תיוג. איור 2 מציג את התיוג של עוברי דג הזברה דרך CuAAC BTTES בתיווך על הפריה 9.5 שעות שלאחר (hpf). BTTES הוא (triazolylmethyl) טריס אמין מבוססי ליגנד. היא מאיצה באופן דרמטי כאשר CuAAC בתיאום עם ב Cu שנוצר באתרו (אני), ומקדם את התגובה cycloaddition במהירות במערכות החיים ללא לרעילות נראית לעין. מיד לאחר התגובה של 3 דק &#39;לחץ, אנו מסוגלים לזהות תיוג חזקים מהתמ&quot;ג-FucAl עוברים טיפול (איור 2, לוחות משמאל). הקרינה רקע רק מזוהה עבור עוברים בקרת microinjected עם תוצר fucose (איור 2, לוחות מימין). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2686/2686fig1.jpg" alt="איור 1" /> באיור 1. האסטרטגיה של תיוג glycans fucosylated בשכבה העוטפת של עוברי דג הזברה. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2686/2686fig2.jpg" alt="איור 2" /> איור 2. הדמיה vivo של glycans fucosylated במהלך embryogenesis דג הזברה דרך BTTES-Cu (אני)-catalyzed כימיה לחץ. אחת תא עוברי דג הזברה הבמה microinjected עם מינון בודד של תוצר FucAl ו מותר develאל אופ hpf 9.5. עוברים הם הגיבו אז עם אלקסה פלואוריד 488-אזיד catalyzed ידי BTTES-Cu (I). עוברים הגיבו הם צילמו באמצעות מיקרוסקופ confocal. מקסימום Z-הקרנת העוצמה תמונות של אלקסה פלואוריד פלואורסצנציה 488 (הפאנל העליון); שדה מוארת (הפאנל התחתון). בר קנה מידה: 100 מיקרומטר. פתרון בעיות <table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> בעיה </td><td> לגרום </td><td> תרופה </td></tr><tr><td> עוברים נראים בריאים </td><td> הפתרון microinjected מכיל מזהמים </td><td> טוהר של סוכרים נוקלאוטיד צריך להיות גדול מ 85%. בדוק את המקור שלך. </td></tr><tr><td> אין תיוג לאחר התגובה </td><td> ריכוז נחושת היא מתחת ל -30 מיקרומטר </td><td> היזהר שלא לדלל את הפתרון על ידי הוספת תגובה בינוני עודף העובר E3 בעת הוספת העוברים, כמו קצב התגובה יורד באופן משמעותי כאשר ריכוז הנחושת הוא מתחת ל -30 מיקרומטר. </td></tr><tr><td> עוברים מתים לאחר התגובה </td><td> טיפול לא נכון של העוברים </td><td> ודא pipet היא אש מלוטשים כלי התגובה מצופה בשכבה דקה מאוד של agarose 0.5%. </td></tr><tr><td> הדימויים נראים פצעונים </td><td> ריאגנטים לא מעורבבים היטב לפני הוספת עוברים </td><td> פעל על פי צו המומלצת של תוספת עבור ריאגנטים, ולוודא כי הכימיה ריאגנטים לחץ להיות מעורב כראוי לפני הוספת עוברים. </td></tr><tr><td> התמונות מראות את העוברים ניזוקים </td><td> נמרץ רועד פוגע בעוברים במהלך התגובה </td><td> נערו בעדינות פחות מ 10 שניות פעם עוברים הם הפתרון. </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

<ol>
	<li>Laughlin, S. T., Bertozzi, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+the+glycome.">Imaging the glycome.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106, 12-17 (2009).</li><li>Baskin, J. M., Bertozzi, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioorthogonal+click+chemistry:+Covalent+labeling+in+living+systems.">Bioorthogonal click chemistry: Covalent labeling in living systems.</a> Qsar Comb. Sci. 26, 1211-1219 (2007).</li><li>Soriano del Amo, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biocompatible+copper(I)+catalysts+for+in+vivo+imaging+of+glycans.">Biocompatible copper(I) catalysts for in vivo imaging of glycans.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 16893-16899 (2010).</li><li>Chang, P. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+labeling+of+sialic+acids+in+living+animals+with+alkynyl+sugars.">Metabolic labeling of sialic acids in living animals with alkynyl sugars.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48, 4030-4033 (2009).</li><li>Laughlin, S. T., Baskin, J. M., Amacher, S. L., Bertozzi, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+imaging+of+membrane-associated+glycans+in+developing+zebrafish.">In vivo imaging of membrane-associated glycans in developing zebrafish.</a> Science. 320, 664-667 (2008).</li><li>Baskin, J. M., Dehnert, K. W., Laughlin, S. T., Amacher, S. L., Bertozzi, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+enveloping+layer+glycans+during+zebrafish+early+embryogenesis.">Visualizing enveloping layer glycans during zebrafish early embryogenesis.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107, 10360-10365 (2010).</li><li>Kemp, H. A., Carmany-Rampey, A., Moens, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generating+chimeric+zebrafish+embryos+by+transplantation.">Generating chimeric zebrafish embryos by transplantation.</a> J. Vis. Exp. , (2009).</li><li>Wang, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemoenzymatic+synthesis+of+GDP-L-fucose+and+the+Lewis+X+glycan+derivatives.">Chemoenzymatic synthesis of GDP-L-fucose and the Lewis X glycan derivatives.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106, 16096-16101 (2009).</li><li>Rosen, J. N., Sweeney, M. F., Mably, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microinjection+of+zebrafish+embryos+to+analyze+gene+function.">Microinjection of zebrafish embryos to analyze gene function.</a> J. Vis. Exp. , (2009).</li><li>Westerfield, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> THE ZEBRAFISH BOOK, A guide for the laboratory use of zebrafish (Danio rerio). , (2007).</li><li>Kimmel, C. B., Warga, R. M., Schilling, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Origin+and+organization+of+the+zebrafish+fate+map.">Origin and organization of the zebrafish fate map.</a> Development. 108, 581-594 (1990).</li></ol>

אין ניגודי אינטרסים הכריז.

<p class="jove_content"&gt; הדמיה ביומולקולות<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; מספק תובנות קריטיות הפעילות הביולוגית שלהם בסביבות מולדתם. בסרטון הזה אנחנו מדגימים איך תיוג של glycans fucosylated בשכבה העוטפת של עוברי דג הזברה הוא הבין ידי microinjecting חד תא עוברי הבמה עם תוצר FucAl וכן הצמידה השני צעד fluorophore דרך CuAAC BTTES בתיווך ביולוגית<sup&gt; 3</sup&gt;. תיוג...

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> שם מגיב </td><td> חברה </td><td> מספר קטלוגי </td></tr><tr><td> (II) נחושת סולפט pentahydrate </td><td> סיגמא אולדריץ </td><td> 203165 </td></tr><tr><td> אלקסה פלואוריד 488 אזיד </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> A10266 </td></tr><tr><td> dextran, Alexa פלואוריד 594 </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> D-22913 </td></tr><tr><td> (+), נתרן L-ascorbate </td><td> סיגמא אולדריץ </td><td> A7631 </td></tr><tr><td> Bathocuproinedisulfonic חומצה </td><td> Acros אורגניקס </td><td> 164060010 </td></tr><tr><td> צלחת זכוכית התחתונה microwell </td><td> MatTek </td><td> P35G-1.5-14-C </td></tr></tbody></table>

imaging glycans in zebrafish embryos by metabolic labeling and bioorthogonal click chemistry

Glycans Imaging in vivo לאחרונה מופעל באמצעות אסטרטגיה bioorthogonal הכתב על ידי טיפול כימי בתאים או אורגניזמים עם מונוסכרידים אזיד או alkyne-tagged 1, 2. מונוסכרידים שונה, מעובד על ידי המנגנון biosynthetic glycan, ישולבו glycoconjugates פני התא. תגיות bioorthogonal אזיד או alkyne מכן לאפשר נטיה קוולנטיים עם בדיקות ניאון להדמיה, או עם בדיקות זיקה העשרה ניתוח glycoproteomic. פרוטוקול זה מתאר את ההליכים משמש בדרך כלל עבור הדמיה לא פולשנית של glycans fucosylated עוברי דג הזברה, כולל: 1) microinjection של אחד התאים עוברים שלב עם תמ&quot;ג-5-alkynylfucose (תמ&quot;ג-FucAl), 2) תיוג glycans fucosylated בשכבה העוטפת של עוברי דג הזברה עם אזיד-מצומדות fluorophores דרך Cu ביולוגית (אני)-catalyzed אזיד-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), ו 3) הדמיה באמצעות מיקרוסקופיה confocal 3. השיטה המתוארת כאן ניתן להרחיב בקלות לדמיין בסוגים אחרים של glycans, glycans למשל המכילים חומצה sialic 4 ו N-acetylgalactosamine 5, 6, דג הזברה מתפתח בתוך אורגניזמים חיים אחרים.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Glycans in Zebrafish Embryos by Metabolic Labeling and Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry at JoVE.com

Imaging Glycans in Zebrafish Embryos by Metabolic Labeling and Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry

השיטה מבוססת על כימיה המאפשר תיוג, מהיר פולשנית, ויציב של alkyne-tagged glycans עוברי דג הזברה מתואר. Glycans Fucosylated בשכבה העוטפת של עוברי דג הזברה בשלב מאוחר gastrulation היו הדמיה במחקר זה.

הדמיה Glycans בעוברים דג הזברה על ידי תיוג מטבולית וכימיה לחץ Bioorthogonal

Imaging glycans in vivo has recently been enabled using a bioorthogonal chemical reporter strategy by treating cells or organisms with azide- or ...

imaging-glycans-zebrafish-embryos-metabolic-labeling-bioorthogonal

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

13.6K Views.  Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University. השיטה מבוססת על כימיה המאפשר תיוג, מהיר פולשנית, ויציב של alkyne-tagged glycans עוברי דג הזברה מתואר. Glycans Fucosylated בשכבה העוטפת של עוברי דג הזברה בשלב מאוחר gastrulation היו הדמיה במחקר זה.

Video: Imaging Glycans in Zebrafish Embryos by Metabolic Labeling and Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry

Two-photon axotomy and time-lapse confocal imaging in live zebrafish embryos

Zebrafish have long been utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of development by time-lapse imaging of the living transparent embryo. Here we describe a method to mount zebrafish embryos for long-term imaging and demonstrate how to automate the capture of time-lapse images using a confocal microscope. We also describe a method to create controlled, precise damage to individual branches of peripheral sensory axons in zebrafish using the focused power of a femtosecond laser mounted on a two-photon microscope. The parameters for successful two-photon axotomy must be optimized for each microscope. We will demonstrate two-photon axotomy on both a custom built two-photon microscope and a Zeiss 510 confocal/two-photon to provide two examples.

Zebrafish trigeminal sensory neurons can be visualized in a transgenic line expressing GFP driven by a sensory neuron specific promoter 1. We have adapted this zebrafish trigeminal model to directly observe sensory axon regeneration in living zebrafish embryos. Embryos are anesthetized with tricaine and positioned within a drop of agarose as it solidifies. Immobilized embryos are sealed within an imaging chamber filled with phenylthiourea (PTU) Ringers. We have found that embryos can be continuously imaged in these chambers for 12-48 hours. A single confocal image is then captured to determine the desired site of axotomy. The region of interest is located on the two-photon microscope by imaging the sensory axons under low, non-damaging power. After zooming in on the desired site of axotomy, the power is increased and a single scan of that defined region is sufficient to sever the axon. Multiple location time-lapse imaging is then set up on a confocal microscope to directly observe axonal recovery from injury.

Here we describe a method for mounting zebrafish embryos for long-term imaging, two-photon imaging and tissue-damage techniques, and time-lapse confocal imaging.

שני הפוטונים axotomy ואת זמן לשגות הדמיה confocal עוברי דג הזברה לחיות

Zebrafish have long been utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of development by time-lapse imaging of the living transparent embryo.  ...

Generating Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos by Transplantation

One of the most powerful tools used to gain insight into complex developmental processes is the analysis of chimeric embryos. A chimera is defined as an organism that contains cells from more than one animal; mosaics are one type of chimera in which cells from more than one genotype are mixed, usually wild-type and mutant. In the zebrafish, chimeras can be readily made by transplantation of cells from a donor embryo into a host embryo at the appropriate embryonic stage. Labeled donor cells are generated by injection of a lineage marker, such as a fluorescent dye, into the one-cell stage embryo. Labeled donor cells are removed from donor embryos and introduced into unlabeled host embryos using an oil-controlled glass pipette mounted on either a compound or dissecting microscope. Donor cells can in some cases be targeted to a specific region or tissue of the developing blastula or gastrula stage host embryo by choosing a transplantation site in the host embryo based on well-established fate maps.

A step-by-step guide to generating targeted chimeric zebrafish embryos by transplantation at the blastula or gastrula stage.

יצירת עוברים דג הזברה chimeric על ידי השתלה

One of the most powerful tools used to gain insight into complex developmental processes is the analysis of chimeric embryos. A chimera is defined as an ...

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging. Cell shape changes in the fly are analogous to those in higher organisms, and they drive tissue morphogenesis. So, in many cases, their study has direct implications for understanding human disease (Table 1)1-5. On the sub-cellular scale, these cell shape changes are the product of activities ranging from gene expression to signal transduction, cell polarity, cytoskeletal remodeling and membrane trafficking. Thus, the Drosophila embryo provides not only the context to evaluate cell shape changes as they relate to tissue morphogenesis, but also offers a completely physiological environment to study the sub-cellular activities that shape cells.
The protocol described here is designed to image a specific cell shape change called cellularization. Cellularization is a process of dramatic plasma membrane growth, and it ultimately converts the syncytial embryo into the cellular blastoderm. That is, at interphase of mitotic cycle 14, the plasma membrane simultaneously invaginates around each of ~6000 cortically anchored nuclei to generate a sheet of primary epithelial cells. Counter to previous suggestions, cellularization is not driven by Myosin-2 contractility6, but is instead fueled largely by exocytosis of membrane from internal stores7. Thus, cellularization is an excellent system for studying membrane trafficking during cell shape changes that require plasma membrane invagination or expansion, such as cytokinesis or transverse-tubule (T-tubule) morphogenesis in muscle.
Note that this protocol is easily applied to the imaging of other cell shape changes in the fly embryo, and only requires slight adaptations such as changing the stage of embryo collection, or using "embryo glue" to mount the embryo in a specific orientation (Table 1)8-19. In all cases, the workflow is basically the same (Figure 1). Standard methods for cloning and Drosophila transgenesis are used to prepare stable fly stocks that express a protein of interest, fused to Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) or its variants, and these flies provide a renewable source of embryos. Alternatively, fluorescent proteins/probes are directly introduced into fly embryos via straightforward micro-injection techniques9-10. Then, depending on the developmental event and cell shape change to be imaged, embryos are collected and staged by morphology on a dissecting microscope, and finally positioned and mounted for time-lapse imaging on a confocal microscope.

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

Early development of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is characterized by a number of cell shape changes that are well suited for imaging approaches. This article will describe basic tools and methods required for live confocal imaging of Drosophila embryos, and will focus on a cell shape change called cellularization.

צורה הדמיה תא שינוי חיים תסיסנית עוברים

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging.  Cell shape ...

Measuring Cell Cycle Progression Kinetics with Metabolic Labeling and Flow Cytometry

Precise control of the initiation and subsequent progression through the various phases of the cell cycle are of paramount importance in proliferating cells. Cell cycle division is an integral part of growth and reproduction and deregulation of key cell cycle components have been implicated in the precipitating events of carcinogenesis 1,2. Molecular agents in anti-cancer therapies frequently target biological pathways responsible for the regulation and coordination of cell cycle division 3. Although cell cycle kinetics tend to vary according to cell type, the distribution of cells amongst the four stages of the cell cycle is rather consistent within a particular cell line due to the consistent pattern of mitogen and growth factor expression. Genotoxic events and other cellular stressors can result in a temporary block of cell cycle progression, resulting in arrest or a temporary pause in a particular cell cycle phase to allow for instigation of the appropriate response mechanism. 
The ability to experimentally observe the behavior of a cell population with reference to their cell cycle progression stage is an important advance in cell biology. Common procedures such as mitotic shake off, differential centrifugation or flow cytometry-based sorting are used to isolate cells at specific stages of the cell cycle 4-6. These fractionated, cell cycle phase-enriched populations are then subjected to experimental treatments. Yield, purity and viability of the separated fractions can often be compromised using these physical separation methods. As well, the time lapse between separation of the cell populations and the start of experimental treatment, whereby the fractionated cells can progress from the selected cell cycle stage, can pose significant challenges in the successful implementation and interpretation of these experiments.
Other approaches to study cell cycle stages include the use of chemicals to synchronize cells. Treatment of cells with chemical inhibitors of key metabolic processes for each cell cycle stage are useful in blocking the progression of the cell cycle to the next stage. For example, the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor hydroxyurea halts cells at the G1/S juncture by limiting the supply of deoxynucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. Other notable chemicals include treatment with aphidicolin, a polymerase alpha inhibitor for G1 arrest, treatment with colchicine and nocodazole, both of which interfere with mitotic spindle formation to halt cells in M phase and finally, treatment with the DNA chain terminator 5-fluorodeoxyridine to initiate S phase arrest 7-9. Treatment with these chemicals is an effective means of synchronizing an entire population of cells at a particular phase. With removal of the chemical, cells rejoin the cell cycle in unison. Treatment of the test agent following release from the cell cycle blocking chemical ensures that the drug response elicited is from a uniform, cell cycle stage-specific population. However, since many of the chemical synchronizers are known genotoxic compounds, teasing apart the participation of various response pathways (to the synchronizers vs. the test agents) is challenging. 
Here we describe a metabolic labeling method for following a subpopulation of actively cycling cells through their progression from the DNA replication phase, through to the division and separation of their daughter cells. Coupled with flow cytometry quantification, this protocol enables for measurement of kinetic progression of the cell cycle in the absence of either mechanically- or chemically- induced cellular stresses commonly associated with other cell cycle synchronization methodologies 10. In the following sections we will discuss the methodology, as well as some of its applications in biomedical research.

Tracking subtle changes in the progression and kinetics of cell cycle stages can be accomplished by use of a combination of metabolic labeling of nucleic acids with BrdU and total genomic DNA staining via Propidium Iodide. This method avoids the need of chemical synchronization of cycling cells, thereby preventing the introduction of non-specific DNA damage, which in turn affects cell cycle progression.

מדידת מחזור התא קינטיקס התקדמות עם סימון מטבוליות cytometry זרימה

Precise control of the initiation and subsequent progression through the various phases of the cell cycle are of paramount importance in proliferating ...

Metabolic Profile Analysis of Zebrafish Embryos

A growing goal in the field of metabolism is to determine the impact of genetics on different aspects of mitochondrial function. Understanding these relationships will help to understand the underlying etiology for a range of diseases linked with mitochondrial dysfunction, such as diabetes and obesity. Recent advances in instrumentation, has enabled the monitoring of distinct parameters of mitochondrial function in cell lines or tissue explants. Here we present a method for a rapid and sensitive analysis of mitochondrial function parameters in vivo during zebrafish embryonic development using the Seahorse bioscience XF 24 extracellular flux analyser. This protocol utilizes the Islet Capture microplates where a single embryo is placed in each well, allowing measurement of bioenergetics, including: (i) basal respiration; (ii) basal mitochondrial respiration (iii) mitochondrial respiration due to ATP turnover; (iv) mitochondrial uncoupled respiration or proton leak and (iv) maximum respiration. Using this approach embryonic zebrafish respiration parameters can be compared between wild type and genetically altered embryos (mutant, gene over-expression or gene knockdown) or those manipulated pharmacologically. It is anticipated that dissemination of this protocol will provide researchers with new tools to analyse the genetic basis of metabolic disorders in vivo in this relevant vertebrate animal model.

Zebrafish represent a powerful vertebrate model that has been under-utilised for metabolic studies. Here we describe a rapid way to measure the in vivo metabolic profile of developing zebrafish that allows the comparison of different mitochondrial function parameters between genetically or pharmacologically manipulated embryos, thereby increasing the applicability of this organism.

ניתוח פרופיל המטבולי של עוברי דג זברה

A growing goal in the field of metabolism is to determine the impact of genetics on different aspects of mitochondrial function. Understanding these ...

Metabolic Labeling of Leucine Rich Repeat Kinases 1 and 2 with Radioactive Phosphate

Leucine rich repeat kinases 1 and 2 (LRRK1 and LRRK2) are paralogs which share a similar domain organization, including a serine-threonine kinase domain, a Ras of complex proteins domain (ROC), a C-terminal of ROC domain (COR), and leucine-rich and ankyrin-like repeats at the N-terminus. The precise cellular roles of LRRK1 and LRRK2 have yet to be elucidated, however LRRK1 has been implicated in tyrosine kinase receptor signaling1,2, while LRRK2 is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease3,4. In this report, we present a protocol to label the LRRK1 and LRRK2 proteins in cells with 32P orthophosphate, thereby providing a means to measure the overall phosphorylation levels of these 2 proteins in cells. In brief, affinity tagged LRRK proteins are expressed in HEK293T cells which are exposed to medium containing 32P-orthophosphate. The 32P-orthophosphate is assimilated by the cells after only a few hours of incubation and all molecules in the cell containing phosphates are thereby radioactively labeled. Via the affinity tag (3xflag) the LRRK proteins are isolated from other cellular components by immunoprecipitation. Immunoprecipitates are then separated via SDS-PAGE, blotted to PVDF membranes and analysis of the incorporated phosphates is performed by autoradiography (32P signal) and western detection (protein signal) of the proteins on the blots. The protocol can readily be adapted to monitor phosphorylation of any other protein that can be expressed in cells and isolated by immunoprecipitation.

Leucine rich repeat kinases 1 and 2 (LRRK1 and LRRK2) are multidomain proteins which encode both GTPase and kinase domains and which are phosphorylated in cells. Here, we present a protocol to label LRRK1 and LRRK2 in cells with 32P orthophosphate, thereby providing a means to measure their overall cellular phophorylation levels.

מטבולית תיוג של אוצין עשיר חזור קינאזות 1 ו -2 עם רדיואקטיבי פוספט

Leucine rich repeat kinases 1 and 2 (LRRK1 and LRRK2) are paralogs which share a similar domain organization, including a serine-threonine kinase domain, ...

Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Embryos

High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause a change of cellular redox state towards oxidative stress condition. This situation causes oxidation of molecules (lipid, DNA, protein) and leads to cell death. Oxidative stress also impacts the progression of several pathological conditions such as diabetes, retinopathies, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Thus, it is important to define tools to investigate oxidative stress conditions not only at the level of single cells but also in the context of whole organisms. Here, we consider the zebrafish embryo as a useful in vivo system to perform such studies and present a protocol to measure in vivo oxidative stress. Taking advantage of fluorescent ROS probes and zebrafish transgenic fluorescent lines, we develop two different methods to measure oxidative stress in vivo: i) a &#8220;whole embryo ROS-detection method&#8221; for qualitative measurement of oxidative stress and ii) a &#8220;single-cell&#160;ROS detection method&#8221; for quantitative measurements of oxidative stress. Herein, we demonstrate the efficacy of these procedures by increasing oxidative stress in tissues by oxidant agents and physiological or genetic methods. This protocol is amenable for forward genetic screens and it will help address cause-effect relationships of ROS in animal models of oxidative stress-related pathologies such as neurological disorders and cancer.

Here we report a protocol to measure oxidative stress in living zebrafish embryos. This procedure allows reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection in both whole embryo tissues and single-cell populations. This protocol will accomplish both qualitative and quantitative analyses.

ניתוח של סטרס חמצוני בעוברי דג הזברה

High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause a change of cellular redox state towards oxidative stress condition. This situation causes ...

Semi-automated Imaging of Tissue-specific Fluorescence in Zebrafish Embryos

Zebrafish embryos are a powerful tool for large-scale screening of small molecules. Transgenic zebrafish that express fluorescent reporter proteins are frequently used to identify chemicals that modulate gene expression. Chemical screens that assay fluorescence in live zebrafish often rely on expensive, specialized equipment for high content screening. We describe a procedure using a standard epifluorescence microscope with a motorized stage to automatically image zebrafish embryos and detect tissue-specific fluorescence. Using transgenic zebrafish that report estrogen receptor activity via expression of GFP, we developed a semi-automated procedure to screen for estrogen receptor ligands that activate the reporter in a tissue-specific manner. In this video we describe procedures for arraying zebrafish embryos at 24-48 hours post fertilization (hpf) in a 96-well plate and adding small molecules that bind estrogen receptors. At 72-96 hpf, images of each well from the entire plate are automatically collected and manually inspected for tissue-specific fluorescence. This protocol demonstrates the ability to detect estrogens that activate receptors in heart valves but not in liver.

Described here is a protocol for semi-automated imaging of tissue-specific fluorescence in zebrafish embryos.

הדמיה חצי אוטומטית של הקרינה רקמות ספציפיות בעוברי דג הזברה

Zebrafish embryos are a powerful tool for large-scale screening of small molecules. Transgenic zebrafish that express fluorescent reporter proteins are ...

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

Metabolic disorders are a frequent problem affecting human health. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate metabolism is a crucial scientific task. Many disease causing genes in humans have a fly homologue, making Drosophila a good model to study signaling pathways involved in the development of different disorders. Additionally, the tractability of Drosophila simplifies genetic screens to aid in identifying novel therapeutic targets that may regulate metabolism. In order to perform such a screen a simple and fast method to identify changes in the metabolic state of flies is necessary. In general, carbon dioxide production is a good indicator of substrate oxidation and energy expenditure providing information about metabolic state. In this protocol we introduce a simple method to measure CO2 output from flies. This technique can potentially aid in the identification of genetic perturbations affecting metabolic rate.

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

Metabolic disorders are among one of the most common diseases in humans. The genetically tractable model organism D. melanogaster can be used to identify novel genes that regulate metabolism. This paper describes a relatively simple method which allows studying the metabolic rate in flies by measuring their CO2 production.

מדידה של קצב חילוף החומרים ב<em&gt; דרוזופילה</em&gt; באמצעות Respirometry

Metabolic disorders are a frequent problem affecting human health. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate metabolism is a crucial ...

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain the turnover of all mature blood cell lineages. The coordination of the complex signals leading to specific HSC fates relies upon the interaction between HSCs and the intricate bone marrow microenvironment, which is still poorly understood[1-2].
We describe how by combining a newly developed specimen holder for stable animal positioning with multi-step confocal and two-photon in vivo imaging techniques, it is possible to obtain high-resolution 3D stacks containing HSPCs and their surrounding niches and to monitor them over time through multi-point time-lapse imaging. High definition imaging allows detecting ex vivo labeled hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) residing within the bone marrow. Moreover, multi-point time-lapse 3D imaging, obtained with faster acquisition settings, provides accurate information about HSPC movement and the reciprocal interactions between HSPCs and stroma cells.
Tracking of HSPCs in relation to GFP positive osteoblastic cells is shown as an exemplary application of this method. This technique can be utilized to track any appropriately labeled hematopoietic or stromal cell of interest within the mouse calvarium bone marrow space.

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

The nature of the interactions between hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and bone marrow niches is poorly understood. Custom hardware modifications and a multi-step acquisition protocol allow the use of two-photon and confocal microscopy to image ex vivo labeled HSPCs homed within bone marrow areas, tracking interactions and movement.

במעקב 4 ממדי Vivo של תאי גזע ואבות היווצרות דם במבוגרי עכבר calvarial מח עצם

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ...