תודה הן בשל ג&#39;ניה ברודסקי עבור דמות גרפיקה, ויאצ&#39;סלב Kalchenko, דאגלס לוץ, וליאוניד רויטמן ייעוץ סיוע טכני עם משחררות רפרוף שני הפוטונים, מעיין טהור לבין סולימאן Elsadin לקבלת סיוע טכני; Uwe Strahle עבור באדיבות מתן קו כתב neurogenin1 ו עמוס גוטניק הערות על כתב היד הזה. המחקר במעבדה לבקוביץ נתמך על ידי הקרן הגרמנית ישראלית (מספר המענק 183/2007); הקרן הלאומית למדע (מענק מספר 928/08) ואת הארייט &amp; מרסל דקר קרן. GL הוא מופקד הקתדרה פיתוח קריירה Tauro במחקר ביו.

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	<li>Westerfield, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Zebrafish+Book:+Guide+for+the+Laboratory+Use+of+Zebrafish+(Brachydanio+rerio.">The Zebrafish Book: Guide for the Laboratory Use of Zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio.</a> , (1995).</li><li>Russek-Blum, N., Nabel-Rosen, H., Levkowitz, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+resolution+fate+map+of+the+zebrafish+diencephalon.">High resolution fate map of the zebrafish diencephalon.</a> Dev Dyn. 238, 1827-1835 (2009).</li><li>Russek-Blum, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopaminergic+neuronal+cluster+size+is+determined+during+early+forebrain+patterning.">Dopaminergic neuronal cluster size is determined during early forebrain patterning.</a> Development. 135, 3401-3413 (2008).</li><li>Kozlowski, D. J., Murakami, T., Ho, R. K., Weinberg, E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regional+cell+movement+and+tissue+patterning+in+the+zebrafish+embryo+revealed+by+fate+mapping+with+caged+fluorescein.">Regional cell movement and tissue patterning in the zebrafish embryo revealed by fate mapping with caged fluorescein.</a> Biochem Cell Biol. 75, 551-562 (1997).</li><li>Staudt, N., Houart, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Prethalamus+Is+Established+during+Gastrulation+and+Influences+Diencephalic+Regionalization.">The Prethalamus Is Established during Gastrulation and Influences Diencephalic Regionalization.</a> PLoS Biol. 5, e69-e69 (2007).</li><li>Ando, R., Hama, H., Yamamoto-Hino, M., Mizuno, H., Miyawaki, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+optical+marker+based+on+the+UV-induced+green-to-red+photoconversion+of+a+fluorescent+protein.">An optical marker based on the UV-induced green-to-red photoconversion of a fluorescent protein.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 99, 12651-12656 (2002).</li><li>Hatta, K., Tsujii, H., Omura, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+tracking+using+a+photoconvertible+fluorescent+protein.">Cell tracking using a photoconvertible fluorescent protein.</a> Nat Protoc. 1, 960-967 (2006).</li><li>Boyden, E. S., Zhang, F., Bamberg, E., Nagel, G., Deisseroth, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Millisecond-timescale+genetically+targeted+optical+control+of+neural+activity.">Millisecond-timescale genetically targeted optical control of neural activity.</a> Nat Neurosci. 8, 1263-1268 (2005).</li><li>Bulina, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromophore-assisted+light+inactivation+(CALI)+using+the+phototoxic+fluorescent+protein+KillerRed.">Chromophore-assisted light inactivation (CALI) using the phototoxic fluorescent protein KillerRed.</a> Nat Protoc. 1, 947-9453 (2006).</li><li>Adams, S. R., Tsien, R. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlling+cell+chemistry+with+caged+compounds.">Controlling cell chemistry with caged compounds.</a> Annu Rev Physiol. 55, 755-784 (1993).</li><li>Wieboldt, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photolabile+precursors+of+glutamate:+synthesis,+photochemical+properties,+and+activation+of+glutamate+receptors+on+a+microsecond+time+scale.">Photolabile precursors of glutamate: synthesis, photochemical properties, and activation of glutamate receptors on a microsecond time scale.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 91, 8752-8756 (1994).</li><li>Marque, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+caged+neurotransmitters.">Using caged neurotransmitters.</a> Nature. 337, 583-584 (1989).</li><li>Zucker, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photorelease+techniques+for+raising+or+lowering+intracellular+Ca2.">Photorelease techniques for raising or lowering intracellular Ca2.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 40, 31-63 (1994).</li><li>Neveu, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+caged+retinoic+acid+for+one-+and+two-photon+excitation+in+zebrafish+embryos.">A caged retinoic acid for one- and two-photon excitation in zebrafish embryos.</a> Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 47, 3744-3746 (2008).</li><li>Shestopalov, I. A., Sinha, S., Chen, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light-controlled+gene+silencing+in+zebrafish+embryos.">Light-controlled gene silencing in zebrafish embryos.</a> Nat Chem Biol. 3, 650-651 (2007).</li><li>Ando, H., Furuta, T., Tsien, R. Y., Okamoto, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photo-mediated+gene+activation+using+caged+RNA/DNA+in+zebrafish+embryos.">Photo-mediated gene activation using caged RNA/DNA in zebrafish embryos.</a> Nat Genet. 28, 317-325 (2001).</li></ol>

Photo-activatable תרכובות הם מולקולות שתפקידו רעולי פנים עד שהם מוארים עם אורך גל מסוים (UV בדרך כלל), גרימת תגובה פוטו הממירה את מולקולות למצב פעיל מבחינה ביולוגית או כימית. בדיקות אלה מספקים כלים חזקים מאוד בתחום המחקר בביולוגיה של התא, מאז ההפעלה ניתן לשלוט בדיוק temporally מרחב?...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Dextran-conjugated 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl (DMNB) caged fluorescein (10,000 MW dextran, anionic)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Invitrogen</td>
<td>D-3310</td>
<td>molecular probes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Agarose for injection trough and coated plates</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>A9539</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Thin Wall Glass Capillaries with filament</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
<td>TW100F-6</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Micropipette puller</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
<td>P-97</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microloader tip</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Eppendorf</td>
<td>5242 956.003</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Pneumatic picopump</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
<td>PV820</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Phenylthiourea (PTU)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>22290-9</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Low melting point agarose for embryo mounting</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ultra Pure LMP agarose</td>
<td>16520100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Anti-Fluorescein- alkaline phosphatase (AP) Fab fragments</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Roche</td>
<td>11426338910</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Fast Red</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Roche</td>
<td>11496549001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
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two-photon-based photoactivation in live zebrafish embryos

Photoactivation של תרכובות מטרה בכל יצור חי הוכיחה גישה ערך לחקור תהליכים ביולוגיים שונים, כגון ההתפתחות העוברית, איתות הסלולר ופיזיולוגיה מבוגר. מבחינה זו, השימוש במיקרוסקופ רב פוטון מאפשרת photoactivation כמותי של סוכן ניתנה תגובה אור רקמות עמוק ברזולוציה של תא בודד. כמו עוברי דג הזברה הם שקוף אופטית, הפיתוח שלהם יכול להיות פיקוח in vivo. תכונות אלה הופכות את דג הזברה אורגניזם מודל מושלם לבקרת פעילות של מגוון רחב של חומרים כימיים חלבונים על ידי אור ממוקד. כאן אנו מתארים את השימוש במיקרוסקופ שני הפוטונים לגרום הפעלת והעמסת בכלוב כימית, אשר בתורו מאפשר לנו לעקוב אחר גורלו של תא חי עוברי דג הזברה. אנו משתמשים העוברים להביע ציון דרך גנטי חיים (GFP) לאתר למקד את כל התאים של עניין. הליך זה יכול לשמש באותה מידה להפעלת מדויק המושרה אור של חלבונים, הורמונים, מולקולות קטנות ותרכובות אחרות בכלוב.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Two-Photon-Based Photoactivation in Live Zebrafish Embryos at JoVE.com

Two-Photon-Based Photoactivation in Live Zebrafish Embryos

מיקרוסקופיה multiphoton מאפשרת שליטה של ​​פוטונים בעלי אנרגיה נמוכה עם חדירה עמוקה אופטי phototoxicity מופחת. אנו מתארים את השימוש בטכנולוגיה זו עבור תיוג תא חי עוברי דג הזברה. פרוטוקול זה ניתן להתאים בקלות לזירוז, תמונה של אור תגובה מולקולות שונות.

שני הפוטונים מבוסס Photoactivation עוברי דג הזברה לחיות

Photoactivation of target compounds in a living organism has proven a valuable approach to investigate various biological processes such as embryonic ...

two-photon-based-photoactivation-in-live-zebrafish-embryos

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

11.5K Views.  Weizmann Institute of Science. מיקרוסקופיה multiphoton מאפשרת שליטה של ​​פוטונים בעלי אנרגיה נמוכה עם חדירה עמוקה אופטי phototoxicity מופחת. אנו מתארים את השימוש בטכנולוגיה זו עבור תיוג תא חי עוברי דג הזברה. פרוטוקול זה ניתן להתאים בקלות לזירוז, תמונה של אור תגובה מולקולות שונות.

Video: Two-Photon-Based Photoactivation in Live Zebrafish Embryos

Microinjection of mRNA and Morpholino Antisense Oligonucleotides in Zebrafish Embryos.

An essential tool for investigating the role of a gene during development is the ability to perform gene knockdown, overexpression, and misexpression studies. In zebrafish (Danio rerio), microinjection of RNA, DNA, proteins, antisense oligonucleotides and other small molecules into the developing embryo provides researchers a quick and robust assay for exploring gene function in vivo. In this video-article, we will demonstrate how to prepare and microinject in vitro synthesized EGFP mRNA and a translational-blocking morpholino oligo against pkd2, a gene associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), into 1-cell stage zebrafish embryos. We will then analyze the success of the mRNA and morpholino microinjections by verifying GFP expression and phenotype analysis. Broad applications of this technique include generating transgenic animals and germ-line chimeras, cell-fate mapping and gene screening. Herein we describe a protocol for overexpression of EGFP and knockdown of pkd2 by mRNA and morpholino oligonucleotide injection.

Microinjection is a well-established and effective method for introducing foreign substances into fertilized zebrafish embryos. Here, we demonstrate a robust microinjection technique for performing mRNA overexpression, and morpholino oligonucleotide gene knockdown studies in zebrafish.

Microinjection של mRNA ו oligonucleotides Morpholino antisense עוברי דג הזברה.

An essential tool for investigating the role of a gene during development is the ability to perform gene knockdown, overexpression, and misexpression ...

Microinjection of Zebrafish Embryos to Analyze Gene Function

One of the advantages of studying zebrafish is the ease and speed of manipulating protein levels in the embryo.  Morpholinos, which are synthetic oligonucleotides with antisense complementarity to target RNAs, can be added to the embryo to reduce the expression of a particular gene product.  Conversely, processed mRNA can be added to the embryo to increase levels of a gene product.  The vehicle for adding either mRNA or morpholino to an embryo is microinjection.  Microinjection is efficient and rapid, allowing for the injection of hundreds of embryos per hour.  This video shows all the steps involved in microinjection.  Briefly, eggs are collected immediately after being laid and lined up against a microscope slide in a Petri dish.  Next, a fine-tipped needle loaded with injection material is connected to a microinjector and an air source, and the microinjector controls are adjusted to produce a desirable injection volume.  Finally, the needle is plunged into the embryo's yolk and the morpholino or mRNA is expelled.

This video shows how morpholino or mRNA can be injected into zebrafish embryos at the one-cell stage to decrease or increase the level of specific gene products during subsequent development.

Microinjection של עוברי דג הזברה לנתח פונקציה ג&#39;ין

One of the advantages of studying zebrafish is the ease and speed of manipulating protein levels in the embryo.  Morpholinos, which are synthetic ...

Two-photon axotomy and time-lapse confocal imaging in live zebrafish embryos

Zebrafish have long been utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of development by time-lapse imaging of the living transparent embryo. Here we describe a method to mount zebrafish embryos for long-term imaging and demonstrate how to automate the capture of time-lapse images using a confocal microscope. We also describe a method to create controlled, precise damage to individual branches of peripheral sensory axons in zebrafish using the focused power of a femtosecond laser mounted on a two-photon microscope. The parameters for successful two-photon axotomy must be optimized for each microscope. We will demonstrate two-photon axotomy on both a custom built two-photon microscope and a Zeiss 510 confocal/two-photon to provide two examples.

Zebrafish trigeminal sensory neurons can be visualized in a transgenic line expressing GFP driven by a sensory neuron specific promoter 1. We have adapted this zebrafish trigeminal model to directly observe sensory axon regeneration in living zebrafish embryos. Embryos are anesthetized with tricaine and positioned within a drop of agarose as it solidifies. Immobilized embryos are sealed within an imaging chamber filled with phenylthiourea (PTU) Ringers. We have found that embryos can be continuously imaged in these chambers for 12-48 hours. A single confocal image is then captured to determine the desired site of axotomy. The region of interest is located on the two-photon microscope by imaging the sensory axons under low, non-damaging power. After zooming in on the desired site of axotomy, the power is increased and a single scan of that defined region is sufficient to sever the axon. Multiple location time-lapse imaging is then set up on a confocal microscope to directly observe axonal recovery from injury.

Here we describe a method for mounting zebrafish embryos for long-term imaging, two-photon imaging and tissue-damage techniques, and time-lapse confocal imaging.

שני הפוטונים axotomy ואת זמן לשגות הדמיה confocal עוברי דג הזברה לחיות

Zebrafish have long been utilized to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of development by time-lapse imaging of the living transparent embryo.  ...

Generating Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos by Transplantation

One of the most powerful tools used to gain insight into complex developmental processes is the analysis of chimeric embryos. A chimera is defined as an organism that contains cells from more than one animal; mosaics are one type of chimera in which cells from more than one genotype are mixed, usually wild-type and mutant. In the zebrafish, chimeras can be readily made by transplantation of cells from a donor embryo into a host embryo at the appropriate embryonic stage. Labeled donor cells are generated by injection of a lineage marker, such as a fluorescent dye, into the one-cell stage embryo. Labeled donor cells are removed from donor embryos and introduced into unlabeled host embryos using an oil-controlled glass pipette mounted on either a compound or dissecting microscope. Donor cells can in some cases be targeted to a specific region or tissue of the developing blastula or gastrula stage host embryo by choosing a transplantation site in the host embryo based on well-established fate maps.

A step-by-step guide to generating targeted chimeric zebrafish embryos by transplantation at the blastula or gastrula stage.

יצירת עוברים דג הזברה chimeric על ידי השתלה

One of the most powerful tools used to gain insight into complex developmental processes is the analysis of chimeric embryos. A chimera is defined as an ...

Live Imaging of Cell Motility and Actin Cytoskeleton of Individual Neurons and Neural Crest Cells in Zebrafish Embryos

The zebrafish is an ideal model for imaging cell behaviors during development in vivo. Zebrafish embryos are externally fertilized and thus easily accessible at all stages of development. Moreover, their optical clarity allows high resolution imaging of cell and molecular dynamics in the natural environment of the intact embryo. We are using a live imaging approach to analyze cell behaviors during neural crest cell migration and the outgrowth and guidance of neuronal axons.
Live imaging is particularly useful for understanding mechanisms that regulate cell motility processes. To visualize details of cell motility, such as protrusive activity and molecular dynamics, it is advantageous to label individual cells. In zebrafish, plasmid DNA injection yields a transient mosaic expression pattern and offers distinct benefits over other cell labeling methods. For example, transgenic lines often label entire cell populations and thus may obscure visualization of the fine protrusions (or changes in molecular distribution) in a single cell. In addition, injection of DNA at the one-cell stage is less invasive and more precise than dye injections at later stages.
Here we describe a method for labeling individual developing neurons or neural crest cells and imaging their behavior in vivo. We inject plasmid DNA into 1-cell stage embryos, which results in mosaic transgene expression. The vectors contain cell-specific promoters that drive expression of a gene of interest in a subset of sensory neurons or neural crest cells. We provide examples of cells labeled with membrane targeted GFP or with a biosensor probe that allows visualization of F-actin in living cells1.
Erica Andersen, Namrata Asuri, and Matthew Clay contributed equally to this work.

This protocol describes imaging of individual neurons or neural crest cells in living zebrafish embryos. This method is used to examine cellular behaviors and actin localization using fluorescence confocal time-lapse microscopy.

הדמיה חיה של תנועתיות התא ואת cytoskeleton אקטין של נוירונים בודדים לבין תאים קרסט עצבית בעוברים דג הזברה

The zebrafish is an ideal model for imaging cell behaviors during development in vivo. Zebrafish embryos are externally fertilized and thus easily ...

Transplantation of GFP-expressing Blastomeres for Live Imaging of Retinal and Brain Development in Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos

Cells change extensively in their locations and property during embryogenesis. These changes are regulated by the interactions between the cells and their environment. Chimeric embryos, which are composed of cells of different genetic background, are great tools to study the cell-cell interactions mediated by genes of interest. The embryonic transparency of zebrafish at early developmental stages permits direct visualization of the morphogenesis of tissues and organs at the cellular level. Here, we demonstrate a protocol to generate chimeric retinas and brains in zebrafish embryos and to perform live imaging of the donor cells. The protocol covers the preparation of transplantation needles, the transplantation of GFP-expressing donor blastomeres to GFP-negative hosts, and the examination of donor cell behavior under live confocal microscopy. With slight modifications, this protocol can also be used to study the embryonic development of other tissues and organs in zebrafish. The advantages of using GFP to label donor cells are also discussed. 

We demonstrate a protocol to generate chimeric zebrafish embryos for live imaging cellular behavior during embryogenesis.

השתלה של ה-GFP-לבטא בלסטומרים עבור הדמיה חיה של התפתחות המוח ואת רשתית עוברי דג הזברה chimeric

Cells change extensively in their locations and property during embryogenesis. These changes are regulated by the interactions between the cells and their ...

Imaging Glycans in Zebrafish Embryos by Metabolic Labeling and Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry

Imaging glycans in vivo has recently been enabled using a bioorthogonal chemical reporter strategy by treating cells or organisms with azide- or alkyne-tagged monosaccharides1, 2. The modified monosaccharides, processed by the glycan biosynthetic machinery, are incorporated into cell surface glycoconjugates. The bioorthogonal azide or alkyne tags then allow covalent conjugation with fluorescent probes for visualization, or with affinity probes for enrichment and glycoproteomic analysis. This protocol describes the procedures typically used for noninvasive imaging of fucosylated glycans in zebrafish embryos, including: 1) microinjection of one-cell stage embryos with GDP-5-alkynylfucose (GDP-FucAl), 2) labeling fucosylated glycans in the enveloping layer of zebrafish embryos with azide-conjugated fluorophores via biocompatible Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), and 3) imaging by confocal microscopy3. The method described here can be readily extended to visualize other classes of glycans, e.g. glycans containing sialic acid4 and N-acetylgalactosamine5, 6, in developing zebrafish and in other living organisms.

A click-chemistry based method that allows for the rapid, noninvasive, and robust labeling of alkyne-tagged glycans in zebrafish embryos is described. Fucosylated glycans in the enveloping layer of zebrafish embryos in the late gastrulation stage were imaged in this study.

הדמיה Glycans בעוברים דג הזברה על ידי תיוג מטבולית וכימיה לחץ Bioorthogonal

Imaging glycans in vivo has recently been enabled using a bioorthogonal chemical reporter strategy by treating cells or organisms with azide- or ...

Metabolic Profile Analysis of Zebrafish Embryos

A growing goal in the field of metabolism is to determine the impact of genetics on different aspects of mitochondrial function. Understanding these relationships will help to understand the underlying etiology for a range of diseases linked with mitochondrial dysfunction, such as diabetes and obesity. Recent advances in instrumentation, has enabled the monitoring of distinct parameters of mitochondrial function in cell lines or tissue explants. Here we present a method for a rapid and sensitive analysis of mitochondrial function parameters in vivo during zebrafish embryonic development using the Seahorse bioscience XF 24 extracellular flux analyser. This protocol utilizes the Islet Capture microplates where a single embryo is placed in each well, allowing measurement of bioenergetics, including: (i) basal respiration; (ii) basal mitochondrial respiration (iii) mitochondrial respiration due to ATP turnover; (iv) mitochondrial uncoupled respiration or proton leak and (iv) maximum respiration. Using this approach embryonic zebrafish respiration parameters can be compared between wild type and genetically altered embryos (mutant, gene over-expression or gene knockdown) or those manipulated pharmacologically. It is anticipated that dissemination of this protocol will provide researchers with new tools to analyse the genetic basis of metabolic disorders in vivo in this relevant vertebrate animal model.

Zebrafish represent a powerful vertebrate model that has been under-utilised for metabolic studies. Here we describe a rapid way to measure the in vivo metabolic profile of developing zebrafish that allows the comparison of different mitochondrial function parameters between genetically or pharmacologically manipulated embryos, thereby increasing the applicability of this organism.

ניתוח פרופיל המטבולי של עוברי דג זברה

A growing goal in the field of metabolism is to determine the impact of genetics on different aspects of mitochondrial function. Understanding these ...

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

Craniofacial birth defects occur in 1 out of every 700 live births, but etiology is rarely known due to limited understanding of craniofacial development. To identify where signaling pathways and tissues act during patterning of the developing face, a 'face transplant' technique has been developed in embryos of the frog Xenopus laevis. A region of presumptive facial tissue (the "Extreme Anterior Domain" (EAD)) is removed from a donor embryo at tailbud stage, and transplanted to a host embryo of the same stage, from which the equivalent region has been removed. This can be used to generate a chimeric face where the host or donor tissue has a loss or gain of function in a gene, and/or includes a lineage label. After healing, the outcome of development is monitored, and indicates roles of the signaling pathway within the donor or surrounding host tissues. Xenopus is a valuable model for face development, as the facial region is large and readily accessible for micromanipulation. Many embryos can be assayed, over a short time period since development occurs rapidly. Findings in the frog are relevant to human development, since craniofacial processes appear conserved between Xenopus and mammals.

Facial Transplants in Xenopus laevis Embryos

A technique for transplanting "Extreme Anterior Domain" facial tissue between Xenopus laevis embryos has been developed. Tissue can be moved from one gene expression background into another, allowing the study of local requirements for craniofacial development and for signaling interactions between facial regions.

השתלת פנים ב<em&gt; Laevis Xenopus</em&gt; עוברים

Craniofacial birth defects occur in 1 out of every 700 live births, but etiology is rarely known due to limited understanding of craniofacial development. ...

Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Embryos

High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause a change of cellular redox state towards oxidative stress condition. This situation causes oxidation of molecules (lipid, DNA, protein) and leads to cell death. Oxidative stress also impacts the progression of several pathological conditions such as diabetes, retinopathies, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Thus, it is important to define tools to investigate oxidative stress conditions not only at the level of single cells but also in the context of whole organisms. Here, we consider the zebrafish embryo as a useful in vivo system to perform such studies and present a protocol to measure in vivo oxidative stress. Taking advantage of fluorescent ROS probes and zebrafish transgenic fluorescent lines, we develop two different methods to measure oxidative stress in vivo: i) a &#8220;whole embryo ROS-detection method&#8221; for qualitative measurement of oxidative stress and ii) a &#8220;single-cell&#160;ROS detection method&#8221; for quantitative measurements of oxidative stress. Herein, we demonstrate the efficacy of these procedures by increasing oxidative stress in tissues by oxidant agents and physiological or genetic methods. This protocol is amenable for forward genetic screens and it will help address cause-effect relationships of ROS in animal models of oxidative stress-related pathologies such as neurological disorders and cancer.

Here we report a protocol to measure oxidative stress in living zebrafish embryos. This procedure allows reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection in both whole embryo tissues and single-cell populations. This protocol will accomplish both qualitative and quantitative analyses.

שני הפוטונים מבוסס Photoactivation עוברי דג הזברה לחיות

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