Name: Video: Video-oculography in Mice
Uploaded: 2012-07-19T12:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 43 s

אנו מבקשים להודות ארגון הולנד למחקר בריאות ופיתוח (MDJ, CDZ), ארגון הולנד למחקר מדעי (CDZ), NeuroBasic (CDZ), ביאטריקס Prinses Fonds (CDZ), SENSOPAC (CDZ), C7 (CDZ) ו (CDZ) CEREBNET תוכנית של האיחוד האירופי לתמיכה הכספית.

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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eye+orientation+during+static+tilts+and+its+relationship+to+spontaneous+head+pitch+in+the+laboratory+mouse.">Eye orientation during static tilts and its relationship to spontaneous head pitch in the laboratory mouse.</a> Brain. Res. 1193, 57 (2008).</li><li>Stahl, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+Channelopathy+Mutants+and+Their+Role+in+Ocular+Motor.">Calcium Channelopathy Mutants and Their Role in Ocular Motor.</a> Research. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 956, 64 (2002).</li><li>Stahl, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eye+movements+of+the+murine+P/Q+calcium+channel+mutant+tottering,+and+the+impact+of+aging.">Eye movements of the murine P/Q calcium channel mutant tottering, and the impact of aging.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 95, 1588 (2006).</li><li>Andreescu, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estradiol+improves+cerebellar+memory+formation+by+activating+estrogen+receptor+beta.">Estradiol improves cerebellar memory formation by activating estrogen receptor beta.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 27, 10832 (2007).</li><li>Katoh, A., Kitazawa, H., Itohara, S., Nagao, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+characteristics+and+adaptability+of+mouse+vestibulo-ocular+and+optokinetic+response+eye+movements+and+the+role+of+the+flocculo-olivary+system+revealed+by+chemical+lesions.">Dynamic characteristics and adaptability of mouse vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic response eye movements and the role of the flocculo-olivary system revealed by chemical lesions.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 7705 (1998).</li><li>Stahl, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+eye+movements+to+assess+brain+function+in+mice.">Using eye movements to assess brain function in mice.</a> Vision Res. 44, 3401 (2004).</li><li>Koekkoek, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gain+adaptation+and+phase+dynamics+of+compensatory+eye+movements+in+mice.">Gain adaptation and phase dynamics of compensatory eye movements in mice.</a> Genes Funct. 1, 175 (1997).</li><li>Faulstich, B. M., Onori, K. A., du Lac, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+plasticity+and+development+of+mouse+optokinetic+and+vestibulo-ocular+reflexes+suggests+differential+gain+control+mechanisms.">Comparison of plasticity and development of mouse optokinetic and vestibulo-ocular reflexes suggests differential gain control mechanisms.</a> Vision Res. 44, 3419 (2004).</li><li>Koekkoek, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gain+adaptation+and+phase+dynamics+of+compensatory+eye+movements+in+mice.">Gain adaptation and phase dynamics of compensatory eye movements in mice.</a> Genes Funct. 1, 175 (1997).</li></ol>

אין ניגוד עניינים הצהיר.

על מנת לקבל איכות גבוהה עיניים ווידאו תנועות בעכברים דרישות כמה נחוצים. הליך הכיול צריך להתבצע העניין טופל המוזכרים לעיל. לדוגמה מחוץ למרכז כיול, כאשר התלמיד אינו ממוקם על קו האמצע האנכי עם CR התייחסות במהלך הליך כיול, יגרום הערכה נמוכה מדי של RP וכתוצאה מכך יתר של תנועת העין. יתר על כן, אנו ממליצים לשלב את גודל האישון תיקון שיטת בהליך הכיול 12, כי מחקרים מראים כי גודל האישון יציב מאוד הם נדירים מאוד. גם גורם לחץ קטן במהלך המשפט כבר יכול לשנות את קוטר האישון באופן משמעותי. בעת תכנון הניסוי תנועות עיניים, מהגורמים הבאים יש לקחת בחשבון או נשלט על כי הם ידועים בהשפעתם על תנועות עיניים בתגובה: גיל 13,18, 14 מגדר ומתח 15,16, 19. יתר על כן, בעלי חיים ניסיוני צריך אירוסים פיגמנט מאז גילוי ומעקב אחר התלמיד הוא בלתי אפשרי, כאשר הניגוד בין תלמיד ואיריס נמוכה מדי, כמו העכבר BALB / ג. חיות עצבני ביותר או חרדה צריך לעבור הכשרה, לפני הניסוי, כדי להתרגל למערך הניסוי מעלה את מצב מאופקת. בעל חיים זה טיפול תוצאות הליך הסגירה פחות או סגירת למחצה של העיניים ומונע את הדור של נוזלי העין במהלך הניסוי, ולכן מעקב תלמיד טוב יותר מושגת. לבסוף, רכישת וניתוח נתונים דורש שעתיים עד שלוש שעות לכל בעל חיים. לכן, התנועה הקלטות עיניים צפויה להישאר תהליך מסוים חל על עכברים נבחרים, אך לא מתאימים כמו מבחן תפוקה גבוהה ההקרנה.

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> שם מגיב </td><td> חברה </td><td> מספר קטלוגי </td></tr><tr><td> Isofluran </td><td> Rhodia Organique פיין בע&quot;מ </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> כרית חימום </td><td> Fhc </td><td> 40-90-8 </td></tr><tr><td> Duratears </td><td> אלקון </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> חומצה זרחתית ג&#39;ל </td><td> קר </td><td> 31297 </td></tr><tr><td> Optibond הממשלה </td><td> קר </td><td> 35369 </td></tr><tr><td> Optibond דבק </td><td> קר </td><td> 35369 </td></tr><tr><td> כריזמה המשולב </td><td> Heraeus Kulzer </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> מקסימה 480 ריפוי האור היחידה </td><td> הנרי שיין </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> AC סרוו בשליטה מוטורית </td><td> כונן הרמוני AG </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Cylindric המסך </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> הלוגן אור (20 וואט) </td><td> רכיבים RS </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> פוטנציומטרים (דיוק) </td><td> Bourns Inc. </td><td> 6574 </td></tr><tr><td> הכוח 1401 (I / O ממשק) </td><td> CED מוגבלת </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> מחשבים </td><td> Dell </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> אינפרא אדום emmitters </td><td> רכיבים RS </td><td> 195-451 </td></tr><tr><td> ETL-200 </td><td> ISCAN </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> עדשות הזום (זום 6000) </td><td> Navitar Inc. </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Pilocarpinenitrate (minims) </td><td> Laboratoire Chauvin </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

video-oculography in mice

תנועות עיניים חשובים מאוד על מנת לעקוב אחר אובייקט או לייצב את התמונה על הרשתית במהלך התנועה. בעלי חיים ללא גומה, כגון עכבר, יש יכולת מוגבלת לנעול את עיניהם אל היעד. לעומת אלה תנועות עיניים מכוונת מטרה, פיצוי עיניים תנועות עיניים הם בקלות עורר אצל בעלי חיים afoveate 1,2,3,4. תנועות עיניים פיצוי נוצרים על ידי עיבוד מידע שיווי המשקל ואת optokinetic לאות פקודה אשר יניעו את שרירי העיניים. עיבוד של מידע שיווי המשקל ואת optokinetic יכול להיחקר בנפרד וביחד, המאפשר את המפרט של הגירעון במערכת oculomotor. מערכת oculomotor ניתן לבדוק על ידי לעורר רפלקס optokinetic (OKR), vestibulo-עינית רפלקס (VOR) או ראייה משופרת vestibulo-עינית רפלקס (VVOR). OKR היא תנועה רפלקס זה מפצה על &quot;מלא בשדה&quot; תנועות התמונה על הרשתית, ואילו VOR הוא מ &#39;עין רפלקסovement כי מפצה תנועות הראש. VVOR היא תנועה העין רפלקס שמשתמש הן שיווי המשקל, כמו גם מידע optokinetic לעשות פיצוי הולם. המוח הקטן עוקב אחר והוא מסוגל להתאים את תנועות עיניים פיצוי. לכן, oculography הוא כלי רב עוצמה כדי לחקור המוח להתנהגות יחסים תחת רגיל, כמו גם בתנאים פתולוגיים (FE של העין, שיווי המשקל ו / או מוצא המוח הקטן). בדיקת מערכת oculomotor, כפרדיגמה התנהגותית, היא מעניינת מכמה סיבות. ראשית, מערכת oculomotor היא מערכת עצבית הבין היטב 5. שנית, מערכת oculomotor הוא 6 פשוטה יחסית, כמות תנועות עיניים אפשרי הוא מוגבל על ידי הארכיטקטורה כדור בתוך השקע שלה (&quot;משותפת אחת&quot;) ואת שלושת זוגות עיניים במיוחד שרירי 7. שלישית, פלט קלט חושי התנהגותי יכול בקלות למדוד, מה שהופך את מערכת נגישות גבוהה עבור כמותיתניתוח 8. בדיקות התנהגותיות רבות לחוסר רמה גבוהה של כוח כמותי. ולבסוף, גם הביצועים, כמו גם גמישות של מערכת oculomotor ניתן לבדוק, המאפשר מחקר על תהליכי למידה וזיכרון 9. עכברים מהונדסים גנטית הם היום הנפוצה ומהווים מקור חשוב לחקר תפקודי המוח ברמות שונות 10. בנוסף, הם יכולים לשמש כמודלים לחיקוי מחלות אנושיות. יישום oculography על רגיל, פרמקולוגית, טיפול או עכברים מהונדסים גנטית הוא כלי מחקר רב עוצמה כדי לחקור את הפיזיולוגיה הבסיסית של התנהגויות מוטוריות בתנאים נורמליים ופתולוגיים. כאן, נתאר כיצד למדוד וידאו oculography בעכברים 8.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Video-oculography in Mice at JoVE.com

Video-oculography in Mice

וידאו oculography היא שיטה כמותית מאוד לחקור את ביצועי המנוע העין, כמו גם למידה מוטורית. כאן, נתאר כיצד למדוד וידאו oculography בעכברים. יישום טכניקה זו על רגיל, פרמקולוגית, טיפול או עכברים מהונדסים גנטית הוא כלי מחקר רב עוצמה כדי לחקור את הפיזיולוגיה הבסיסית של התנהגויות מוטוריות.

וידאו oculography ב עכברים

Eye movements are very important in order to track an object or to stabilize an image on the retina during movement. Animals without a fovea, such as the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

23.6K Views.  Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. וידאו oculography היא שיטה כמותית מאוד לחקור את ביצועי המנוע העין, כמו גם למידה מוטורית. כאן, נתאר כיצד למדוד וידאו oculography בעכברים. יישום טכניקה זו על רגיל, פרמקולוגית, טיפול או עכברים מהונדסים גנטית הוא כלי מחקר רב עוצמה כדי לחקור את הפיזיולוגיה הבסיסית של התנהגויות מ?...

Video: Video-oculography in Mice

Measuring Motor Coordination in Mice

Mice are increasingly being used in behavioral neuroscience, largely replacing rats as the behaviorist's animal of choice. Before aspects of behavior such as emotionality or cognition can be assessed, however, it is vital to determine whether the motor capabilities of e.g. a mutant or lesioned mouse allow such an assessment. Performance on a maze task requiring strength and coordination, such as the Morris water maze, might well be impaired in a mouse by motor, rather than cognitive, impairments, so it is essential to selectively dissect the latter from the former. For example, sensorimotor impairments caused by NMDA antagonists have been shown to impair water maze performance2. 
Motor coordination has traditionally been assessed in mice and rats by the rotarod test, in which the animal is placed on a horizontal rod that rotates about its long axis; the animal must walk forwards to remain upright and not fall off. Both set speed and accelerating versions of the rotarod are available.
The other three tests described in this article (horizontal bar, static rods and parallel bars) all measure coordination on static apparatus. The horizontal bar also requires strength for adequate performance, particularly of the forelimbs as the mouse initially grips the bar just with the front paws. 
Adult rats do not perform well on tests such as the static rods and parallel bars (personal observations); they appear less well coordinated than mice. I have only tested male rats, however, and male mice seem generally less well coordinated than females. Mice appear to have a higher strength:weight ratio than rats; the Latin name, Mus musculus, seems entirely appropriate. The rotarod, the variations of the foot fault test12 or the Catwalk (Noldus)15 apparatus are generally used to assess motor coordination in rats.

Protocols are presented for two established motor coordination tasks, the accelerating rotarod and horizontal bar, also two tests developed in Oxford recently, the static rods and parallel bars. These tests can detect motor impairments potentially of interest in their own right, as well as being possible variables in tests of other areas of behavior.

מדידת קואורדינציה מוטורית בעכברים

Mice are increasingly being used in behavioral neuroscience, largely replacing rats as the behaviorist's animal of choice. Before aspects of behavior such ...

A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life. The cold plantar assay allows the objective and inexpensive assessment of cold sensitivity in mice, and can quantify both analgesia and hypersensitivity. Mice are acclimated on a glass plate, and a compressed dry ice pellet is held against the glass surface underneath the hindpaw. The latency to withdrawal from the cooling glass is used as a measure of cold sensitivity.
Cold sensation is also important for survival in regions with seasonal temperature shifts, and in order to maintain sensitivity animals must be able to adjust their thermal response thresholds to match the ambient temperature. The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) also allows the study of adaptation to changes in ambient temperature by testing the cold sensitivity of mice at temperatures ranging from 30 &#176;C to 5 &#176;C. Mice are acclimated as described above, but the glass plate is cooled to the desired starting temperature using aluminum boxes (or aluminum foil packets) filled with hot water, wet ice, or dry ice. The temperature of the plate is measured at the center using a filament T-type thermocouple probe. Once the plate has reached the desired starting temperature, the animals are tested as described above.
This assay allows testing of mice at temperatures ranging from innocuous to noxious. The CPA yields unambiguous and consistent behavioral responses in uninjured mice and can be used to quantify both hypersensitivity and analgesia. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

The Cold Plantar Assay (CPA) measures cold responsiveness between 30 &#176;C and 5 &#176;C, and can also measure cold adaptation. This protocol describes how to use the CPA to measure cold hypersensitivity, analgesia, and adaptation in mice.

שיטה פשוטה וזולה לקביעה קרה רגישות והסתגלות בעכברים

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life.  The cold ...

Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice

Recording of the epidural electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in small animals, like mice and rats, has been pivotal to study the homeodynamics and circuitry of sleep-wake regulation. In many laboratories, a cable-based sleep recording system is used to monitor the EEG and EMG in freely behaving mice in combination with computer software for automatic scoring of the vigilance states on the basis of power spectrum analysis of EEG data. A description of this system is detailed herein. Steel screws are implanted over the frontal cortical area and the parietal area of 1 hemisphere for monitoring EEG signals. In addition, EMG activity is monitored by the bilateral placement of wires in both neck muscles. Non-rapid eye movement (Non-REM; NREM) sleep is characterized by large, slow brain waves with delta activity below 4 Hz in the EEG, whereas a shift from low-frequency delta activity to a rapid low-voltage EEG in the theta range between 6 and 10 Hz can be observed at the transition from NREM to REM sleep. By contrast, wakefulness is identified by low- to moderate-voltage brain waves in the EEG trace and significant EMG activity.

The recording of electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in freely behaving mice is a critical step to correlate behavior and physiology with sleep and wakefulness. The experimental protocol described herein provides a cable-based system for acquiring EEG and EMG recordings in mice.

נוהל הקלטת פוליגרפים למדידת שינה בעכברים

Recording of the epidural electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in small animals, like mice and rats, has been pivotal to study the ...

Assessment of Dopaminergic Homeostasis in Mice by Use of High-performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis and Synaptosomal Dopamine Uptake

Dopamine (DA) is a modulatory neurotransmitter controlling motor activity, reward processes and cognitive function. Impairment of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurotransmission is strongly associated with several central nervous system-associated diseases such as Parkinson&#39;s disease, attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder and drug addiction1,2,3,4. Delineating disease mechanisms involving DA imbalance is critically dependent on animal models to mimic aspects of the diseases, and thus protocols that assess specific parts of the DA homeostasis are important to provide novel insights and possible therapeutic targets for these diseases.
Here, we present two useful experimental protocols that when combined provide a functional read-out of the DAergic system in mice. Biochemical and functional parameters on DA homeostasis are obtained through assessment of DA levels and dopamine transporter (DAT) functionality5. When investigating the DA system, the ability to reliably measure endogenous levels of DA from adult brain is essential. Therefore, we present how to perform high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on brain tissue from mice to determine levels of DA. We perform the experiment on tissue from dorsal striatum (dStr) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), but the method is also suitable for other DA-innervated brain areas.
DAT is essential for reuptake of DA into the presynaptic terminal, thereby controlling the temporal and spatial activity of released DA. Knowing the levels and functionality of DAT in the striatum is of major importance when assessing DA homeostasis. Here, we provide a protocol that allows to simultaneously deduce information on surface levels and function using a synaptosomal6 DA uptake assay.
Current methods combined with standard immunoblotting protocols provide the researcher with relevant tools to characterize the DAergic system.

Synaptosomal dopamine uptake and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis represent experimental tools to investigate dopamine homeostasis in mice by assessing the function of the dopamine transporter and levels of dopamine in striatal tissue, respectively. Here we present protocols to measure dopamine tissue content and assess the functionality of the dopamine transporter.

הערכה של דופאמין הומאוסטזיס בעכברים באמצעות ניתוח ביצועים גבוהים כרומטוגרפיה נוזלית, דופמין Synaptosomal ספיגת

Dopamine (DA) is a modulatory neurotransmitter controlling motor activity, reward processes and cognitive function. Impairment of dopaminergic (DAergic) ...

An Objective and Reproducible Test of Olfactory Learning and Discrimination in Mice

Olfaction is the predominant sensory modality in mice and influences many important behaviors, including foraging, predator detection, mating, and parenting. Importantly, mice can be trained to associate novel odors with specific behavioral responses to provide insight into olfactory circuit function. This protocol details the procedure for training mice on a Go/No-Go operant learning task. In this approach, mice are trained on hundreds of automated trials daily for 2&#8211;4 weeks and can then be tested on novel Go/No-Go odor pairs to assess olfactory discrimination, or be used for studies on how odor learning alters the structure or function of the olfactory circuit. Additionally, the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) features ongoing integration of adult-born neurons. Interestingly, olfactory learning increases both the survival and synaptic connections of these adult-born neurons. Therefore, this protocol can be combined with other biochemical, electrophysiological, and imaging techniques to study learning and activity-dependent factors that mediate neuronal survival and plasticity.

Here, we train mice on an associative learning task to test odor discrimination. This protocol also allows for studies on learning-induced structural changes in the brain.

מבחן אובייקטיבי, לשחזור של למידה חוש הריח ואפליה בעכברים

Olfaction is the predominant sensory modality in mice and influences many important behaviors, including foraging, predator detection, mating, and ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Mice

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique proposed as an alternative or complementary treatment for several neuropsychiatric diseases. The biological effects of tDCS are not fully understood, which is in part explained due to the difficulty in obtaining human brain tissue. This protocol describes a tDCS mouse model that uses a chronically implanted electrode allowing the study of the long-lasting biological effects of tDCS. In this experimental model, tDCS changes the cortical gene expression and offers a prominent contribution to the understanding of the rationale for its therapeutic use.

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Mice

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a therapeutic technique proposed to treat psychiatric diseases. An animal model is essential for understanding the specific biological alterations evoked by tDCS. This protocol describes a tDCS mouse model that uses a chronically implanted electrode.

טראנס זרם ישיר גירוי (tDCS) בעכברים

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique proposed as an alternative or complementary treatment for ...

A Protocol for Transcranial Photobiomodulation Therapy in Mice

Transcranial photobiomodulation is a potential innovative noninvasive therapeutic approach for improving brain bioenergetics, brain function in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, and memory enhancement in age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases. We describe a laboratory protocol for transcranial photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) in mice. Aged BALB/c mice (18 months old) are treated with a 660 nm laser transcranially, once daily for 2 weeks. Laser transmittance data shows that approximately 1% of the incident red light on the scalp reaches a 1 mm depth from the cortical surface, penetrating the dorsal hippocampus. Treatment outcomes are assessed by two methods: a Barnes maze test, which is a hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory task evaluation, and measuring hippocampal ATP levels, which is used as a bioenergetics index. The results from the Barnes task show an enhancement of the spatial memory in laser-treated aged mice when compared with age-matched controls. Biochemical analysis after laser treatment indicates increased hippocampal ATP levels. We postulate that the enhancement of memory performance is potentially due to an improvement in hippocampal energy metabolism induced by the red laser treatment. The observations in mice could be extended to other animal models since this protocol could potentially be adapted to other species frequently used in translational neuroscience, such as rabbit, cat, dog, or monkey. Transcranial photobiomodulation is a safe and cost-effective modality which may be a promising therapeutic approach in age-related cognitive impairment.

Photobiomodulation therapy is an innovative noninvasive modality for the treatment of a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders and can also improve healthy brain function. This protocol includes a step-by-step guide to performing brain photobiomodulation in mice by transcranial light delivery, which can be adapted for use in other laboratory rodents.

פרוטוקול לטיפול Photobiomodulation טראנס בעכברים

Transcranial photobiomodulation is a potential innovative noninvasive therapeutic approach for improving brain bioenergetics, brain function in a wide ...

Long-term Sensory Conflict in Freely Behaving Mice

Long-term sensory conflict protocols are a valuable means of studying motor learning. The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for experiments aimed at studying long-term learning in mice. By permanently wearing a device fixed on their heads, mice are continuously exposed to a sensory mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs while freely moving in home cages. Therefore, this protocol readily enables the study of the visual system and multisensory interactions over an extended timeframe that would not be accessible otherwise. In addition to lowering the experimental costs of long-term sensory learning in naturally behaving mice, this approach accommodates the combination of in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the reported example, video-oculography is performed to quantify the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic reflex (OKR) before and after learning. Mice exposed to this long-term sensory conflict between visual and vestibular inputs presented a strong VOR gain decrease but exhibited few OKR changes. Detailed steps of device assembly, animal care, and reflex measurements are hereby reported.

The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for experiments aimed at studying long-term learning. By permanently wearing a fixed device on their heads, mice are continuously exposed to a sensory mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs while freely moving in home cages.

הקונפליקט חושי לטווח ארוך באופן חופשי להתנהג עכברים

Long-term sensory conflict protocols are a valuable means of studying motor learning. The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for ...

Quantitative Measurement of Intrathecally Synthesized Proteins in Mice

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a fluid found in the brain and the spinal cord, is of great importance to both basic and clinical science. The analysis of the CSF protein composition delivers crucial information in basic neuroscience research as well as neurological diseases. One caveat is that proteins measured in CSF may derive from both intrathecal synthesis and transudation from serum, and protein analysis of CSF can only determine the sum of these two components. To discriminate between protein transudation from the blood and intrathecally produced proteins in animal models as well as in humans, CSF protein profiling measurements using conventional protein analysis tools must include the calculation of the albumin CSF/serum quotient (Qalbumin), a marker of the integrity of the blood-brain interface (BBI), and the protein index (Qprotein/Qalbumin), an estimate of intrathecal protein synthesis. This protocol illustrates the entire procedure, from CSF and blood collection to quotients and indices calculations, for the quantitative measurement of intrathecal protein synthesis and BBI impairment in mouse models of neurological disorders.

Elevated spinal fluid protein levels can either be the result of diffusion of plasma protein across an altered blood-brain barrier or intrathecal synthesis. An optimized testing protocol is presented in this article that helps to discriminate both cases and provides quantitative measurements of intrathecally synthesized proteins.

מדידה כמותית של מתוך מסונתז חלבונים בעכברים

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a fluid found in the brain and the spinal cord, is of great importance to both basic and clinical science. The analysis of the ...

Electrocorticographic Recording of Cerebral Cortex Areas Manipulated Using an Adeno-Associated Virus Targeting Cofilin in Mice

The use of electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings in rodents is relevant to sleep research and to the study of a wide range of neurological conditions. Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are increasingly used to improve understanding of brain circuits and their functions. The AAV-mediated manipulation of specific cell populations and/or of precise molecular components has been tremendously useful to identify new sleep regulatory circuits/molecules and key proteins contributing to the adverse effects of sleep loss. For instance, inhibiting activity of the filamentous actin-severing protein&#160;cofilin&#160;using AAV prevents sleep deprivation-induced memory impairment. Here, a protocol is&#160;described that combines the manipulation of cofilin function in a cerebral cortex area with the recording of ECoG activity to examine whether cortical cofilin modulates the wakefulness and sleep ECoG signals. AAV injection is performed during the same surgical procedure as the implantation of ECoG and electromyographic (EMG) electrodes in adult male and female mice. Mice are anesthetized, and their heads are shaved. After skin cleaning and incision, stereotaxic coordinates of the motor cortex are determined, and the skull is pierced at this location. A cannula prefilled with an AAV expressing cofilinS3D, an inactive form of cofilin, is slowly positioned in the cortical tissue. After AAV infusion, gold-covered screws (ECoG electrodes) are screwed through the skull and cemented to the skull with gold wires inserted in the neck muscles (EMG electrodes). The animals are allowed three weeks to recover and to ensure sufficient expression of cofilinS3D. The infected area and cell type are verified using immunohistochemistry, and the ECoG is analyzed using visual identification of vigilance states and spectral analysis. In summary, this combined methodological approach allows the investigation of the precise contribution of molecular components regulating neuronal morphology and connectivity to the regulation of synchronized cerebral cortex activity during wakefulness and sleep.

This article describes a protocol for the manipulation of molecular targets in the cerebral cortex using adeno-associated viruses and for monitoring the effects of this manipulation during wakefulness and sleep using electrocorticographic recordings.

הקלטה אלקטרוקורטיקוגרפית של אזורי קליפת המוח מניפולציה באמצעות וירוס הקשור אדנו מיקוד Cofilin בעכברים

The use of electrocorticographic (ECoG) recordings in rodents is relevant to sleep research and to the study of a wide range of neurological conditions. ...