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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+Chlamydia+trachomatis+entry+into+nonphagocytic+cells.">Mechanisms of Chlamydia trachomatis entry into nonphagocytic cells.</a> Infect Immun. 75 (8), 3925-3934 (2007).</li><li>Heuer, D., Kneip, C., Maurer, A. P., Meyer, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tackling+the+intractable+-+approaching+the+genetics+of+Chlamydiales.">Tackling the intractable - approaching the genetics of Chlamydiales.</a> Int J Med Microbiol. 297 (7-8), 569-576 (2007).</li><li>Stephens, R. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+sequence+of+an+obligate+intracellular+pathogen+of+humans,+Chlamydia+trachomatis.">Genome sequence of an obligate intracellular pathogen of humans, Chlamydia trachomatis.</a> Science. 282 (5389), 754-759 (1998).</li><li>Thomson, N. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chlamydia+trachomatis,+genome+sequence+analysis+of+lymphogranuloma+venereum+isolates.">Chlamydia trachomatis, genome sequence analysis of lymphogranuloma venereum isolates.</a> Genome Res. 18 (1), 161-171 (2008).</li><li>Harris, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-genome+analysis+of+diverse+Chlamydia+trachomatis+strains+identifies+phylogenetic+relationships+masked+by+current+clinical+typing.">Whole-genome analysis of diverse Chlamydia trachomatis strains identifies phylogenetic relationships masked by current clinical typing.</a> Nat Genet. 44 (4), 413-419 (2012).</li><li>Somboonna, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypervirulent+Chlamydia+trachomatis+clinical+strain+is+a+recombinant+between+lymphogranuloma+venereum+(L(2))+and+D+lineages.">Hypervirulent Chlamydia trachomatis clinical strain is a recombinant between lymphogranuloma venereum (L(2)) and D lineages.</a> MBio. 2 (3), e00045-00011 (2011).</li><li>Voigt, A., Schofl, G., Saluz, H. 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P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+Chlamydia+trachomatis+diversity+occurs+by+widespread+interstrain+recombination+involving+hotspots.">Evolution of Chlamydia trachomatis diversity occurs by widespread interstrain recombination involving hotspots.</a> Genome Res. 17 (1), 50-60 (2007).</li><li>DeMars, R., Weinfurter, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interstrain+gene+transfer+in+Chlamydia+trachomatis+in+vitro,+mechanism+and+significance.">Interstrain gene transfer in Chlamydia trachomatis in vitro, mechanism and significance.</a> J Bacteriol. 190 (5), 1605-1614 (2008).</li><li>Demars, R., Weinfurter, J., Guex, E., Lin, J., Potucek, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lateral+gene+transfer+in+vitro+in+the+intracellular+pathogen+Chlamydia+trachomatis.">Lateral gene transfer in vitro in the intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis.</a> J Bacteriol. 189 (3), 991-1003 (2007).</li><li>Nguyen, B. D., Valdivia, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Virulence+determinants+in+the+obligate+intracellular+pathogen+Chlamydia+trachomatis+revealed+by+forward+genetic+approaches.">Virulence determinants in the obligate intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis revealed by forward genetic approaches.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109 (4), 1263-1268 (2012).</li><li>Tipples, G., McClarty, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+initial+characterization+of+a+series+of+Chlamydia+trachomatis+isolates+selected+for+hydroxyurea+resistance+by+a+stepwise+procedure.">Isolation and initial characterization of a series of Chlamydia trachomatis isolates selected for hydroxyurea resistance by a stepwise procedure.</a> J Bacteriol. 173 (16), 4932-4940 (1991).</li><li>Wang, L. L., Henson, E., McClarty, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+trimethoprim-+and+sulphisoxazole-resistant+Chlamydia+trachomatis.">Characterization of trimethoprim- and sulphisoxazole-resistant Chlamydia trachomatis.</a> Mol Microbiol. 14 (2), 271-281 (1994).</li><li>Scidmore, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cultivation+and+Laboratory+Maintenance+of+Chlamydia+trachomatis.">Cultivation and Laboratory Maintenance of Chlamydia trachomatis.</a> Curr Protoc Microbiol. Chapter 11, Unit 11A 11 (2005).</li><li>Li, H., Ruan, J., Durbin, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+short+DNA+sequencing+reads+and+calling+variants+using+mapping+quality+scores.">Mapping short DNA sequencing reads and calling variants using mapping quality scores.</a> Genome Res. 18 (11), 1851-1858 (2008).</li><li>Li, H., Durbin, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+and+accurate+short+read+alignment+with+Burrows-Wheeler+transform.">Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform.</a> Bioinformatics. 25 (14), 1754-1760 (2009).</li><li>Suchland, R. J., Sandoz, K. M., Jeffrey, B. M., Stamm, W. E., Rockey, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Horizontal+transfer+of+tetracycline+resistance+among+Chlamydia+spp.+in+vitro.">Horizontal transfer of tetracycline resistance among Chlamydia spp. in vitro.</a> Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 53 (11), 4604-4611 (2009).</li><li>Sladek, F. M., Melian, A., Howard-Flanders, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incision+by+UvrABC+excinuclease+is+a+step+in+the+path+to+mutagenesis+by+psoralen+crosslinks+in+Escherichia+coli.">Incision by UvrABC excinuclease is a step in the path to mutagenesis by psoralen crosslinks in Escherichia coli.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 86 (11), 3982-3986 (1989).</li><li>Wang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+transformation+system+for+Chlamydia+trachomatis,+restoration+of+glycogen+biosynthesis+by+acquisition+of+a+plasmid+shuttle+vector.">Development of a transformation system for Chlamydia trachomatis, restoration of glycogen biosynthesis by acquisition of a plasmid shuttle vector.</a> PLoS Pathog. 7 (9), e1002258 (2011).</li></ol>

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מתודולוגיה זו עומדת בדרישות הבסיסיות לניתוח גנטי כפי שקובע זיקה בין גנוטיפים ופנוטיפים. חשוב מכך, זו מושגת ללא סיוע של כלים מולקולריים קונבנציונליים לשינוי DNA רקומביננטי ואיון insertional של גנים בחיידקים, שהוא לעתים קרובות צעד הגבלת שיעור בניתוח של תפקוד גן בחיידקים אי -...

את החשבונות המחייבים תאיים חיידק כלמידיה trachomatis עבור 2.8 מיליון זיהומים באברי המין מוערכים בדרכי בשנה בארצות הברית (מרכז לבקרת מחלות) עם משויך sequelae כגון מחלת דלקתית של אגן ירכיים, הריונות מחוץ לרחם, ובעיות פוריות (1). כלמידיה spp לי ייחודיים פיזיולוגיה עם מחזור ההתפתחותי biphasic המורכב משתי צורות: גוף היסודי המדבק אך אינם שכפול (EB) וגוף reticulate noninfectious אבל replicative (RB). זיהום מתחיל עם הקובץ המצורף של EBS לתאי האפיתל ואחרי endoctyotosis (2). בתוך vacuole קרום הנכנס נקרא הכללה, EBS להתמיין טופס RB, אשר לאחר מכן משכפל על ידי החלוקה בינארית. באמצע המחזור, מעברי RBS בחזרה לEBS, אשר לאחר מכן גורש אל תוך החלל תאי ליזום סיבובים חדשים של הידבקות כאשר lyses תא המארח (3). trachomatis ג הואעקשן למניפולציה שגרתית עם כלים גנטיים מולקולריים סטנדרטיים, כגון החלפה ממוקדת גן, transposons, וphages transducing, שהייתה מרכזי למרבית המחקרים בגנטיקה חיידקים, לא ברור באיזו מידת הגנים כלמידיה בודדות לתרום להתחמקות מהחסינות מולדת , רכישה מזינה, מעברים התפתחותיים, או תהליכים אחרים חשובים להישרדות של הפתוגן בתוך מארח אוקריוטים (4). כתוצאה מכך, הפתוגן זה נשאר מאופיין גרוע למרות החשיבות הקלינית שלה. את הגנום של כלמידיה spp. הם קטנים יחסית (~ 1 Mb) (5) עם מינים רבים ותוך שימוש בטכנולוגיות biovars רצף רצף של הדור הבא. ניתוח הגנום השוואתי על ידי WGS סיפקה תובנות ייחודיות לאבולוציה של מיני כלמידיה והתאמת לבני אדם (6-8) ובמידה מסוימת סיפקה כמה פרטים כמו לפונקצית הפוטנציאל של גורמים ארסיות (9, 10). Tהוא מוצג על ידי מגוון גנטי קליני מבודדים אינו מספק הרזולוציה הנדרשת כדי למפות את הפונקציה של רוב הגורמים ארסיות באופן שיטתי, יש להניח כי מוטציות בגנים אלו היו נבחרו בקלות נגד. ללא תופעות של בלבול מברירה טבעית, וריאציה גן mutagen-Induced, יחד עם מבחני שהוגדרו כי פגמים למדוד בארסיות, יכולים להרחיב את הספקטרום של מוטציות שיכולים להיות שהשתתפו בסקר. מוטגנים כימיים, בפרט, הם שימושיים כפי שהם יכולים ליצור פונקציה (מופחתת) null, מותנית, hypomorphic, וhypermorphic (רווח של פונקציה) אללים. עם הגעתו של טכנולוגיות הגנום-הדור הבא של רצף חזקים, מוטציות כאלה ניתן לזהות בקלות וממופית. באופן זה, אסוציאציות חזקות יכולות להתבצע בין מוטציות במסלול גן או גנטי ופנוטיפ משותף, מה שמאפשר את היישום של קדימה גנטיים גישות. את רצף הגנום של זנים קליניים חשף פסיפס בserovars etween ולוקוסים של רקומבינציה תכופה (11). ראיות אמפיריות של רקומבינציה הודגמה באמצעות שיתוף הזיהום משני זנים שונים עמידים לאנטיביוטיקה ובחירת צאצאי רקומביננטי הכפול עמידים, שנחשף ליש תרומה גנטית משני הזנים (12, 13). לפיכך, מטבע גנטי בין סוג בר וזנים מוטנטים בהגדרת שיתוף זיהום מאפשר הפרדה של מוטציות המושרה כימיים כדי לאתר את הגן הפגוע שמוביל לפנוטיפ הנצפה. כאן אנו מתארים שיטה לביצוע ניתוח גנטי בכלמידיה מבוסס על mutagenesis הכימי, WGS, ומערכת להחלפת ה-DNA בתאים נגועים (14) (איור 1).

<table><tbody><tr><td>Dulbecco&amp;rsquo;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11995-073</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td><td>Cellgro</td><td>35-010-CV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) </td><td>Sigma</td><td>M0880</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cyclohexamide</td><td>Sigma</td><td>C4859-1ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gentamicin </td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>15750-060</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>14190-144</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution with 0.493 mM MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and 0.901 mM CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (PBS+MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>14040-133</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 M NaOH</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5x SPG buffer (1.25 M sucrose, 50 mM sodium phosphate, 25 mM glutamic acid)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SPG buffer (0.25 M sucrose, 10 mM sodium phosphate, 5 mM glutamic acid)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Water (sterile, tissue culture grade)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2x DMEM (prepared from powder, buffered with 7.4 g/L Sodium Bicarbonate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D7777</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nonessential amino acids (NEAA) </td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>11140-050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.2% GTG Agarose , autoclaved</td><td>Lonzo</td><td>50070</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Genomic DNA purification kits</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>69504</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DNAzol</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10503-027</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol (molecular biology grade)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>8 mM NaOH</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.1 M HEPES ( 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid) buffer</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>25 cm2 tissue culture flasks (T25 flasks)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6-well tissue culture plates</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>12-well tissue culture plates</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>96-well tissue culture plates</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chemical safety hood</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Biological safety hood</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&gt;Centrifuge and adaptors for spinning tissue plates</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&gt;Dissection microscope</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluorometer (Qubit)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>Q32866</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adaptive Focused Acoustics S220 instrument</td><td>Covaris</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

forward genetic approaches in chlamydia trachomatis

כלמידיה trachomatis, הסוכן האטיולוגי של מחלות מין ודלקות עיניות, נשאר גרוע מאופיין בשל חוסר היכולת להשתלט לשינוי ניסיוני עם ה-DNA רקומביננטי. פתחנו גישה לבצע ניתוח גנטי בג trachomatis למרות העדר כלים גנטיים מולקולריים. השיטה שלנו כוללת: i) mutagenesis הכימי כדי לייצר במהירות ספריות מקיפות של מוטציות גנטית שהוגדרו עם פנוטיפים שונים; II) הגנום כולו רצף (WGS) למפות את הנגעים הגנטיים הבסיסיים ולמצוא את הקשר בין הגן שעבר מוטציה (ים) ו.. הפנוטיפ משותף;. III) דור של זנים רקומביננטי באמצעות שיתוף זיהום של תאי יונקים עם חיידקים מסוג מוטציה ופראיים. בהתאם לכך, היינו יכול לבסס קשרים סיבתיים בין גנוטיפים ופנוטיפים. הצימוד של וריאציה הגנטית הנגרמת כימי WGS ולהקים עמותות גנוטיפ פנוטיפ-גומלות שוLD להיות באופן כללי החל על הרשימה הגדולה של מיקרואורגניזמים חשובים מבחינה רפואית והסביבה כרגע סוררים ניתוח גנטי.

חשיפה לmutagen מובילה לתכלילים המופיעים נטול חיידקים, ככל הנראה עקב מוות של תאי חיידקים. בדרך כלל, serovar LGV-L2 יהיה lyse לחלוטין תאים נגועים בתוך 48 שעות לאחר זיהום, אבל טיפול במוטגנים יכולים להרחיב את המעגל הזה ל&gt; 90 שעות. בערך 10% מתכלילים צפויים להתאושש. בניסויים שלנו, תאי Vero נ?...

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Forward Genetic Approaches in Chlamydia trachomatis

אנו מתארים שיטה לביצוע ניתוח גנטי בכלמידיה מבוסס על mutagenesis הכימי וכל רצף הגנום. בנוסף, מערכת להמרת ה-DNA בתאים נגועים מתוארת שיכול לשמש למיפוי גנטי. שיטה זו יכולה להיות ישימה באופן נרחב למערכות חיידקים חסרות מערכות טרנספורמציה וכלים גנטיים מולקולריים.

גישות גנטיות בקדימה<em&gt; כלמידיה trachomatis</em

Chlamydia trachomatis, the etiological agent of sexually transmitted diseases and ocular infections, remains poorly characterized due to its ...

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Immunology and Infection

Forward Genetic Approaches in Chlamydia trachomatis

12.8K Views.  Duke University Medical Center.  אנו מתארים שיטה לביצוע ניתוח גנטי בכלמידיה מבוסס על mutagenesis הכימי וכל רצף הגנום. בנוסף, מערכת להמרת ה-DNA בתאים נגועים מתוארת שיכול לשמש למיפוי גנטי. שיטה זו יכולה להיות ישימה באופן נרחב למערכות חיידקים חסרות מערכות טרנספורמציה וכלים גנט...

Video: Forward Genetic Approaches in Chlamydia trachomatis

A Human Fallopian Tube Model for Investigation of C. trachomatis Infections

Genital tract infections with Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) are the most frequent transmitted sexually disease in women worldwide. Inefficient clearance or persistence of the pathogens may lead to ascending infections of the upper genital tract and are supposed to cause chronic inflammatory damage to infected tissues 1,2. As a consequence, severe clinical sequelae like pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), tubal occlusion and infertility may occur 3,4. 
Most of the research with C. trachomatis has been conducted in epithelial cell lines (e.g. HEp-2 cells and HeLa-229) or in mice. However, as with cell- culture based models, they do neither reflect the physiology of native tissue nor the pathophysiology of C. trachomatis genital tract infections in vivo 5. Further limitations are given by the fact that central signaling cascades (e.g. IFN-&gamma; mediated JAK/STAT signaling pathway) that control intracellular chlamydial growth fundamentally differ between mice and humans 6,7. We and others therefore established a whole organ fallopian tube model to investigate direct interactions between C. trachomatis and human fallopian tube cells ex vivo 8,9.
For this purpose, human fallopian tubes from women undergoing hysterectomy were collected and infected with C. trachomatis serovar D. Within 24 h post infection, specimen where analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to detect Chlamydia trachomatis mediated epithelial damage as well as C. trachomatis inclusion formation in the fallopian tissue.

A Human Fallopian Tube Model for Investigation of C. trachomatis Infections

We describe an ex vivo infection model for visualisation of direct interactions from bacterial pathogens with human fallopian tube cells. The whole organ tissue model was established to investigate C. trachomatis induced pathology to the female fallopian tube under "life-like" conditions.

דגם האדם החצוצרה לחקירות<em&gt; ג trachomatis</em&gt; זיהומים

Genital tract infections with Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) are the most frequent transmitted sexually disease in women worldwide. Inefficient ...

Medicine

Identification of Host Pathways Targeted by Bacterial Effector Proteins using Yeast Toxicity and Suppressor Screens

Intracellular bacteria secrete virulence factors called effector proteins into the host cytosol that act to subvert host proteins and/or their associated biological pathways to the benefit of the bacterium. Identification of putative bacterial effector proteins has become more manageable due to advances in bacterial genome sequencing and the advent of algorithms that allow in silico identification of genes encoding secretion candidates and/or eukaryotic-like domains. However, identification of these important virulence factors is only an initial step. Naturally, the goal is to determine the molecular function of effector proteins and elucidate how they interact with the host. In recent years, techniques like the yeast two-hybrid screen and large-scale immunoprecipitations coupled with mass spectrometry have aided in the identification of protein-protein interactions. Although identification of a host binding partner is the crucial first step toward elucidating the molecular function of a bacterial effector protein, sometimes the host protein is found to have multiple biological functions (e.g., actin, clathrin, tubulin), or the bacterial protein may not physically bind host proteins, depriving the researcher of crucial information about the precise host pathway being manipulated. A modified yeast toxicity screen coupled with a suppressor screen has been adapted to identify host pathways impacted by bacterial effector proteins. The toxicity screen relies on a toxic effect in yeast caused by the effector protein interfering with the host biological pathways, which often manifests as a growth defect. Expression of a yeast genomic library is used to identify host factors that suppress the toxicity of the bacterial effector protein and thus identify proteins in the pathway that the effector protein targets. This protocol contains detailed instructions for both the toxicity and suppressor screens. These techniques can be performed in any lab capable of molecular cloning and cultivation of yeast and Escherichia coli.

Bacterial pathogens secrete proteins into the host that target crucial biological processes. Identifying the host pathways targeted by bacterial effector proteins is key to addressing molecular pathogenesis. Here, a method using a modified yeast suppressor and toxicity screen to elucidate host pathways targeted by toxic bacterial effector proteins is described.

זיהוי של מסלולים מארחים ממוקד על ידי חלבונים בקטריות אפקטור באמצעות רעילות שמרים מסכי מדכא

Intracellular bacteria secrete virulence factors called effector proteins into the host cytosol that act to subvert host proteins and/or their associated ...

Genetics

Genetic Manipulation in &Delta;ku80 Strains for Functional Genomic Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii

Targeted genetic manipulation using homologous recombination is the method of choice for functional genomic analysis to obtain a detailed view of gene function and phenotype(s). The development of mutant strains with targeted gene deletions, targeted mutations, complemented gene function, and/or tagged genes provides powerful strategies to address gene function, particularly if these genetic manipulations can be efficiently targeted to the gene locus of interest using integration mediated by double cross over homologous recombination.
Due to very high rates of nonhomologous recombination, functional genomic analysis of Toxoplasma gondii has been previously limited by the absence of efficient methods for targeting gene deletions and gene replacements to specific genetic loci. Recently, we abolished the major pathway of nonhomologous recombination in type I and type II strains of T. gondii by deleting the gene encoding the KU80 protein1,2. The &Delta;ku80 strains behave normally during tachyzoite (acute) and bradyzoite (chronic) stages in vitro and in vivo and exhibit essentially a 100% frequency of homologous recombination. The &Delta;ku80 strains make functional genomic studies feasible on the single gene as well as on the genome scale1-4.
Here, we report methods for using type I and type II &Delta;ku80&Delta;hxgprt strains to advance gene targeting approaches in T. gondii. We outline efficient methods for generating gene deletions, gene replacements, and tagged genes by targeted insertion or deletion of the hypoxanthine-xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HXGPRT) selectable marker. The described gene targeting protocol can be used in a variety of ways in &Delta;ku80 strains to advance functional analysis of the parasite genome and to develop single strains that carry multiple targeted genetic manipulations. The application of this genetic method and subsequent phenotypic assays will reveal fundamental and unique aspects of the biology of T. gondii and related significant human pathogens that cause malaria (Plasmodium sp.) and cryptosporidiosis (Cryptosporidium).

Here we report a method for using type I and type II &Delta;ku80 strains of Toxoplasma gondii to efficiently generate targeted gene deletions and gene replacements for functional genomic analysis.

מניפולציה גנטית ב<em&gt; Δku80</em&gt; זנים לאנליזה גנומית תפקודית של<em&gt; Toxoplasma gondii</em

Targeted genetic manipulation using homologous recombination is the method of choice for functional genomic analysis to obtain a detailed view of gene ...

Application of Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) for Studying Protein-Protein Interactions in Transcription

A transcription factor&#160;(TF) is a protein that regulates gene expression by interacting with the RNA polymerase, another TF, and/or template DNA. GrgA is a novel transcription activator found specifically in the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia. Protein pulldown assays using affinity beads have revealed that GrgA binds two &#963; factors, namely &#963;66 and &#963;28, which recognize different sets of promoters for genes whose products are differentially required at developmental stages. We have used BLI to confirm and further characterize the interactions. BLI demonstrates several advantages over pulldown: 1) It reveals real-time association and dissociation between binding partners, 2) It generates quantitative kinetic parameters, and 3) It can detect bindings that pulldown assays often fail to detect. These characteristics have enabled us to deduce the physiological roles of GrgA in gene expression regulation in Chlamydia, and possible detailed interaction mechanisms. We envision that this relatively affordable technology can be extremely useful for studying transcription and other biological processes.

Application of Biolayer Interferometry BLI for Studying Protein-Protein Interactions in Transcription

Interactions of transcription factors (TFs) with the RNA polymerase are usually studied using pulldown assays. We apply a Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) technology to characterize the interaction of GrgA with the chlamydial RNA polymerase. Compared to pulldown assays, BLI detects real-time association and dissociation, offers higher sensitivity, and is highly quantitative.

יישום של ביואולייר אינטרפרומטריה (בלי) ללימוד אינטראקציות חלבונים-חלבונים בתמלול

A transcription factor&#160;(TF) is a protein that regulates gene expression by interacting with the RNA polymerase, another TF, and/or template DNA. GrgA ...

Biochemistry

VIGS-Mediated Forward Genetics Screening for Identification of Genes Involved in Nonhost Resistance

Nonhost disease resistance of plants against bacterial pathogens is controlled by complex defense pathways. Understanding this mechanism is important for developing durable disease-resistant plants against wide range of pathogens. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS)-based forward genetics screening is a useful approach for identification of plant defense genes imparting nonhost resistance. Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based VIGS vector is the most efficient VIGS vector to date and has been efficiently used to silence endogenous target genes in Nicotiana benthamiana.

	In this manuscript, we demonstrate a forward genetics screening approach for silencing of individual clones from a cDNA library in N. benthamiana and assessing the response of gene silenced plants for compromised nonhost resistance against nonhost pathogens, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato T1, P. syringae pv. glycinea, and X. campestris pv. vesicatoria. These bacterial pathogens are engineered to express GFPuv protein and their green fluorescing colonies can be seen by naked eye under UV light in the nonhost pathogen inoculated plants if the silenced target gene is involved in imparting nonhost resistance. This facilitates reliable and faster identification of gene silenced plants susceptible to nonhost pathogens. Further, promising candidate gene information can be known by sequencing the plant gene insert in TRV vector. Here we demonstrate the high throughput capability of VIGS-mediated forward genetics to identify genes involved in nonhost resistance. Approximately, 100 cDNAs can be individually silenced in about two to three weeks and their relevance in nonhost resistance against several nonhost bacterial pathogens can be studied in a week thereafter. In this manuscript, we enumerate the detailed steps involved in this screening. VIGS-mediated forward genetics screening approach can be extended not only to identifying genes involved in nonhost resistance but also to studying genes imparting several biotic and abiotic stress tolerances in various plant species.

Virus-induced gene silencing is an useful tool for identifying genes involved in nonhost resistance of plants. We demonstrate the use of bacterial pathogens expressing GFPuv in identifying gene silenced plants susceptible to nonhost pathogens. This approach is easy, fast and facilitates large scale screening and similar protocol can be applied to studying various other plant-microbe interactions.

הקרנת גנטיקה קדימה VIGS בתיווך לזיהוי גני המעורבים בהתנגדות Nonhost


	Nonhost disease resistance of plants against bacterial pathogens is controlled by complex defense pathways. Understanding this mechanism is important ...

Discovery of New Intracellular Pathogens by Amoebal Coculture and Amoebal Enrichment Approaches

Intracellular pathogens such as legionella, mycobacteria and Chlamydia-like organisms are difficult to isolate because they often grow poorly or not at all on selective media that are usually used to cultivate bacteria. For this reason, many of these pathogens were discovered only recently or following important outbreaks. These pathogens are often associated with amoebae, which serve as host-cell and allow the survival and growth of the bacteria. We intend here to provide a demonstration of two techniques that allow isolation and characterization of intracellular pathogens present in clinical or environmental samples: the amoebal coculture and the amoebal enrichment. Amoebal coculture allows recovery of intracellular bacteria by inoculating the investigated sample onto an amoebal lawn that can be infected and lysed by the intracellular bacteria present in the sample. Amoebal enrichment allows recovery of amoebae present in a clinical or environmental sample. This can lead to discovery of new amoebal species but also of new intracellular bacteria growing specifically in these amoebae. Together, these two techniques help to discover new intracellular bacteria able to grow in amoebae. Because of their ability to infect amoebae and resist phagocytosis, these intracellular bacteria might also escape phagocytosis by macrophages and thus, be pathogenic for higher eukaryotes.

Amoebal coculture is a cell culture system using adherent amoebae to selectively grow intracellular pathogens able to resist phagocytic cells such as amoebae and macrophages. It thus represents a key tool to discover new infectious agents. Amoebal enrichment allows discovery of new amoebal species and of their specific intracellular bacteria.

גילוי של פתוגנים תאיים חדשים על ידי Amoebal Coculture וגישות Amoebal העשרה

Intracellular pathogens such as legionella, mycobacteria and Chlamydia-like organisms are difficult to isolate because they often grow poorly or not at ...

Using Fluorescent Proteins to Visualize and Quantitate Chlamydia Vacuole Growth Dynamics in Living Cells

The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia elicits a great burden on global public health. C.&#160;trachomatis is the leading bacterial cause of sexually transmitted infection and also the primary cause of preventable blindness in the world. An essential determinant for successful infection of host cells by Chlamydia is the bacterium's ability to manipulate host cell signaling from within a novel, vacuolar compartment called the inclusion. From within the inclusion, Chlamydia acquire nutrients required for their 2-3 day developmental growth, and they additionally secrete a panel of effector proteins onto the cytosolic face of the vacuole membrane and into the host cytosol. Gaps in our understanding of Chlamydia biology, however, present significant challenges for visualizing and analyzing this intracellular compartment. Recently, a reverse-imaging strategy for visualizing the inclusion using GFP expressing host cells was described. This approach rationally exploits the intrinsic impermeability of the inclusion membrane to large molecules such as GFP. In this work, we describe how GFP- or mCherry-expressing host cells are generated for subsequent visualization of chlamydial inclusions. Furthermore, this method is shown to effectively substitute for costly antibody-based enumeration methods, can be used in tandem with other fluorescent labels, such as GFP-expressing Chlamydia, and can be exploited to derive key quantitative data about inclusion membrane growth from a range of Chlamydia species and strains.

Using Fluorescent Proteins to Visualize and Quantitate Chlamydia Vacuole Growth Dynamics in Living Cells

A live cell fluorescent protein based method for illuminating cellular vacuoles (inclusions) containing Chlamydia is described. This strategy enables rapid, automated determination of Chlamydia infectivity in samples and can be used to quantitatively investigate inclusion growth dynamics.

שימוש בחלבוני ניאון כדי לחזות ולכמת<em&gt; כלמידיה</em&gt; חלולית דינמיקת צמיחה בתאים חיים

The obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia elicits a great burden on global public health. C.&#160;trachomatis is the leading bacterial cause of ...

Markerless Gene Deletion by Floxed Cassette Allelic Exchange Mutagenesis in Chlamydia trachomatis

Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen that has been historically difficult to genetically manipulate. Definitive progress in elucidating the mechanisms that C. trachomatis use to create and maintain a privileged intracellular niche has been limited due to a lack of genetic tools. Fortunately, there have recently been several new advances in genetic manipulation techniques. Among these is the development of fluorescence-reported allelic exchange mutagenesis (FRAEM). This method allows targeted gene deletion coupled with insertion of a selection cassette encoding antibiotic resistance and green fluorescent protein (GFP). Reliance on this strategy can be complicated when targeting genes within polycistronic operons due to the potential of polar effects on downstream genes. Floxed cassette allelic exchange mutagenesis (FLAEM), the protocol for which is described here, was developed to alleviate cassette-induced polar effects. FLAEM utilizes Cre-loxP genome editing to remove the selection cassette after targeted deletion by allelic exchange. The resulting strains contain markerless gene deletions of one or more coding sequences. This technique facilitates direct assessment of gene function and expands the repertoire of tools for genetic manipulation in C. trachomatis.

Markerless Gene Deletion by Floxed Cassette Allelic Exchange Mutagenesis in Chlamydia trachomatis

Described here is a method for targeted, markerless gene deletion in Chlamydia trachomatis using floxed cassette allelic exchange mutagenesis, FLAEM.

מרקרבלי ג'ין מחיקה על-ידי קסטה מAllelic Exchange מוטגנזה בקלמידיה

Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen that has been historically difficult to genetically manipulate. Definitive progress in ...

Live-Cell Forward Genetic Approach to Identify and Isolate Developmental Mutants in Chlamydia trachomatis

The intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis undergoes a developmental cycle consisting of two morphologically discrete developmental forms. The non-replicative elementary body (EB) initiates infection of the host. Once inside, the EB differentiates into the reticulate body (RB). The RB then undergoes multiple rounds of replication, before differentiating back to the infectious EB form. This cycle is essential for chlamydial survival as failure to switch between cell types prevents either host invasion or replication.
Limitations in genetic techniques due to the obligate intracellular nature of Chlamydia have hampered identification of the molecular mechanisms involved in the cell-type development. We designed a novel dual promoter-reporter plasmid system that, in conjunction with live-cell microscopy, allows for the visualization of cell type switching in real time. To identify genes involved in the regulation of cell-type development, the live-cell promoter-reporter system was leveraged for the development of a forward genetic approach by combining chemical mutagenesis of the dual reporter strain, imaging and tracking of Chlamydia with altered developmental kinetics, followed by clonal isolation of mutants. This forward genetic workflow is a flexible tool that can be modified for directed interrogation into a wide range of genetic pathways.

Live-Cell Forward Genetic Approach to Identify and Isolate Developmental Mutants in Chlamydia trachomatis

This protocol utilizes fluorescent promoter-reporters, live-cell microscopy, and individual inclusion extraction in a directed forward genetic approach to identify and isolate developmental mutants of Chlamydia trachomatis.

גישה גנטית חיה-תא קדימה לזהות ולבודד מוטנטים התפתחותיים ב trachomatis כלמידיה

The intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis undergoes a developmental cycle consisting of two morphologically discrete developmental forms. ...

Cell-Free Scaled Production and Adjuvant Addition to a Recombinant Major Outer Membrane Protein from Chlamydia muridarum for Vaccine Development

Subunit vaccines offer advantages over more traditional inactivated or attenuated whole-cell-derived vaccines in safety, stability, and standard manufacturing. To achieve an effective protein-based subunit vaccine, the protein antigen often needs to adopt a native-like conformation. This is particularly important for pathogen-surface antigens that are membrane-bound proteins. Cell-free methods have been successfully used to produce correctly folded functional membrane protein through the co-translation of nanolipoprotein particles (NLPs), commonly known as nanodiscs. 
This strategy can be used to produce subunit vaccines consisting of membrane proteins in a lipid-bound environment. However, cell-free protein production is often limited to small scale (&lt;1 mL). The amount of protein produced in small-scale production runs is usually sufficient for biochemical and biophysical studies. However, the cell-free process needs to be scaled up, optimized, and carefully tested to obtain enough protein for vaccine studies in animal models. Other processes involved in vaccine production, such as purification, adjuvant addition, and lyophilization, need to be optimized in parallel. This paper reports the development of a scaled-up protocol to express, purify, and formulate a membrane-bound protein subunit vaccine. 
Scaled-up cell-free reactions require optimization of plasmid concentrations and ratios when using multiple plasmid expression vectors, lipid selection, and adjuvant addition for high-level production of formulated nanolipoprotein particles. The method is demonstrated here with the expression of a chlamydial major outer membrane protein (MOMP) but may be widely applied to other membrane protein antigens. Antigen effectiveness can be evaluated in vivo through immunization studies to measure antibody production, as demonstrated here.

Cell-Free Scaled Production and Adjuvant Addition to a Recombinant Major Outer Membrane Protein from Chlamydia muridarum for Vaccine Development

This protocol describes using commercial, cell-free protein expression kits to produce membrane proteins supported in nanodisc that can be used as antigens in subunit vaccines.

גישות גנטיות בקדימה

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דגם האדם החצוצרה לחקירות

זיהוי של מסלולים מארחים ממוקד על ידי חלבונים בקטריות אפקטור באמצעות רעילות שמרים מסכי מדכא

מניפולציה גנטית ב

יישום של ביואולייר אינטרפרומטריה (בלי) ללימוד אינטראקציות חלבונים-חלבונים בתמלול

הקרנת גנטיקה קדימה VIGS בתיווך לזיהוי גני המעורבים בהתנגדות Nonhost

גילוי של פתוגנים תאיים חדשים על ידי Amoebal Coculture וגישות Amoebal העשרה

שימוש בחלבוני ניאון כדי לחזות ולכמת

מרקרבלי ג'ין מחיקה על-ידי קסטה מAllelic Exchange מוטגנזה בקלמידיה

גישה גנטית חיה-תא קדימה לזהות ולבודד מוטנטים התפתחותיים ב trachomatis כלמידיה

ייצור בקנה מידה ללא תאים ותוספת אדג'ובנטית לחלבון קרום חיצוני עיקרי רקומביננטי מכלמידיה מורידרום לפיתוח חיסונים