This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. We would like to thank Dr. Ronald D. McKay for his discussion and comments on this project.

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

ישנן שתי דרכים עיקריות לhPSCs התרבות במבחנה: תרבות קונבנציונלית מושבה מהסוג (של תאים במתקני האכלה או מטריצות תאיים) ותרבות השעיה של hPSCs כמו אגרגטים ללא ניזונים 6. המגבלות של שיטות תרבות הן המושבה מסוג וההשעיה כוללות הטרוגניות שנצברה ושינויים אפיגנטיים בירושה...

הקיבולת של hPSCs לבדל לכיוון רקמות בוגרות multilineage פתחה אפיקים חדשים לטיפול בחולים הסובלים ממחלות קשות הכרוכים בלב וכלי דם, כבד, לבלב, ומערכות נוירולוגיות 1-4. סוגי תאים שונים הנגזרים מhPSCs היינו גם מספקים פלטפורמות סלולריות חזקות לדוגמנות מחלה, הנדסה גנטית, הקרנת סמים, ו1,4 בדיקה טוקסיקולוגית. הנושא המרכזי המבטיח יישומים הקליניים ותרופתיים עתידם הוא הדור של מספרים גדולים של hPSCs קליני כיתה באמצעות תרבית תאים במבחנה. עם זאת, מערכות התרבות הנוכחיות הם או לא מספיק או מטבעו משתנה, הכוללים תרבויות ומזין ללא מזין שונות של hPSCs כמושבות 5,6. צמיחת מושבה מסוג מניות hPSCs הרבה תכונות מבניות של מסת התאים הפנימית (ICM) של עוברי יונקים מוקדמים. ICM הוא נוטה להתמיין לשלוש ניבט שכבותבסביבה תאית, בשל קיומה של הדרגתיים איתות הטרוגנית. לכן, הרכישה של ההטרוגניות בהתפתחות עוברית מוקדמת נחשבת כתהליך הנדרש לבידול, אבל תכונה לא רצויה של תרבות hPSC. ההטרוגניות בתרבות hPSC מושרה לעתים קרובות על ידי אותות אפופטוטיים מוגזמים והתמיינות ספונטנית בשל תנאי גידול אופטימליים. כך, בתרבות של מושבה מסוג התאים הטרוגנית הם נצפו לעתים קרובות בפריפריה של המושבות 7,8. זה כבר גם הראה כי התאים בתאי גזע עובריים אנושיים (hESC) מושבות תגובות ההפרש תערוכה למולקולות איתות כגון BMP-4 9. יתר על כן, שיטות תרבות המושבה לייצר תשואות תא נמוכות, כמו גם שיעורי החלמה תא נמוך מאוד מהקפאה בשל שיעורי צמיחה בלתי נשלטים ואיתות אפופטוטיים מסלולי 6,9. בשנים האחרונות, תרבויות השעיה שונות פותחו עבור hPSCs culturing, particulקארלי להרחבה של כמויות גדולות של hPSCs ובמזין תנאים 6,10-13 ללא מטריצה. ברור שיש להם מערכות תרבות שונות יתרונות משלהם וחסרונות. באופן כללי, הטבע הטרוגנית של hPSCs מייצג את אחד החסרונות העיקריים בשיטות מושבה מסוג והתרבות מצטברת, שהם הכי מוצלח להעברת חומרי DNA ו-RNA לhPSCs להנדסה גנטית 6. ברור, יש צורך הכרחי כדי לפתח מערכות חדשות הלעקוף כמה חסרונות של שיטות תרבות הנוכחיות. התגליות של מעכבי מולקולה קטנים (כגון מעכב ROCK Y-27632 וJAK מעכב 1) המשפרות את הישרדות תא בודד לסלול את הדרך לתרבות ניתק-hPSC 14,15. עם השימוש במולקולות קטנות אלה, יש לנו לאחרונה פיתחו שיטת תרבות המבוססת על סוג הלא מושבה צמיחה (מלח&quot;י) של ניתק-hPSCs 9. שיטת התרבות החדשנית זו משלבת גם passaging תא בודד וצפיפות גבוההציפוי שיטות, מאפשר לנו לייצר כמויות גדולות של hPSCs הומוגנית תחת מחזורי צמיחה עקביים ללא פגמים בכרומוזומים עיקריים 9. לחלופין, תרבות לח&quot;י עלולה להיות מיושמת עם מולקולות קטנות שונות ומטריצות מוגדרות (כגון laminins) על מנת לייעל את שיטת התרבות עבור יישומים רחבים. כאן, אנו מציגים כמה פרוטוקולים מפורטים המבוססים על תרבות לח&quot;י ולהתוות נהלים מפורטים להנדסה גנטית. כדי להדגים את הרבגוניות של פרוטוקולים מלח&quot;י, אנחנו גם נבדקו תרבות לח&quot;י עם מעכבי ROCK מגוונים ועם איזופורם laminin אחת 521 (כלומר, LN-521).

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Countess automated cell counter&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Invitrogen Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">C10227</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Automatic cell counting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Faxitron Cabinet X-ray System</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Faxitron X-ray Corporation, Wheeling, IL&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Model RX-650</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">X-ray irradiation of MEFs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">MULTIWELL six-well plates&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Becton Dickinson Labware</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">353046</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Polystyrene plates&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Invitrogen Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">11965&#8211;092</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">For MEF medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">mitomycin C</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Roche&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">107 409</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Mitotic inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Invitrogen Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">25300-054</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">For MEF dissociation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">DMEM/F12&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Invitrogen Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">11330&#8211;032</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">For hPSC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:203px;">Opti-MEM I Reduced Serum Medium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Invitrogen Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">31985-062</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">For hPSC transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Heat-inactivated FBS</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Invitrogen Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">16000&#8211;044</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Component of MEF medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Knockout Serum Replacer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Invitrogen Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">10828&#8211;028</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">KSR, Component of hPSC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:203px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Invitrogen Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">14190-144</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">D-PBS, free of Ca2+/Mg2+</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Non-essential amino acids&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">11140&#8211;050</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">NEAA, component of hPSC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">L-Glutamine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">25030&#8211;081</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Component of hPSC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="41" rowspan="2" style="height:41px;width:203px;">mTeSR1 &#38; Supplements</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:220px;">StemCell Technologies</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:187px;">5850</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Animal protein-free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:187px;">medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">TeSR2 &#38; Supplements</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">StemCell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">5860</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Xeno-free medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">&#946;-mercaptoethanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">7522</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Component of hPSC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:203px;"> 
			MEF (CF-1) ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">SCRC-1040</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">For feeder culture of hPSCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">hESC-qualified Matrigel</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">354277</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">For feeder-free culture of hPSCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Laminin-521</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">BioLamina</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">LN521-02</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Human recombinant protein</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">FGF-2 (recombinant FGF, basic)</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">R&#38;D Systems, MN</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">223-FB</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Growth factor in hPSC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">CryoStor CA10&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">StemCell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">7930</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Accutase</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Innovative Cell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">AT-104</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">1X mixed enzymatic solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">JAK inhibitor I</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">EMD4 Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">420099</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">An inhibitor of Janus kinase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Y-27632</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">EMD4 Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">688000</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">ROCK inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Y-27632</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Stemgent</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">04-0012</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">ROCK inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Y-39983</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Stemgent</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">04-0029</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">ROCK I inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Phenylbenzodioxane&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Stemgent</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">04-0030</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">ROCK II inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Thiazovivin</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Stemgent</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">04-0017</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">A novel ROCK inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">BD Falcon Cell Strainer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">352340</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">40-&#181;m cell strainer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Nalgene 5100-0001 Cryo 1&#176;C</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">C6516F-1</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">&#8220;Mr. Frosty&#8221; Freezing Container</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Lipofectamine 2000&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Invitrogen Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">11668-027</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Transfection reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">DharmaFECT Duo&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">T-2010-02</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Transfection reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:203px;">Non-targeting miRIDIAN miRNA Transfection Control</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">IP-004500-01-05</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Labeled with Dy547, to monitor the delivery of microRNAs&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">SMART-shRNA</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">To be determined</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Lentiviral vector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">pmaxGFP</td>
			<td>amaxa Inc (Lonza)</td>
			<td>Included in every transfection kit</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Expression plasmid for transfection control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">4-Oct</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">sc-5279</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Mouse IgG2b, pluripotent marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">SSEA-1</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">sc-21702</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Mouse IgM, differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">SSEA-4</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">sc-21704</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Mouse IgG3, pluripotent marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Tra-1-60</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">sc-21705&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Mouse IgM, pluripotent marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Tra-1-81</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">sc-21706</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Mouse IgM, pluripotent marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">CK8 (C51)</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">sc-8020</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Mouse IgG1, against cytokeratin 8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">&#945;-fetoprotein</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">sc-8399</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">AFP, mouse IgG2a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">HNF-3&#946; (P-19)</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">sc-9187</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">FOXA2, goat polyclonal antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Troponin T (Av-1)</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">MS-295-P0</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Mouse IgG1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Desmin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">RB-9014-P1</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Rabbit IgG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Anti-NANOG</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">ReproCELL Inc, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">RCAB0004P-F</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Polyclonal antibody&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Rat anti-GFAP</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Zymed</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">13-0300</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Glial fibrillary acidic protein</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Albumin (clone HSA1/25.1.3)</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Cedarlane Laboratories Ltd. (</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">CL2513A</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Mouse IgG1,</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Smooth muscle actin (clone 1A4)</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">DakoCytomation Inc</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">IR611/IS611</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Mouse IgG2a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Nestin</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Chemicon International</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">MAB5326</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Rabbit polyclonal antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">TUBB3</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Convance Inc</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">MMS-435P</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Tuj1, mouse IgG2a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">HNF4&#945; (C11F12)</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Cell Signaling Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">3113</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Rabbit monoclonal antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Paraformaldehyde (solution)</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">15710</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">PFA, fixative, diluted in D-PBS</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

alternative cultures for human pluripotent stem cell production, maintenance, and genetic analysis

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine and biopharmaceutical applications. Currently, optimal culture and efficient expansion of large amounts of clinical-grade hPSCs are critical issues in hPSC-based therapies. Conventionally, hPSCs are propagated as colonies on both feeder and feeder-free culture systems. However, these methods have several major limitations, including low cell yields and generation of heterogeneously differentiated cells. To improve current hPSC culture methods, we have recently developed a new method, which is based on non-colony type monolayer (NCM) culture of dissociated single cells. Here, we present detailed NCM protocols based on the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632. We also provide new information regarding NCM culture with different small molecules such as Y-39983 (ROCK I inhibitor), phenylbenzodioxane (ROCK II inhibitor), and thiazovivin (a novel ROCK inhibitor). We further extend our basic protocol to cultivate hPSCs on defined extracellular proteins such as the laminin isoform 521 (LN-521) without the use of ROCK inhibitors. Moreover, based on NCM, we have demonstrated efficient transfection or transduction of plasmid DNAs, lentiviral particles, and oligonucleotide-based microRNAs into hPSCs in order to genetically modify these cells for molecular analyses and drug discovery. The NCM-based methods overcome the major shortcomings of colony-type culture, and thus may be suitable for producing large amounts of homogeneous hPSCs for future clinical therapies, stem cell research, and drug discovery.

סכימה כללית של תרבות לח&quot;י איור 1 מייצג סכימת תרבות לח&quot;י טיפוסית מראה את השינויים הדינמיים של hPSCs לאחר ציפוי תא בודד בצפיפות גבוהה בנוכחות מעכב ROCK Y-27632. שינויים מורפולוגיים אלה כוללים קשרים אינטר לאחר ציפוי, ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Alternative Cultures for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Production, Maintenance, and Genetic Analysis at JoVE.com

תרבויות אלטרנטיביות לייצור תאי גזע פלוריפוטנטיים אנושיים, תחזוקה וניתוח גנטי | ביולוגיה | וִידֵאוֹ

Alternative Cultures for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Production, Maintenance, and Genetic Analysis

Here, we present human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture protocols, based on non-colony type monolayer (NCM) growth of dissociated single cells. This new method, utilizing Rho-associated kinase inhibitors or the laminin isoform 521 (LN-521), is suitable for producing large amounts of homogeneous hPSCs, genetic manipulation, and drug discovery.

תרבויות אלטרנטיבי לפלוריפוטנטיים אנושיים לתאים גזע ייצור, תחזוקה וניתוח גנטי

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine and biopharmaceutical applications. Currently, optimal culture and ...

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12.2K Views.  National Institutes of Health. Here, we present human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture protocols, based on non-colony type monolayer (NCM) growth of dissociated single cells. This new method, utilizing Rho-associated kinase inhibitors or the laminin isoform 521 (LN-521), is suitable for producing large amounts of homogeneous hPSCs, genetic manipulation, and drug discovery.

Video: Alternative Cultures for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Production, Maintenance, and Genetic Analysis

Mouse Epidermal Neural Crest Stem Cell (EPI-NCSC) Cultures

EPI-NCSC are remnants of the embryonic neural crest in an adult location, the bulge of hair follicles. They are multipotent stem cells that have the physiological property to generate a wide array of differentiated cell types, including neurons, nerve supporting cells, smooth muscle cells, bone/cartilage cells and melanocytes. EPI-NCSC are easily accessible in the hairy skin and can be isolated as a highly pure population of stem cells. This video provides a detailed protocol for preparing mouse EPI-NCSC cultures from whisker follicles. The whisker pad of an adult mouse is removed, and whisker follicles dissected. The follicles are then cut longitudinally and subsequently transversely above and below the bulge region. The bulge is removed from the collagen capsule and placed in a culture plate. EPI-NCSC start to emigrate from the bulge explants 3 to 4 days later.

Mouse Epidermal Neural Crest Stem Cell EPI-NCSC Cultures

Here we show our method to isolate mouse epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI-NCSC). Technique involves micro-dissecting whisker follicles, isolating the bulge and placeing it into tissue culture. EPI-NCSC start to emigrate from bulge explants onto the substratum within 3 - 4 days.

עכבר עוריות עצבית קרסט לתאי גזע (EPI-NCSC) תרבויות

EPI-NCSC are remnants of the embryonic neural crest in an adult location, the bulge of hair follicles. They are multipotent stem cells that have the ...

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells  

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be  fed  every day by performing a complete medium change to replenish lost nutrients and to keep the cultures free of unwanted differentiation factors. Although a small amount of differentiation is normal and expected in stem cell cultures, the culture should be routinely cleaned up by manually removing, or "picking" differentiated areas. Identifying and removing excess differentiation from hES cell cultures are essential techniques in the maintenance of a healthy population of cells.

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

This protocol demonstrates how to maintain healthy, undifferentiated human embryonic stem (ES) cells.

תרבות ותחזוקה של בתאי גזע עובריים אנושיים

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be ...

Preparation of Pooled Human Platelet Lysate (pHPL) as an Efficient Supplement for Animal Serum-Free Human Stem Cell Cultures

Platelet derived growth factors have been shown to stimulate cell proliferation efficiently in vivo1,2 and in vitro. This effect has been reported for mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), fibroblasts and endothelial colony-forming cells with platelets activated by thrombin3-5 or lysed by freeze/thaw cycles6-14 before the platelet releasate is added to the cell culture medium. The trophic effect of platelet derived growth factors has already been tested in several trials for tissue engineering and regenerative therapy.1,15-17 Varying efficiency is considered to be at least in part due to individually divergent concentrations of growth factors18,19 and a current lack of standardized protocols for platelet preparation.15,16 This protocol presents a practicable procedure to generate a pool of human platelet lysate (pHPL) derived from routinely produced platelet rich plasma (PRP) of forty to fifty single blood donations. By several freeze/thaw cycles the platelet membranes are damaged and growth factors are efficiently released into the plasma. Finally, the platelet fragments are removed by centrifugation to avoid extensive aggregate formation and deplete potential antigens. The implementation of pHPL into standard culture protocols represents a promising tool for further development of cell therapeutics propagated in an animal protein-free system.

Preparation of Pooled Human Platelet Lysate pHPL as an Efficient Supplement for Animal Serum-Free Human Stem Cell Cultures

Human platelet lysate is a rich source of growth factors and a potent supplement in cell culture. This protocol presents the process of preparing a large pool of human platelet lysate by starting from platelet rich plasma, performing several freeze-thaw cycles and depleting the platelet fragments.

הכנת lysate משולב טסיות דם האדם (pHPL) כתוסף יעיל עבור בעלי חיים סרום ללא בתרביות תאים האדם גזע

Platelet derived growth factors have been shown to stimulate cell proliferation efficiently in vivo1,2 and in vitro. This effect has been reported for ...

Video Bioinformatics Analysis of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Colony Growth

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer software.  Video bioinformatics is a powerful quantitative approach for extracting spatio-temporal data from video images using computer software to perform dating mining and analysis. In this article, we introduce a video bioinformatics method for quantifying the growth of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) by analyzing time-lapse videos collected in a Nikon BioStation CT incubator equipped with a camera for video imaging. In our experiments, hESC colonies that were attached to Matrigel were filmed for 48 hours in the BioStation CT.  To determine the rate of growth of these colonies, recipes were developed using CL-Quant software which enables users to extract various types of data from video images.  To accurately evaluate colony growth, three recipes were created. The first segmented the image into the colony and background, the second enhanced the image to define colonies throughout the video sequence accurately, and the third measured the number of pixels in the colony over time.  The three recipes were run in sequence on video data collected in a BioStation CT to analyze the rate of growth of individual hESC colonies over 48 hours. To verify the truthfulness of the CL-Quant recipes, the same data were analyzed manually using Adobe Photoshop software. When the data obtained using the CL-Quant recipes and Photoshop were compared, results were virtually identical, indicating the CL-Quant recipes were truthful. The method described here could be applied to any video data to measure growth rates of hESC or other cells that grow in colonies. In addition, other video bioinformatics recipes can be developed in the future for other cell processes such as migration, apoptosis, and cell adhesion.  

Video bioinformatics is the automated processing, analysis, understanding, and data mining of biological spatio-temporal data extracted from microscopic videos. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate a method for measuring human embryonic stem cell colony growth using a video bioinformatics method.

וידאו ביואינפורמטיקה ניתוח גדילה אנושי בתאי גזע עובריים קולוני

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer ...

Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Genetic modification is continuing to be an essential tool in studying stem cell biology and in setting forth potential clinical applications of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs)1. While improvements in several gene delivery methods have been described2-9, transfection remains a capricious process for HESCs, and has not yet been reported in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In this video, we demonstrate how our lab routinely transfects and nucleofects human iPSCs using plasmid with an enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) reporter. Human iPSCs are adapted and maintained as feeder-free cultures to eliminate the possibility of feeder cell transfection and to allow efficient selection of stable transgenic iPSC clones following transfection. For nucleofection, human iPSCs are pre-treated with ROCK inhibitor11, trypsinized into small clumps of cells, nucleofected and replated on feeders in feeder cell-conditioned medium to enhance cell recovery. Transgene-expressing human iPSCs can be obtained after 6 hours. Antibiotic selection is applied after 24 hours and stable transgenic lines appear within 1 week. Our protocol is robust and reproducible for human iPSC lines without altering pluripotency of these cells.

Despite recent advancements in genetic modification, transfection of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) remains a capricious process. To our knowledge, systematic and efficient methods to transfect human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have not been reported. Here, we describe robust protocols to efficiently transfect and nucleofect human iPSCs.

Transfecting וNucleofecting תאי גזע אנושיים pluripotent מושרים

Genetic modification is continuing to be an essential tool in studying stem cell biology and in setting forth potential clinical applications of human ...

Generation of Human Cardiomyocytes: A Differentiation Protocol from Feeder-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In order to investigate the events driving heart development and to determine the molecular mechanisms leading to myocardial diseases in humans, it is essential first to generate functional human cardiomyocytes (CMs). The use of these cells in drug discovery and toxicology studies would also be highly beneficial, allowing new pharmacological molecules for the treatment of cardiac disorders to be validated pre-clinically on cells of human origin. Of the possible sources of CMs, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are among the most promising, as they can be derived directly from readily accessible patient tissue and possess an intrinsic capacity to give rise to all cell types of the body 1. Several methods have been proposed for differentiating iPS cells into CMs, ranging from the classical embryoid bodies (EBs) aggregation approach to chemically defined protocols 2,3. In this article we propose an EBs-based protocol and show how this method can be employed to efficiently generate functional CM-like cells from feeder-free iPS cells.

Pluripotent stem cells, either embryonic or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, constitute a valuable source of human differentiated cells, including cardiomyocytes. Here, we will focus on cardiac induction of iPS cells, showing how to use them to obtain functional human cardiomyocytes through an embryoid bodies-based protocol.

דור של cardiomyocytes אדם: פרוטוקול בידול מתאי גזע מושרה pluripotent אדם ללא מזין

In order to investigate the events driving heart development and to determine the molecular mechanisms leading to myocardial diseases in humans, it is ...

Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus

A few years ago, the establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ushered in a new era in biomedicine. Potential uses of human iPSCs include modeling pathogenesis of human genetic diseases, autologous cell therapy after gene correction, and personalized drug screening by providing a source of patient-specific and symptom relevant cells. However, there are several hurdles to overcome, such as eliminating the remaining reprogramming factor transgene expression after human iPSCs production. More importantly, residual transgene expression in undifferentiated human iPSCs could hamper proper differentiations and misguide the interpretation of disease-relevant in vitro phenotypes. With this reason, integration-free and/or transgene-free human iPSCs have been developed using several methods, such as adenovirus, the piggyBac system, minicircle vector, episomal vectors, direct protein delivery and synthesized mRNA. However, efficiency of reprogramming using integration-free methods is quite low in most cases.
Here, we present a method to isolate human iPSCs by using Sendai-virus (RNA virus) based reprogramming system. This reprogramming method shows consistent results and high efficiency in cost-effective manner.

Here, we present our established method to reprogram human somatic cells into transgene-free human iPSCs with Sendai virus, which shows consistent outcome and enhanced efficiency.

תאי גזע יעיל דור מושרה אדם פלוריפוטנטיים מתאים הסומטיים של אדם עם סנדאי וירוס

A few years ago, the establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ushered in a new era in biomedicine. Potential uses of human iPSCs ...

Automated Production of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cortical and Dopaminergic Neurons with Integrated Live-Cell Monitoring

Manual culture and differentiation protocols for human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) are difficult to standardize, show high variability and are prone to spontaneous differentiation into unwanted cell types. The methods are labor-intensive and are not easily amenable to large-scale experiments. To overcome these limitations, we developed an automated cell culture system coupled to a high-throughput imaging system and implemented protocols for maintaining multiple hiPSC lines in parallel and neuronal differentiation. We describe the automation of a short-term differentiation protocol using Neurogenin-2 (NGN2) over-expression to produce hiPSC-derived cortical neurons within 6&#8210;8 days, and the implementation of a long-term differentiation protocol to generate hiPSC-derived midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons within 65 days. Also, we applied the NGN2 approach to a small molecule-derived neural precursor cells (smNPC)&#160;transduced with GFP lentivirus and established a live-cell automated neurite outgrowth assay. We present an automated system with protocols suitable for routine hiPSC culture and differentiation into cortical and dopaminergic neurons. Our platform is suitable for long term hands-free culture and high-content/high-throughput hiPSC-based compound, RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 screenings to identify novel disease mechanisms and drug targets.

We show the automation of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) cultures and neuronal differentiations compatible with automated imaging and analysis.

ייצור אוטומטי של נוירונים קורטיים קורטיים ודופאמין נגזר תאי גזע המושרה על ידי תאי גזע אנושיים עם ניטור משולב של תאים חיים

Manual culture and differentiation protocols for human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) are difficult to standardize, show high variability and are ...

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells

Cell phenotype can be reversed or modified with different methods, with advantages and limitations that are specific for each technique. Here we describe a new strategy that combines the use of chemical epigenetic erasing with mechanosensing-related cues, to generate mammalian pluripotent cells. Two main steps are required. In the first step, adult mature (terminally differentiated) cells are exposed to the epigenetic eraser 5-aza-cytidine to drive them into a pluripotent state. This part of the protocol was developed, based on the increasing understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms controlling cell fate and differentiation, and involves the use of the epigenetic modifier to erase cell differentiated state and then drive into a transient high plasticity window.
In the second step, erased cells are encapsulated in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) micro-bioreactors, also known as Liquid Marbles, to promote 3D cell rearrangement to extend and stably maintain the acquired high plasticity. PTFE is a non-reactive hydrophobic synthetic compound and its use permits the creation of a cellular microenvironment, which cannot be achieved in traditional 2D culture systems. This system encourages and boosts the maintenance of pluripotency though bio-mechanosensing-related cues.
The technical procedures described here are simple strategies to allow for the induction and maintenance of a high plasticity state in adult somatic cells. The protocol allowed the derivation of high plasticity cells in all mammalian species tested. Since it does not involve the use of gene transfection and is free of viral vectors, it may represent a notable technological advance for translational medicine applications. Furthermore, the micro-bioreactor system provides a notable advancement in stem cell organoid technology by in vitro re-creating a specific micro-environment that allows for the long-term culture of high plasticity cells, namely as ESCs, iPSCs, epigenetically erased cells and MSCs.

We here present a method that combines the use of chemical epigenetic erasing with mechanosensing-related cues to efficiently generate mammalian pluripotent cells, without the need of gene transfection or retroviral vectors. This strategy is, therefore, promising for translational medicine and represents a notable advancement in stem cell organoid technology.

אסטרטגיה דו-שלבית המשלבת שינוי אפיגנטי ורמזים ביומכניים ליצירת תאים פלוריפוטנטיים של יונקים

Cell phenotype can be reversed or modified with different methods, with advantages and limitations that are specific for each technique. Here we describe ...

Generation and Maintenance of Primate Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from Urine

Cross-species approaches studying primate pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives are crucial to better understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of disease, development, and evolution. To make primate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) more accessible, this paper presents a non-invasive method to generate human and non-human primate iPSCs from urine-derived cells, and their maintenance using a feeder-free culturing method.
The urine can be sampled from a non-sterile environment (e.g., the cage of the animal) and treated with a broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail during primary cell culture to reduce contamination efficiently. After propagation of the urine-derived cells, iPSCs are generated by a modified transduction method of a commercially available Sendai virus vector system. First&#160;iPSC colonies may already be visible after 5 days, and can be picked after 10 days at the earliest. Routine clump passaging with enzyme-free dissociation buffer supports pluripotency of the generated iPSCs for more than 50 passages.

The present protocol describes a method to isolate, expand, and reprogram human and non-human primate urine-derived cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), as well as instructions for feeder-free maintenance of the newly generated iPSCs.