O.A.-W. is supported by an NIH K08 Clinical Investigator Award (1K08CA160647-01), a U.S. Department of Defense Postdoctoral Fellow Award in Bone Marrow Failure Research (W81XWH-12-1-0041), the Josie Roberston Investigator Program, and a Damon Runyon Clinical Investigator Award with Support from the Evan&#8217;s Foundation.

נהלי כל החיה שתוארו בפרוטוקול זה נערכו בהתאם להנחיות לטיפול והשימוש בחי מעבדה ואושרו על ידי ועדת הטיפול בבעלי חיים ושימוש המוסדית (IACUCs) בשעה ממוריאל סלואן קטרינג במרכז הסרטן. 1. שאיפה של מח העצם (BM) תאים מעצם הירך <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להרדים את העכבר שיעבור שאיבת מוח עצם הירך עם isoflurane (1-4%) מנוהל עם מאדה דיוק. עומק ההרדמה צריך להיות במעקב כל דקות 5-10 לאורך כל ההליך על ידי התבוננות, כי אין שינוי בקצב נשימה הקשורים למניפולציה כירורגית ו / או אוזן, בוהן, וקמצוץ זנב. הרדמה מושרה עם isoflurane וגם נשמרה לאורך כל ההליך עם isoflurane. מנה טרום פרוצדורליים מנע של עצירות במינון של 0.05-0.1 מ&quot;ג / קילוגרם תת עורי כל שעות 6-12 יכול לשמש כדי למנוע כאבים הקשורים בהליך כadjunct לCarprofen. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> החל משחה העיניים לעיניים של האינדוקציה הבאה העכבר של הרדמה כדי למנוע התייבשות של קרנית. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הפרווה נחתכה בקפידה מתוך שטח של עור כ 150% יותר מאשר באזור של אתר האיפה המיועדת. Loose פרווה מוסרת עם כרית גזה לחה. נא לשמור את העכבר על משטח במחזור מים חם או משטח תרמוסטטית נשלט בטוח אחר כדי למנוע היפותרמיה במהלך ההליך. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לחטא את הרגל כולה המכילה את עצם הירך שתעבור שאיפה עם שלושה סטים של עלובי לסירוגין (לסירוגין עם שני povidone-יוד (פולידין) או כלורהקסידין (לשפשף Nolvasan) ו70% אלכוהול איזופרופיל או 70% ספוגים גזה ספוגות אתנול). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הרטב 0.5 מיליליטר חפת מזרק (נפח: 0.5 סמ&quot;ק; מד: 27.5 G) עם פוספט בופר סליין סטרילי (PBS) לפני aspirating BM. מלא את המזרק עם 200-500 μl של PBS ולגרש מייד את PBS. חזור על הליך זה לא 2-3עורכי שיטות קלט. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שמור כפוף שוקה מעצם הירך על ידי לחיצה על עצם השוק עם או הקמיצה או האצבע החמישית. לאשר כי מטוס הרדמה מתאים הושג. המזרק מוחזק באמצעות האגודל והאצבע המורה. זה מאפשר condyles להיחשף ומקל על החדרת המחט. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר הרטבת המזרק, להכניס את המחט דרך גיד הפיקה, כך שהמחט נתקעה באופן מאובטח בין שני condyles של עצם הירך. על ידי החזקת diaphysis הקרוב לepiphysis של עצם הירך עם האגודל ואצבע המורה, המחט מוחדרת לתוך הפיר של עצם הירך בקלות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לסובב את המחט החוצה וכלפי מעלה, כך שהוא מקביל לפיר של עצם הירך. פעולה זו מאפשרת שליפה של תכני מח עצם מן פיר עצם הירך. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הפעל את השעון ונגד כיוון שעון בזמן שהמחט דוחף אותו לאט לתוך חלל מח עצם הירך. לאשר את המיקום הנכון של המחט בעדינות על ידי נע סאיringe רוחבי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> משוך בעדינות את בוכנת המחט לאחור, יוצר לחץ שלילי, ואילו הזזת המחט קדימה ואחורה בתוך חלל BM. הערה: הנפח של BM aspirated יהיה כ 5 μl אשר בדרך כלל מתאים ל0.4-0.8 x 10 6 תאים חד גרעיניים. שאיפה מוצלחת תאושר מבחינה ויזואלית על ידי הופעתו של דם בחלק העליון של המחט בבסיס של המזרק. אם אין דם נראה במזרק סביר להניח כי שבר עצם או רקמה קטן תקוע במחט. זו ניתן להסיר את המחט על ידי הזזת הבוכנה למעלה ולמטה ב-PBS (זו אחת סיבות למה המזרק צריך להיות prefilled עם PBS לפני aspirating BM). אם הרקמה לא ניתן וחילצה מן המזרק, להשתמש במחט ומזרק (שוב להרטיב את המזרק עם 200-500 μl של PBS) חדשות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ברגע שBM הוא להישאף בהצלחה מעצם הירך, להוציא את המחט והמזרק מעצם הירך והעכבר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הזז aspirated BM ליחסי ציבור צינור microfugeefilled עם 500 μl של PBS. עבור רוב היישומים, תאי BM אז צריכים להיות כל הזמן על קרח עד עיבוד נוסף במידת האפשר. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר השלמת ההליך, לנהל משכך כאבים עם carprofen 5 מ&quot;ג / קילוגרם תת עורי. לאחר מכן להסיר את העכבר מההרדמה ומניח על משטח לוהט עד התאושש באופן מלא. הערה: לא צריך להיות שום סיבוך או מצוקה חווה בעקבות הליך השאיפה אם נעשה כראוי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לפני החזרת עכברים לאזור המגורים, לוודא שהם מסוגלים ambulate ולהגיע למזון ומים. שימו לב לעכברים סימנים של מצוקה או לאחר זיהום הליך בשעה 24 הבאה. סימנים כוללים: דימום בלתי פוסק, אנמיה, עייפות. אם כל אחד מהסימנים הללו נראים שלאחר הליך, בעלי החיים (ים) צריכים להיות מורדמים. הערה: שאיפת BM / דגימה ניתן לחזור אך ההליך חוזר צריכה להתבצע על הירך הנגדית כדי למנוע טראומה חוזרת ונשנית באותה הרגל. אין מידע זמין קטן לגבי frequency ניתן לבצע שאיפת BM. שאיבת מוח עצם הירך היא בדרך כלל חוזרת ונשנית לא בתדירות גבוהה יותר מאשר כל 2 שבועות. </li></ol> 2. הערכה של תוכן סלולארי בתאים להישאף BM <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> גלולה תאים נאספו מאיפה בע&quot;מ ומקום בצינור microfuge על ידי צנטריפוגה XG 300 5 דקות בC o 4 או RT. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לשאוב supernatant ואז resuspend את הכדור ב500 μl של חיץ תמוגה תא דם אדום ACK (מאגר תמוגה &quot;אמוניום כלוריד, אשלגן&quot;). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> דגירה התאים במאגר תמוגה התא אדום עבור 10 דקות ולאחר מכן להוסיף 1 מיליליטר של PBS ומסובב את התערובת שוב XG 300 5 דקות בC o 4 או RT. הערה: גלולה lysed תאי דם האדומים עם החברה מורכבת מתאים מונונוקלארים BM. אלה יכולים להיות מושעים עבור מכתים FACS, ספירת תאים, השתלה, ניתוח cytospin ו / או כל שימוש אחר (בדיוק כמו תאי BM שנקטפו מעכברים הקריבו יהיו בשימוש). </li></ol>

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	<li>Sundberg, R., Hodgson, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aspiration+of+bone+marrow+in+laboratory+animals.">Aspiration of bone marrow in laboratory animals.</a> Blood. 4, 557-561 (1949).</li><li>Schmitz, M., Bourquin, J. -. P., Bornhauser, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+technique+for+intrafemoral+injection+and+bone+marrow+sampling+in+mouse+transplant+models.">Alternative technique for intrafemoral injection and bone marrow sampling in mouse transplant models.</a> Leukemia &amp; lymphoma. 52, 1806-1808 (2011).</li><li>Warner, J. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+evidence+for+cooperating+genetic+events+in+the+leukemic+transformation+of+normal+human+hematopoietic+cells.">Direct evidence for cooperating genetic events in the leukemic transformation of normal human hematopoietic cells.</a> Leukemia. 19, 1794-1805 (2005).</li><li>Chiu, P. P., Jiang, H., Dick, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leukemia-initiating+cells+in+human+T-lymphoblastic+leukemia+exhibit+glucocorticoid+resistance.">Leukemia-initiating cells in human T-lymphoblastic leukemia exhibit glucocorticoid resistance.</a> Blood. 116, 5268-5279 (2010).</li><li>Guan, Y., Gerhard, B., Hogge, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection,+isolation,+and+stimulation+of+quiescent+primitive+leukemic+progenitor+cells+from+patients+with+acute+myeloid+leukemia+(AML).">Detection, isolation, and stimulation of quiescent primitive leukemic progenitor cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML).</a> Blood. 101, 3142-3149 (2003).</li><li>Nolta, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+gold+standard+improves:+a+better+assay+for+HSCs.">The gold standard improves: a better assay for HSCs.</a> Blood. 106, 1141-1142 (2005).</li><li>Kiel, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SLAM+family+receptors+distinguish+hematopoietic+stem+and+progenitor+cells+and+reveal+endothelial+niches+for+stem+cells.">SLAM family receptors distinguish hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and reveal endothelial niches for stem cells.</a> Cell. 121, 1109-1121 (2005).</li><li>Purton, L., Scadden, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Limiting+factors+in+murine+hematopoietic+stem+cell+assays.">Limiting factors in murine hematopoietic stem cell assays.</a> Cell stem cell. 1, 263-270 (2007).</li><li>Dykstra, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+propagation+of+distinct+hematopoietic+differentiation+programs+in+vivo.">Long-term propagation of distinct hematopoietic differentiation programs in vivo.</a> Cell stem cell. 1, 218-229 (2007).</li><li>Jordan, C., Lemischka, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clonal+and+systemic+analysis+of+long-term+hematopoiesis+in+the+mouse.">Clonal and systemic analysis of long-term hematopoiesis in the mouse.</a> Genes &amp; development. 4, 220-232 (1990).</li><li>Challen, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dnmt3a+is+essential+for+hematopoietic+stem+cell+differentiation.">Dnmt3a is essential for hematopoietic stem cell differentiation.</a> Nature genetics. 44, 23-31 (2012).</li><li>Hess, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selection+based+on+CD133+and+high+aldehyde+dehydrogenase+activity+isolates+long-term+reconstituting+human+hematopoietic+stem+cells.">Selection based on CD133 and high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity isolates long-term reconstituting human hematopoietic stem cells.</a> Blood. 107, 2162-2169 (2006).</li><li>Mazurier, F., Doedens, M., Gan, O. I., Dick, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+myeloerythroid+repopulation+after+intrafemoral+transplantation+of+NOD-SCID+mice+reveals+a+new+class+of+human+stem+cells.">Rapid myeloerythroid repopulation after intrafemoral transplantation of NOD-SCID mice reveals a new class of human stem cells.</a> Nat Med. 9, 959-963 (2003).</li></ol>

יש המחברים אין לחשוף.

שאיפת BM סידורי היא הליך שגרתי קריטי לחקירה קלינית של הפרעות המטולוגיות בבני אדם. היכולת לבצע דגימה סידורי מקבילה של BM בעכברים לאפיון של ההרכב התאי ומרכיבים של BM לאורך כל ניסויים ממושכים היא גם יקר מאוד. הליך זה שימושי לאפיון של HSPC של מבלי להקריב את העכבר, אלא גם לגילוי...

All blood cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Procedures which allow access to the bone marrow (BM), the site of the vast majority of HSC&#8217;s in mice and men, without requiring sacrifice of animals, provide a resource to monitor the source of hematopoiesis serially. The overall goal of the procedure described here is to provide a detailed protocol for the sampling of BM cells from the femur of live mice which provides material representative of the cells which would be retrieved by conventional harvest of BM cells through sacrifice of the mice. The advantage of this procedure over conventional harvest of BM cells is that this procedure does not require the sacrifice of mice and therefore allows for longitudinal study of the bone marrow compartment of mice over time. 
Although this murine bone marrow aspiration procedure has been used in a number of studies and described previously (see Sundberg et al. for a historical review1), formal step-by-step procedures illustrating this technique have not been previously published. This protocol enables routine serial sampling of the BM for purposes such as assessing engraftment in the BM of cells exogenously introduced into the mouse (as would be done in xenograft studies for instance2,3), analysis of chimerism in the BM for comparison with that of the peripheral blood (where results are not necessarily congruent), monitoring the abundance of specific cell types normally enriched in the marrow such as hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, and retrieval of BM cells for ex vivo culture and/or transplantation. In addition, evaluation of marrow contents may be very useful in murine models of hematological disease as aspiration is helpful in assessing hematological disease burden at time points when disease may not be evident in the peripheral blood3-5. Moreover, this technique may be used to evaluate response of hematologic disease in the marrow to drugs administered in therapeutic studies. Thus, the procedure described here is ideal for investigators wishing to obtain access to bone marrow hematopoietic cells from mice for cytological analysis, flow cytometric analysis, in vitro culturing, and/or in vivo transplantation studies without requiring sacrifice or harm to the mice. 
The protocol for sampling of BM described here is quite similar to the technique used for intra-femoral injection of material directly into the marrow cavity3,6. The key difference being that this protocol details the procedure for removal of cells from the marrow as opposed to instilling material directly into the marrow cavity space as is done with intrafemoral injection.

<table><tbody><tr><td>PBS</td><td>PAA</td><td>H15-002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine serum albumin</td><td>PAA</td><td>K41-001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ACK lysis buffer</td><td>Homemade</td><td></td><td>in 1 L. Adjust pH 7.2 ~ 7.4 and filter sterile with 0.22 &amp;mu;m vacuum filter.</td></tr><tr><td>8.3 g Ammonium chloride</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A661-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 g Potassium bicarbonate</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>P184-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>200 &amp;mu;l 0.5 M EDTA pH 8</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15575-038</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RPMI 1640</td><td>PAA</td><td>E15-842</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.5 ml Tuberculin syringe 27.5 G</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>305620</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile cell strainer 70 &amp;mu;m</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>22363548</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane, USP</td><td>Attane</td><td>NDC:66794-014-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Blunt-end needle</td><td>Stemcell Technologies</td><td>28110</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PrecisionGlide needle 23 G</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>305193</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 ml Syringe Luer-Lok tip</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>309657</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Non-tissue culture treated plate, 6 Well</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>351146</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>12 x 75 mm 5 ml tubes&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>352054</td><td>FACS staining</td></tr><tr><td>12 x 75 mm 5 ml tubes with cell-strainer cap</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>352235</td><td>FACS staining</td></tr><tr><td>NK1.1 APC-Cy7</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>108723</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CD11b APC-Cy7</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>101225</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CD45R (B220) APC-Cy7</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>103223</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CD3 APC-Cy7</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>100222</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ly-6G and Ly-6C (Gr-1) APC-Cy7</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>108423</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ter119 APC-Cy7</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>116223</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CD19 APC-Cy7</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>302217</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CD4 APC-Cy7</td><td>BioLegend</td><td>317417</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CD117 (c-KIT) PE</td><td>BioLegend</td><td>105808</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ly-6A/E (Sca-1) PE-Cy7</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>122513</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CD34 APC</td><td>Biolegend</td><td>128612</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CD16/32 e450</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>48-0161-82</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAPI (4&amp;prime;,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>32670</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MethoCult GF M3434</td><td>STEMCELLTECHNOLOGIES</td><td>3434</td><td>For methocellulose culture</td></tr><tr><td>Carprofen</td><td>Crescent Chemical Company</td><td>C11045850</td><td>1 dose (5mg/kg)&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Flow cytometer, LSRFortessa</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Puralube vet ointment (sterile petrolatum ophthalmic ointment)</td><td>Dechra-US</td><td>17033-211-38</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

femoral bone marrow aspiration in live mice

Serial sampling of the cellular composition of bone marrow (BM) is a routine procedure critical to clinical hematology. This protocol describes a detailed step-by-step technical procedure for an analogous procedure in live mice which allows for serial characterization of cells present in the BM. This procedure facilitates studies aimed to detect the presence of exogenously administered cells within the BM of mice as would be done in xenograft studies for instance. Moreover, this procedure allows for the retrieval and characterization of cells enriched in the BM such as hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) without sacrifice of mice. Given that the cellular composition of peripheral blood is not necessarily reflective of proportions and types of stem and progenitor cells present in the marrow, procedures which provide access to this compartment without requiring termination of the mice are very helpful. The use of femoral bone marrow aspiration is illustrated here for cytological analysis of marrow cells, flow cytometric characterization of the hematopoietic stem/progenitor compartment, and culture of sorted HSPCs obtained by femoral BM aspiration compared with conventional marrow harvest.

שאיפת הירך BM של עכבר C57/B6 חי נוצלה להשיג תאים מונונוקלארים BM אחרי קציר BM הקונבנציונלי של אותו העכבר לאחר הקרבה. תאים מונונוקלארים BM מתקבלים על ידי שתי השיטות נותחו לאחר מכן על ידי (1) ניתוח ציטולוגית של תאי BM, (2) קביעת השכיחות היחסית של תאי גזע / אבות היווצרות הדם (HSPCs), ו (3)...

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Femoral Bone Marrow Aspiration in Live Mice

This protocol describes a procedure for serial sampling of femoral bone marrow (BM) without requiring the sacrifice of mice. This procedure facilitates longitudinal studies of the BM composition of mice over time and provides serial access to cells within the BM for ex vivo and transplantation studies.

הירך מח עצם שאיפה בעכברים חיים

Serial sampling of the cellular composition of bone marrow (BM) is a routine procedure critical to clinical hematology. This protocol describes a detailed ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

37.7K Views.  Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. This protocol describes a procedure for serial sampling of femoral bone marrow (BM) without requiring the sacrifice of mice. This procedure facilitates longitudinal studies of the BM composition of mice over time and provides serial access to cells within the BM for ex vivo and transplantation studies.

Video: Femoral Bone Marrow Aspiration in Live Mice

Automated Quantification of Hematopoietic Cell &#8211; Stromal Cell Interactions in Histological Images of Undecalcified Bone

Confocal microscopy is the method of choice for the analysis of localization of multiple cell types within complex tissues such as the bone marrow. However, the analysis and quantification of cellular localization is difficult, as in many cases it relies on manual counting, thus bearing the risk of introducing a rater-dependent bias and reducing interrater reliability. Moreover, it is often difficult to judge whether the co-localization between two cells results from random positioning, especially when cell types differ strongly in the frequency of their occurrence. Here, a method for unbiased quantification of cellular co-localization in the bone marrow is introduced. The protocol describes the sample preparation used to obtain histological sections of whole murine long bones including the bone marrow, as well as the staining protocol and the acquisition of high-resolution images. An analysis workflow spanning from the recognition of hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cell types in 2-dimensional (2D) bone marrow images to the quantification of the direct contacts between those cells is presented. This also includes a neighborhood analysis, to obtain information about the cellular microenvironment surrounding a certain cell type. In order to evaluate whether co-localization of two cell types is the mere result of random cell positioning or reflects preferential associations between the cells, a simulation tool which is suitable for testing this hypothesis in the case of hematopoietic as well as stromal cells, is used. This approach is not limited to the bone marrow, and can be extended to other tissues to permit reproducible, quantitative analysis of histological data.

A strategy to quantitatively analyze histological data in the bone marrow is presented. Confocal microscopy of fluorescently labeled cells in tissue sections results in 2-dimensional images, which are automatically analyzed. Co-localization analyses of different cell types are compared to data from simulated images, giving quantitative information about cellular interactions.

אוטומטי כימות של תא המטופואטיות - אינטראקציות תא סטרומה בתמונות היסטולוגית של עצם Undecalcified

Confocal microscopy is the method of choice for the analysis of localization of multiple cell types within complex tissues such as the bone marrow. ...

Developmental Biology

Combining Intravital Fluorescent Microscopy (IVFM) with Genetic Models to Study Engraftment Dynamics of Hematopoietic Cells to Bone Marrow Niches

Increasing evidence indicates that normal hematopoiesis is regulated by distinct microenvironmental cues in the BM, which include specialized cellular niches modulating critical hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions1,2. Indeed, a more detailed picture of the hematopoietic microenvironment is now emerging, in which the endosteal and the endothelial niches form functional units for the regulation of normal HSC and their progeny3,4,5. New studies have revealed the importance of perivascular cells, adipocytes and neuronal cells in maintaining and regulating HSC function6,7,8. Furthermore, there is evidence that cells from different lineages, i.e. myeloid and lymphoid cells, home and reside in specific niches within the BM microenvironment. However, a complete mapping of the BM microenvironment and its occupants is still in progress.
Transgenic mouse strains expressing lineage specific fluorescent markers or mice genetically engineered to lack selected molecules in specific cells of the BM niche are now available. Knock-out and lineage tracking models, in combination with transplantation approaches, provide the opportunity to refine the knowledge on the role of specific &#34;niche&#34; cells for defined hematopoietic populations, such as HSC, B-cells, T-cells, myeloid cells and erythroid cells. This strategy can be further potentiated by merging the use of two-photon microscopy of the calvarium. By providing in vivo high resolution imaging and 3-D rendering of the BM calvarium, we can now determine precisely the location where specific hematopoietic subsets home in the BM and evaluate the kinetics of their expansion over time. Here, Lys-GFP transgenic mice (marking myeloid cells)9 and RBPJ knock-out mice (lacking canonical Notch signaling)10 are used in combination with IVFM to determine the engraftment of myeloid cells to a Notch defective BM microenvironment.

Combining Intravital Fluorescent Microscopy IVFM with Genetic Models to Study Engraftment Dynamics of Hematopoietic Cells to Bone Marrow Niches

Intravital fluorescence microscopy (IVFM) of the calvarium is applied in combination with genetic animal models to study the homing and engraftment of hematopoietic cells into bone marrow (BM) niches.

שילוב של מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי Intravital (IVFM) עם דגמים גנטיים בחקר דינמיקה Engraftment Hematopoietic תאים במח העצם נישות

Increasing evidence indicates that normal hematopoiesis is regulated by distinct microenvironmental cues in the BM, which include specialized cellular ...

Models of Bone Metastasis

Bone metastases are a common occurrence in several malignancies, including breast, prostate, and lung. Once established in bone, tumors are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality1. Thus, there is a significant need to understand the molecular mechanisms controlling the establishment, growth and activity of tumors in bone. Several in vivo models have been established to study these events and each has specific benefits and limitations. The most commonly used model utilizes intracardiac inoculation of tumor cells directly into the arterial blood supply of athymic (nude) BalbC mice. This procedure can be applied to many different tumor types (including PC-3 prostate cancer, lung carcinoma, and mouse mammary fat pad tumors); however, in this manuscript we will focus on the breast cancer model, MDA-MB-231. In this model we utilize a highly bone-selective clone, originally derived in Dr. Mundy's group in San Antonio2, that has since been transfected for GFP expression and re-cloned by our group3. This clone is a bone metastatic variant with a high rate of osteotropism and very little metastasis to lung, liver, or adrenal glands. While intracardiac injections are most commonly used for studies of bone metastasis2, in certain instances intratibial4 or mammary fat pad injections are more appropriate. Intracardiac injections are typically performed when using human tumor cells with the goal of monitoring later stages of metastasis, specifically the ability of cancer cells to arrest in bone, survive, proliferate, and establish tumors that develop into cancer-induced bone disease. Intratibial injections are performed if focusing on the relationship of cancer cells and bone after a tumor has metastasized to bone, which correlates roughly to established metastatic bone disease. Neither of these models recapitulates early steps in the metastatic process prior to embolism and entry of tumor cells into the circulation. If monitoring primary tumor growth or metastasis from the primary site to bone, then mammary fat pad inoculations are usually preferred; however, very few tumor cell lines will consistently metastasize to bone from the primary site, with 4T1 bone-preferential clones, a mouse mammary carcinoma, being the exception 5,6.
This manuscript details inoculation procedures and highlights key steps in post inoculation analyses. Specifically, it includes cell culture, tumor cell inoculation procedures for intracardiac and intratibial inoculations, as well as brief information regarding weekly monitoring by x-ray, fluorescence and histomorphometric analyses.

Animal models are frequently utilized to study cancer metastasis to bone. In this protocol we will describe two common methods of tumor inoculation for bone metastasis studies and briefly describe some of the analyses utilized to monitor and quantify these models.

מודלים של גרורות עצם

Bone metastases are a common occurrence in several malignancies, including breast, prostate, and lung. Once established in bone, tumors are responsible ...

Tracking Mouse Bone Marrow Monocytes In Vivo

Real time multiphoton imaging provides a great opportunity to study cell trafficking and cell-to-cell interactions in their physiological 3-dimensionnal environment. Biological activities of immune cells mainly rely on their motility capacities. Blood monocytes have short half-life in the bloodstream; they originate in the bone marrow and are constitutively released from it. In inflammatory condition, this process is enhanced, leading to blood monocytosis and subsequent infiltration of the peripheral inflammatory tissues. Identifying the biomechanical events controlling monocyte trafficking from the bone marrow towards the vascular network is an important step to understand monocyte physiopathological relevance. We performed in vivo time-lapse imaging by two-photon microscopy of the skull bone marrow of the Csf1r-Gal4VP16/UAS-ECFP (MacBlue) mouse. The MacBlue mouse expresses the fluorescent reporters enhanced cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP) under the control of a myeloid specific promoter 1, in combination with vascular network labelling. We describe how this approach enables the tracking of individual medullar monocytes in real time to further quantify the migratory behaviour within the bone marrow parenchyma and the vasculature, as well as cell-to-cell interactions. This approach provides novel insights into the biology of the bone marrow monocyte subsets and allows to further address how these cells can be influenced in specific pathological conditions.

Tracking Mouse Bone Marrow Monocytes In Vivo

Monocytes are key regulators of innate immunity and play a critical role in the renewal of the peripheral mononuclear phagocytic system and in case of inflammation. This manuscript describes the procedure of real time imaging of the mouse calvaria bone marrow to study the monocyte mobilisation mechanism.

מעקב עכבר מח עצם המונוציטים<em&gt; In vivo</em

Real time multiphoton imaging provides a great opportunity to study cell trafficking and cell-to-cell interactions in their physiological 3-dimensionnal ...

Immunology and Infection

בידוד ואפיון מיקרו-סביבה של מח עצם בגידולים מיאלואידים

Identifying Bone Marrow Microenvironmental Populations in Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Acute Myeloid Leukemia

The bone marrow microenvironment consists of distinct cell populations, such as mesenchymal stromal cells, endothelial cells, osteolineage cells, and fibroblasts, which provide support for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). In addition to supporting normal HSCs, the bone marrow microenvironment also plays a role in the development of hematopoietic stem cell disorders, such as myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). MDS-associated mutations in HSCs lead to a block in differentiation and progressive bone marrow failure, especially in the elderly. MDS can often progress to therapy-resistant AML, a disease characterized by a rapid accumulation of immature myeloid blasts. The bone marrow microenvironment is known to be altered in patients with these myeloid neoplasms. Here, a comprehensive protocol to isolate and phenotypically characterize bone marrow microenvironmental cells from murine models of myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia is described. Isolating and characterizing changes in the bone marrow niche populations can help determine their role in disease initiation and progression and may lead to the development of novel therapeutics targeting cancer-promoting alterations in the bone marrow stromal populations.

מחבר זרקור: ניתוח מיקרו-סביבה של מח עצם בממאירויות המטולוגיות מורין 

Here a detailed protocol to isolate and characterize bone marrow microenvironmental populations from murine models of myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia is presented. This technique identifies changes in the non-hematopoietic bone marrow niche, including the endothelial and mesenchymal stromal cells, with disease progression.

זיהוי אוכלוסיות מיקרו-סביבתיות של מח עצם בתסמונת מיאלודיספלסטית ובלוקמיה מיאלואידית חריפה

The bone marrow microenvironment consists of distinct cell populations, such as mesenchymal stromal cells, endothelial cells, osteolineage cells, and ...

Cancer Research

Femur Window Chamber Model for In Vivo Cell Tracking in the Murine Bone Marrow

Bone marrow is a complex organ that contains various hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. These cells are involved in many biological processes, including hematopoiesis, immune regulation and tumor regulation. Commonly used methods for understanding cellular actions in the bone marrow, such as histology and blood counts, provide static information rather than capturing the dynamic action of multiple cellular components in vivo. To complement the standard methods, a window chamber (WC)-based model was developed to enable serial in vivo imaging of cells and structures in the murine bone marrow. This protocol describes a surgical procedure for installing the WC in the femur, in order to facilitate long-term optical access to the femoral bone marrow. In particular, to demonstrate its experimental utility, this WC approach was used to image and track neutrophils within the vascular network of the femur, thereby providing a novel method to visualize and quantify immune cell trafficking and regulation in the bone marrow. This method can be applied to study various biological processes in the murine bone marrow, such as hematopoiesis, stem cell transplantation, and immune responses in pathological conditions, including cancer.

Femur Window Chamber Model for In Vivo Cell Tracking in the Murine Bone Marrow

The protocol describes a novel murine femur window chamber model that can be used to track movement of cells in the femoral bone marrow in vivo. Intravital multiphoton fluorescence microscopy is used to image three components of the femoral bone marrow (vasculature, collagen matrix, and neutrophils) over time.

חלון ירך דגם קאמרי<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; מעקב תא Murine מח עצם

Bone marrow is a complex organ that contains various hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. These cells are involved in many biological processes, ...

Preparation of Whole Bone Marrow for Mass Cytometry Analysis of Neutrophil-lineage Cells

In this article, we present a protocol that is optimized to preserve neutrophil-lineage cells in fresh BM for whole BM CyTOF analysis. We utilized a myeloid-biased 39-antibody CyTOF panel to evaluate the hematopoietic system with a focus on the neutrophil-lineage cells by using this protocol. The CyTOF result was analyzed with an open-resource dimensional reduction algorithm, viSNE, and the data was presented to demonstrate the outcome of this protocol. We have discovered new neutrophil-lineage cell populations based on this protocol. This protocol of fresh whole BM preparation may be used for 1), CyTOF analysis to discover unidentified cell populations from whole BM, 2), investigating whole BM defects for patients with blood disorders such as leukemia, 3), assisting optimization of fluorescence-activated flow cytometry protocols that utilize fresh whole BM.

Here, we present a protocol to process fresh bone marrow (BM) isolated from mouse or human for high-dimensional mass cytometry (Cytometry by Time-Of-Flight, CyTOF) analysis of neutrophil-lineage cells.

הכנת מח עצם שלם לניתוח המוני Cy, לטיפול בניופיל-תאי השושלת

In this article, we present a protocol that is optimized to preserve neutrophil-lineage cells in fresh BM for whole BM CyTOF analysis. We utilized a ...

Bone Marrow Transplantation Procedures in Mice to Study Clonal Hematopoiesis

Clonal hematopoiesis is a prevalent age-associated condition that results from the accumulation of somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Mutations in driver genes, that confer cellular fitness, can lead to the development of expanding HSPC clones that increasingly give rise to progeny leukocytes harboring the somatic mutation. Because clonal hematopoiesis has been associated with heart disease, stroke, and mortality, the development of experimental systems that model these processes is key to understanding the mechanisms that underly this new risk factor. Bone marrow transplantation procedures involving myeloablative conditioning in mice, such as total-body irradiation (TBI), are commonly employed to study the role of immune cells in cardiovascular diseases. However, simultaneous damage to the bone marrow niche and other sites of interest, such as the heart and brain, is unavoidable with these procedures. Thus, our lab has developed two alternative methods to minimize or avoid possible side effects caused by TBI: 1) bone marrow transplantation with irradiation shielding and 2) adoptive BMT to non-conditioned mice. In shielded organs, the local environment is preserved allowing for the analysis of clonal hematopoiesis while the function of resident immune cells is unperturbed. In contrast, the adoptive BMT to non-conditioned mice has the additional advantage that both the local environments of the organs and the hematopoietic niche are preserved. Here, we compare three different hematopoietic cell reconstitution approaches and discuss their strengths and limitations for studies of clonal hematopoiesis in cardiovascular disease.

We describe three methods of bone marrow transplantation (BMT): BMT with total-body irradiation, BMT with shielded irradiation, and BMT method with no pre-conditioning (adoptive BMT) for the study of clonal hematopoiesis in mouse models.

הליכים השתלת מח עצם בעכברים ללמוד Hematopoiesis שיבוט

Clonal hematopoiesis is a prevalent age-associated condition that results from the accumulation of somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem and progenitor ...

הירך מח עצם שאיפה בעכברים חיים

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Chapters in this video

אוטומטי כימות של תא המטופואטיות - אינטראקציות תא סטרומה בתמונות היסטולוגית של עצם Undecalcified

שילוב של מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי Intravital (IVFM) עם דגמים גנטיים בחקר דינמיקה Engraftment Hematopoietic תאים במח העצם נישות

מודלים של גרורות עצם

מעקב עכבר מח עצם המונוציטים

זיהוי אוכלוסיות מיקרו-סביבתיות של מח עצם בתסמונת מיאלודיספלסטית ובלוקמיה מיאלואידית חריפה

זיהוי אוכלוסיות מיקרו-סביבתיות של מח עצם בתסמונת מיאלודיספלסטית ובלוקמיה מיאלואידית חריפה

זיהוי אוכלוסיות מיקרו-סביבתיות של מח עצם בתסמונת מיאלודיספלסטית ובלוקמיה מיאלואידית חריפה

חלון ירך דגם קאמרי

הכנת מח עצם שלם לניתוח המוני Cy, לטיפול בניופיל-תאי השושלת

הליכים השתלת מח עצם בעכברים ללמוד Hematopoiesis שיבוט