עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי איגוד הלב האמריקאי והקרן לילדים קרדיומיופתיה (SDG2462390204001), והמכון הלאומי לבריאות (HL114669). CM הוא נמען של מענק מלגת מחקר פוסט דוקטורט הוענק על ידי קרן דלקת שריר הלב, ניו ג&#39;רזי.

<ol>
	<li>Cecconi, V., Moro, M., Del Mare, ., Dellabona, S., P, G., Casorati, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+MHC+class+II+tetramers+to+investigate+CD4++T+cell+responses:+problems+and+solutions.">Use of MHC class II tetramers to investigate CD4+ T cell responses: problems and solutions.</a> Cytometry A. 73 (11), 1010-1018 (2008).</li><li>Ferlin, W., Glaichenhaus, N., Mougneau, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Present+difficulties+and+future+promise+of+MHC+multimers+in+autoimmune+exploration.">Present difficulties and future promise of MHC multimers in autoimmune exploration.</a> Curr Opin Immunol. 12, 670-675 (2000).</li><li>Kwok, W. W., Ptacek, N. A., Liu, A. W., Buckner, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+class+II+tetramers+for+identification+of+CD4++T+cells.">Use of class II tetramers for identification of CD4+ T cells.</a> J Immunol Methods. 268, 71-81 (2002).</li><li>Landais, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+design+of+MHC+class+II+tetramers+to+accommodate+fundamental+principles+of+antigen+presentation.">New design of MHC class II tetramers to accommodate fundamental principles of antigen presentation.</a> J Immunol. 183, 7949-7957 (2009).</li><li>Nepom, G. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MHC+class+II+tetramers.">MHC class II tetramers.</a> J Immunol. 188, 2477-2482 (2012).</li><li>Vollers, S. S., Stern, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Class+II+major+histocompatibility+complex+tetramer+staining:+progress,+problems,+and+prospects.">Class II major histocompatibility complex tetramer staining: progress, problems, and prospects.</a> Immunology. 123, 305-313 (2008).</li><li>Wooldridge, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tricks+with+tetramers:+how+to+get+the+most+from+multimeric+peptide-MHC.">Tricks with tetramers: how to get the most from multimeric peptide-MHC.</a> Immunology. 126, 147-164 (2009).</li><li>Massilamany, C., Upadhyaya, B., Gangaplara, A., Kuszynski, C., Reddy, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+autoreactive+CD4+T+cells+using+major+histocompatibility+complex+class+II+dextramers.">Detection of autoreactive CD4 T cells using major histocompatibility complex class II dextramers.</a> BMC Immunol. 12, 1471-2172 (2011).</li><li>Batard, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dextramers:+new+generation+of+fluorescent+MHC+class+I/peptide+multimers+for+visualization+of+antigen-specific+CD8++T+cells.">Dextramers: new generation of fluorescent MHC class I/peptide multimers for visualization of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells.</a> J Immunol Methods. 310 (1-2), 136-148 (2006).</li><li>Massilamany, C., Gangaplara, A., Jia, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+staining+with+major+histocompatibility+complex+class+II+dextramers+permits+detection+of+antigen-specific,+autoreactive+CD4+T+cells+in+situ.">Direct staining with major histocompatibility complex class II dextramers permits detection of antigen-specific, autoreactive CD4 T cells in situ.</a> PLoS One. 9 (1), (2014).</li><li>Massilamany, C., Khalilzad-Sharghi, V., Gangaplara, A., Steffen, D., Othman, S. 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(88), e51654 (2014).</li><li>Massilamany, C., Steffen, D., Reddy, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+epitope+from+Acanthamoeba+castellanii+that+cross-react+with+proteolipid+protein+139-151-reactive+T+cells+induces+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis+in+SJL+mice.">An epitope from Acanthamoeba castellanii that cross-react with proteolipid protein 139-151-reactive T cells induces autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL mice.</a> J Neuroimmunol. 219 (1-2), 17-24 (2010).</li><li>Donermeyer, D. L., Beisel, K. W., Allen, P. M., Smith, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myocarditis-inducing+epitope+of+myosin+binds+constitutively+and+stably+to+I-Ak+on+antigen-presenting+cells+in+the+heart.">Myocarditis-inducing epitope of myosin binds constitutively and stably to I-Ak on antigen-presenting cells in the heart.</a> J Exp Med. 182 (5), 1291-1300 (1995).</li><li>Liao, L., Sindhwani, R., Leinwand, L., Diamond, B., Factor, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+alpha-myosin+heavy+chains+differ+in+their+induction+of+myocarditis.+Identification+of+pathogenic+epitopes.">Cardiac alpha-myosin heavy chains differ in their induction of myocarditis. Identification of pathogenic epitopes.</a> J Clin Invest. 92 (6), 2877-2882 (1993).</li><li>Cameron, T. O., Cochran, J. R., Yassine-Diab, B., Sekaly, R. P., Stern, L. 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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activated+human+epitope-specific+T+cells+identified+by+class+II+tetramers+reside+within+a+CD4high,+proliferating+subset.">Activated human epitope-specific T cells identified by class II tetramers reside within a CD4high, proliferating subset.</a> Int Immunol. 13 (6), 799-806 (2001).</li><li>Reddy, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+autoreactive+myelin+proteolipid+protein+139-151-specific+T+cells+by+using+MHC+II+(IAs)+tetramers.">Detection of autoreactive myelin proteolipid protein 139-151-specific T cells by using MHC II (IAs) tetramers.</a> J Immunol. 170 (2), 870-877 (2003).</li><li>Skinner, P. J., Daniels, M. A., Schmidt, C. S., Jameson, S. C., Haase, A. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cutting+edge:+In+situ+tetramer+staining+of+antigen-specific+T+cells+in+tissues.">Cutting edge: In situ tetramer staining of antigen-specific T cells in tissues.</a> J Immunol. 165 (2), 613-617 (2000).</li><li>Skinner, P. J., Haase, A. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+tetramer+staining.">In situ tetramer staining.</a> J Immunol Methods. 268 (1), 29-34 (2002).</li><li>Skinner, P. J., Haase, A. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+staining+using+MHC+class+I+tetramers.">In situ staining using MHC class I tetramers.</a> Curr Protoc Immunol. Chapter 17, Unit 17.14.11 (2004).</li></ol>

אין ניגודי האינטרסים הוכרזו.

שלא כמוני tetramers כיתת MHC, השימוש בMHC הכיתה השני tetramers ליישומים שיגרתי ממשיך להיות מאתגר, במיוחד כדי למנות את תדרי המבשר של תאים בעלת זיקה נמוכה אוטוריאקטיבים T מסוג CD4, נובעים בחלקו תלות ההפעלה שלהם 6,15-17. לאחרונה, בעיה זו נעקפה על ידי יצירת הדור הבא של tetramers, שנקרא &quot;...

השימוש מורכב histocompatibility הגדול (MHC) בכיתה השנייה tetramers לזיהוי של תאי T מסוג CD4 אנטיגן ספציפי כבר אתגר 1-7. כדי לשפר את רגישות זיהוי של MHC הכיתה השני tetramers, צוות המחקר יצר tetramers של הדור הבא, המיועד &quot;dextramers&quot; 8. Dextramers להכיל עמוד השדרה dextran בי moieties streptavidin-fluorophore המרובים מצומדת, כך שיכולים להיות מצורפים כמה, מונומרים MHC biotinylated פפטיד קשור למולקולת dextran אחד 9. לפיכך, אגרגטים גדולים של dextramers MHC שמכיל כמה מתחמי MHC-פפטיד יכולים לקיים אינטראקציה עם קולטנים מרובים תא T (TCRs). קבוצה זו נוצרה בזמן אחרון dextramers לאנטיגנים עצמיים שונים והוכיחה כי רגישות זיהוי של dextramers הייתה כ פי חמש יותר מאשר tetramers 8. המערכות הניסיוניות כוללות Encephalomyelitis אוטואימוניות ניסיוני (EAE) מושרה עם חלבון proteolipid (PLP) 139-151 בעכברי SJL; EAE מושרה עם גליקופרוטאין oligodendrocyte המיאלין (MOG) 35-55 בC57Bl / 6 עכברים; ודלקת שריר הלב ניסויי אוטואימוניות (EAM) מושרה עם שרשרת α שרירן לב הכבד (Myhc) 334-352 בעכברים / י. מחקר זה מדגים את השימוש בPLP 139-151 - וMyhc 334-352 dextramers כדי לזהות תאי T מסוג CD4 אנטיגן ספציפי באתר עם ​​סגוליות ידי פיתוח פרוטוקול מכתים ישיר, ובכך מבטל את הצורך להגביר את האותות מבאמצעות נוגדני fluorophore, מתקרב מועסק בדרך כלל עם השימוש של tetramers. בנוסף, שיטה מקיפה של הערכת רקמות יש גם המציאה כדי למנות באופן מהימן את התדרים של תאי T מסוג CD4 אנטיגן ספציפי באתר 10. זיהוי של תאי T אנטיגן ספציפי באתר מאפשר תיחום של אירועים שנגרמו על ידי גירויי אנטיגני ספציפיים מאלה הנגרמים על ידי הפעלה עובר אורח. כמו כן, הטכניקה באתרו גם providהזדמנויות es כדי לעקוב אחר קינטיקה של חדירות תא T אנטיגן ספציפי באיברי המטרה.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:619px;">CFA</td>
			<td style="width:364px;">Sigma Aldrich, St Louis, MO</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">5881</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Store at 4&#959;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">MTB&#160; H37Rv extract&#160;</td>
			<td>Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI</td>
			<td>231141</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#959;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">PT</td>
			<td>List Biologicals Laboratories, Campbell, CA</td>
			<td>181</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#959;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">1x PBS&#160;</td>
			<td>Corning, Manassas, VA</td>
			<td>21-040-CV</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#959;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Female A/J mice&#160;</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, ME</td>
			<td>646</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Female SJL/J mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, ME</td>
			<td>686</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leur-lok sterile 1 ml syrringe</td>
			<td>BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td>309628</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leur-lok sterile 3 ml syrringe</td>
			<td>BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td>309657</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile needle, 18 G</td>
			<td>BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td>305195</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile needle, 27 1/2 G</td>
			<td>BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td>305109</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3-way stopcock&#160;</td>
			<td>Smiths Medical ASD, Inc. Dublin, OH</td>
			<td>MX5311L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Kerlix gauze bandage rolls&#160;</td>
			<td>Covidien, Mansfield, MA</td>
			<td>6720</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Kimwipes</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark Professional, Roswell, GA</td>
			<td>34155</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agarose, Low Melting Point, Analytical Grade</td>
			<td>Promega corporation, Madison, WI</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">V2111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Immunopure normal goat serum</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">31873</td>
			<td>Store at -20 &#959;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Anti-mouse CD4 conjugated with PE dye</td>
			<td style="width:364px;">eBioscience, San Diego, CA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">12004185</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#959;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences, Hatfield, PA</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">19202</td>
			<td>Store at 4&#959;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Faramount Aqueous Mounting Medium</td>
			<td>Dako, Carpinteria, CA</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">10073021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Conical tube (15ml)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">352099</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Conical tube (50 ml)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">352070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">24-well flat bottomed tissue culture plates</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA</td>
			<td>356775</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Water color #2 brushes</td>
			<td>Charles Leonard, Inc. Hauppauge, NY</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">73502</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plain Microscope slides, size: 3&#34; x 1&#34; x 1.2 mm</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">1255010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Premium Cover glass, 22 x 22-1</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">12548B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Disposable deep base mold histology cassettes</td>
			<td>Laboratory prodcust, Rochester, NY</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">M-475-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Loctite Super glue</td>
			<td>Henkel Corporation, Westlake, OH</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">1471879</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Razor blades</td>
			<td>Gillette SuperSilver</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Myhc-a 334-352 (DSAFDVLSFTAEEKAGVYK)</td>
			<td style="width:364px;">Neopeptide, Cambridge, MA</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td>Store at 4&#959;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">PLP 139-151 (HSLGKWLGHPDKF)</td>
			<td style="width:364px;">Neopeptide, Cambridge, MA</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td>Store at 4&#959;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">MHC class II/IAs PLP 139-151 or TMEV 70-86 dextramers conjugated with APC dye</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Store at 4&#959;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;">MHC class II/IAk Myhc 334-352 or&#160; or RNase 40-56 dextramers conjugated with APC dye</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Store at 4&#959;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Dextran conjugated SA-APC</td>
			<td>&#160;Immundex, Copenhagen, Demark</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td>Store at 4&#959;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sterile surgical scissors and forceps</td>
			<td style="width:364px;">INOX tool Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro oven</td>
			<td style="width:364px;">GE Healthcare, Pittsuburgh, PA</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Leica VT 1200 Vibratome</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems, Inc. Buffalo Grove, IL</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Olympus BX 60&#160; Laser scanning confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus America, Inc. Center Valley, PA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nikon A1-Eclipse 90i confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon Inc. Melville, NY</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
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in situ detection of autoreactive cd4 t cells in brain and heart using major histocompatibility complex class ii dextramers

This report demonstrates the use of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II dextramers for detection of autoreactive CD4 T cells in situ in myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) 139-151-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL mice and cardiac myosin heavy chain-&#945; (Myhc) 334-352-induced experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) in A/J mice. Two sets of cocktails of dextramer reagents were used, where dextramers+ cells were analyzed by laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM): EAE, IAs/PLP 139-151 dextramers (specific)/anti-CD4 and IAs/Theiler&#8217;s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) 70-86 dextramers (control)/anti-CD4; and EAM, IAk/Myhc 334-352 dextramers/anti-CD4 and IAk/bovine ribonuclease (RNase) 43-56 dextramers (control)/anti-CD4. LSCM analysis of brain sections obtained from EAE mice showed the presence of cells positive for CD4 and PLP 139-151 dextramers, but not TMEV 70-86 dextramers suggesting that the staining obtained with PLP 139-151 dextramers was specific. Likewise, heart sections prepared from EAM mice also revealed the presence of Myhc 334-352, but not RNase 43-56-dextramer+ cells as expected. Further, a comprehensive method has also been devised to quantitatively analyze the frequencies of antigen-specific CD4 T cells in the &#8216;Z&#8217; serial images.

בדו&quot;ח זה, באיתור באתרו של אנטיגן ספציפי, תאי T מסוג CD4 אוטוריאקטיבים ידי צביעה ישירה עם כיתת MHC II dextramers מתואר. חלקים במוח שנכרתו זה נגזרו מעכברי EAE ומוכתם עם קוקטיילים המכילים PLP 139-151 (ספציפי) או TMEV 70-86 dextramers (שליטה) ואנטי CD4. הלוחות העליונים באיור 1 מציג נית?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Situ Detection of Autoreactive CD4 T Cells in Brain and Heart Using Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Dextramers at JoVE.com

In Situ Detection of Autoreactive CD4 T Cells in Brain and Heart Using Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Dextramers

הפרוטוקול כדי לזהות תאי T מסוג CD4 עצמי תגובתי במוח ולב על ידי צביעה ישירה עם הכיתה השנייה dextramers המורכב histocompatibility הגדול תואר בדוח זה. לניתוח מקיף, שיטה אמינה כדי למנות את התדרים של תאים מסוג CD4 + T אנטיגן הספציפי באתר היא גם המציאה.

באתרו איתור של תאים אוטוריאקטיבים T מסוג CD4 במוח ולב באמצעות מחלקה מורכבת השני Dextramers סרן histocompatibility

This report demonstrates the use of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II dextramers for detection of autoreactive CD4 T cells in situ in myelin ...

in-situ-detection-autoreactive-cd4-t-cells-brain-heart-using-major

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

In Situ Detection of Autoreactive CD4 T Cells in Brain and Heart Using Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Dextramers

11.6K Views.  University of Nebraska, Lincoln.  הפרוטוקול כדי לזהות תאי T מסוג CD4 עצמי תגובתי במוח ולב על ידי צביעה ישירה עם הכיתה השנייה dextramers המורכב histocompatibility הגדול תואר בדוח זה. לניתוח מקיף, שיטה אמינה כדי למנות את התדרים של תאים מסוג CD4 + T אנטיגן הספציפי באתר היא גם המציאה. 

Video: In Situ Detection of Autoreactive CD4 T Cells in Brain and Heart Using Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Dextramers

Retroviral Transduction of T-cell Receptors in Mouse T-cells

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen presenting cells (APCs)1. This recognition leads to the activation of T-cells and a series of functional outcomes (e.g. cytokine production, killing of the target cells). Understanding the functional role of TCRs is critical to harness the power of the immune system to treat a variety of immunology related diseases (e.g. cancer or autoimmunity).
It is convenient to study TCRs in mouse models, which can be accomplished in several ways. Making TCR transgenic mouse models is costly and time-consuming and currently there are only a limited number of them available2-4. Alternatively, mice with antigen-specific T-cells can be generated by bone marrow chimera. This method also takes several weeks and requires expertise5. Retroviral transduction of TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells is a quick and relatively easy method to obtain T-cells of desired peptide-MHC specificity. Antigen-specific T-cells can be generated in one week and used in any downstream applications. Studying transduced T-cells also has direct application to human immunotherapy, as adoptive transfer of human T-cells transduced with antigen-specific TCRs is an emerging strategy for cancer treatment6.
Here we present a protocol to retrovirally transduce TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells. Both human and mouse TCR genes can be used. Retroviruses carrying specific TCR genes are generated and used to infect mouse T-cells activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. After in vitro expansion, transduced T-cells are analyzed by flow cytometry.

We present a protocol to produce antigen-specific mouse T-cells using retroviral transduction

התמרה retroviral של T-cell קולטנים עכבר מתאי T

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen ...

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops autoimmune diabetes after 12 weeks of age and is the most extensively studied animal model of human Type 1 diabetes (T1D). Cell transfer studies in irradiated recipient mice have established that T cells are pivotal in T1D pathogenesis in this model. We describe herein a simple method to rapidly induce T1D by adoptive transfer of purified, primary CD4+ T cells from pre-diabetic NOD mice transgenic for the islet-specific T cell receptor (TCR) BDC2.5 into NOD.SCID recipient mice. The major advantages of this technique are that isolation and adoptive transfer of diabetogenic T cells can be completed within the same day, irradiation of the recipients is not required, and a high incidence of T1D is elicited within 2 weeks after T cell transfer. Thus, studies of pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions in T1D can proceed at a faster rate than with methods that rely on heterogenous T cell populations or clones derived from diabetic NOD mice.

We provide a reproducible method to induce type 1 diabetes (T1D) in mice within two weeks by the adoptive transfer of islet antigen-specific, primary CD4+ T cells.

אינדוקציה מואצת סוכרת סוג 1 בעכברים על ידי העברת המאמצת של CD4 + T תאי Diabetogenic

The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops autoimmune diabetes after 12 weeks of age and is the most extensively studied animal model of ...

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. We describe here an experimental colitis model that is initiated by adoptive transfer of syngeneic splenic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipient mice. The CD4+CD45RBhigh T cell population that largely consists of na&#239;ve effector cells is capable of inducing chronic intestinal inflammation, closely resembling key aspects of human IBD. This method can be manipulated to study aspects of disease onset and progression. Additionally it can be used to study the function of innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune cell populations, and the role of environmental exposures, i.e., the microbiota, in intestinal inflammation. In this article we illustrate the methodology for inducing colitis with a step-by-step protocol. This includes a video demonstration of key technical aspects required to successfully develop this murine model of experimental colitis for research purposes.

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

Here, we present a protocol to induce colonic inflammation in mice by adoptive transfer of syngeneic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipients. Clinical and histopathological features mimic human inflammatory bowel diseases. This method allows the study of the initiation of colonic inflammation and progression of disease.

אינדוקציה של Murine דלקת מעיים על ידי העברת המאמצת של מפעיל CD4<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; CD45RB<sup&gt; גבוה</sup&gt; תאי T לעכברי immunodeficient

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages ...

Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Antigen inexperienced (na&#239;ve) CD4+ T cells undergo expansion and differentiation to effector subsets at the time of T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of cognate antigen presented on MHC class II. The cytokine signals present in the environment at the time of TCR activation are a major factor in determining the effector fate of a na&#239;ve CD4+ T cell. Although the cytokine environment during na&#239;ve T cell activation may be complex and involve both redundant and opposing signals in vivo, the addition of various cytokine combinations during naive CD4+ T cell activation in vitro can readily promote the establishment of effector T helper lineages with hallmark cytokine and transcription factor expression. Such differentiation experiments are commonly used as a first step for the evaluation of targets believed to promote or inhibit the development of certain CD4+ T helper subsets. The addition of mediators, such as signaling agonists, antagonists, or other cytokines, during the differentiation process can also be used to study the influence of a particular target on T cell differentiation. Here, we describe a basic protocol for the isolation of na&#239;ve T cells from mouse and the subsequent steps necessary for polarizing na&#239;ve cells to various T helper effector lineages in vitro.

Mouse Na&amp;#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells polarize to various subsets depending on the environment at the time of activation. The differentiation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells to various effector subsets can be achieved in vitro through the addition of T cell receptor stimuli and specific cytokine signals.

העכבר נאיבי CD4<sup&gt; +</supו&gt; בידוד תא T<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; בידול לתוך תת תא T

Antigen inexperienced (na&#239;ve) CD4+ T cells undergo expansion and differentiation to effector subsets at the time of T cell receptor (TCR) recognition ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-&#946;-containing Protocol

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an integral part of peripheral tolerance, suppressing immune reactions against self-structures and thus preventing autoimmune diseases. Clinical approaches to adoptively transfer Tregs, or to deplete Tregs in cancer, are underway with promising first outcomes. 
Because the number of naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs) is very limited, studying certain Treg features using in vitro induced Tregs (iTregs) can be advantageous. To date, the best although not absolutely specific protein marker to delineate Tregs is the transcription factor FOXP3. Despite the importance of Tregs including non-redundant roles of peripherally induced Tregs, the protocols to generate iTregs are currently controversial, particularly for human cells. This protocol therefore describes the in vitro differentiation of human CD4+FOXP3+ iTregs from human na&#239;ve T cells using a range of Treg-inducing factors (TGF-&#946; plus IL-2 only, or their combination with retinoic acid, rapamycin or butyrate) in parallel. It also describes the phenotyping of these cells by flow cytometry and qRT-PCR. 
These protocols result in reproducible expression of FOXP3 and other Treg signature genes and enable the study of general FOXP3-regulatory mechanisms as well as protocol-specific effects to delineate the impact of certain factors. iTregs can be utilized to study various phenotypic aspects as well as molecular mechanisms of Treg induction. Detailed molecular studies are facilitated by relatively large cell numbers that can be obtained. 
A limitation for the application of iTregs is the relative instability of FOXP3 expression in these cells compared to nTregs. iTregs generated by these protocols can also be used for functional assays such as studying their suppressive function, in which iTregs induced by TGF-&#946; plus retinoic acid and rapamycin display superior suppressive activity. However, the suppressive capacity of iTregs can differ from nTregs and the use of appropriate controls is crucial.

&lt;em&gt;In Vitro&lt;/em&gt; Differentiation of Human CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;FOXP3&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Na&amp;#239;ve CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T Cells Using a TGF-&amp;#946;-containing Protocol

This protocol describes the reproducible generation and phenotyping of human induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) from na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells in vitro. Different protocols for FOXP3 induction allow for the study of specific iTreg phenotypes obtained with respective protocols.

במבחנה בידול של האדם CD4 + FOXP3 + מושרה תקינה בתאי T (iTregs) מ נאיבית CD4 + T תאים באמצעות פרוטוקול TGF-β-המכיל

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an integral part of peripheral tolerance, suppressing immune reactions against self-structures and thus preventing ...

Quantification of Proliferating Human Antigen-specific CD4+ T Cells using Carboxyfluorescein Succinimidyl Ester

Described is a simple, in vitro, dye dilution-based method for measuring antigen-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The development of stable, non-toxic, fluorescent dyes such as carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) allows for rare, antigen-specific T cells to be distinguished from bystanders by diminution in fluorescent staining, as detected by flow cytometry. This method has the following advantages over alternative approaches: (i) it is very sensitive to low-frequency T cells, (ii) no knowledge of the antigen or epitope is required, (iii) the phenotype of the responding cells can be analyzed, and (iv) viable, responding cells can be sorted and used for further analysis, such as T cell cloning.

Quantification of Proliferating Human Antigen-specific CD4+ T Cells using Carboxyfluorescein Succinimidyl Ester

Presented here is a protocol for measuring proliferating CD4+ T cells in response to antigenic proteins or peptides using dye dilution. This assay is particularly sensitive to rare antigen-specific T cells and can be modified to facilitate cloning of antigen-specific cells.

קוונפיקציה של מתרבים אנטיגן אנושי-ספציפי CD4+ T תאים באמצעות Carboxyפלואורומיתאת הדיקן אסתר

Described is a simple, in vitro, dye dilution-based method for measuring antigen-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation in human peripheral blood mononuclear ...

Assessing the Expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I on Primary Murine Hippocampal Neurons by Flow Cytometry

Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that neuro-immune interactions impact nervous system function in both homeostatic and pathologic conditions. A well-studied function of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) is the presentation of cell-derived peptides to the adaptive immune system, particularly in response to infection. More recently it has been shown that the expression of MHCI molecules on neurons can modulate activity-dependent changes in the synaptic connectivity during normal development and neurologic disorders. The importance of these functions to the brain health supports the need for a sensitive assay that readily detects MHCI expression on neurons. Here we describe a method for primary culture of murine hippocampal neurons and then assessment of MHCI expression by flow cytometric analysis. Murine hippocampus is microdissected from prenatal mouse pups at the embryonic day 18. Tissue is dissociated into a single cell suspension using enzymatic and mechanical techniques, then cultured in a serum-free media that limits growth of non-neuronal cells. After 7 days in vitro, MHCI expression is stimulated by treating cultured cells pharmacologically with beta interferon. MHCI molecules are labeled in situ with a fluorescently tagged antibody, then cells are non-enzymatically dissociated into a single cell suspension. To confirm the neuronal identity, cells are fixed with paraformaldehyde, permeabilized, and labeled with a fluorescently tagged antibody that recognizes neuronal nuclear antigen NeuN. MHCI expression is then quantified on neurons by flow cytometric analysis. Neuronal cultures can easily be manipulated by either genetic modifications or pharmacologic interventions to test specific hypotheses. With slight modifications, these methods can be used to culture other neuronal populations or to assess expression of other proteins of interest.

This protocol describes a method for culturing primary hippocampal neurons from embryonic mouse brain. The expression of major histocompatibility complex class I on the extracellular surface of cultured neurons is then assessed by flow cytometric analysis.

הערכת הביטוי של קומפלקס היסטו-תאימות גדול מחלקה I על נוירונים היפוקמפוס מורין ראשי על ידי Cytometry זרימה

Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that neuro-immune interactions impact nervous system function in both homeostatic and pathologic conditions. A ...

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous &beta;2-Microglobulin

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a pivotal role in antigen peptide presentation and T cell immune responses against infectious disease and tumor development. The hybrid MHC I complexed with heterologous &#946;2-microglobulin (&#946;2m) substitution from different species can be stabilized in vitro. This is a feasible means to study MHC I of mammals, when the homologous &#946;2m is not available. Meanwhile, it is indicated that mammalian &#946;2m substitution does not significantly affect peptide presentation. However, there is limited summarization regarding the methodology and the technology for the hybrid MHC I complexed with heterologous &#946;2-microglobulin (&#946;2m). Herein, methods to evaluate the feasibility of heterologous &#946;2m substitution in MHC I study are presented. These methods include preparation of expression constructs; purification of inclusion bodies and refolding of the MHC complex; determination of protein thermostability; crystal screening and structure determination. This study provides a recommendation for understanding function and structure of MHC I, and is also significant for T cell response evaluation during infectious disease and tumor immunotherapy.

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous &amp;#946;2-Microglobulin

The protocol describes experimental methods to obtain stable major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I through potential &#946;2-microglobulin (&#946;2m) substitutions from different species. The structural comparison of MHC I stabilized by homologous and heterologous &#946;2m were investigated.

יציבות ומבנה של בת גדולה Histocompatibility קומפלקס מחלקה I עם β הטרולוגי2-מיקרוגלובולין

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a pivotal role in antigen peptide presentation and T cell immune responses against infectious disease and ...

Visualization of SARS-CoV-2 using Immuno RNA-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

This manuscript provides a protocol for in situ hybridization chain reaction (HCR) coupled with immunofluorescence to visualize severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in cell line&#160;and three-dimensional (3D) cultures of human airway epithelium. The method allows highly specific and sensitive visualization of viral RNA by relying on HCR initiated by probe localization. Split-initiator probes help amplify the signal by fluorescently labeled amplifiers, resulting in negligible background fluorescence in confocal microscopy. Labeling amplifiers with different fluorescent dyes facilitates the simultaneous recognition of various targets. This, in turn, allows the mapping of the infection in tissues to better understand viral pathogenesis and replication at the single-cell level. Coupling this method with immunofluorescence may facilitate better understanding of host-virus interactions, including alternation of the host epigenome and immune response pathways. Owing to sensitive and specific HCR technology, this protocol can also be used as a diagnostic tool. It is also important to remember that the technique may be modified easily to enable detection of any RNA, including non-coding RNAs and RNA viruses that may emerge in the future.

Here, we describe a simple method that combines RNA fluorescence in situ&#160;hybridization (RNA-FISH) with immunofluorescence to visualize severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA. This protocol may increase understanding of the molecular characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-host interactions at a single-cell level.

הדמיה של SARS-CoV-2 באמצעות אימונו RNA-פלואורסצנטיות בהכלאה Situ

This manuscript provides a protocol for in situ hybridization chain reaction (HCR) coupled with immunofluorescence to visualize severe acute respiratory ...

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique

T cell-mediated immunity plays an important role in controlling flavivirus infection, either after vaccination or after natural infection. The "quality" of a T cell needs to be assessed by function, and higher function is associated with more powerful immune protection. T cells that can simultaneously produce two or more cytokines or chemokines at the single-cell level are called polyfunctional T cells (TPFs), which mediate immune responses through a variety of molecular mechanisms to express degranulation markers (CD107a) and secrete interferon (IFN)-&#947;, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-&#945;, interleukin (IL)-2, or macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1&#945;. There is increasing evidence that TPFs are closely related to the maintenance of long-term immune memory and protection and that their increased proportion is an important marker of protective immunity and is important in the effective control of viral infection and reactivation. This evaluation applies not only to specific immune responses but also to the assessment of cross-reactive immune responses. Here, taking the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) as an example, the detection method and flow cytometry color scheme of JEV-specific TPFs produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of children vaccinated against Japanese encephalitis were tested to provide a reference for similar studies.

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique

The present protocol combines ex vivo stimulation and flow cytometry to analyze polyfunctional T cell (TPF)&#160;profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) within Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)-vaccinated children. The detection method and flow cytometry color scheme of JEV-specific TPFs were tested to provide a reference for similar studies.

איתור תאי T רב תכליתיים בילדים שחוסנו בחיסון נגד דלקת המוח היפנית באמצעות טכניקת ציטומטריה של זרימה

T cell-mediated immunity plays an important role in controlling flavivirus infection, either after vaccination or after natural infection. The "quality" ...