The authors thank Dr. Lynda Partridge for the provision of advice and laboratory facilities.

1) הכנה של קו נייד: <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> פיתוח קו תא RBL-2H3.1 להביע α FcεRI סוסים: <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> באמצעות שימוש בטכניקות תרבית רקמה בסיסיות לשורות תאי monolayer, transfect תאי RBL-2H3.1 הורים באמצעות פלסמיד pEE6, נושא את גן סוס FcεRIα (GenBank: Y18204.1) 28. הוסף 2 מיקרוגרם μl -1 של פלסמיד דנ&quot;א 0.8 מיליליטר של תאים בצפיפות של 1.2 x10 7 מיליליטר תאים -1. Electroporate התאים ב 250 V 960 μF באמצעות electrocuvette 0.4 סנטימטר ואז דגירה מייד על קרח למשך 10 דקות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> בחר את התאים שהשתנו באמצעות מדיה המכילה 0.4 גרם של סולפט G418 geneticin, אז למיין תאי חיים שנותרו באמצעות FACS על ידי תיוגם עם נוגדני IgE ניאון. השתמש בRBL-2H3.1 וכתוצאה מכך להביע את שורת תאי FcεRIα סוסים לחקירה 2, 3. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> רגישות נוגדן פרה-assay: <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li&gt; קציר RBL-2H3.1 לבטא בתאי FcεRIα סוסים מצלחת פטרי ומחוברות. לשטוף לאחר מכן מחדש להשעות את התאים בתקשורת ובתרבות לצפיפות תאים של -1 מיליליטר 5x10 5 תא. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הוסף את IgE המעניינים את התאים מושעים לריכוז סופי של 1 מיליליטר -1 ng, אז צלחת של תאים 100 μl לצלחת גם 96 בטורים 1-6 ו לדגור על 37 ° C + 5% CO 2 + 90% לחות היחסית במשך 16 שעות. לאחר זמן הדגירה, ולפני ביצוע assay השחרור, לבדוק את הבארות תחת מיקרוסקופ לconfluency היטב ודבקות תא. </li></ol></li></ol> 2) השחרור Assay: <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שטיפת התאים: <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חיץ שחרור חם (25 צינורות מ&quot;מ, 120 נתרן כלורי מ&quot;מ, 5 מ&quot;מ כלוריד האשלגן, 0.04 מגנזיום כלוריד מ&quot;מ, וסידן כלורי 1 מ&quot;מ) בשעה 37 ° C כדי לאפשר לשטיפת תאים עדינה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שטוף תאים על ידי מצליף את הצלחת להסיר תקשורת סלולארי והוספת 100 μl חם, 37 מעלות צלזיוס, חיץ שחרור. חזור פעמיים. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אתגר אנטיגן: <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכן דילול סדרתי של אנטיגן (ניפ-HSA או DNP-HSA) של 0 מיליליטר ng -1, 0.1 מיליליטר ng ml -1, 1 ננוגרם -1, 10 מיליליטר ng -1, 100 מיליליטר ng -1, 1,000 מיליליטר ng -1, 10,000 מיליליטר ng -1 במאגר שחרור וחם על 37 מעלות צלזיוס. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר לשטוף התא השני, לבטל את התקשורת והוחלף בפתרוני אנטיגן 100 μl. ודא שיש לי בארות באותה השורה (A1-6 לדוגמא) את אותו ריכוז אנטיגן הוסיף להם. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הגדר את בקרה שלילית בשורה על ידי הוספת 0 אנטיגן -1 מיליליטר ng. להוסיף ריכוז אנטיגן הגדלת את השורות (BG) ואחריו חיץ Triton-X (5% Triton X-100) בתאי H שורה לlyse התאים לשמש כביקורת חיובית. לדגור על 37 מעלות צלזיוס למשך 20 דקות, כדי לאפשר לתאים לשחרר מתווכים שלה. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הגדרת בקרות ופרט: <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לאחר הדגירה, להעביר 50 μl של supernatant תא למחצית השנייה של הצלחת (בארות A1-6 לבארות A7-12, וכו &#39;). מחק את 50 μl הנותר של supernatant ולהחליף עם 50 μl של חיץ Triton-X כדי לאפשר המדידה של כמות מתווכים שפורסמו בכל טוב בטורים 7-12 כאחוז מהמתווכים הכולל בתוך התאים בעמודה 1-6 . </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> סובסטרט: </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הוסף 50 μl של מצע β-hexosaminidase (50 4 nitrophenyl-N-אצטיל-β-D-glucosaminide הערוך DMSO המדולל עד 2 מ&quot;מ-ידי הוספתו למאגר ציטראט 0.2 M חומצת לימון ו -0.2 M נתרן אצטט, pH מ&quot;מ 4.5) לכל הבארות לאפשרה ההמרה של המצע עד 4 nitrophenol-ידי אנזים β-hexosaminidase. דגירה הצלחות על 37 מעלות צלזיוס למשך 2 שעות. </li></ol><img alt="איור 2.4.1" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52222/52222fig241.jpg" width = &quot;400&quot; /&gt; <ol start="5" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הפסקת התגובה: <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לעצור את התגובה על ידי חיץ הוספת 150 μl טריס (1 M טריס- HCl, pH 9) לכל אחד גם pH הגבוה של החיץ מפסיק את התגובה והופך את 4 nitrophenol-לצבע צהוב. </li></ol></li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> קריאה וניתוח התוצאות: <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> קראו את הצלחת באמצעות ספקטרופוטומטר צלחת ב 405 ננומטר כדי למדוד את הספיגה של הצבע הצהוב. מחושב אחוז β-hexosaminidase שוחרר תוך שימוש בנוסחא הבאה: </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="איור 2.6.1" fo:content-width="1in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52222/52222fig261.jpg" width="100" /><ol start="2" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ליישם את הנוסחה הזאת היטב כל אחד, לאחר שממוצע נלקח לכל שורה. A1 ו- A7 מייצגים את המיקום של הבארות בצלחת גם 96. לשרטט גרף של אחוז שחרור β-hexosaminidase (מתאים לסך שחרור מתווך) אגאיאנטיגן NST ריכוז 2, 3. </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests in this paper.

לסיכום תוצאות מחקר זה הראו שכאשר תאי RBL-2H3.1 להביע FcεRIα סוסים הם רגישים עם IgE סוסים ולערער על ידי אנטיגן, הם נותנים שחרור מתווך שיא של 36.68% ± 4.88% מהסכום הכולל של מתווך בתוך תאים, בהשוואה לRBL-2H3.1 תאי הורים לא מביעים FcεRIα סוסים. כך assay זה מס...

אלרגיה ידועה כבר אלף שנים. טיפול באסתמה תואר בטקסט הרפואי המצרי העתיק המכונה פפירוס אברס (~ לפנה&quot;ס 1550) ודן בתרופות צמחיות לטיפול בזה 7. אלרגיה היום מסווגת כתגובה רגישות יתר מהסוג I, שבו סוג T התא עוזר 2 (TH 2) הזרוע של מערכת החיסון מנווטת את הייצור של נוגדני אימונוגלובולין E (IgE) בתגובה לאנטיגנים סביבתיים הנקראים אלרגנים. אלה הם חומרים מגוונים שאינטראקציה בדרך כלל עם תאים במערכת החיסונית ולהמריץ את הסינתזה והפרשה של ציטוקינים פרו-דלקתיים, כולל interleukin-4 וinterleukin-13 8, 9 כאל חלקיקים בחלקיקי עשן סיגריות או דיזל אשר משפרות סינתזת IgE 10. העלייה בגילויים אלרגיים במדינות מתועשות ב -50 השנים האחרונות, שיוחסה לשילוב של ההשפעהמזהמים סביבתיים ומגמה לסביבה יותר מחוטא, המשלבים להעביר את התגובה החיסונית כלפי פרופיל שלט על ידי TH 2 ציטוקינים, כפי שהוצע על ידי &quot;היגיינה השערה &#39;11. כפי שצוין לעיל, בני האדם אינם יונקים רק נגוע באלרגיה. יש לציין סוסים וכלבים גם יכולים לפתח תגובות אלרגיות קלאסיות ומחקר על ידי 12 הראה כי, כמו אצל בני אדם, אלרגיה לסוסים מיוחסת לגורמים גנטיים וסביבתיים. כתוצאה מכך, בעלי החיים הללו מהווים מודל טוב ללימוד יחסי הגומלין בין גורמים הגנטיים וסביבתיים של אלרגיה, ההתקדמות שלה מרגישות למחלה, ואסטרטגיות התערבות אפשריות פעם אחת ביטויים קליניים שהגדרתם ב בשנת 1887, Stömmer היה האדם הראשון שתאר את הדמיון בין האדם ואסטמה סוסי 13, ההשפעה של היסטמין על מערכת לב וכלי דם הסוסים היאדומה מאוד לזו של בני אדם 14. סוסים הם גם אבן הפינה של התעשייה מרוצי הסוסים, שהוא בשווי $ 72000000000 עם מחזור הימורים של 115 מליארד דולרים בשנה 15. רוב סוסי מרוץ העכשוויים הם צאצאים של המספר הקטן של סוסים ערביים הגזעיים על ידי ליידי אן בלאנט מהשינה 1878 ואילך. סוסי מרוץ מודרניים בדרך כלל ממולדים כדי לבחור ליכולות ביצועים. הם נוטים להפרעות גנטיות, שאחד מהם היא הרגישות שלהם להר תגובות אלרגיות. יש להם גם 1000 פעמים רמות גבוהות יותר IgE בסרום יותר אפילו בני האדם 16 ביותר אלרגי קשה. תגובות אלרגיות סוסים בדרך כלל באות לידי ביטוי כרגישות יתר עקיצת חרק (IBH) 17, 18. תוצאות IBH בדלקת עור כתוצאה מעקיצות חרקים מהוות בסוג Culicoides. צורה נוספת של מחלה אלרגית סוסים היא חסימות בדרכי נשימה חוזרות ונשנות (Rao), זה באו לידי ביטוי בבריאות ובדרכי הנשימה. הוא מאופיין על ידי צפצופים ומעבדהנשימה כבדה. לשכה לביקורת מתרחשת בדרך כלל בתגובה לעצב נבגים, ורמות IgE לאלרגן ספציפי גבוהות נרשמו בסוסים שסבלו מלשכה לביקורת במחקר אחד 19 למרות שחקירה עוד לא אישרה 20 זה. מחקרים על אלרגיה לסוסים סובבים סביב הניסיון בניטור ונטרול IgE סוסים על ידי פיתוח נוגדנים נגד סוסים IgE חד שבטיים (מבז) 21, 22. יתר על כן המחקר של 23 דן בייצור של תחומים תאיים של α של גבוהה-זיקת קולט Fc הסוסים קולט שרשרת (FcεRIα) בניסיון לזהות ולכמת בסרום סוסי IgE. במחקר נלווה על ידי 24 Ledin דן בגישה חדשה שמטרתה לנטרל IgE בסרום על ידי תחול במערכת החיסון בimmunogen עצמי שאינם עצמי /. כל המחקרים הללו, עם זאת, היו חסרים assay יעיל על מנת לבחון את הבטיחות ויעילות של הפרוטוקולים שלהם. במאמר זה, אנחנו עכשיו נציג נתונים כאלה sys assayTEM החלים על המחקר של אסטרטגיות אבחון וטיפול רלוונטיות למערכת הסוסים, שבו שחרור β-hexosaminidase, כמדד לdegranulation מתווך תא, הוערך על תאי RBL-2H3.1 להביע FcεRIα סוסים. פרוטוקול זה מבוסס על פרסומים קודמים 25, 4, 5, 2, 3 המתארים את ההנדסה של תאי RBL transfected עם הגן המקודד את תחום מחייב IgE של קולט גבוה הזיקה לIgE ממינים שונים. הפרוטוקול מסביר כיצד לבצע assay שחרור β-hexosaminidase, שתוצאותיה מוצגות כממוצע ± סטיית תקן של ניסויים בשלושה עותקים. Assay השחרור היה ראשון שפותח על ידי Siraganian והוק 25 ללמוד אלרגיה אנושית. קבוצת המעבדה בראשותו של ד&quot;ר ראובן Siraganian גם פיתחה את קו תא RBL. תאי RBL אלו פותחו להביע FcεRIα האדם והפרוטוקול פורסם על ידי 4. החלק האחרוןשל assay הגיע עם הפיתוח של פלסמיד PSV בנייר על ידי נויברגר 26 אשר תאר את הייצור של נוגדני IgE על ידי שיבוט גן השרשרת הכבד שלו במורד הזרם של גן עכברי לאזור משתנה IgE שמכוון את hapten 4-הידרוקסי-3 -nitro-phenacetyl (NP), הנוגדן כימרי וכתוצאה מכך היה פונקציונלי מלא. היכולת לפתח כל IgE מיקוד אותו hapten, גם בעת שיבוט לקולטן שלו על פני השטח של תאי RBL הביאו סטנדרטיזציה של assay שהופך אותו פרוטוקול שימושי כדי למדוד את degranulation של תאי זופילים. Assay עושה יש יתרונות וחסרונות. היתרונות של assay הוא ההסתגלות שלה לשימוש בכל מערכת יונקים, המעבדה שלנו ובכך השתמשה בו כדי לבדוק את degranulation במערכות אנושיות, כלבים וסוסים, וזה הוא בר השגה רק על ידי סינתזת IgE של האורגניזם ושיבוט לקולטן שלו על פני השטח של תאי RBL. מצד השני,החסרונות של assay הוא שתאי RBL רגישים מאוד לשינויים תרמיים, מכאניים וPH, מה שהופך אותם לתת וריאציה של רמות degranulation בתוך אותו assay. הוא כך מומלץ בחום שהמבחנים תמיד חוזרים על עצמם בtriplicates ולאחר מכן ממוצע שנלקח מהם. יתר על כן, תאי RBL נוטים להעביר לפנוטיפ שאינו משחרר אם הם נשארים בתרבית רקמה לזמנים ממושכים (&gt; 10 שבועות) 27, מה שהופך את התחזוקה שלהם מסורבלת. הם גם נוטים לזיהומים על ידי חיידקי mycoplasma, שאינם גלויים לעין מיקרוסקופ אור ולא לשנות את המורפולוגיה של התא, אך בצורה קיצונית ישנו את רמות degranulation. כך בדיקות mycoplasma רגילות יש צורך.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>RBL-2H3.1 Expressing Equine Fc&#949;RI&#945;</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Produced in the lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equine IgE anti NIP-HSA</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Produced in the lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 Well Plate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>CLS3595</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi Channel Pipette</td>
			<td>Anachem</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Galaxy R</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4Hydroxy-5-iodo-3-nitrophenylacetic acid</td>
			<td>Cambridge Research Biochemicals</td>
			<td>N-1070-1</td>
			<td>NIP-OH was conjugated with Human Serum Albumin to make NIP-HSA in the lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dinitrophenyl Conjugated to Human Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A6661</td>
			<td>Abbreviated DNP-HSA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Anthos Labtec HT2</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipes</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P1851</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S7653</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P9333</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M2670</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C1016</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton x100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>X100</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-&#946;-D-glucosaminide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>N9376</td>
			<td>Stock solution called &#946;-hexosaminidase substrate was 50mM prepared in DMSO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl Sulfoxide</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Citric Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>251275</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S7670</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T5941</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

development of an in vitro model system for studying the interaction of equus caballus ige with its high-affinity receptor fc&#949;ri

The interaction of IgE with its high-affinity Fc receptor (Fc&#949;RI) followed by an antigenic challenge is the principal pathway in IgE mediated allergic reactions. As a consequence of the high affinity binding between IgE and Fc&#949;RI, along with the continuous production of IgE by B cells, allergies usually persist throughout life, with currently no permanent cure available. Horses, especially race horses, which are commonly inbred, are a species of mammals that are very prone to the development of hypersensitivity responses, which can seriously affect their performance. Physiological responses to allergic sensitization in horses mirror that observed in humans and dogs. In this paper we describe the development of an in situ assay system for the quantitative assessment of the release of mediators of the allergic response pertaining to the equine system. To this end, the gene encoding equine Fc&#949;RI&#945; was transfected into and expressed onto the surface of parental Rat Basophil Leukemia (RBL-2H3.1) cells. The gene product of the transfected equine &#945;-chain formed a functional receptor complex with the endogenous rat &#946;- and &#947;-chains 1. The resultant assay system facilitated an assessment of the quantity of mediator secreted from equine Fc&#949;RI&#945; transfected RBL-2H3.1 cells following sensitization with equine IgE and antigenic challenge using &#946;-hexosaminidase release as a readout 2, 3. Mediator release peaked at 36.68% &#177; 4.88% at 100 ng ml-1 of antigen. This assay was modified from previous assays used to study human and canine allergic responses 4, 5. We have also shown that this type of assay system has multiple applications for the development of diagnostic tools and the safety assessment of potential therapeutic intervention strategies in allergic disease 6, 2, 3.

תאי RBL-2H3.1 הורים ואלה transfected עם גן קולט FcεRIα הסוסים היו רגישים ראשון עם העכבר IgE אנטי DNP-HSA וקראו תיגר עם אנטיגן DNP-HSA. עכבר IgE נקשר לקולטן החולדה אנדוגני בשני שורות התאים ובכך פועל כשליטה על מנת לבחון את כדאיות השחרור של שני שורות התאים לשחרר מתווכים (איור 1). זוהי ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of an in vitro model system for studying the interaction of Equus caballus IgE with its high-affinity receptor FcÎµRI at JoVE.com

Development of an &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; model system for studying the interaction of &lt;em&gt;Equus&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;caballus&lt;/em&gt; IgE with its high-affinity receptor Fc&amp;#949;RI

The current study describes the development and applications of a genetically engineered assay system based on the transfection of rat basophilic leukemia cells with the equine Fc&#949;RI&#945; gene. Transfected cells express a functional receptor where the release of mediators of the allergic response can be activated by IgE and antigen.

פיתוח<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; מערכת מודל לחקר האינטראקציה של<em&gt; Equus</em&gt;<em&gt; Caballus</em&gt; IgE עם קולטן גבוה הזיקה שלה FcεRI

The interaction of IgE with its high-affinity Fc receptor (Fc&#949;RI) followed by an antigenic challenge is the principal pathway in IgE mediated ...

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Immunology and Infection

Development of an in vitro model system for studying the interaction of Equus caballus IgE with its high-affinity receptor Fc&#949;RI

12.3K Views.  King Abdulaziz University. The current study describes the development and applications of a genetically engineered assay system based on the transfection of rat basophilic leukemia cells with the equine FcεRIα gene. Transfected cells express a functional receptor where the release of mediators of the allergic response can be activated by IgE and antigen.

Video: Development of an in vitro model system for studying the interaction of Equus caballus IgE with its high-affinity receptor Fc&#949;RI

Development of a Negative Selectable Marker for Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis and infects up to 10% of the world's population. The molecular techniques that have enabled the up- and down-regulation of gene expression rely on the transfection of stably maintained plasmids. While these have increased our understanding of Entamoeba virulence factors, the capacity to integrate exogenous DNA into genome, which would allow reverse genetics experiments, would be a significant advantage in the study of this parasite. The challenges presented by this organism include inability to select for homologous recombination events and difficulty to cure episomal plasmid DNA from transfected trophozoites. The later results in a high background of exogenous DNA, a major problem in the identification of trophozoites in which a bona fide genomic integration event has occurred. We report the development of a negative selection system based upon transgenic expression of a yeast cytosine deaminase and uracil phosphoribosyl transferase chimera (FCU1) and selection with prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC). The FCU1 enzyme converts non-toxic 5-FC into toxic 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorouridine-5'-monophosphate. E. histolytica lines expressing FCU1 were found to be 30 fold more sensitive to the prodrug compared to the control strain.

Development of a Negative Selectable Marker for Entamoeba histolytica

We report development of a negative selection system in E. histolytica based upon transgenic expression of a chimeric protein (FCU1) and selection with the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine. The FCU1 protein is a fusion of yeast cytosine deaminase and uracil phosphoribosyltransferase. Expression of FCU1 resulted in increased E. histolytica sensitivity towards 5-fluorocytosine.

פיתוח מרקר לבחירה שלילי Entamoeba histolytica</em

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis and infects up to 10% of the world's population. The molecular techniques that have enabled the ...

In vitro Biofilm Formation in an 8-well Chamber Slide

The chronic nature of many diseases is attributed to the formation of bacterial biofilms which are recalcitrant to traditional antibiotic therapy. Biofilms are community-associated bacteria attached to a surface and encased in a matrix. The role of the extracellular matrix is multifaceted, including facilitating nutrient acquisition, and offers significant protection against environmental stresses (e.g. host immune responses). In an effort to acquire a better understanding as to how the bacteria within a biofilm respond to environmental stresses we have used a protocol wherein we visualize bacterial biofilms which have formed in an 8-well chamber slide. The biofilms were stained with the BacLight Live/Dead stain and examined using a confocal microscope to characterize the relative biofilm size, and structure under varying incubation conditions. Z-stack images were collected via confocal microscopy and analyzed by COMSTAT. This protocol can be used to help elucidate the mechanism and kinetics by which biofilms form, as well as identify components that are important to biofilm structure and stability.

In vitro Biofilm Formation in an 8-well Chamber Slide

This article describes the procedure for the formation and visualization of a bacterial biofilm grown within an 8-well chamber slide

ב גיבוש biofilm חוץ גופית ב 8-Slide גם לשכת

The chronic nature of many diseases is attributed to the formation of bacterial biofilms which are recalcitrant to traditional antibiotic therapy. ...

Establishment of an In vitro System to Study Intracellular Behavior of Candida glabrata in Human THP-1 Macrophages

A cell culture model system, if a close mimic of host environmental conditions, can serve as an inexpensive, reproducible and easily manipulatable alternative to animal model systems for the study of a specific step of microbial pathogen infection. A human monocytic cell line THP-1 which, upon phorbol ester treatment, is differentiated into macrophages, has previously been used to study virulence strategies of many intracellular pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here, we discuss a protocol to enact an in vitro cell culture model system using THP-1 macrophages to delineate the interaction of an opportunistic human yeast pathogen Candida glabrata with host phagocytic cells. This model system is simple, fast, amenable to high-throughput mutant screens, and requires no sophisticated equipment. A typical THP-1 macrophage infection experiment takes approximately 24 hr with an additional 24-48 hr to allow recovered intracellular yeast to grow on rich medium for colony forming unit-based viability analysis. Like other in vitro model systems, a possible limitation of this approach is difficulty in extrapolating the results obtained to a highly complex immune cell circuitry existing in the human host. However, despite this, the current protocol is very useful to elucidate the strategies that a fungal pathogen may employ to evade/counteract antimicrobial response and survive, adapt, and proliferate in the nutrient-poor environment of host immune cells.

Establishment of an In vitro System to Study Intracellular Behavior of Candida glabrata in Human THP-1 Macrophages

The current article outlines a protocol to establish an in vitro cell culture model system to study the interaction of a facultative intracellular human fungal pathogen Candida glabrata with human macrophages which will be a useful tool to advance our knowledge of fungal virulence mechanisms.

הקמתה של<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; מערכת ללמוד את התנהגות תאית של<em&gt; קנדידה glabrata</em&gt; בהמקרופאגים THP-1 אדם

A cell culture model system, if a close mimic of host environmental conditions, can serve as an inexpensive, reproducible and easily manipulatable ...

A Novel In vitro Model for Studying the Interactions Between Human Whole Blood and Endothelium

The majority of all known diseases are accompanied by disorders of the cardiovascular system. Studies into the complexity of the interacting pathways activated during cardiovascular pathologies are, however, limited by the lack of robust and physiologically relevant methods. In order to model pathological vascular events we have developed an in vitro assay for studying the interaction between endothelium and whole blood. The assay consists of primary human endothelial cells, which are placed in contact with human whole blood. The method utilizes native blood with no or very little anticoagulant, enabling study of delicate interactions between molecular and cellular components present in a blood vessel.
We investigated functionality of the assay by comparing activation of coagulation by different blood volumes incubated with or without human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Whereas a larger blood volume contributed to an increase in the formation of thrombin antithrombin (TAT) complexes, presence of HUVEC resulted in reduced activation of coagulation. Furthermore, we applied image analysis of leukocyte attachment to HUVEC stimulated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF&#945;) and found the presence of CD16+ cells to be significantly higher on TNF&#945; stimulated cells as compared to unstimulated cells after blood contact. In conclusion, the assay may be applied to study vascular pathologies, where interactions between the endothelium and the blood compartment are perturbed.

A Novel In vitro Model for Studying the Interactions Between Human Whole Blood and Endothelium

The accessibility of reliable models to investigate vascular blood interactions in humans is lacking. We present an in vitro model of cultured primary human endothelial cells combined with human whole blood to investigate cellular interactions both in the blood (ELISA) and the vascular compartment (microscopy).

רומן<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; מודל לחקר יחסי הגומלין בין אדם דם מלא והאנדותל

The majority of all known diseases are accompanied by disorders of the cardiovascular system. Studies into the complexity of the interacting pathways ...

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

An attenuated West Nile virus (WNV), a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced higher innate cytokine and T cell responses than the wild-type WNV in mice. Recently, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) signaling was shown to be important for initial T cell priming and memory T cell development during WNV NS4B-P38G mutant infection. In this study, two flow cytometry-based methods &#8211; an in vitro T cell priming assay and an intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) &#8211; were utilized to assess dendritic cells (DCs) and T cell functions. In the T cell priming assay, cell proliferation was analyzed by flow cytometry following co-culture of DCs from both groups of mice with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) - labeled CD4+ T cells of OTII transgenic mice. This approach provided an accurate determination of the percentage of proliferating CD4+ T cells with significantly improved overall sensitivity than the traditional assays with radioactive reagents. A microcentrifuge tube system was used in both cell culture and cytokine staining procedures of the ICS protocol. Compared to the traditional tissue culture plate-based system, this modified procedure was easier to perform at biosafety level (BL) 3 facilities. Moreover, WNV- infected cells were treated with paraformaldehyde in both assays, which enabled further analysis outside BL3 facilities. Overall, these in vitro immunological assays can be used to efficiently assess cell-mediated immune responses during WNV infection.

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

Two flow cytometry-based methods &#8211; an in vitro T cell priming assay and intracellular cytokine staining were utilized to measure antigen presenting capacity of dendritic cells and antigen-specific T cell responses to a West Nile virus mutant infection in mice.

בניתוח חוץ גופייה של תיווך Myd88 הסלולרי תגובה החיסונית לוירוס הנילוס המערבי זיהום הזנים Mutant

An attenuated West Nile virus (WNV), a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced higher innate cytokine and T cell responses than the wild-type WNV in ...

An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

Malaria and HIV co-infection is a growing health priority. However, most research on malaria or HIV currently focuses on each infection individually. Although understanding the disease dynamics for each of these pathogens independently is vital, it is also important that the interactions between these pathogens are investigated and understood. 
We have developed a versatile in vitro model of HIV-malaria co-infection to study host immune responses to malaria in the context of HIV infection. Our model allows the study of secreted factors in cellular supernatants, cell surface and intracellular protein markers, as well as RNA expression levels. The experimental design and methods used limit variability and promote data reliability and reproducibility. 
All pathogens used in this model are natural human pathogens (Plasmodium falciparum and HIV-1), and all infected cells are naturally infected and used fresh. We use human erythrocytes parasitized with P. falciparum and maintained in continuous in vitro culture. We obtain freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronically HIV-infected volunteers. Every condition used has an appropriate control (P. falciparum parasitized vs. normal erythrocytes), and every HIV-infected donor has an HIV uninfected control, from which cells are harvested on the same day. This model provides a realistic environment to study the interactions between malaria parasites and human immune cells in the context of HIV infection.

An In Vitro Model for Measuring Immune Responses to Malaria in the Context of HIV Co-infection

Human co-infection is difficult to replicate in vitro. However, human malaria parasites can readily be cultured in vitro, as can freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells naturally infected with HIV. This provides an excellent model for studying early immune responses to malaria parasites in the context of HIV co-infection.

<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; מודל למדידה של מערכת חיסונית למלריה בהקשר של HIV Co-זיהום

Malaria and HIV co-infection is a growing health priority. However, most research on malaria or HIV currently focuses on each infection individually. ...

Studying Microbial Communities In Vivo: A Model of Host-mediated Interaction Between Candida Albicans and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in the Airways

Studying host-pathogen interaction enables us to understand the underlying mechanisms of the pathogenicity during microbial infection. The prognosis of the host depends on the involvement of an adapted immune response against the pathogen1. Immune response is complex and results from interaction of the pathogens and several immune or non-immune cellular types2. In vitro studies cannot characterise these interactions and focus on cell-pathogen interactions. Moreover, in the airway3, particularly in patients with suppurative chronic lung disease or in mechanically ventilated patients, polymicrobial communities are present and complicate host-pathogen interaction. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans are both problem pathogens4, frequently isolated from tracheobronchial samples, and associated to severe infections, especially in intensive care unit5. Microbial interactions have been reported between these pathogens in vitro but the clinical impact of these interactions remains unclear6. To study the interactions between C. albicans and P. aeruginosa, a murine model of C. albicans airways colonization, followed by a P. aeruginosa-mediated acute lung infection was performed.

Studying Microbial Communities In Vivo: A Model of Host-mediated Interaction Between Candida Albicans and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in the Airways

While in vitro study of host-pathogen interactions allow the characterization of specific immune responses, in vivo models are required to observe the effects of complex responses. Using Candida albicans exposure followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa-mediated lung infection, we established a murine model of microbial interactions involved in ventilator-associated pneumonia pathogenicity.

לומד קהילות חיידקים<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt;: דגם של אינטראקציה בתיווך בין מארח<em&gt; קנדידה אלביקנס</em&gt; ו<em&gt; Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em&gt; באיירווייס

Studying host-pathogen interaction enables us to understand the underlying mechanisms of the pathogenicity during microbial infection. The prognosis of ...

An In Vitro Model of the Blood-brain Barrier Using Impedance Spectroscopy: A Focus on T Cell-endothelial Cell Interaction

Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical step in the development of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This process is characterized by the transmigration of activated T cells across brain endothelial cells (ECs), the main constituents of the BBB. However, the consequences on brain EC function upon interaction with such T cells are largely unknown. Here we describe an assay that allows for the evaluation of primary mouse brain microvascular EC (MBMEC) function and barrier integrity during the interaction with T cells over time. The assay makes use of impedance cell spectroscopy, a powerful tool for studying EC monolayer integrity and permeability, by measuring changes in transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and cell layer capacitance (Ccl). In direct contact with ECs, stimulated but not na&#239;ve T cells are capable of inducing EC monolayer dysfunction, as visualized by a decrease in TEER and an increase in Ccl. The assay records changes in EC monolayer integrity in a continuous and automated fashion. It is sensitive enough to distinguish between different strengths of stimuli and levels of T cell activation and it enables the investigation of the consequences of a targeted modulation of T cell-EC interaction using a wide range of substances such as antibodies, pharmacological reagents and cytokines. The technique can also be used as a quality control for EC integrity in in vitro T-cell transmigration assays. These applications make it a versatile tool for studying BBB properties under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.

An In Vitro Model of the Blood-brain Barrier Using Impedance Spectroscopy: A Focus on T Cell-endothelial Cell Interaction

Here, we describe an in vitro murine model of the blood-brain barrier that makes use of impedance cell spectroscopy, with a focus on the consequences on endothelial cell integrity and permeability upon interaction with activated T cells.

<em&gt; במבחנה</em&gt; דגם של מחסום דם-מוח באמצעות ספקטרוסקופיית עכבה: התמקדות T Cell-אנדותל אינטראקציה תא

Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical step in the development of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal ...

Visualizing the Effects of Sputum on Biofilm Development Using a Chambered Coverglass Model

Biofilms consist of groups of bacteria encased in a self-secreted matrix. They play an important role in industrial contamination as well as in the development and persistence of many health related infections. One of the most well described and studied biofilms in human disease occurs in chronic pulmonary infection of cystic fibrosis patients. When studying biofilms in the context of the host, many factors can impact biofilm formation and development. In order to identify how host factors may affect biofilm formation and development, we used a static chambered coverglass method to grow biofilms in the presence of host-derived factors in the form of sputum supernatants. Bacteria are seeded into chambers and exposed to sputum filtrates. Following 48 hr of growth, biofilms are stained with a commercial biofilm viability kit prior to confocal microscopy and analysis. Following image acquisition, biofilm properties can be assessed using different software platforms. This method allows us to visualize key properties of biofilm growth in presence of different substances including antibiotics.

This protocol describes the visualization of biofilm development following exposure to host-factors using a slide chamber model. This model allows for direct visualization of biofilm development as well as analysis of biofilm parameters using computer software programs.

לדמיין את ההשפעות של כיח על פיתוח biofilm באמצעות מודל תאיים coverglass

Biofilms consist of groups of bacteria encased in a self-secreted matrix. They play an important role in industrial contamination as well as in the ...

Development of an Economical DNA Delivery System by "Acufection" and its Application to Skin Research

Dysregulation of immune response in skin is associated with numerous human skin disorders. Direct transfer of immune-related genes into skin tissue is a fascinating approach to investigate immune modulation of cutaneous inflammation in mouse models of human diseases. Here we present a cost-effective protocol that delivered naked DNA in mouse skin and leads to transgene expression. The method is coined &#34;acufection&#34;, denoting acupuncture-mediated DNA transfection. To perform acufection, mouse skin was first infused with DNA in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and then pricked lightly with a bundle of acupuncture needles to facilitate the absorption of DNA and transfection into cells. The plasmid DNA is presumably taken up by the keratinocyte and dendritic cells (DCs) in the skin and expressed into protein. Mechanical prick with the needles per se did not cause skin damage or induce keratinocyte activation. The expression of the transfected genes was detected in the skin at both transcriptional and translational levels following acufection for 2 days and maintained up to 7 days. The primary goal for the development of this acufection method was to investigate a previously undefined isoform of IL-15. Using this method, an alternatively spliced IL-15 isoform with partially deleted exon 7 (IL-15&#916;E7) was expressed in the skin and subsequently treated with a Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist, imiquimod (IMQ), to induce inflammation. Acufection-delivered IL-15&#916;E7 in skin suppressed keratinocyte proliferation, epidermal thickness and neutrophil recruitment in IMQ-induced cutaneous inflammation. With increasing interest in identifying the regulatory mechanisms of cutaneous inflammation, the protocol described here provides a cost effective and versatile alternative to the gene gun system or microseeding for DNA delivery in vivo. It may potentially allow discovery of the function of a novel gene in the skin or for investigating new treatment for cutaneous diseases.

Development of an Economical DNA Delivery System by &quot;Acufection&quot; and its Application to Skin Research

This protocol is a cost-effective alternative for expressing naked plasmid DNA in mouse skin. The overall goal of the protocol is to deliver immune-related genes into skin tissue to delineate the functional role of a specific gene in cutaneous inflammation.

פיתוח של מערכת מסירת DNA החסכוני ידי &quot;Acufection&quot; ויישומו מחקר עור

Dysregulation of immune response in skin is associated with numerous human skin disorders. Direct transfer of immune-related genes into skin tissue is a ...