This work is supported in part by American Heart Association Scientist Development Grant and NARSAD Young Investigator Award to Yingwei Mao.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

זריקות stereotactic מוצלחות מסתמכות על שלושה גורמים: שמירה על העכבר בחיים, הגדרת נקודת האפס הנכונה לקואורדינטות (קצה המחט בצומת של גבחת וקו interaural), וקביעת העומק הנכון לנקודת האפס (קצה המחט רק נגיעה החיצונית של רקמת המוח). הכדאיות של עכברים היא חשובה. הישרדות ניתוח יכולה להסת...

העכבר כבר בשימוש נרחב בנוירוביולוגיה כי זה קל לתפעל גנטי. טכניקות נוקאאוט הגן מאפשרות לחוקרים לחקור כיצד כל גורם גנטי מעצב התנהגויות עכבר. יתר על כן, מערכת cre-loxP מספקת כלי רב ערך עבור דקיק ובתא type- נוקאאוט ספציפי גן בעכברים, המאפשר לחוקרים ללמוד תפקוד גן ברקמות שונות. 1 עם זאת, בפועל, דפוסי ביטוי של יזמי cre קשים לשליטה , ועד כה רבים cre נהגים הוקמו לא השיגו ביטוי ספציפי לאזור. 2,3 לחלופין, הזרקת stereotactic היא שיטה שמכוונת אזורים ספציפיים במוח של העכבר הבוגר. על ידי הזרקת וירוסים מהונדסים גנטי לבטא cDNA או shRNA, אפנון האזור ספציפי של ביטוי גנים יכול להיות מושגת. למרות שגודל המוח של כל עכבר משתנה, המיקום של אזורים מסוימים במוח ניתן לקבוע באמצעות coordi stereotacticנטס להגדיר מציוני הדרך בגולגולת של מוח העכבר. ציוני הדרך הנפוצות ביותר הן גבחת, למבדה, וקו interaural. באמצעות קואורדינטות מתקבלות מאטלס מוח, 4 המיקום המדויק של כל אזור במוח ניתן לזהות על ידי Antero-האחורי (/ P), (M / L) המדיאלי-צדדי, וגב-הגחון (D / V) צירים מ גבחת / צומת קו interaural. בדרך כלל וירוסים שהוחדר לתוך מוחם של עכברים מתויגים עם או חלבון אדום, או ירוק ניאון (RFP או GFP), כך שניתן תהיה אישרו זריקות על ידי מיקרוסקופ פלואורסצנטי. הערכות התנהגות של עכברים נחוצות במיוחד למחקר בסיסי של הפרעות פסיכיאטריות. סימפטומים של הפרעות פסיכיאטריות בחולים בדרך כלל כרוכים בהתנהגויות חריגות. חלק מהתנהגויות האנושיות אלה אבולוציונית שימור וניתן חיקה ישירות ונצפה בעכבר. לדוגמא, דיכאון יכול להיות מודל בעכבר על ידי מדידת ייאוש התנהגות. אנשים עם דיכאון לעתים קרובותen מרגיש כאילו שום דבר שהם עושים אי פעם לעזור, סימפטום שיכול סופו של דבר להוביל להתאבדות. במכרסמים, זה יכול להיות מודל באמצעות הבדיקה בכפייה לשחות (FST), אשר מודדת את כמות הזמן שעכבר שחיה לעומת צף בבריכה של מים (נתפס כויתור). פרדיגמה זו אומתה על ידי הצלת פנוטיפ עם תרופות נגד דיכאון. 7,8,9 עכברים שקבלו תרופות נגד דיכאון יבלה נייח זמן באופן משמעותי פחות בהשוואה לקבוצת ביקורת שלא טופלה. עוד מבחן התנהגותי, מבחן שדה הפתוח (OFT) נועד להעריך את התנועה בעכברים, וגם יכול לשמש כדי לנתח את הפנוטיפ החרדה בעכברים. 5,6 מבחן זה מבוסס על ההנחה שהעכברים מרגישים בטוחים יותר כאשר הם קרובים אל הקיר בשדה פתוח רומן. עכברים מסוג בר סופו של דבר יהיה לחקור את סביבת הרומן, כפי שהם בעלי חיים סקרנים. עם זאת, הוצאות פחות זמן במרכז השדה מציינת חרדה בעכבר, כמו העכבר לא יהיה מסוגל להתגבר על initiaפחד l הביא על ידי סביבת רומן. החרדה של העכבר, כמו לכמת ידי כמות הזמן מושקעת במרכז שדה פתוח, ניתן להשוות לחרדה קלינית בבני אדם, אשר שוהה בהפרעות פסיכיאטריות רבות. השילוב של זריקות stereotactic עם פרדיגמות התנהגות הוא דרך חדשנית לשנות את הביטוי של גן מסוים באזור מוח ממוקד. ההשפעה של ביטוי גנים מווסת על התנהגויות עכבר אז יכולה להיות נחושה. בניגוד לנוקאאוט המוח כולו, שיטה זו שימושית במיוחד כפי שרק מטרות אזורים ספציפיים במוח. בנוסף, זריקות stereotactic מבוצעות בדרך כלל בעכבר הסוג בר המבוגר, לכן, ביטוי גני אנדוגני נשמר לאורך שלבי התפתחות. שיטה זו תמנע את ההשפעה לבלבל אם נדרש הגן להישרדות בשלב העוברי או לאחר לידה של פיתוח. מגבלה עיקרית אחת היא שעכברי הניסוי צריך ללכת through ניתוח פולשני, שבו יש לי הגולגולות של עכברים שייפתח. יתר על כן, מידת אפנון גן נקבעת על ידי כייל והיעילות של הנגיף. הווירוס צריך להיות מוזרק לאזור הנכון באמצעות קואורדינטות stereotactic, אשר דורש מכשירים מיוחדים. אימות של הזריקה הנכונה יכולה להסתיים רק לאחר המוות. שיטה זו שימשה בעבר כדי לבדוק את מעורבותם של גנים ספציפיים במחלות נוירולוגיות שונות. לדוגמא, RNAi בתיווך ויראלי מיקוד גן Th (המאפשר דופמין להיות מסונתז) הוזרק לcompacta nigra substantia, וניתוח ההתנהגות של התנועה נערך. 10 מחקר נוסף המשמש להזרקת stereotactic של DISC1 השתקת lentivirus להעריך התנהגות עכבר ביחס לסכיזופרניה. מציאה של DISC1 הובילה לתנועה מוגברת בתגובה לחידוש (סימפטומים הקבלות חיוביים בסכיזופרניה), וחוסר תנועה גדולה יותר בFST. 11 כמו כן, מחקר נוסף מצא כי ביטוי יתר של 5-HT 1B הוביל להתנהגות גישוש עלתה בOFT, עולה בקנה אחד עם פנוטיפ נוגד חרדה בשיטה זו. 12 זריקות stereotactic יכולות לספק וירוס cre לגרום רקומבינציה בעכברי cre-loxP . שיטה זו שימשה למחוק את קולט Y2 באמיגדלה וגרעין המיטה של ​​terminalis stria סלקטיבי. על ניתוח התנהגות, עכברים אלה נמצאו פנוטיפ אנטי-דיכאון כאשר הגן נמחק באמיגדלה המרכזית, אבל אין פנוטיפ כאשר הגן נמחק באמיגדלה basolateral או גרעין המיטה של terminalis stria. 13 כך, טכניקה זו מספק כלי ייחודי כדי לחקור את ההשפעה הגנטית על התנהגות בעלי חיים.

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Stereotactic Apparatus item 51725</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Stoelting co.</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">51725</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Quintessential stereotaxic pump&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Stoelting co.</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">53311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Injection Styringe, 65 RN</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7633-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D5796</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">PEI&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Polysciences Inc.</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">23966</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Fine Surgical Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14084-08</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Blunt end forceps</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Fine Surgical Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11002-12</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Needle holder&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Fine Surgical Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12001-13</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Drill</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Ram Products Inc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Microtorque control box, Tech2000 handpiece</td>
			<td>with pedal</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glass bead sterilizer</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Inotech&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IS-400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Absorbable sutures&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Unify</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M-K518r19</td>
			<td>Absorbable, reverse cutting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cotton swabs</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89031-270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Heating pad</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Gaymar</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T-pump TP-500 PN11184-000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Artificial tears</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Rugby</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NDC 0536-6550-91</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Disposable syringe</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">BD Syringe</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">309623</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cloth</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Gloves&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Ansell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Senseitouch #7823</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Avertin or other anesthetic</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">see recipe citation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Ketoprofen or other analgesic</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">see veternarian&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tracking software</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Noldus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Ethovision XT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tracking Camera</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Noldus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Media Recorder</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

applying stereotactic injection technique to study genetic effects on animal behaviors

הזרקת stereotactic היא טכניקה שימושית כדי לספק lentiviruses גבוה כייל לאזורים במוח ממוקדים בעכברים. Lentiviruses יכול גם ביטוי יתר או ביטוי גני מציאה באזור יחסית ממוקד ללא פגיעה משמעותית ברקמת המוח. לאחר התאוששות, העכבר המוזרק יכול להיבדק על משימות התנהגותיות שונות כגון מבחן להרחיב שדה (OFT) ומבחן הכפייה לשחות (FST). OFT נועד להעריך את התנועה ואת הפנוטיפ החרדה בעכברים על ידי מדידת משך זמן שמבלה עכבר במרכז שדה פתוח רומן. עכבר חרד יותר ישקיע פחות באופן משמעותי זמן במרכז שדה רומן השוואה לקבוצת ביקורת. FST מעריך את הפנוטיפ אנטי-דיכאון על ידי כימות את כמות הזמן שמבלים עכברים נייחים כאשר הניחו לדלי של מים. עכבר עם פנוטיפ אנטי-דיכאון יבלה נייח פחות זמן באופן משמעותי לעומת שליטת בעלי חיים. המטרה של פרוטוקול זה היא להשתמש בsterהזרקת eotactic של lentivirus בשיתוף עם בדיקות התנהגותיות להעריך כיצד גנטי גורמים לווסת התנהגויות של בעלי חיים.

<html> הזרקת stereotactic מדויקת מסתמכת במידה רבה על הגדרת הקואורדינטות הנכונות. קצה המחט המשמשת להזרקת הווירוס צריך להיות מוגדר באופן ישיר על הצומת של גבחת וקו interaural (איור 1). זה מועיל להשתמש סטראו כדי לברר אם או לא המחט ממוקמת כראוי. כאשר מסתכלים מבעד למיקרוסקופ, המח?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Applying Stereotactic Injection Technique to Study Genetic Effects on Animal Behaviors at JoVE.com

Applying Stereotactic Injection Technique to Study Genetic Effects on Animal Behaviors

הזרקת stereotactic של lentiviruses להביע cDNAs או shRNAs יכול לווסת ביטוי גנים באזורים ספציפיים במוח של עכברים. כאן, אנו מציגים פרוטוקול לשלב זריקות stereotactic עם משימות התנהגותיות, כגון מבחן להרחיב שדה (OFT) ומבחן הכפייה לשחות (FST).

יישום טכניקת הזרקת stereotactic לחקר השפעות גנטיות על התנהגות בעלי החיים

Stereotactic injection is a useful technique to deliver high titer lentiviruses to targeted brain areas in mice. Lentiviruses can either overexpress or ...

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Research

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Behavior

14.0K Views.  The Pennsylvania State University.  הזרקת stereotactic של lentiviruses להביע cDNAs או shRNAs יכול לווסת ביטוי גנים באזורים ספציפיים במוח של עכברים. כאן, אנו מציגים פרוטוקול לשלב זריקות stereotactic עם משימות התנהגותיות, כגון מבחן להרחיב שדה (OFT) ומבחן הכפייה לשחות (FST). 

Video: Applying Stereotactic Injection Technique to Study Genetic Effects on Animal Behaviors

Stereotactic Injection of MicroRNA-expressing Lentiviruses to the Mouse Hippocampus CA1 Region and Assessment of the Behavioral Outcome

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory single-stranded RNA molecules around 22 nucleotides long that may each target numerous mRNA transcripts and dim an entire gene expression pathway by inducing destruction and/or inhibiting translation of these targets. Several miRNAs play key roles in maintaining neuronal structure and function and in higher-level brain functions, and methods are sought for manipulating their levels for exploring these functions. Here, we present a direct in vivo method for examining the cognitive consequences of enforced miRNAs excess in mice by stereotactic injection of miRNA-encoding virus particles. Specifically, the current protocol involves injection into the hippocampal CA1 region, which contributes to mammalian memory consolidation, learning, and stress responses, and offers a convenient injection site. The coordinates are measured according to the mouse bregma and virus perfusion is digitally controlled and kept very slow. After injection, the surgery wound is sealed and the animals recover. Lentiviruses encoding silencers of the corresponding mRNA targets serve to implicate the specific miRNA/target interaction responsible for the observed effect, with na&iuml;ve mice, mice injected with saline and mice injected with "empty" lentivirus vectors as controls. One month post-injection, the animals are examined in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) for assessing their navigation learning and memory abilities. The MWM is a round tank filled with colored water with a small platform submerged 1 cm below the water surface. Steady visual cues around the tank allow for spatial navigation (sound and the earth's magnetic field may also assist the animals in navigating). Video camera monitoring enables measuring the route of swim and the time to find and amount the platform. The mouse is first taught that mounting the hidden platform offers an escape from the enforced swimming; it is then tested for using this escape and finally, the platform is removed and probe tests examine if the mouse remembers its previous location. Repeated tests over several consecutive days highlight improved performance of tested mice at shorter latencies to find and mount the platform, and as more direct routes to reach the platform or its location. Failure to show such improvement represents impaired learning and memory and/or anxiety, which may then be tested specifically (e.g. in the elevated plus maze). This approach enables validation of specific miRNAs and target transcripts in the studied cognitive and/or stress-related processes.

MicroRNAs have significant roles in brain structure and function. Here we describe a method to enforce hippocampal miRNA over-expression using stereotactic injection of an engineered miRNA-expressing lentivirus. This approach can serve as a relatively rapid way to assess the in vivo effects of over-expressed miRNAs in specific brain regions.

Lentiviruses הזרקת Stereotactic של microRNA-לבטא באזור CA1 היפוקמפוס העכבר והערכה של תוצאות ההתנהגות

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory single-stranded RNA molecules around 22 nucleotides long that may each target numerous mRNA transcripts and dim an ...

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants socially interact. Electroencephalography (EEG) power is an advantageous technique to assess infant functional neural activation. However, many studies record infant EEG only during one baseline condition. This protocol describes a paradigm that is designed to comprehensively assess infant EEG activity in both social and nonsocial contexts as well as tease apart how different types of social inputs differentially relate to infant EEG. The within-subjects paradigm includes four controlled conditions. In the nonsocial condition, infants view objects on computer screens. The joint attention condition involves an experimenter directing the infant's attention to pictures. The joint attention condition includes three types of social input: language, face-to-face interaction, and the presence of joint attention. Differences in infant EEG between the nonsocial and joint attention conditions could be due to any of these three types of input. Therefore, two additional conditions (one with language input while the experimenter is hidden behind a screen and one with face-to-face interaction) were included to assess the driving contextual factors in patterns of infant neural activation. Representative results demonstrate that infant EEG power varied by condition, both overall and differentially by brain region, supporting the functional nature of infant EEG power. This technique is advantageous in that it includes conditions that are clearly social or nonsocial and allows for examination of how specific types of social input relate to EEG power. This paradigm can be used to assess how individual differences in age, affect, socioeconomic status, and parent-infant interaction quality relate to the development of the social brain. Based on the demonstrated functional nature of infant EEG power, future studies should consider the role of EEG recording context and design conditions that are clearly social or nonsocial.

This novel protocol is designed to assess the neural bases of social interaction in infants. The paradigm is designed to tease apart how various social inputs such as language, joint attention, and face-to-face interaction relate to infant neural activation. Infant EEG power is recorded during both social and nonsocial conditions.

בתוכו פנים-נושאי פרוטוקול ניסויי כדי להעריך את ההשפעות של קלט חברתי על תינוקות EEG

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants ...

Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral science, conflicting outcomes are often provided from different laboratories. To identify reasons for the different outcomes, we previously focused on arm features, which differ between laboratories, most notably the presence/absence of ledges at the sides of open arms and the transparency/opaqueness of closed arm walls. In a previous report, we used a custom designed container to compare rat behavior on different combinations of open and closed arm designs under otherwise identical experimental conditions, and showed that differences in arm features interfere with experimental outcomes. In brief, open arm ledges significantly increased anxiety-like behavior in rats, while transparent arms may also have decreased this behavior. Furthermore, we verified a higher detection sensitivity of the effect of an anxiolytic drug in a combination of no-ledged open arm + opaque walled closed arm compared with a combination of ledged open arm + transparent walled closed arm. In this report, we introduce our protocol for the elevated plus maze test, together with discussion of the key results from the previous report and our experimental experience. We believe this report will provide useful information for researchers who have employed or who plan to use the elevated plus maze in their studies.

Rats' anxiety-like behavior tested by the elevated plus maze varies highly depending on the testing environment. Here we show how apparatus settings, especially arm structure, affect behavior on the maze, and we explain a reliable protocol to detect effects of anxiolytic drugs. This report will contribute to anxiety research.

בדיקות בבעלי חיים חרדה אצל חולדות: ההשפעות של אדני היד פתוחה סגורה זרוע קיר שקיפות מוגבר בתוספת מבחן מבוך

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral ...

Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors

Olfactory recognition deficits are suggested to be able to serve as clinical marker to differentiate Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) subjects from healthy aging groups. For example, olfactory dysfunction in AD can present as impairment in olfactory recognition, emerging during early stages of the disease and worsening while the disease progresses. The social transmission of food preferences (STFP) task is based on a rudimentary form of communication between rodents concerning distant foods dependent on the transmission of olfactory cues. Healthy wild-type mice would prefer to eat a novel, flavored food that was previously cued by a conspecific, and this food preference would be hampered in transgenic AD mice, such as the APP/PS1 model. Indeed, a strong preference for the cued food in C57Bl6/J mice of 3 months of age was found, and this was reduced in 3 months old transgenic APP/PS1 mice. In summary, STFP task could be a powerful measure to be integrated in present subclinical detection assays of AD.

This paper presents a protocol for the investigation of social transmission of food preference in mice. The advantages and possible applications for this procedure, for instance, in detecting early changes in AD mouse models, are highlighted. To conclude, interpretation of the results in light of critical details are discussed.

הערכה של שידור החברתית של התנהגויות העדפות מזון

Olfactory recognition deficits are suggested to be able to serve as clinical marker to differentiate Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) subjects from healthy ...

Tickling, a Technique for Inducing Positive Affect When Handling Rats

Handling small animals such as rats can lead to several adverse effects. These include the fear of humans, resistance to handling, increased injury risk for both the animals and the hands of their handlers, decreased animal welfare, and less valid research data. To minimize negative effects on experimental results and human-animal relationships, research animals are often habituated to being handled. However, the methods of habituation are highly variable and often of limited effectiveness. More potently, it is possible for humans to mimic aspects of the animals&#39; playful rough-and-tumble behavior during handling. When applied to laboratory rats in a systematic manner, this playful handling, referred to as tickling, consistently gives rise to positive behavioral responses. This article provides a detailed description of a standardized rat tickling technique. This method can contribute to future investigations into positive affective states in animals, make it easier to handle rats for common husbandry activities such as cage changing or medical/research procedures such as injection, and be implemented as a source of social enrichment. It is concluded that this method can be used to efficiently and practicably reduce rats&#39; fearfulness of humans and improve their welfare, as well as reliably model positive affective states.

This article demonstrates the standardized application of playful handling, a tickling technique designed to mimic rat rough-and-tumble play. This technique is effective at reducing fearful reactions to humans and generating positive affect when rats are handled for common husbandry activities and medical and research procedures such as injection.

מדגדג, טכניקה להשראת השפעה חיובית בעת טיפול חולדות

Handling small animals such as rats can lead to several adverse effects. These include the fear of humans, resistance to handling, increased injury risk ...

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the accuracy of memories. The purpose of the method presented here was to induce false memories using lists of either semantically or phonologically related words and to assess the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. To do this, we used a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm. We adapted word lists from previous DRM studies to suit imagery procedures and created an automated presentation to present the word lists in classroom settings. We then recruited undergraduate classes and instructed some of the classes to create mental images of the list words as they were being presented, while instructing the other classes to simply remember the words. The automated presentation presented word lists to participants, one word at a time, alternating between phonologically and semantically related lists. Participants used paper-pencil recall packets to immediately recall list items, complete a distractor activity, and take a subsequent final recognition test. Often, participants immediately recalled and later recognized words that were related to the list items but were not actually presented; these are known as critical lures and indicate a false memory. The protocol detailed here describes a four-step procedure - list presentation, immediate recall, distractor phase, and final recognition - that can assess the effects of list type and imagery instruction within the DRM paradigm on memory. The automated nature of the list presentation provides the ability to systematically vary variables of interest, and the paper and pencil method of data collection affords an easily accessible method for collecting data in classroom settings. The protocol also offers options to modify the procedure to a more traditional DRM paradigm without imagery and/or list type manipulations. The use of this protocol can provide results relevant to both classroom learning and cognitive science principles.

The method presented here induced false memories using lists of related words and also assessed the effects of imagery instructions on the recall and recognition of those false memories. This protocol details a modified version of the Deese Roediger McDermott (DRM) paradigm.

באמצעות פרדיגמה מקדרמוט Roediger Deese מבוססי בכיתה כדי להעריך את ההשפעות של דימויים על זיכרונות כוזבים

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with parents. This paper focuses on such a method, namely Five-Minute Speech Sample-Coherence (FMSS-Coherence). In this method, a parent is asked to speak for five uninterrupted minutes about her/his child and their relationship. The resulted narrative is coded for coherence, namely the extent to which the parent provides&#160;in the narrative&#160;a clear, consistent, multidimensional and well-supported portrayal of the child. FMSS-Coherence is based on attachment research that shows that the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives is indicative of the quality of the parent-child relationship and child adjustment. It overcomes the limitations of attachment narrative measures which are typically labor intensive. FMSS-Coherence is less nuanced than extant attachment narrative measures. Yet, studies of families from different cultural backgrounds, across different child ages and in the context of typically developing children as well as children with special needs suggest that coherence can be reliably evaluated using the FMSS procedure. Furthermore, parents&#8217; FMSS-Coherence is associated with parenting quality and children&#8217;s socio-emotional adjustment. Thus, it holds promise for researchers and practitioners who seek a relatively time- and cost-effective method for assessing the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives regarding their child.

Assessing the Coherence of Parents&#039; Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

This paper introduces a method for assessing the coherence of parents' short narratives regarding their child and their relationship using the five-minute speech sample procedure.

הערכת הנרטיבים הקצרים של ההורים בנוגע לילדם באמצעות שגרת דגימת הדיבור של חמש דקות

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...

Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits

As many scholars and practitioners study personalization and relationship marketing, it is important to provide personalization such as mass customization through marketing technology. The purpose of this study is to examine how to conduct consumer research using an online survey and analysis of data. This study examines consumers&#39;&#160;perceived benefits while customizing a product as well as emotional product attachment, attitudes toward a customization program, and loyalty intentions in the context of online retailing. In addition, this study investigates how consumer responses are different based on individual characteristics such as fashion innovativeness. An online survey company in South Korea recruited 290 female apparel shoppers who purchased apparel online. To enhance external validity, this study used an existing retail website with a well-established mass customization program. After completing the customization program, participants complete the online questionnaire. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and latent mean analyses (LMAs) are then performed for analyses. This study stresses the importance of testing measurement invariance for mean comparisons. Before the SEM and LMA, this study follows the hierarchy of invariance tests (configural invariance test, metric invariance test, and scalar invariance test), which are not considered by traditional approaches such as ANOVA. These statistical analyses provide applicability of the invariance test procedures and LMA to consumer behaviors. The conclusions of mean differences have integrity and validity because they are guided by a sophisticated statistical procedure to ensure measurement invariance.

Presented here is a protocol to examine consumer responses toward mass customization in the context of online retailing. The protocol details the online survey procedure and how to analyze data using structural equation modeling and group differences using latent mean analyses.

החלת תוכנית התאמה אישית מאסיבית ככלי מחקר להערכת יתרונות הצרכן

As many scholars and practitioners study personalization and relationship marketing, it is important to provide personalization such as mass customization ...

An Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Ageing on Sentence Processing

Previous studies have found that older adults have greater difficulties in processing syntactically complex sentences than younger adults. However, the exact regions where the difficulties arise have not been fully identified. In this study, a maze task was implemented to investigate how older adults and younger adults differentially processed two types of sentences with different levels of syntactic complexity, namely subject relative clauses and object relative clauses. Participants were asked to choose between two alternatives at each segment of the sentences. The task required participants to engage in a strictly incremental mode of processing. The reading times for each segment were recorded, allowing the quantification of the difficulty of sentence reading. The task allowed us to identify the exact locations of the processing difficulty and thus facilitate a more accurate assessment of the age-related decline in sentence processing. The results indicate that the effect of ageing was found mainly at the head nouns, but not at other regions of the sentences, a finding which suggests that the maze task is an effective method to identify the exact location of the ageing effect on sentence processing. The implications of this experimental paradigm for investigating the effect of ageing on sentence processing are discussed.

Here, we present a protocol to examine the age-related decline in sentence processing using a maze task that allowed us to localize the processing difficulty at each word of the sentences during reading.

פרדיגמה ניסויית עבור מדידת ההשפעות של ההזדקנות על עיבוד משפט

Previous studies have found that older adults have greater difficulties in processing syntactically complex sentences than younger adults. However, the ...

The Use of Traditional Fear Tests to Evaluate Different Emotional Circuits in Cattle

Animal temperament is complex and has implications for productivity and economic profitability. Quantifying an animal&#39;s response to differing stimuli may facilitate breeding selections and identify animals that are better suited to specific management strategies. Multiple tests have been developed to evaluate cattle temperament (e.g., exit velocity, chute score, pen score, open field test, startle test, bovine zero maze), but each of these tests evaluates the animal&#39;s response to different stimuli (e.g., isolation, novel environment, startle, willingness to enter an enclosed area). Cattle temperament has been observed to be relatively stable over time. However, the evaluation of temperament has the potential to be influenced by current conditions, previous experiences, and observer bias. Many of these temperament tests have been improperly categorized as fear tests and have also been criticized for being subjective. This paper provides a framework for standardizing behavioral tests for cattle and suggests that these different evaluations assess different aspects of the animal&#39;s overall temperament.

Here, we present a protocol to conduct a variety of behavioral tests in cattle that have been designed to evaluate emotions. A battery of behavioral tests (open field test, startle test, bovine zero maze, exit velocity, pen score, and chute score) were conducted to evaluate different components of animal temperament.

השימוש של בדיקות פחד מסורתיות להערכת מעגלים רגשיים שונים בבקר

Animal temperament is complex and has implications for productivity and economic profitability. Quantifying an animal&#39;s response to differing stimuli ...