This work was supported by the Swedish Cancer Society (11 0253, 13 0469), the Swedish Research Council (K2012-99X-21959-01-3), Marcus Borgstr&#246;ms Foundation and the Swedish Research Council through a grant to the Uppsala RNA Research Centre (2006-5038-36531-16). We are indebted to the BioVis core facility at Uppsala University for much help with the FACS analysis.

<ol>
	<li>Nave, H., Gebert, A., Pabst, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphology+and+immunology+of+the+human+palatine+tonsil.">Morphology and immunology of the human palatine tonsil.</a> Anat Embryol (Berl). 204, 367-373 (2001).</li><li>Perry, M., Whyte, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunology+of+the+tonsils.">Immunology of the tonsils.</a> Immunology today. 19, 414-421 (1998).</li><li>Alkhalaf, M. A., Guiver, M., Cooper, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+and+quantitation+of+adenovirus+DNA+from+human+tonsil+and+adenoid+tissues.">Prevalence and quantitation of adenovirus DNA from human tonsil and adenoid tissues.</a> J Med Virol. 85, 1947-1954 (2013).</li><li>Brandtzaeg, P., Halstensen, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunology+and+immunopathology+of+tonsils.">Immunology and immunopathology of tonsils.</a> Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 47, 64-75 (1992).</li><li>Imai, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epstein-Barr+virus+(EBV)-carrying+and+-expressing+T-cell+lines+established+from+severe+chronic+active+EBV+infection.">Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-carrying and -expressing T-cell lines established from severe chronic active EBV infection.</a> Blood. 87, 1446-1457 (1996).</li><li>Veen, J., Lambriex, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+of+adenovirus+to+lymphocytes+in+naturally+infected+human+tonsils+and+adenoids.">Relationship of adenovirus to lymphocytes in naturally infected human tonsils and adenoids.</a> Infect Immun. 7, 604-609 (1973).</li><li>Friedman, M., Wilson, M., Lin, H. C., Chang, H. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Updated+systematic+review+of+tonsillectomy+and+adenoidectomy+for+treatment+of+pediatric+obstructive+sleep+apnea/hypopnea+syndrome.">Updated systematic review of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy for treatment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome.</a> Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 140, 800-808 (2009).</li><li>Garnett, C. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Latent+species+C+adenoviruses+in+human+tonsil+tissues.">Latent species C adenoviruses in human tonsil tissues.</a> J Virol. 83, 2417-2428 (2009).</li><li>Garnett, C. T., Erdman, D., Xu, W., Gooding, L. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+and+quantitation+of+species+C+adenovirus+DNA+in+human+mucosal+lymphocytes.">Prevalence and quantitation of species C adenovirus DNA in human mucosal lymphocytes.</a> J Virol. 76, 10608-10616 (2002).</li><li>Perez, M. E., Billordo, L. A., Baz, P., Fainboim, L., Arana, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+memory+B+cells+isolated+from+blood+and+tonsils+are+functionally+distinctive.">Human memory B cells isolated from blood and tonsils are functionally distinctive.</a> Immunol Cell Biol. 92, 882-887 (2014).</li><li>Cooper, R. J., Yeo, A. C., Bailey, A. S., Tullo, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenovirus+polymerase+chain+reaction+assay+for+rapid+diagnosis+of+conjunctivitis.">Adenovirus polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid diagnosis of conjunctivitis.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 40, 90-95 (1999).</li><li>Zhang, Y., Huang, W., Ornelles, D. A., Gooding, L. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+adenovirus+latency+in+human+lymphocyte+cell+lines.">Modeling adenovirus latency in human lymphocyte cell lines.</a> J Virol. 84, 8799-8810 (2010).</li><li>Chomczynski, P., Sacchi, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-step+method+of+RNA+isolation+by+acid+guanidinium+thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform+extraction.">Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction.</a> Anal. biochem. 162, 156-159 (1987).</li><li>Watanabe, T., Yoshizaki, K., Yagura, T., Yamamura, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+antibody+formation+by+human+tonsil+lymphocytes.">In vitro antibody formation by human tonsil lymphocytes.</a> J Immunol. 113, 608-616 (1974).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

אחד הגורמים החשובים ביותר המשפיעים על התוצאה של פרוטוקול זה הוא השימוש בחומר שקדים טרי כחומר מוצא. לכן, צריכים להיות מעובד דגימות השקדים בתוך 3 שעות לאחר ניתוח. ניתן להשיג שקדים משני מבוגרים וילדים. חומר השקדים מהילדים הוא בדרך כלל קטן יותר עקב הסרה כירורגית החלקית של...

Tonsils are collections of incompletely encapsulated lymphoid tissues that lie under, and in contact with, the epithelium in the upper aero-digestive tract. Usually the term &#8220;tonsils&#8221; refers to the palatine tonsils situated at the lateral walls of the oral part of the pharynx. The paired palatine tonsils together with the nasopharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), paired tubal tonsils and lingual tonsils constitute the so-called &#8220;Waldeyer&#180;s ring&#8221;. The latter is responsible for the initial contact between inhaled or ingested pathogens and the lymphoid tissues of the aerodigestive tract1,2. Indeed, numerous reports have shown that both bacterial and viral antigens can be detected in palatine tonsil tissue samples2-6.
The palatine tonsils are composed of dense lymphoid tissue covered by a stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium. The tonsils have numerous crypts, epithelial invaginations, which penetrate the parenchyma increasing the surface area. Histologically, the palatine tonsils contain numerous lymphoid follicles with germinal centers, which are the sites for B cell maturation and differentiation (B-cell areas). Likewise, the palatine tonsils encompass T cells, which are mainly located in the extrafollicular regions (T-cell areas). In addition to the B and T cells, also various follicular dendritic cells can be detected in palatine tonsils1,2. 
Due to their anatomic location, the palatine tonsils are easily accessible by surgical interventions. For example, surgical removal of tonsils, known as tonsillectomy, is routinely carried out worldwide7. In children with tonsillar hyperplasia, a partial surgical removal of the tonsils (tonsillotomy) is sometimes used, causing less postoperative pain to the patients. Considering the accumulation of various pathogens in tonsils, surgically removed tonsils provide a unique opportunity to study the influence of viral and bacterial agents on tonsillar lymphocyte functions2,8. Furthermore it is possible to study if some pathogens prefer to reside in specific cell subpopulations9. In addition, as the tonsils are rich source of B lymphocytes, isolated tonsillar B lymphocytes can be efficiently used to study the activity of different B cell subpopulations10. However, as the palatine tonsils contain a mixture of cell types an efficient method to separate the different cell subpopulations is needed. 
Here, we describe a simple method for efficient and rapid isolation of tonsillar B and T cell populations from human palatine tonsils by using a magnetic-activated cell separation technique (Figure 1). The method described here is useful for scientists who want to assess the role of different infectious agents in human lymphoid organs such as palatine tonsils.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Hanks balanced salt solution (HBSS)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Gibco</td><td>14175-053</td><td>Contains 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 10 mM Glutamine,&amp;nbsp; &amp;nbsp;0.05 mg/ml Gentamicin and 1% Antibiotic-Antimycotic mix</td></tr><tr><td>Freezing medium</td><td></td><td></td><td>90% FBS and 10% DMSO</td></tr><tr><td>MACS buffer</td><td></td><td></td><td>PBS (pH 7.2), 0.5% BSA and 2mM EDTA</td></tr><tr><td>PBSA&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>PBS containing 0.2% BSA</td></tr><tr><td>PFA</td><td></td><td></td><td>PBS containing 1% paraformaldehyde (PFA). Make fresh. PFA is suspected carcinogen. Wear gloves and goggles.</td></tr><tr><td>Antibiotic-Antimycotic mix</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15240-062</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>60 mm Petridish</td><td>Nunc</td><td>150326</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting foreceps</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>1381241</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Straight iris scissors&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>12912055</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>disposable scalpels</td><td>Swann-Morton</td><td>REF 0501</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 &amp;mu;m plastic cell strainer</td><td>Corning Life Sciences</td><td>352360</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>40 &amp;mu;m plastic cell strainers&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Corning Life Sciences</td><td>352340</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 ml plastic syringe</td><td>BD Biosciences&amp;nbsp;</td><td>300185</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 ml conical centrifuge tubes</td><td>SARSTEDT</td><td>62554502</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 ml conical centrifuge tubes</td><td>SARSTEDT</td><td>62547254</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Low-speed centrifuge with fixed-angle or swinging-bucket rotor</td><td>Thermo Scientific Heraeus Megafuge 16R</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ficoll&amp;ndash;Hypaque</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>F5415-50ML</td><td>Ficoll solution</td></tr><tr><td>Fetal calf serum</td><td>Biological industries</td><td>040071A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)</td><td>SIGMA</td><td>D2650-5X5ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MACS MS columns&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-042-201</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MACS human CD3 MicroBeads</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-092-881</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MACS separator (Octo MACS)</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-042-109</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td><td>Merck Millipore</td><td>1120180100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA</td><td>AnalaR NORMAPUR</td><td>20302.293</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CD2 conjugated to allophycocyanin (CD2-APC)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD Biosciences&amp;nbsp;</td><td>560642</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CD20 conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (CD20-FITC)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD Biosciences&amp;nbsp;</td><td>556632</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Human serum&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Rockland Immunochemicals</td><td>D119-0100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phusion High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>F-530L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FACS tubes</td><td>BD Falcon</td><td>352003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cryotube</td><td>SARSTEDT</td><td>72379</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BD LSRII flowcytometer</td><td>BD Biosciences&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BD FACSDiva 4.1 software</td><td>BD Biosciences&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nucleospin Blood&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Macherey-Nagel</td><td>740951.50</td><td>DNA isolation kit</td></tr><tr><td>TRIzol&amp;nbsp; reagent</td><td>Life technologies</td><td>15596</td><td>RNA isolation reagent</td></tr><tr><td>Hemocytometer</td><td>The Paul Marienfeld GmbH &amp;amp; Co. KG</td><td>0610030</td><td>cell counter device</td></tr><tr><td>GelRed</td><td>Biotium</td><td>41003</td><td>Nucleic acid gel stain&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

efficient isolation protocol for b and t lymphocytes from human palatine tonsils

Tonsils form a part of the immune system providing the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Usually the term &#8220;tonsils&#8221; refers to the palatine tonsils situated at the lateral walls of the oral part of the pharynx. Surgically removed palatine tonsils provide a convenient accessible source of B and T lymphocytes to study the interplay between foreign pathogens and the host immune system. This video protocol describes the dissection and processing of surgically removed human palatine tonsils, followed by the isolation of the individual B and T cell populations from the same tissue sample. We present a method, which efficiently separates tonsillar B and T lymphocytes using an antibody-dependent affinity protocol. Further, we use the method to demonstrate that human adenovirus infects specifically the tonsillar T cell fraction. The established protocol is generally applicable to efficiently and rapidly isolate tonsillar B and T cell populations to study the role of different types of pathogens in tonsillar immune responses.

הפרדה יעילה של תוצאות MNCs שקדים בתת אוכלוסיות נקיות במיוחד של לימפוציטים B ו- T. זה אושר על ידי ניתוח FACS באמצעות אנטי CD20 ואנטי-CD2 נוגדנים לזהות B והלימפוציטים T אוכלוסיות, בהתאמה (איור 3 א). לעומת זאת, הפרדה יעילה של תוצאות MNCs שבברי תאים שהם תערובת של תאים משני תת-או...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Efficient Isolation Protocol for B and T Lymphocytes from Human Palatine Tonsils at JoVE.com

Efficient Isolation Protocol for B and T Lymphocytes from Human Palatine Tonsils

Palatine tonsils are a rich source of B and T lymphocytes. Here we provide an easy, efficient and rapid protocol to isolate B and T lymphocytes from human palatine tonsils. The method described has been specifically adapted for studies of the viral etiology of tonsil inflammation known as tonsillitis.

פרוטוקול בידוד יעיל עבור B ו- T לימפוציטים משקדי הפלטין אדם

Tonsils form a part of the immune system providing the first line of defense against inhaled pathogens. Usually the term &#8220;tonsils&#8221; refers to ...

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15.7K Views.  Uppsala Biomedical Center, Uppsala University. Palatine tonsils are a rich source of B and T lymphocytes. Here we provide an easy, efficient and rapid protocol to isolate B and T lymphocytes from human palatine tonsils. The method described has been specifically adapted for studies of the viral etiology of tonsil inflammation known as tonsillitis.

Video: Efficient Isolation Protocol for B and T Lymphocytes from Human Palatine Tonsils

Unraveling Key Players of Humoral Immunity: Advanced and Optimized Lymphocyte Isolation Protocol from Murine Peyer's Patches

In the gut mucosa, immune cells constitute a unique immunological entity, which promotes immune tolerance while concurrently conferring immune defense against pathogens. It is well established that Peyer&#39;s patches (PPs) have an essential role in the mucosal immune network by hosting several effector T and B cell subsets. A certain fraction of these effector cells, follicular T helper (TFH) and germinal center (GC) B cells are professionalized in the regulation of humoral immunity. Hence, the characterization of these cell subsets within PPs in terms of their differentiation program and functional properties can provide important information about mucosal immunity. To this end, an easily applicable, efficient and reproducible method of lymphocyte isolation from PPs would be valuable to researchers. In this study, we aimed to generate an effective method to isolate lymphocytes from mouse PPs with high cell yield. Our approach revealed that initial tissue processing such as the use of digestive reagents and tissue agitation, as well as cell staining conditions and selection of antibody panels, have great influence on the quality and identity of the isolated lymphocytes and on experimental outcomes.
Here, we describe a protocol enabling researchers to efficiently isolate lymphocyte populations from PPs allowing reproducible flow cytometry-based assessment of T and B cell subsets primarily focusing on&#160;TFH and GC B cell subsets.

In this study, we present a novel and effective protocol for the isolation of lymphocytes from Peyer&#39;s Patches (PPs), which can be subsequently used for in vivo and in vitro functional assays as well as flow cytometric studies of follicular T helper and germinal center B cells.

שחקני המפתח unraveling Humoral חסינות: מתקדם וממוטב לימפוציט בידוד פרוטוקול טלאים מאתר של Peyer

In the gut mucosa, immune cells constitute a unique immunological entity, which promotes immune tolerance while concurrently conferring immune defense ...

Cancer Research

Isolating Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and CD4+ T cells from S&#233;zary Syndrome Patients for Transcriptomic Profiling

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) are derived from the transformation and uncontrolled proliferation of mature skin-homing T cells, and mycosis fungoides (MF) and S&#233;zary syndrome (SS) represent the most common subtypes. Despite a number of studies on characterizing gene expression, genetic alterations, and epigenetic abnormalities of CTCL, the molecular pathogenesis of MF/SS remains unclear. MF refers to the more common CTCL with a skin-predominance, and is usually limited to skin, whereas&#160;SS is an aggressive leukemic variant of CTCL with widespread skin involvement and is characterized by neoplastic distribution mainly involving blood, skin, and lymph node. Focusing on clinical practice, the identification of gene expression biomarkers has&#160;enormous potential to improve diagnosis and treatment of MF/SS. Indeed, recent transcriptomic studies have identified potential diagnostic biomarkers from differences in gene expression between normal and malignant T cells, which may improve our understanding of SS biology, and reveal potential therapeutic targets. This manuscript describes a detailed reproducible protocol for the isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from fresh whole blood from patients diagnosed with SS, selection of CD4+ memory T cells (CD4+CD45RO+ T cells), chemical stimulation, and preparation of RNA suitable for transcriptomic profiling to discover novel prognostic molecular markers to gain additional insight in disease etiology. The stimulation using chemical agonist to activate nuclear regulation provides more specific assessment for pathways important in the dynamic transcription regulation and gene expression and eliminates confounding defects that may arise from upstream signaling defects arising from TCR antigen loss at the cell membrane. The data obtained from comparison of transcriptome of unstimulated to stimulated SS T cells unmasks functional regulatory gene expression defects not evident from analysis of quiescent unstimulated cells. Furthermore, the method outlined from this approach can be adapted for studying T cell gene expression defects in other T cell immune diseases.

We present a simple protocol for the isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from whole blood obtained from patients diagnosed with S&#233;zary Syndrome, followed by selection of CD4+ T cells, their stimulation with phorbol12-myristate13-acetate and A23187 ionophore, and preparation of RNA for transcriptomic profiling.

בידוד תאים חד-גרעיניים של דם היקפי אנושי ותאי T מסוג CD4+ מחולי תסמונת סזארי לצורך פרופיל תעתיק

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) are derived from the transformation and uncontrolled proliferation of mature skin-homing T cells, and mycosis fungoides ...

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&iuml;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets including Th1, Th2, and regulatory T cells. Th17 cells have emerged as a central culprit in overzealous inflammatory immune responses associated with many autoimmune disorders. In this method we purify T lymphocytes from the spleen and lymph nodes of C57BL/6 mice, and stimulate purified CD4+ T cells under control and Th17-inducing environments. The Th17-inducing environment includes stimulation in the presence of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, IL-6, and TGF-&#946;. After incubation for at least 72 hours and for up to five days at 37 &#176;C, cells are subsequently analyzed for the capability to produce IL-17 through flow cytometry, qPCR, and ELISAs. Th17 differentiated CD4+CD25- T cells can be utilized to further elucidate the role that Th17 cells play in the onset and progression of autoimmunity and host defense. Moreover, Th17 differentiation of CD4+CD25- lymphocytes from distinct murine knockout/disease models can contribute to our understanding of cell fate plasticity.

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&#239;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes

With effector functions distinct from other T cell subsets, Th17 cells have been centrally implicated in inflammatory autoimmunity. This in vitro Th17 differentiation protocol provides a means to determine whether na&#239;ve CD4+ T lymphocytes can differentiate into Th17 cells, and to further examine their role in autoimmunity and host response.

בידוד ובידול של Th17 הנאיביים T מסוג CD4 לימפוציטים

Th17 cells are a distinct subset of T cells that have been found to produce interleukin 17 (IL-17), and differ in function from the other T cell subsets ...

Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen presenting cell (APC) types found in a normal thymus and it is well established that they play distinct roles during thymic selection. These cells are localized in distinct microenvironments in the thymus and each APC type makes up only a minor population of cells. To further understand the biology of these cell types, characterization of these cell populations is highly desirable but due to their low frequency, isolation of any of these cell types requires an efficient and reproducible procedure. This protocol details a method to obtain cells suitable for characterization of diverse cellular properties. Thymic tissue is mechanically disrupted and after different steps of enzymatic digestion, the resulting cell suspension is enriched using a Percoll density centrifugation step. For isolation of myeloid DC (CD11c+), cells from the low-density fraction (LDF) are immunoselected by magnetic cell sorting. Enrichment of TEC populations (mTEC, cTEC) is achieved by depletion of hematopoietic (CD45hi) cells from the low-density Percoll cell fraction allowing their subsequent isolation via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using specific cell markers. The isolated cells can be used for different downstream applications.

This protocol details a method to isolate antigen presenting cells from human thymus via different steps of enzymatic digestion of the tissue followed by density centrifugation of the single cell suspension and finally magnetic and/or FACS sorting of the cell populations of interest.

בידוד של תאי מיאלואידית דנדריטים ותאי האפיתל מקורנית האדם

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen ...

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

The hallmark of humoral immunity is to generate functional ASCs, which synthesize and secrete Abs specific to an antigen (Ag), such as a pathogen, and are used for host defense. For the quantitative determination of the functional status of the humoral immune response of an individual, both serum Abs and circulating ASCs are commonly measured as functional readouts. In humans, peripheral blood is the most convenient and readily accessible sample that can be used for the determination of the humoral immune response elicited by host B cells. Distinct B-cell subsets, including ASCs, can be isolated directly from peripheral blood via selection with lineage-specific Ab-conjugated microbeads or via cell sorting with flow cytometry. Moreover, purified na&#239;ve and memory B cells can be activated and differentiated into ASCs in culture. The functional activities of ASCs to contribute to Ab secretion can be quantified by ELISpot, which is an assay that converges enzyme-linked immunoabsorbance assay (ELISA) and western blotting technologies to enable the enumeration of individual ASCs at the single-cell level. In practice, the ELISpot assay has been increasingly used to evaluate vaccine efficacy because of the ease of handling of a large number of blood samples. The methods of isolating human B cells from peripheral blood, the differentiation of B cells into ASCs in vitro, and the employment of ELISpot for the quantification of total IgM- and IgG-ASCs will be described here.

Human peripheral blood is commonly used for the assessment of the humoral immune response. Here, the methods for isolating human B cells from peripheral blood, differentiating human B cells into antibody (Ab)-secreting B cells (ASCs) in culture, and enumerating the total IgM- and IgG-ASCs via an ELISpot assay are described.

הבידוד, בידול, וכימות של האדם נוגדן מפריש תאים B מדם: ELISPOT בתור Readout פונקציונלי של חסינות הלחות

The hallmark of humoral immunity is to generate functional ASCs, which synthesize and secrete Abs specific to an antigen (Ag), such as a pathogen, and are ...

Isolation and Activation of Murine Lymphocytes

B and T cells, with their extremely diverse antigen-receptor repertoires, have the ability to mount specific immune responses against almost any invading pathogen1,2. Understandably, such intricate abilities are controlled by a large number of molecules involved in various cellular processes to ensure timely and spatially regulated immune responses3. Here, we describe experimental procedures that allow rapid isolation of highly purified murine lymphocytes using magnetic cell sorting technology. The resulting purified lymphocytes can then be subjected to various in vitro or in vivo functional assays, such as the determination of lymphocyte signaling capacity upon stimulation by immunoblotting4 and the investigation of proliferative abilities by 3H-thymidine incorporation or carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) labeling5-7. In addition to comparing the functional capacities of control and genetically modified lymphocytes, we can also determine the T cell stimulatory capacity of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in vivo, as shown in our representative results using transplanted CFSE-labeled OT-I T cells.

Lymphocytes are the major players in adaptive immune responses. Here, we present a lymphocyte purification protocol to determine the physiological functions of the desired molecules in lymphocyte activation in vitro and in vivo. The described experimental procedures are suitable for comparing functional capacities between control and genetically modified lymphocytes.

בידוד ההפעלה של Murine לימפוציטים

B and T cells, with their extremely diverse antigen-receptor repertoires, have the ability to mount specific immune responses against almost any invading ...

Isolating Lymphocytes from the Mouse Small Intestinal Immune System

The intestinal immune system plays an essential role in maintaining the barrier function of the gastrointestinal tract by generating tolerant responses to dietary antigens and commensal bacteria while mounting effective immune responses to enteropathogenic microbes. In addition, it has become clear that local intestinal immunity has a profound impact on distant and systemic immunity. Therefore, it is important to study how an intestinal immune response is induced and what the immunologic outcome of the response is. Here, a detailed protocol is described for the isolation of lymphocytes from small intestine inductive sites like the gut-associated lymphoid tissue Peyer&#39;s patches and the draining mesenteric lymph nodes and effector sites like the lamina propria and the intestinal epithelium. This technique ensures isolation of a large numbers of lymphocytes from small intestinal tissues with optimal purity and viability and minimal cross compartmental contamination within acceptable time constraints. The technical capability to isolate lymphocytes and other immune cells from intestinal tissues enables the understanding of immune responses to gastrointestinal infections, cancers, and inflammatory diseases.

Here we describe a detailed protocol for the isolation of lymphocytes from the inductive sites including the gut-associated lymphoid tissue Peyer&#39;s patches and the draining mesenteric lymph nodes, and the effector sites including the lamina propria and the intestinal epithelium of the small intestinal immune system.

לימפוציטים בידוד מן העכבר קטן המעי המערכת החיסונית

The intestinal immune system plays an essential role in maintaining the barrier function of the gastrointestinal tract by generating tolerant responses to ...

Isolation of Immune Cells from Primary Tumors

Tumors create a unique immunosuppressive microenvironment (tumor microenvironment, TME) whereby leukocytes are recruited into the tumor by various chemokines and growth factors 1,2. However, once in the TME, these cells lose the ability to promote anti-tumor immunity and begin to support tumor growth and down-regulate anti-tumor immune responses 3-4. Studies on tumor-associated leukocytes have mainly focused on cells isolated from tumor-draining lymph nodes or spleen due to the inherent difficulties in obtaining sufficient cell numbers and purity from the primary tumor. While identifying the mechanisms of cell activation and trafficking through the lymphatic system of tumor bearing mice is important and may give insight to the kinetics of immune responses to cancer, in our experience, many leukocytes, including dendritic cells (DCs), in tumor-draining lymph nodes have a different phenotype than those that infiltrate tumors 5,6 . Furthermore, we have previously demonstrated that adoptively-transferred T cells isolated from the tumor-draining lymph nodes are not tolerized and are capable of responding to secondary stimulation in vitro unlike T cells isolated from the TME, which are tolerized and incapable of proliferation or cytokine production 7,8. Interestingly, we have shown that changing the tumor microenvironment, such as providing CD4+ T helper cells via adoptive transfer, promotes CD8+ T cells to maintain pro-inflammatory effector functions 5. The results from each of the previously mentioned studies demonstrate the importance of measuring cellular responses from TME-infiltrating immune cells as opposed to cells that remain in the periphery. To study the function of immune cells which infiltrate tumors using the Miltenyi Biotech isolation system9, we have modified and optimized this antibody-based isolation procedure to obtain highly enriched populations of antigen presenting cells and tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The protocol includes a detailed dissection of murine prostate tissue from a spontaneous prostate tumor model (TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate -TRAMP) 10 and a subcutaneous melanoma (B16) tumor model followed by subsequent purification of various leukocyte populations.

In this report, we describe a protocol for isolating highly purified populations of leukocytes that infiltrate tumors. This protocol is adapted from the Miltenyi Biotech protocol to enhance yield and purity for isolating cells from complex tumor tissue.

בידוד של תאים חיסוניים של גידולים ראשוניים

Tumors create a unique immunosuppressive microenvironment (tumor microenvironment, TME) whereby leukocytes are recruited into the tumor by various ...

Biology

Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue

Studying isolated cells from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) allows understanding of immune cells response in pathologies involving mucosal immunity, because they can model host-pathogen interactions in the tissue. While isolated cells derived from tissues were the first cell culture model, their use has been neglected because tissue can be hard to obtain. In the present protocol, we explain how to easily process and culture tonsillar mononuclear cells (TMCs) from healthy human tonsils to study innate immune responses upon activation, mimicking viral infection in mucosal tissues. Isolation of TMCs from the tonsils is quick, because the tonsils barely have any epithelium and yield up to billions of all major immune cell types. This method allows detection of cytokine production using several techniques, including immunoassays, qPCR, microscopy, flow cytometry, etc., similar to the use of peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from blood. Furthermore, TMCs show a higher sensitivity to drug testing than PBMCs, which needs to be considered for future toxicity assays. Thus, ex vivo TMCs cultures are an easy and accessible mucosal model.

In the present protocol, we explain how to easily process and culture tonsillar mononuclear cells from healthy humans undergoing partial surgical tonsillectomy to study innate immune responses upon activation, mimicking viral infection in mucosal tissues.

בידוד של התאים המוננובית מונמונומנט ללמוד Ex Vivo מולדת תגובות החיסונית ברקמת הלימפה של האדם Mucosal

Studying isolated cells from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) allows understanding of immune cells response in pathologies involving mucosal ...

Isolation and Purification of B Cells from Human Peripheral Blood

Immediately after obtaining a 10-milliliter blood sample from the median cubital vein into a 15-milliliter tube containing potassium-supplemented EDTA, invert the tube several times to prevent clot formation. Then, add 35 milliliters of autoclaved red blood cell lysis buffer to the cells for a 5-minute incubation at room temperature.
When light can be observed through the tube, centrifuge the blood and confirm the presence of a white pellet. Remove the residual lysis buffer with 10 milliliters of autoclave to PBS, and resuspend the pellet in 10 milliliters of RPMI 1640 medium.
Plate the cells in a 10-centimeter culture dish for a 30-minute incubation at 37 degrees Celsius and 5% carbon dioxide. Then, gently swirl the culture dish a few times and transfer the floating cells into a plastic 15-milliliter conical tube.
After two washes by centrifugation, resuspend the pellet at a 5 to 10 x 106 cells per milliliter concentration in 200 microliters of cold PBS buffer, and add 5 microliters of biotinylated anti-human antibody cocktail specific for blood cells per 1 x 106 cells.
After a 30-minute incubation on ice, wash the cells in a 10-fold excess volume of sterile PBS, and resuspend the pellet in 5 microliters of streptavidin-conjugated microbeads per 1 x 106 cells for a 30-minute incubation on ice. At the end of the incubation, add 2 milliliters of PBS buffer to the cells and place the tube onto a magnetic stand for 8 minutes at room temperature.
When the microbeads have attached to the wall of the tube, carefully transfer the supernatant into a new conical tube, and add 2 more milliliters of PBS buffer to the cells. After the second supernatant collection, collect the pooled cells by centrifugation, and transfer the cells to a 5-milliliter polystyrene tube in fresh PBS buffer at a 1 x 107 cells per milliliter concentration.